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Ontawong A, Pengnet S, Thim-Uam A, Munkong N, Narkprasom N, Narkprasom K, Kuntakhut K, Kamkeaw N, Amornlerdpison D. A randomized controlled clinical trial examining the effects of Cordyceps militaris beverage on the immune response in healthy adults. Sci Rep 2024; 14:7994. [PMID: 38580687 PMCID: PMC10997757 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-58742-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2023] [Accepted: 04/02/2024] [Indexed: 04/07/2024] Open
Abstract
Cordyceps militaris (L.) Link (C. militaris) contains various beneficial substances, including polysaccharides (galactomannan), nucleotides (adenosine and cordycepin), cordycepic acid, amino acids, and sterols (ergosterol and beta-sitosterol). It also contains other essential nutrients, such as protein, vitamins (E, K, B1, B2, and B12), and minerals (potassium, sodium, calcium, magnesium, iron, zinc, and selenium). Due to the numerous health benefits of supplements and products containing C. militaris extract, their popularity has increased. However, the immunostimulant effect of C. militaris remains unclear. Therefore, this study developed a functional beverage from the submerged fermentation of C. militaris (FCM) and aimed to investigate the potential of FCM in healthy male and female volunteers in Phayao Province, Thailand. This study provides essential information for the development of healthy drink products. Healthy men and women were provided either FCM containing 2.85 mg of cordycepin or placebo for 8 weeks (n = 10 for each gender). The immune cell markers, immunoglobulins, and safety parameters were assessed initially at baseline and at 4 and 8 weeks. The NK cell activity markedly increased in the male FCM group from baseline (p = 0.049) to 4 weeks after receiving FCM. Compared with those in the placebo group, the NK activity in women who received FCM for 8 weeks significantly increased (p = 0.023) from baseline. Within-group analysis revealed that the IL-1β levels were markedly reduced in the male FCM group (p = 0.049). Furthermore, the IL-6 levels decreased from baseline in the female FCM group (p = 0.047). The blood sugar, lipid, and safety indices were not different between the experimental groups. FCM can potentially be developed as an immune-boosting supplement without liver, kidney, or blood component toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atcharaporn Ontawong
- Division of Physiology, School of Medical Sciences, University of Phayao, Phayao, 56000, Thailand
| | - Sirinat Pengnet
- Division of Physiology, School of Medical Sciences, University of Phayao, Phayao, 56000, Thailand
| | - Arthid Thim-Uam
- Division of Biochemistry, School of Medical Sciences, University of Phayao, Phayao, 56000, Thailand
| | - Narongsuk Munkong
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, University of Phayao, Phayao, 56000, Thailand
| | - Nukrob Narkprasom
- Division of Food Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Agro-Industry, Maejo University, Chiang Mai, 50290, Thailand
| | - Kanjana Narkprasom
- Division of Food Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Agro-Industry, Maejo University, Chiang Mai, 50290, Thailand
| | - Kullanat Kuntakhut
- Center of Excellence in Agricultural Innovation for Graduate Entrepreneur, Maejo University, Chiang Mai, 50290, Thailand
| | - Natakorn Kamkeaw
- Division of Physiology, School of Medical Sciences, University of Phayao, Phayao, 56000, Thailand
| | - Doungporn Amornlerdpison
- Center of Excellence in Agricultural Innovation for Graduate Entrepreneur, Maejo University, Chiang Mai, 50290, Thailand.
- Faculty of Fisheries Technology and Aquatic Resources, Maejo University, Chiang Mai, 50290, Thailand.
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Liu JS, Huang RY, Wei YJ, Tsai GJ, Huang CH. Influence of Cordyceps militaris-fermented grain substrate extracts on alleviating food allergy in mice. Heliyon 2023; 9:e23315. [PMID: 38144334 PMCID: PMC10746508 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e23315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2023] [Revised: 11/23/2023] [Accepted: 11/30/2023] [Indexed: 12/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Cordyceps militaris is recognized as a tonic in traditional Chinese medicine, and there have been documented findings on the anti-allergic properties of its extract derived from the fruiting body. Due to the limited availability of wild C. militaris, a specialized grain substrate has been devised for the solid-state fermentation of its fruiting bodies. However, the fermented grain substrate is considered waste and usually used as feeds for animals. To achieve the sustainable development goals, C. militaris-fermented grain substrate (CFGS) was collected to prepare CFGS extracts. Further, the anti-allergic properties of these extracts were assessed with the aim of exploring novel applications. Methods The water extract and ethanol extract of CFGS were prepared, and their potential in alleviating allergic enteritis was assessed in mice with food allergy. Assessment of immunomodulatory effects included the measurement of serum antibodies and splenic cytokines. Additionally, influence of extracts on gut microbiota composition was examined through sequencing analysis of 16S rRNA gene from freshly collected feces of the mice. Results Daily administration of the water and ethanol extracts, at doses of 50 or 250 mg/kg body weight, demonstrated a notable alleviation of allergic diarrhea and enteritis. This was accompanied by a decrease in mast cell infiltration in the duodenum and a reduction in allergen-specific IgE production in the serum. Both extracts led to a significant decrease in IL-4 secretion. Conversely, there was an increase in IFN-γ, IL-10, and TGF-β secretion from splenocytes. Remarkably, allergic mice exhibited a distinct fecal microbiota profile compared to that of normal mice. Intriguingly, the administration of these extracts had varying effects on the fecal microbiota. Conclusion Taken together, these findings collectively indicate the potential of CFGS extracts as promising candidates for functional foods. These extracts show promise in managing allergic enteritis and modulating gut microbiota.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia-Shan Liu
