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Meurer M, de Oliveira BMM, Cury BJ, Jerônimo DT, Venzon L, França TCS, Mariott M, Silva-Nunes R, Santos AC, Roman-Junior WA, Oliveira RG, Arunachalam K, Santin JR, Benvenutti L, Souza P, Aldana-Mejía JA, da Silva L. Extract of Tagetes erecta L., a medicinal plant rich in lutein, promotes gastric healing and reduces ulcer recurrence in rodents. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2022; 293:115258. [PMID: 35378194 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2022.115258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2021] [Revised: 02/09/2022] [Accepted: 03/29/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Tagetes erecta L. (Asteraceae), popularly known as Aztec Marigold, is used in South America to treat several ailments. Despite reports that T. erecta flowers are used in folk medicine to treat gastrointestinal diseases, there is no study regarding its gastric healing effects. AIM OF THE STUDY The effect of dry extract of T. erecta L. (DETe) in gastric healing and gastric ulcer recurrence was evaluated, contributing to the validation of the antiulcer potential of this medicinal plant. METHODS Rats were treated orally with vehicle (1 ml/kg), omeprazole (20 mg/kg), or DETe (3, 30 or 300 mg/kg) for 7 days, twice a day. The lesion area was evaluated, and the levels of reduced glutathione (GSH) and lipoperoxides (LOOH) and the activity of the superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), glutathione S-transferase (GST), and myeloperoxidase (MPO) were measured. The ulcer recurrence was evaluated in mice and induced by interleukin (IL)-1β (1 μg/kg, i.p). The recurred area, gastric wall thickness, GSH and cytokines levels, MPO and N-acetylglucosaminidase (NAG) activities were measured. RESULTS DETe accelerated the healing of gastric ulcers only at 300 mg/kg, reducing the ulcerated area by 66%. In parallel, DETe reduced LOOH levels, SOD, CAT and MPO activities, while increasing GST activity and mucin amount. In the recurrence model, DETe reduced the lesion area by 94%, and in parallel decreased the gastric wall thickness and TNF levels, while increasing IL-10 amount. CONCLUSIONS Corroborating the popular use of T. erecta, DETe favors the antioxidant system and reduce gastric inflammation, accelerating the gastric healing process and reducing the ulcer recurrence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariane Meurer
- Postgraduate Program in Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chemical Pharmaceutical Research Nucleus (NIQFAR), University of Vale Do Itajaí, Itajaí, SC, 89809-900, Brazil
| | - Beatriz M M de Oliveira
- Postgraduate Program in Health Sciences, Community University of Chapecó Region, Chapecó, SC, 89809-900, Brazil
| | - Benhur J Cury
- Postgraduate Program in Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chemical Pharmaceutical Research Nucleus (NIQFAR), University of Vale Do Itajaí, Itajaí, SC, 89809-900, Brazil
| | - Daniele T Jerônimo
- Postgraduate Program in Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chemical Pharmaceutical Research Nucleus (NIQFAR), University of Vale Do Itajaí, Itajaí, SC, 89809-900, Brazil
| | - Larissa Venzon
- Postgraduate Program in Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chemical Pharmaceutical Research Nucleus (NIQFAR), University of Vale Do Itajaí, Itajaí, SC, 89809-900, Brazil
| | - Tauani C S França
- Postgraduate Program in Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chemical Pharmaceutical Research Nucleus (NIQFAR), University of Vale Do Itajaí, Itajaí, SC, 89809-900, Brazil
| | - Marihá Mariott
- Postgraduate Program in Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chemical Pharmaceutical Research Nucleus (NIQFAR), University of Vale Do Itajaí, Itajaí, SC, 89809-900, Brazil
| | - Ruan Silva-Nunes
- Postgraduate Program in Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chemical Pharmaceutical Research Nucleus (NIQFAR), University of Vale Do Itajaí, Itajaí, SC, 89809-900, Brazil
| | - Ana C Santos
- Postgraduate Program in Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chemical Pharmaceutical Research Nucleus (NIQFAR), University of Vale Do Itajaí, Itajaí, SC, 89809-900, Brazil
| | - Walter A Roman-Junior
- Postgraduate Program in Health Sciences, Community University of Chapecó Region, Chapecó, SC, 89809-900, Brazil
| | - Ruberlei G Oliveira
- Postgraduate Program in Master's Degree in Sciences Applied to Hospital Care Júlio Müller University Hospital, Federal University of Mato Grosso, Cuiabá, Brazil
| | - Karuppusamy Arunachalam
- Key Laboratory of Economic Plants and Biotechnology and the Yunnan Key Laboratory for Wild Plant Resources, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, 650201, People's Republic of China
| | - José Roberto Santin
- Postgraduate Program in Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chemical Pharmaceutical Research Nucleus (NIQFAR), University of Vale Do Itajaí, Itajaí, SC, 89809-900, Brazil
| | - Larissa Benvenutti
- Postgraduate Program in Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chemical Pharmaceutical Research Nucleus (NIQFAR), University of Vale Do Itajaí, Itajaí, SC, 89809-900, Brazil
| | - Priscila Souza
- Postgraduate Program in Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chemical Pharmaceutical Research Nucleus (NIQFAR), University of Vale Do Itajaí, Itajaí, SC, 89809-900, Brazil
| | - Jennyfer A Aldana-Mejía
- Postgraduate Program in Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of São Paulo, Campus Ribeirão Preto, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - Luisa da Silva
- Postgraduate Program in Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chemical Pharmaceutical Research Nucleus (NIQFAR), University of Vale Do Itajaí, Itajaí, SC, 89809-900, Brazil.