- Department of Food Science, National Taiwan Ocean University, Keelung 20224, Taiwan
| | - Rong-Yi Huang
- Department of Food Science, National Taiwan Ocean University, Keelung 20224, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Jyun Wei
- Department of Food Science, National Taiwan Ocean University, Keelung 20224, Taiwan
| | - Guo-Jane Tsai
- Department of Food Science, National Taiwan Ocean University, Keelung 20224, Taiwan
- Center for Marine Bioscience and Biotechnology, National Taiwan Ocean University, Keelung 20224, Taiwan
| | - Chung-Hsiung Huang
- Department of Food Science, National Taiwan Ocean University, Keelung 20224, Taiwan
- Center for Marine Bioscience and Biotechnology, National Taiwan Ocean University, Keelung 20224, Taiwan
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Lu HY, Tsai WC, Liu JS, Huang CH. Preparation and evaluation of Cordyceps militaris polysaccharide- and sesame oil-loaded nanoemulsion for the treatment of candidal vaginitis in mice. Biomed Pharmacother 2023; 167:115506. [PMID: 37716120 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2023.115506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2023] [Revised: 09/02/2023] [Accepted: 09/12/2023] [Indexed: 09/18/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Candida albicans is the most prevalent fungal pathogen, affecting over 75% of women who have experienced candidal vaginitis. Given the identification of drug-resistant C. albicans strains, there is an urgent need to develop therapeutic methods for treating vaginal Candida infection. Polysaccharide is the major bioactive component of Cordyceps militaris, known to modulate immune responses and alleviate inflammation. Sesame oil is known with anti-microbial and anti-inflammatory activities. METHODS C. militaris polysaccharide was prepared and formulated with sesame oil to prepare emulsion and nanoemulsion, which are ideal mucosal delivery systems for both hydrophobic and hydrophilic compounds concurrently. The physical property and storage stability of these formulations were illustrated, and their effects on ameliorating vaginitis were investigated in a murine model of vaginal Candida infection. RESULTS C. militaris polysaccharide-containing nanoemulsion showed smaller particle size, lower polydispersity index, higher zeta-potential and better stability than emulsion. Intravaginal administration of C. militaris polysaccharide-containing nanoemulsion significantly attenuated C. militaris colonization and vaginitis. Notably, these formulations exerted distinct effects on modulating cell infiltration and splenic cytokine production. Moreover, different profile of vaginal microflora was observed among the treatment groups, revealing the potential action mechanisms of these formulations to mitigate vaginal Candida infection. CONCLUSION C. militaris polysaccharide- and sesame oil-containing nanoemulsion is potential to be developed as intravaginal therapeutic strategy for C. albicans-induced vaginitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hsueh-Yu Lu
- Department of Food Science, National Taiwan Ocean University, Keelung 20224, Taiwan
| | - Wei-Chung Tsai
- Department of Food Science, National Taiwan Ocean University, Keelung 20224, Taiwan
| | - Jia-Shan Liu
- Department of Food Science, National Taiwan Ocean University, Keelung 20224, Taiwan
| | - Chung-Hsiung Huang
- Department of Food Science, National Taiwan Ocean University, Keelung 20224, Taiwan; Center for Marine Bioscience and Biotechnology, National Taiwan Ocean University, Keelung 20224, Taiwan.
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Immunostimulatory Activity of Cordyceps militaris Fermented with Pediococcus pentosaceus SC11 Isolated from a Salted Small Octopus in Cyclophosphamide-Induced Immunocompromised Mice and Its Inhibitory Activity against SARS-CoV 3CL Protease. Microorganisms 2022; 10:microorganisms10122321. [PMID: 36557573 PMCID: PMC9781638 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms10122321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2022] [Revised: 10/28/2022] [Accepted: 11/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, we investigated the immune-enhancing and anti-viral effects of germinated Rhynchosia nulubilis (GRC) fermented with Pediococcus pentosaceus SC11 (GRC-SC11) isolated from a salted small octopus. The cordycepin, β-glucan, and total flavonoid contents increased in GRC after SC11 fermentation. GRC-SC11 inhibits 3CL protease activity in severe acute respiratory syndrome-associated coronavirus (SARS-CoV). GRC-SC11 significantly increased thymus and spleen indices in immunocompromised mice. The rate of splenocyte proliferation was higher in GRC-SC11-treated immunocompromised mice than that in GRC-treated immunocompromised mice in the presence or absence of concanavalin A. In addition, GRC-SC11 increased the phagocytic activity and nitric oxide production in immunocompromised mice. The mRNA expression of interferon-gamma (IFN-γ), interferon-alpha (IFN-α), and interferon-stimulated gene 15 (ISG15) was up-regulated in GRC-SC11 treated RAW 264.7 macrophages, compared to GRC. Our study indicates that GRC-SC11 might be a potential therapeutic agent for immunocompromised patients who are vulnerable to SARS-CoV infection.
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Phull AR, Ahmed M, Park HJ. Cordyceps militaris as a Bio Functional Food Source: Pharmacological Potential, Anti-Inflammatory Actions and Related Molecular Mechanisms. Microorganisms 2022; 10:microorganisms10020405. [PMID: 35208860 PMCID: PMC8875674 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms10020405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2021] [Revised: 02/03/2022] [Accepted: 02/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Cordyceps militaris (C. militaris) is a medicinal mushroom possessing a variety of biofunctionalities. It has several biologically important components such as polysaccharides and others. The diverse pharmacological potential of C. militaris has generated interest in reviewing the current scientific literature, with a particular focus on prevention and associated molecular mechanisms in inflammatory diseases. Due to rising global demand, research on C. militaris has continued to increase in recent years. C. militaris has shown the potential for inhibiting inflammation-related events, both in in vivo and in vitro experiments. Inflammation is a multifaceted biological process that contributes to the development and severity of diseases, including cancer, colitis, and allergies. These functions make C. militaris a suitable functional food for inhibiting inflammatory responses such as the regulation of proinflammatory cytokines. Therefore, on the basis of existing information, the current study provides insights towards the understanding of anti-inflammatory activity-related mechanisms. This article presents a foundation for clinical use, and analyzes the roadmap for future studies concerning the medical use of C. militaris and its constituents in the next generation of anti-inflammatory drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdul-Rehman Phull
- Department of Food Science and Biotechnology, College of BioNano Technology, Gachon University, Seongnam 13120, Korea;
| | - Madiha Ahmed
- Shifa College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shifa Tameer-e-Millat University, Islamabad 44000, Pakistan;
| | - Hye-Jin Park
- Department of Food Science and Biotechnology, College of BioNano Technology, Gachon University, Seongnam 13120, Korea;
- Correspondence:
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Lee CT, Huang KS, Shaw JF, Chen JR, Kuo WS, Shen G, Grumezescu AM, Holban AM, Wang YT, Wang JS, Hsiang YP, Lin YM, Hsu HH, Yang CH. Trends in the Immunomodulatory Effects of Cordyceps militaris: Total Extracts, Polysaccharides and Cordycepin. Front Pharmacol 2020; 11:575704. [PMID: 33328984 PMCID: PMC7735063 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2020.575704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2020] [Accepted: 10/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Cordyceps militaris (C. militaris) is a fungus with a long history of widespread use in folk medicine, and its biological and medicinal functions are well studied. A crucial pharmacological effect of C. militaris is immunomodulation. In this review, we catalog the immunomodulatory effects of different extracts of C. militaris, namely total extracts, polysaccharides and cordycepin. Total extracts obtained using water or 50% ethyl alcohol and polysaccharides from C. militaris were discovered to tend to promote type 1 immunity, whereas total extracts obtained using 70-80% ethyl alcohol and cordycepin from C. militaris were more likely to promote type 2 immunity. This article is the first to classify the immunomodulatory effects of different extracts of C. militaris. In addition, we discovered a relationship between different segments or extracts and differing types of immunity. This review can provide the readers a comprehensive understanding on the immunomodulatory effects of the precious folk medicine and guidance on its use for both health people and those with an immunodeficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun-Ting Lee
- The School of Chinese Medicine for Post-Baccalaureate, I-Shou University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
- Amulette Chinese Medicine Clinic, Tainan City, Taiwan
| | - Keng-Shiang Huang
- The School of Chinese Medicine for Post-Baccalaureate, I-Shou University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Jei-Fu Shaw
- Department of Biological Science and Technology, I-Shou University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Jung-Ren Chen
- Department of Biological Science and Technology, I-Shou University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Wen-Shuo Kuo
- School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing, China
| | - Gangxu Shen
- The School of Chinese Medicine for Post-Baccalaureate, I-Shou University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Alexandru Mihai Grumezescu
- Department of Science and Engineering of Oxide Materials and Nanomaterials, Polytechnic University of Bucharest, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Alina Maria Holban
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Bucharest, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Yi-Ting Wang
- Department of Biological Science and Technology, I-Shou University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Jun-Sheng Wang
- Taiwan Instrument Research Institute, National Applied Research Laboratories, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Ping Hsiang
- Pharmacy Department of E-Da Hospital, Kaohsiung City, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Mei Lin
- The School of Chinese Medicine for Post-Baccalaureate, I-Shou University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
- Department of Biological Science and Technology, I-Shou University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Hsiao-Han Hsu
- Amulette Chinese Medicine Clinic, Tainan City, Taiwan
| | - Chih-Hui Yang
- Department of Biological Science and Technology, I-Shou University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
- Taiwan Instrument Research Institute, National Applied Research Laboratories, Taipei, Taiwan
- Pharmacy Department of E-Da Hospital, Kaohsiung City, Taiwan
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Fermented Cordyceps militaris Extract Prevents Hepatosteatosis and Adipocyte Hypertrophy in High Fat Diet-Fed Mice. Nutrients 2019; 11:nu11051015. [PMID: 31064103 PMCID: PMC6566621 DOI: 10.3390/nu11051015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2019] [Revised: 04/26/2019] [Accepted: 05/04/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Nonalcoholic fatty liver diseases (NAFLD) is characterized by accumulation of lipid droplets in the liver. The objective of this study was to evaluate protective effects of fermented Cordyceps militaris extract by Pediococcus pentosaceus ON188 (ONE) against hepatosteatosis and obesity in mice fed a high-fat diet (HFD). Eight-week-old male C57BL/6J mice were fed HFD mixed with ONE for four weeks and its effects on hepatosteatosis and obesity were examined. Although ONE did not change food intake, it reduced body weights of mice at administration dose of 200 mg/kg/day. Activities of lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), aspartate transaminase (AST), and alanine transaminase (ALT) as plasma parameters were reduced by ONE in a dose-dependent manner. Hepatic lipid droplets and triglyceride (TG) levels were also reduced by ONE due to upregulation of fatty acid oxidizing genes such as carnithine palmitoyltransferase (CPT1) and peroxisomal proliferator activated receptor α(PPARα) mediated by induction of sphingosine kinase 2 (SPHK2). In epididymal fat tissue, sizes of adipocytes were significantly reduced by ONE in a dose-dependent manner. This is mainly due to suppression of lipogenesis and upregulation of adipocyte browning genes. Collectively, these results suggest that fermented ONE can activate fatty acid oxidation via SPHK2 in the liver. It can also suppress lipogenesis and activate browning in adipose tissue. Thus, ONE might have potential to be used for the development of functional foods against liver dysfunction and obesity.