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Codo Toafode NM, Marquardt P, Ahyi V, Fester K, Spiegler V, Vissiennon C. Anti-Inflammatory Potential of Phenolic Compounds Isolated From Entada africana Guill. & Perr. Used in the Republic of Benin. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:931240. [PMID: 35847017 PMCID: PMC9280145 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.931240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2022] [Accepted: 06/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
In West African medicine, Entada africana Guill. & Perr. from the family of Fabaceae is used to treat inflammatory conditions in the management of fractures, wounds, and sprains in the northern region of the Republic of Benin. The aim of the present study was to isolate and elucidate phenolic compounds from a hydroalcoholic leaf extract from E. africana and to identify compounds with anti-inflammatory activity in vitro. Eleven compounds were purified from three fractions, which have shown strong to medium anti-inflammatory activity. The isolated compounds were characterized by HRESI-MS and NMR methods as gallic acid (1), ethyl gallate (2), 5,7-dihydroxychromen-4-one (3), 3′,4′,7-trihydroxyflavone (4), dihydrokaempferol-7-O-glucoside (5), catechin (6), quercetin-3-O-[β-apiosyl-(1‴→2″)-β-glucoside] (7), quercetin-3-O-glucoside (8), naringenin-7-O-glucoside (9), aromadendrin (10), and myricetin-3-O-glucoside (11). Nine of the major phenolic compounds were tested using TNF-α stimulated human keratinocytes (HaCaT) as skin inflammation model to identify molecules, which may explain the use of the plant leaves as an anti-inflammatory remedy by assessing the release of proinflammatory cytokines IL-8 and IL-6. The hydroacoholic leaf extract of E. africana exerted a medium inhibitory effect on the release of IL-8. 3′,4′,7-trihydroxyflavone, aromadendrin, dihydrokaempferol-7-O-glucoside and ethyl gallate demonstrated a strong to medium effect on the release of IL-6. For the release of IL-8, 3′,4′,7-trihydroxyflavone demonstrated a medium activity. This study provides for the first time a detailed screening of phenolic compounds occurring in the hydroethanolic leaf extract of E. africana. Additionally, it is shown that E. africana contains active compounds which may justify its traditional medicinal use as an anti-inflammatory remedy to treat inflammatory and pain-related skin conditions in the Republic of Benin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nonvignon Murielle Codo Toafode
- Inter-Regional University of Industrial Engineering Biotechnologies and Applied Sciences, IRGIB Africa University, Cotonou, Benin
- Institute of Medical Physics and Biophysics, Leipzig University, Leipzig, Germany
- *Correspondence: Nonvignon Murielle Codo Toafode, ; Cica Vissiennon,
| | - Peter Marquardt
- Faculty of Natural and Environmental Sciences, Zittau/Görlitz University of Applied Sciences, Zittau, Germany
| | - Virgile Ahyi
- Inter-Regional University of Industrial Engineering Biotechnologies and Applied Sciences, IRGIB Africa University, Cotonou, Benin
| | - Karin Fester
- Faculty of Natural and Environmental Sciences, Zittau/Görlitz University of Applied Sciences, Zittau, Germany
| | - Verena Spiegler
- Institute for Pharmaceutical Biology and Phytochemistry, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Cica Vissiennon
- Institute of Medical Physics and Biophysics, Leipzig University, Leipzig, Germany
- Repha GmbH Biologische Arzneimittel, Langenhagen, Germany
- *Correspondence: Nonvignon Murielle Codo Toafode, ; Cica Vissiennon,
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Lin M, Zhou Z, Mei Z. Integrative Analysis of Metabolome and Transcriptome Identifies Potential Genes Involved in the Flavonoid Biosynthesis in Entada phaseoloides Stem. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:792674. [PMID: 35620699 PMCID: PMC9127681 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.792674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2021] [Accepted: 03/21/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Entada phaseoloides stem is known for its high medicinal benefits and ornamental value. Flavonoids are one of the main active constituents in E. phaseoloides stem. However, the regulatory mechanism of flavonoids accumulation in E. phaseoloides is lacking. Here, phytochemical compounds and transcripts from stems at different developmental stages in E. phaseoloides were investigated by metabolome and transcriptome analysis. The metabolite profiling of the oldest stem was obviously different from young and older stem tissues. A total of 198 flavonoids were detected, and flavones, flavonols, anthocyanins, isoflavones, and flavanones were the main subclasses. The metabolome data showed that the content of