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Tran NKS, Kim GT, Lee DY, Kim YJ, Park HJ, Park DK, Park TS. Fermented Cordyceps militaris Extract Ameliorates Hepatosteatosis via Activation of Fatty Acid Oxidation. J Med Food 2019; 22:325-336. [PMID: 30864855 DOI: 10.1089/jmf.2018.4245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease is a progressive disease involving the accumulation of lipid droplets in the liver. In this study, we investigated the anti-hepatosteatosis effects of fermented Cordyceps militaris extract (CME) in AML-12 hepatocytes. Although the levels of adenosine and cordycepin were reduced in the extracts of CM grown on germinated soybean (GSCE) and fermented CM grown on germinated soybean (GSC) by Pediococcus pentosaceus ON188 (ON188E), the expression of fatty acid oxidation (FAO) genes were upregulated only by GSC-ON188E treatment in a dose-dependent manner. In contrast, a lipogenic gene, stearoyl Coenzyme A desaturase 1, was downregulated by ON188E. Formation of intracellular lipid droplets by the addition of oleic acid was reduced by ON188E to levels observed in WY14643-treated cells. When cells were treated with ON188E, sphingosine kinase 2 mainly responsible for hepatic sphingosine 1-phosphate (S1P) synthesis was upregulated and S1P was elevated. Collectively, the fermented GSC extract activates FAO through elevation of S1P synthesis and has potential as a therapeutic for hepatosteatosis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Goon-Tae Kim
- 1 Department of Life Science, Gachon University, Sungnam, Korea
| | - Do Yup Lee
- 2 Department of Bio and Fermentation Convergence Technology, Kookmin University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Young-Jun Kim
- 3 Department of Food and Biotechnology, Korea University, Sejong, Korea
| | - Hye-Jin Park
- 4 Department of Food Science and Biotechnology, Gachon University, Sungnam, Korea
| | - Dong Ki Park
- 5 Cell Activation Research Institute, Sungnam, Korea
| | - Tae-Sik Park
- 1 Department of Life Science, Gachon University, Sungnam, Korea
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Doan HV, Hoseinifar SH, Tapingkae W, Chitmanat C, Mekchay S. Effects of Cordyceps militaris spent mushroom substrate on mucosal and serum immune parameters, disease resistance and growth performance of Nile tilapia, (Oreochromis niloticus). FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2017; 67:78-85. [PMID: 28578127 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2017.05.062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2017] [Revised: 05/02/2017] [Accepted: 05/30/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The aim of present study was determination effects of dietary administration of C. militaris spent mushroom substrate (SMS) on mucosal and serum immune parameters, disease resistance, and growth performance of Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus). Two hundred twenty five fish of similar weight (37.28 ± 0.10 g) were assigned to the following diets [0 (T1- Control), 5 (T2), 10 (T3), 20 (T4) and 40 g kg-1 (T5) SMS]. After 60 days of feeding trial, growth performance, skin mucus lysozyme and peroxidase activities as well as serum innate immune were measured. In addition, survival rate and innate immune responses were calculated after challenge test (15 days) against Streptococcus agalactiae. The results revealed that regardless of inclusion levels, feeding Nile tilapia with SMS supplemented diets significantly increased skin mucus lysozyme and peroxidase activities as well as serum immune parameters (SL, ACH50, PI, RB, and RB) compared control group (P < 0.05). The highest increment of immune parameters was observed in fish fed 10 g kg-1 SMS which was significantly higher than other treatments (P < 0.05). Also, the relative percent survival (RSP) in T2, T3, T4, and T5 was 61.11%, 88.89%, 66.67, and 55.56%, respectively. Among the supplemented groups, fish fed 10 g kg-1 SMS showed significant higher RPS and resistance to S. agalactiae than other groups (P < 0.05). Regarding the growth performance, SGR, WG, FW, and FCR were remarkably improved (P < 0.05) in SMS groups; the highest improvement observed in 10 g kg-1 SMS treatment. According to these finding, administration of 10 g kg-1 SMS is suggested in tilapia to improve growth performance and health status.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hien Van Doan
- Department of Animal and Aquatic Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200 Thailand.