acacetin was significantly higher in the young stem and older stem than the oldest stem. Rutin and myricitrin showed significantly higher levels in the oldest stem. A total of 143 MYBs and 143 bHLHs were identified and classified in the RNA-seq data. Meanwhile, 34 flavonoid biosynthesis structural genes were identified. Based on the expression pattern of structural genes involved in flavonoid biosynthesis, it indicated that flavonol, anthocyanin, and proanthocyanin biosynthesis were first active during the development of E. phaseoloides stem, and the anthocyanin or proanthocyanin biosynthesis branch was dominant; the flavone biosynthesis branch was active at the late developmental stage of the stem. Through the correlation analysis of transcriptome and metabolome data, the potential candidate genes related to regulating flavonoid synthesis and transport were identified. Among them, the MYBs, bHLH, and TTG1 are coregulated biosynthesis of flavonols and structural genes, bHLH and transporter genes are coregulated biosynthesis of anthocyanins. In addition, the WDR gene TTG1-like (AN11) may regulate dihydrochalcones and flavonol biosynthesis in specific combinations with IIIb bHLH and R2R3-MYB proteins. Furthermore, the transport gene protein TRANSPARENT TESTA 12-like gene is positively regulated the accumulation of rutin, and the homolog of ABC transporter B family member gene is positively correlated with the content of flavone acacetin. This study offered candidate genes involved in flavonoid biosynthesis, information of flavonoid composition and characteristics of flavonoids accumulation, improved our understanding of the MYBs and bHLHs-related regulation networks of flavonoid biosynthesis in E. phaseoloides stem, and provided references for the metabolic engineering of flavonoid biosynthesis in E. phaseoloides stem.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Lin
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, South-Central University for Nationalities, Wuhan, China
- Institute of Ethnomedicine, South-Central University for Nationalities, Wuhan, China
| | - Zhuqing Zhou
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, South-Central University for Nationalities, Wuhan, China
- Institute of Ethnomedicine, South-Central University for Nationalities, Wuhan, China
| | - Zhinan Mei
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, South-Central University for Nationalities, Wuhan, China
- Institute of Ethnomedicine, South-Central University for Nationalities, Wuhan, China
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Chemical Composition, Antibacterial, and Anti-Inflammatory Activities of Essential Oils from Flower, Leaf, and Stem of Rhynchanthus beesianus. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2021; 2021:5562461. [PMID: 33997008 PMCID: PMC8102109 DOI: 10.1155/2021/5562461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2021] [Accepted: 04/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
Rhynchanthus beesianus is a medicinal, ornamental, and edible plant, and its essential oil has been used as an aromatic stomachic in China. In this study, the chemical constituents, antibacterial, and anti-inflammatory properties of flower essential oil (F-EO), leaf essential oil (L-EO), and stem essential oil (S-EO) of R. beesianus were investigated for the first time. According to the GC-FID/MS assay, the F-EO was mainly composed of bornyl formate (21.7%), 1,8-cineole (21.6%), borneol (9.7%), methyleugenol (7.7%), β-myrcene (5.4%), limonene (4.7%), camphene (4.5%), linalool (3.4%), and α-pinene (3.1%). The predominant components of L-EO were bornyl formate (33.9%), borneol (13.2%), 1,8-cineole (12.1%), methyleugenol (8.0%), camphene (7.8%), bornyl acetate (6.2%), and α-pinene (4.3%). The main components of S-EO were borneol (22.5%), 1,8-cineole (21.3%), methyleugenol (14.6%), bornyl formate (11.6%), and bornyl acetate (3.9%). For the bioactivities, the F-EO, L-EO, and S-EO exhibited significant antibacterial property against Bacillus subtilis, Enterococcus faecalis, Staphylococcus aureus, Proteus vulgaris, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Escherichia coli with the inhibition zones (7.28–9.69 mm), MIC (3.13–12.50 mg/mL), and MBC (6.25–12.50 mg/mL). Besides, the F-EO, L-EO, and S-EO significantly inhibited the production of proinflammatory mediator nitric oxide (NO) (93.15–94.72%) and cytokines interleukin-6 (IL-6) (23.99–77.81%) and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) (17.69–24.93%) in LPS-stimulated RAW264.7 cells at the dose of 128 μg/mL in the absence of cytotoxicity. Hence, the essential oils of R. beesianus flower, leaf, and stem could be used as natural antibacterial and anti-inflammatory agents with a high application potential in the pharmaceutical and cosmetic fields.