| | - Seyed Hossein Hoseinifar
- Department of Fisheries Gorgan University of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources, Gorgan, Iran
| | - Wanaporn Tapingkae
- Department of Animal and Aquatic Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200 Thailand
| | - Chanagun Chitmanat
- Faculty of Fisheries Technology and Aquatic Resources, Maejo University, Chiang Mai 50290 Thailand
| | - Supamit Mekchay
- Department of Animal and Aquatic Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200 Thailand
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Dong Y, Hu S, Liu C, Meng Q, Song J, Lu J, Cheng Y, Gao C, Liu Y, Wang D, Teng L. Purification of polysaccharides from Cordyceps militaris and their anti‑hypoxic effect. Mol Med Rep 2014; 11:1312-7. [PMID: 25351532 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2014.2786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2014] [Accepted: 09/04/2014] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Acute mountain sickness, one of the most common altitude diseases, causes lung and brain injury. The present study aimed to investigate the anti‑hypoxic effect of purified polysaccharides extracted from Cordyceps militaris. The aqueous extract of Cordyceps militaris was purified progressively through a DEAE‑52 cellulose anion exchange column and a Sepharose G‑100 column. The fraction CMN1, with a molecular weight of 37842 Da, was the main fraction obtained and its chemical composition and structural characteristics were determined. CMN1 was found to have a monosaccharide composition of L‑rhamnose, L‑arabinose, D‑mannose, D‑galactose. The backbone of CMN1 comprised (1→2) and (1→3) linkages, with branched (1→6) and (1→4) linkages. The anti‑hypoxic effects of CMN1 were determined using a sodium nitrite toxicosis test, acute cerebral ischemic/hypoxic test and normobarie hypoxia test. CMN1 (0.5 g/kg) possessed a similar anti‑hypoxic effect to rhodiola oral liquid. Overall, the Cordyceps militaris polysaccharide, CMN1, was identified as an effective agent against hypoxia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Dong
- College of Life Science, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130012, P.R. China
| | - Shuang Hu
- College of Life Science, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130012, P.R. China
| | - Chungang Liu
- College of Life Science, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130012, P.R. China
| | - Qingfan Meng
- College of Life Science, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130012, P.R. China
| | - Jia Song
- College of Life Science, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130012, P.R. China
| | - Jiahui Lu
- College of Life Science, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130012, P.R. China
| | - Yingkun Cheng
- College of Life Science, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130012, P.R. China
| | - Chaohui Gao
- College of Life Science, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130012, P.R. China
| | - Yan Liu
- College of Life Science, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130012, P.R. China
| | - Di Wang
- College of Life Science, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130012, P.R. China
| | - Lirong Teng
- College of Life Science, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130012, P.R. China
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Studies on the antidiabetic activities of Cordyceps militaris extract in diet-streptozotocin-induced diabetic Sprague-Dawley rats. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2014; 2014:160980. [PMID: 24738047 PMCID: PMC3967809 DOI: 10.1155/2014/160980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2013] [Revised: 01/29/2014] [Accepted: 01/30/2014] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Due to substantial morbidity and high complications, diabetes mellitus is considered as the third “killer” in the world. A search for alternative antidiabetic drugs from herbs or fungi is highly demanded. Our present study aims to investigate the antidiabetic activities of Cordyceps militaris on diet-streptozotocin-induced type 2 diabetes mellitus in rats. Diabetic rats were orally administered with water extract or alcohol extract at 0.05 g/kg and 2 g/kg for 3 weeks, and then, the factors levels related to blood glucose, lipid, free radicals, and even nephropathy were determined. Pathological alterations on liver and kidney were examined. Data showed that, similar to metformin, Cordyceps militaris extracts displayed a significant reduction in blood glucose levels by promoting glucose metabolism and strongly suppressed total cholesterol and triglycerides concentration in serum. Cordyceps militaris extracts exhibit antioxidative effects indicated by normalized superoxide dismutase and glutathione peroxidase levels. The inhibitory effects on blood urea nitrogen, creatinine, uric acid, and protein revealed the protection of Cordyceps militaris extracts against diabetic nephropathy, which was confirmed by pathological morphology reversion. Collectively, Cordyceps militaris extract, a safe pharmaceutical agent, presents excellent antidiabetic and antinephropathic activities and thus has great potential as a new source for diabetes treatment.
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Seo MJ, Kang BW, Kim MJ, Lee HH, Seo KI, Kim KH, Jeong YK. The Effect of Cordycepin on the Production of Pro-inflammatory Cytokines in Mouse Peritoneal Macrophages. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014. [DOI: 10.9721/kjfst.2014.46.1.68] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Huang TT, Chong KY, Ojcius DM, Wu YH, Ko YF, Wu CY, Martel J, Lu CC, Lai HC, Young JD. Hirsutella sinensis mycelium suppresses interleukin-1β and interleukin-18 secretion by inhibiting both canonical and non-canonical inflammasomes. Sci Rep 2013; 3:1374. [PMID: 23459183 PMCID: PMC3587886 DOI: 10.1038/srep01374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2013] [Accepted: 02/08/2013] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Cordyceps sinensis is a medicinal mushroom used for centuries in Asian countries as a health supplement and tonic. Hirsutella sinensis-the anamorphic, mycelial form of C. sinensis-possesses similar properties, and is increasingly used as a health supplement. Recently, C. sinensis extracts were shown to inhibit the production of the pro-inflammatory cytokine IL-1β in lipopolysaccharide-treated macrophages. However, the molecular mechanism underlying this process has remained unclear. In addition, whether H. sinensis mycelium (HSM) extracts also inhibit the production of IL-1β has not been investigated. In the present study, the HSM extract suppresses IL-1β and IL-18 secretion, and ATP-induced activation of caspase-1. Notably, we observed that HSM not only reduced expression of the inflammasome component NLRP1 and the P2X7R but also reduced the activation of caspase-4, and ATP-induced ROS production. These findings reveal that the HSM extract has anti-inflammatory properties attributed to its ability to inhibit both canonical and non-canonical inflammasomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tsung-Teng Huang
- Center for Molecular and Clinical Immunology, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan, Republic of China
- Department of Medical Biotechnology and Laboratory Sciences, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan, Republic of China
- Laboratory of Nanomaterials, Taoyuan, Chang Gung University, Taiwan, Republic of China
- Research Center of Bacterial Pathogenesis, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Kowit-Yu Chong
- Department of Medical Biotechnology and Laboratory Sciences, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - David M. Ojcius
- Center for Molecular and Clinical Immunology, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan, Republic of China
- Molecular Cell Biology, Health Sciences Research Institute, University of California, Merced, Merced, California, United States of America
| | - Yi-Hui Wu
- Cancer Research Center, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, Tainan, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Yun-Fei Ko
- Chang Gung Biotechnology Corporation, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China
- Biochemical Engineering Research Center, Ming Chi University of Technology, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Cheng-Yeu Wu
- Center for Molecular and Clinical Immunology, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan, Republic of China
- Laboratory of Nanomaterials, Taoyuan, Chang Gung University, Taiwan, Republic of China
- Research Center of Bacterial Pathogenesis, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Jan Martel
- Center for Molecular and Clinical Immunology, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan, Republic of China
- Laboratory of Nanomaterials, Taoyuan, Chang Gung University, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Chia-Chen Lu
- Department of Respiratory Therapy, Fu Jen Catholic University, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Hsin-Chih Lai
- Center for Molecular and Clinical Immunology, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan, Republic of China
- Department of Medical Biotechnology and Laboratory Sciences, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan, Republic of China
- Research Center of Bacterial Pathogenesis, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - John D. Young
- Center for Molecular and Clinical Immunology, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan, Republic of China
- Laboratory of Nanomaterials, Taoyuan, Chang Gung University, Taiwan, Republic of China
- Chang Gung Biotechnology Corporation, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China
- Biochemical Engineering Research Center, Ming Chi University of Technology, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China
- Laboratory of Cellular Physiology and Immunology, Rockefeller University, New York, New York, United States of America
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Yan XF, Zhang ZM, Yao HY, Guan Y, Zhu JP, Zhang LH, Jia YL, Wang RW. Cardiovascular protection and antioxidant activity of the extracts from the mycelia of Cordyceps sinensis act partially via adenosine receptors. Phytother Res 2012. [PMID: 23192916 DOI: 10.1002/ptr.4899] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Mycelia of cultured Cordyceps sinensis (CS) is one of the most common substitutes for natural CS and was approved for arrhythmia in China. However, the role of CS in ameliorating injury during ischemia-reperfusion (I/R) is still unclear. We examined effects of extracts from CS on I/R and investigated the possible mechanisms. Post-ischemic coronary perfusion pressure, ventricular function, and coronary flow were measured using the Langendorff mouse heart model. Oxidative stress of cardiac homogenates was performed using an ELISA. Our results indicate that CS affords cardioprotection possibly through enhanced adenosine receptor activation. Cardioprotection was demonstrated by reduced post-ischemic diastolic dysfunction and improved recovery of pressure development and coronary flow. Treatment with CS largely abrogates oxidative stress and damage in glucose- or pyruvate-perfused hearts. Importantly, observed reductions in oxidative stress [glutathione disulfide (GSSG)]/[GSSG + glutathione] and [malondialdehyde (MDA)]/[superoxide dismutase + MDA] ratios as well as the resultant damage upon CS treatment correlate with functional markers of post-ischemic myocardial outcome. These effects of CS were partially blocked by 8-ρ-sulfophenyltheophylline, an adenosine receptor antagonist. Our results demonstrate a suppressive role of CS in ischemic contracture. Meanwhile, the results also suggest pre-ischemic adenosine receptor activation may be involved in reducing contracture in hearts pretreated with CS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Feng Yan
- The Second Affiliated Hospital of Medical College, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310009, China
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15
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Wang M, Meng XY, Yang RL, Qin T, Wang XY, Zhang KY, Fei CZ, Li Y, Hu YL, Xue FQ. Cordyceps militaris polysaccharides can enhance the immunity and antioxidation activity in immunosuppressed mice. Carbohydr Polym 2012; 89:461-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2012.03.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2012] [Revised: 02/28/2012] [Accepted: 03/08/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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16
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Zhu ZY, Liu N, Si CL, Liu Y, Ding LN, Jing C, Liu AJ, Zhang YM. Structure and anti-tumor activity of a high-molecular-weight polysaccharide from cultured mycelium of Cordyceps gunnii. Carbohydr Polym 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2012.01.068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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17
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Wu F, Yan H, Ma X, Jia J, Zhang G, Guo X, Gui Z. Comparison of the structural characterization and biological activity of acidic polysaccharides from Cordyceps militaris cultured with different media. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 2012; 28:2029-38. [DOI: 10.1007/s11274-012-1005-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2011] [Accepted: 01/18/2012] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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18
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Cordyceps militaris Grown on Germinated Soybean Induces G2/M Cell Cycle Arrest through Downregulation of Cyclin B1 and Cdc25c in Human Colon Cancer HT-29 Cells. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2012; 2012:249217. [PMID: 22474493 PMCID: PMC3310170 DOI: 10.1155/2012/249217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2011] [Revised: 01/02/2012] [Accepted: 01/02/2012] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Cordyceps militaris (CM) is an insect-borne fungus that has been used in traditional Chinese medicine because of its wide range of pharmacological activities. In this paper, we studied CM grown on germinated soybean (GSC) and investigated the possible mechanisms underlying antiproliferative effect of GSC on HT-29 human colon cancer cells. In comparison with CM extracts and germinated soybean (GS) BuOH extracts, BuOH extracts of GSC showed remarkable inhibitory and antiproliferative effects on HT-29 colon cancer cells. After GSC treatment, HT-29 cells became smaller and irregular in shape. High G2/M phase cell populations were observed in the GSC-treated group. The levels of cyclin B1 and Cdc25 in the GSC-treated group were lower than those in the control group. These findings suggest that GSC BuOH extracts might act as an effective anti-proliferative agent by inducing G2/M cell cycle arrest in colon cancer cells.