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Chemical Composition, Antibacterial, Anti-Inflammatory, and Enzyme Inhibitory Activities of Essential Oil from Rhynchanthus beesianus Rhizome. Molecules 2020; 26:molecules26010167. [PMID: 33396533 PMCID: PMC7795889 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26010167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2020] [Revised: 12/28/2020] [Accepted: 12/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Rhynchanthus beesianus W. W. Smith, an edible, medicinal, and ornamental plant, is mainly cultivated in China and Myanmar. The essential oil (EO) from R. beesianus rhizome has been used as an aromatic stomachic in China. The chemical composition and biological activities of EO from R. beesianus rhizome were reported for the first time. Based on gas chromatography with flame ionization or mass selective detection (GC-FID/MS) results, the major constituents of EO were 1,8-cineole (47.6%), borneol (15.0%), methyleugenol (11.2%), and bornyl formate (7.6%). For bioactivities, EO showed a significant antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus, Enterococcus faecalis, Bacillus subtilis, Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Proteus vulgaris with the diameter of the inhibition zone (DIZ) (8.66–10.56 mm), minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) (3.13–6.25 mg/mL), and minimal bactericidal concentration (MBC) (6.25–12.5 mg/mL). Moreover, EO (128 μg/mL) significantly inhibited the production of proinflammatory mediators nitric oxide (NO) (92.73 ± 1.50%) and cytokines tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) (20.29 ± 0.17%) and interleukin-6 (IL-6) (61.08 ± 0.13%) in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced RAW264.7 macrophages without any cytotoxic effect. Moreover, EO exhibited significant acetylcholinesterase (AChE) inhibitory activity (the concentration of the sample that affords a 50% inhibition in the assay (IC50) = 1.03 ± 0.18 mg/mL) and moderate α-glucosidase inhibition effect (IC50 = 11.60 ± 0.25 mg/mL). Thus, the EO could be regarded as a bioactive natural product and has a high exploitation potential in the cosmetics and pharmaceutical industries.