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Patel S, Goyal A. Recent developments in mushrooms as anti-cancer therapeutics: a review. 3 Biotech 2012; 2:1-15. [PMID: 22582152 PMCID: PMC3339609 DOI: 10.1007/s13205-011-0036-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 165] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2011] [Accepted: 11/09/2011] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
From time immemorial, mushrooms have been valued by humankind as a culinary wonder and folk medicine in Oriental practice. The last decade has witnessed the overwhelming interest of western research fraternity in pharmaceutical potential of mushrooms. The chief medicinal uses of mushrooms discovered so far are as anti-oxidant, anti-diabetic, hypocholesterolemic, anti-tumor, anti-cancer, immunomodulatory, anti-allergic, nephroprotective, and anti-microbial agents. The mushrooms credited with success against cancer belong to the genus Phellinus, Pleurotus, Agaricus, Ganoderma, Clitocybe, Antrodia, Trametes, Cordyceps, Xerocomus, Calvatia, Schizophyllum, Flammulina, Suillus, Inonotus, Inocybe, Funlia, Lactarius, Albatrellus, Russula, and Fomes. The anti-cancer compounds play crucial role as reactive oxygen species inducer, mitotic kinase inhibitor, anti-mitotic, angiogenesis inhibitor, topoisomerase inhibitor, leading to apoptosis, and eventually checking cancer proliferation. The present review updates the recent findings on the pharmacologically active compounds, their anti-tumor potential, and underlying mechanism of biological action in order to raise awareness for further investigations to develop cancer therapeutics from mushrooms. The mounting evidences from various research groups across the globe, regarding anti-tumor application of mushroom extracts unarguably make it a fast-track research area worth mass attention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seema Patel
- Department of Biotechnology, Lovely Professional University, Jalandhar, 144402 Punjab India
| | - Arun Goyal
- Department of Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati, 781039 Assam India
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21
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Zhao W, Wen HX, Zheng HL, Sun SX, Sun DJ, Ni J. Action mechanism of Zuo Gui Yin Decoction's promotion on estradiol production in rats during the peri-menopausal period. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2011; 134:122-129. [PMID: 21134435 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2010.11.073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2010] [Revised: 11/09/2010] [Accepted: 11/27/2010] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
AIM OF THE STUDY Although Zuo Gui Yin Decoction has long been used in Traditional Chinese Medicine to treat menopausal symptoms, the underlying mechanism(s) by which these effects are induced remains to be defined. The aim of this study was to investigate the action mechanism of Zuo Gui Yin Decoction on estradiol production in the rat ovary during peri-menopause. MATERIALS AND METHODS The peri-menopausal animal model was established by natural aging. Peri-menopausal rats were treated by intragastric administration (ig) with low (13.78gkg(-1)), middle (20.67gkg(-1)) or high (31gkg(-1)) dose of Zuo Gui Yin Decoction per day for 8 weeks. At the 8th weekend, the rats were sacrificed for sampling. Estradiol (E(2)) levels in rats' serum were evaluated by radioimmunoassay (RIA). RT-PCR, in situ hybridization and immunohistochemistry were used to determine mRNA and protein expression of relevant genes. RESULTS Medium- and high-dose of Zuo Gui Yin Decoction could significantly increase serum estradiol concentration, ovarian CYP19 mRNA levels, and P450(arom) protein expression in rats during peri-menopause. Zuo Gui Yin Decoction at three different dosages all could promote FSHR expression and the effect of low-dose was the greatest. Zuo Gui Yin Decoction could elevate LRH-1 and ER(α) expression in a dose dependent manner. CONCLUSIONS Taken collectively, these findings suggest that Zuo Gui Yin Decoction could promote estradiol production in rat serum during peri-menopausal period through ovarian ER(α)→LRH-1→CYP19 pathway as well as the ovarian classical FSHR→CYP19 mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Zhao
- Laboratory of Reproductive Endocrinology, Department of Physiology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150081, Hei Longjiang Province, China
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22
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ZHU ZHENYUAN, SI CHUANLING, ZHONG YUERU, ZHU CHANGMEI, ZHOU JIAPING, LIU ANJUN, ZHANG YONGMIN. THE PURIFICATION AND ANTIOXIDATIVE ACTIVITIES IN D-GALACTOSE-INDUCED AGING MICE OF A WATER-SOLUBLE POLYSACCHARIDE FROM CORDYCEPS GUNNII (BERK.) BERK. MYCELIUM. J Food Biochem 2011. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1745-4514.2010.00383.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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23
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Study on macrophage activation and structural characteristics of purified polysaccharide from the liquid culture broth of Cordyceps militaris. Carbohydr Polym 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2010.06.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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24
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Rao YK, Fang SH, Wu WS, Tzeng YM. Constituents isolated from Cordyceps militaris suppress enhanced inflammatory mediator's production and human cancer cell proliferation. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2010; 131:363-367. [PMID: 20633630 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2010.07.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2010] [Revised: 06/16/2010] [Accepted: 07/06/2010] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
AIM OF THE STUDY The purpose of this study is to isolate the pure compounds from the extracts of Cordyceps militaris obtained through solid-state cultivation process, and evaluate their anti-inflammatory and anticancer properties. MATERIALS AND METHODS Silica gel column chromatographic purification of Cordyceps militaris extracts resulted in the isolation of 10 pure compounds (1-10). The compounds 1-10 were examined for their growth inhibitory properties against nitric oxide (NO), tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha and interleukin (IL)-12 enhanced production from LPS/IFN-gamma-stimulated macrophages. Additionally, the anti-proliferation effects of 1-10 on human cancer cell lines, colon (colon 205), prostate (PC-3), and hepatoma (HepG2) cells were also analyzed. RESULTS Compound 8 displayed potent growth inhibition on NO, TNF-alpha and IL-12 production with an IC(50) value of 7.5, 6.3, and 7.6 microg/ml, respectively. A similar inhibitory trend on these inflammatory mediators was observed for 3, 7, 9 and 10 with an IC(50) values ranging from 10.8 to 17.2 microg/ml. On the other hand, compounds 3 and 8 were potent anti-proliferative agents with an IC(50) value of 35.6 and 32.6 microg/ml toward PC-3 and colon 205 cell lines, respectively. The compounds 1 and 2 showed potent anti-proliferation in PC-3 and colon 205 cells, while only 3 displayed such effect in HepG2 cells. CONCLUSION The present study provides scientific supporting information for the ethnopharmacological use of Cordyceps militaris as an anti-inflammatory and anticancer agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yerra Koteswara Rao
- Institute of Biochemical Sciences and Technology, Chaoyang University of Technology, Taichung County, Wufeng, Taiwan, ROC
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25
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Lin QY, Song B, Huang H, Li TH. Optimization of selected cultivation parameters for Cordyceps guangdongensis. Lett Appl Microbiol 2010; 51:219-25. [PMID: 20672441 DOI: 10.1111/j.1472-765x.2010.02881.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
AIMS To increase the fruit body production of Cordyceps guangdongensis, selected cultivation conditions, especially nutritional parameters were optimized. METHODS AND RESULTS Cordyceps guangdongensis was inoculated on potato dextrose agar slants with pH values from 4.5 to 9.0 and cultivated in artificial media with different carbon and nitrogen supplements. Primordium formation in C. guangdongensis was favoured by slightly acidic conditions. Fruit body yields and biological efficiency (BE) recorded were all highest in cultures of C. guangdongensis supplemented with sucrose and KNO3 as carbon and nitrogen supplements, respectively. Highest fruit body yields and BE values were recorded with C : N ratio of 12 : 1. The optimal medium consisted of (g l(-1)) 20.0 sucrose, 4.0 soya bean powder, 5.0 beef extract and 10.0 KNO3. Cultivation experiments using this medium confirmed its reliability; 18.35% of BE was obtained, compared with a calculated maximum BE of 18.65% based on orthogonal test data. CONCLUSIONS Cordyceps guangdongensis preferred sucrose and potassium nitrate as best carbon and nitrogen supplements. It produced satisfying yield of fruit body with optimized medium. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY Optimized artificial cultivation conditions could promote the yield of C. guangdongensis and decreased the cost of production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Q Y Lin
- Guangdong Provincial Open Laboratory of New Microbial Application Technology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Culture Collection and Application, Guangdong Institute of Microbiology, Guangzhou, China
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Kim HS, Kim JY, Kang JS, Kim HM, Kim YO, Hong IP, Lee MK, Hong JT, Kim Y, Han SB. Cordlan polysaccharide isolated from mushroom Cordyceps militaris induces dendritic cell maturation through toll-like receptor 4 signalings. Food Chem Toxicol 2010; 48:1926-33. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2010.04.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2010] [Revised: 04/13/2010] [Accepted: 04/22/2010] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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Lee JS, Kwon JS, Yun JS, Pahk JW, Shin WC, Lee SY, Hong EK. Structural characterization of immunostimulating polysaccharide from cultured mycelia of Cordyceps militaris. Carbohydr Polym 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2010.01.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Han JY, Im J, Choi JN, Lee CH, Park HJ, Park DK, Yun CH, Han SH. Induction of IL-8 expression by Cordyceps militaris grown on germinated soybeans through lipid rafts formation and signaling pathways via ERK and JNK in A549 cells. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2010; 127:55-61. [PMID: 19799982 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2009.09.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2009] [Revised: 09/21/2009] [Accepted: 09/22/2009] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
AIM OF THE STUDY In order to elucidate immunoregulatory mechanisms of Cordyceps militaris, a methanol extract of Cordyceps militaris grown on germinated soybeans was prepared and its immunoregulatory effect in the human lung epithelial cells was investigated by examining its ability to induce IL-8 expression. MATERIALS AND METHODS Cordyceps militaris grown on germinated soybeans was extracted with 80% methanol (GSC4M) and used for stimulation of a human lung epithelial cell-line, A549. An enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction were performed to examine the production of IL-8 protein and its mRNA, respectively. For the analysis of transcription factors regulating IL-8 transcriptional activation, the nuclear fraction was extracted from GSC4M-treated A549 cells and subjected to electrophoretic mobility shift assay. RESULTS GSC4M induced IL-8 protein secretion and its mRNA expression from A549 cells in a dose- and time-dependent manner. GSC4M-induced IL-8 expression was inhibited by an inhibitor for lipid rafts formation but not by that for clathrin-coated pits. In addition, signaling pathways for GSC4M-induced IL-8 expression were mediated through ERK and JNK but hardly through p38 kinase. Furthermore, GSC4M augmented the DNA-binding activity of the transcription factors AP-1, NF-IL6, and NF-kappaB, all of which are involved in the transcriptional activation of the IL-8 gene. CONCLUSION Cordyceps militaris grown on germinated soybeans stimulates lung epithelial cells to produce IL-8 through lipid rafts formation and signaling pathways via ERK and JNK.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji Young Han
- Department of Oral Microbiology & Immunology, Dental Research Institute, and BK21 Program, School of Dentistry, Seoul National University, Seoul 110-749, Republic of Korea
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