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Kouam AF, Owona BA, Fifen R, Njayou FN, Moundipa PF. Inhibition of CYP2E1 and activation of Nrf2 signaling pathways by a fraction from Entada africana alleviate carbon tetrachloride-induced hepatotoxicity. Heliyon 2020; 6:e04602. [PMID: 32904230 PMCID: PMC7452572 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2020.e04602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2020] [Revised: 07/13/2020] [Accepted: 07/28/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Entada africana is used in non-conventional medicine for the management of liver ailments. A fraction, designated EaF10 (methylene chloride/methanol 90:10, v/v) with promising hepatoprotective activity has been isolated. Since the mechanisms underlying EaF10 hepatoprotective action remain unknown, this study was undertaken to investigate the anti-hepatotoxic mechanism of the fraction against carbon tetrachloride (CCl4)-induced hepatotoxicity and its antioxidant properties. Antioxidant activities of EaF10 were assessed through four chemical antioxidant assays and its anti-hepatotoxic effect evaluated in vivo and in vitro by post-treatment (25 or 100 mg/Kg) or co-treatment (6.25–100 μg/mL) in CCl4-intoxicated mice and normal human liver cells line L-02 hepatocytes respectively; and biochemical and molecular parameters assessed respectively by spectrophotometry, and by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction and western blot analysis. EaF10 exhibited strong antioxidant activities correlated with its polyphenol content. Serum levels of alanine/aspartate aminotransferase (AST/ALT) and nitrite oxide, liver contents of glutathione (GSH) protein carbonylation and malondialdehyde (MDA), liver activities of catalase (CAT), glutathione-S-transferase (GST) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) and cell viability showed the anti-hepatotoxic effect of EaF10, supported by histopathological observations. The fraction decreased the protein level of Cytochrome P450 2E1 (CYP2E1) and Kelch-like ECH-associated protein-1 (Keap-1), induced nuclear translocation of Nuclear factor-erythroid 2-related factor-2 (Nrf2) coupled to an increase of the mRNA levels of CAT, SOD1 and GST in CCl4-intoxicated L-02 hepatocytes. These findings evidenced that the studied plant fraction possesses a strong antioxidant capacity and prevents CCl4-induced hepatotoxicity, likely through inhibition of CYP2E1 and activation of the Nrf2 signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arnaud Fondjo Kouam
- Medical Research and Applied Biochemistry Laboratory, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Buea, PO Box 63, Buea, Cameroon.,Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology and Toxicology, Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Yaoundé 1, PO Box 812, Yaoundé, Cameroon
| | - Brice Ayissi Owona
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology and Toxicology, Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Yaoundé 1, PO Box 812, Yaoundé, Cameroon
| | - Rodrigue Fifen
- Laboratory of Animal Physiology, Department of Animal Biology and Physiology, Faculty of Science, University of Yaoundé 1, PO Box 812, Yaoundé, Cameroon
| | - Frédéric Nico Njayou
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology and Toxicology, Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Yaoundé 1, PO Box 812, Yaoundé, Cameroon
| | - Paul Fewou Moundipa
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology and Toxicology, Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Yaoundé 1, PO Box 812, Yaoundé, Cameroon
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Yusuf A, Abdullahi M. The phytochemical and pharmacological actions of Entada africana Guill. & Perr. Heliyon 2019; 5:e02332. [PMID: 31517111 PMCID: PMC6733894 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2019.e02332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2019] [Revised: 07/30/2019] [Accepted: 08/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Entada africana (Ea, Asteraceae) has been widely used traditionally to treat different ailments, as food, insecticides, source of gums, in some small carpentry works. Studies on the pharmacognostic characterization, nutritional, elemental and physicochemical contents has been reported. In vivo and in vitro studies on the plant validated some ethnomedicinal claims of the use of the plant as an anti-inflammatory, analgesic, antibacterial, antioxidant, antiviral, anti-angiogenic, cytotoxic agents among others. Triterpenes, saponins, flavonoids and sugars were reported as bioactive constituents which might be responsible for the aforementioned pharmacological actions of the plant. However, more researches are required in order to isolate bioactive compounds from the different parts of Ea and evaluate their effects on different ailments.
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Affiliation(s)
- A.J. Yusuf
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry, Usmanu Danfodiyo University, Sokoto, Nigeria
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Maryam S, Khan MR, Shah SA, Zahra Z, Batool R, Zai JA. Evaluation of anti-inflammatory potential of the leaves of Wendlandia heynei (Schult.) Santapau & Merchant in Sprague Dawley rat. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2019; 238:111849. [PMID: 30953822 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2019.111849] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2018] [Revised: 03/29/2019] [Accepted: 03/31/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE The leaves of W. heynei (family: Rubiaceae) are used by the folklore in swelling, wounds and body aches. In this study anti-inflammatory potential of W. heynei leaves has been evaluated during in vitro studies and in rat. METHODS Methanol extract of the leaves of W. heynei (WHLM) and its fractions; n-hexane (WHLH), chloroform (WHLC), ethyl acetate (WHLE), n-butanol (WHLB) and residual soluble aqueous (WHLA) were screened for phytochemical analysis and several active constituents (alkaloids, flavonoids, saponins, tannins, terpenoids, β-carotene and lycopene) were also quantified. Heat induced albumin denaturation assay and in vitro cell cultures was carried out for in vitro anti-inflammatory activity, while various in vivo assays like TPA induced ear edema, croton oil induced anus edema, formalin and carrageenan-induced hind paw edema was investigated in Sprague-Dawley rats. Alterations on levels of tumor necrosis factor (TNF-α), Interleukin-1β (IL-1β), IL-6 and prostaglandins (PGE2) induced with WHLE was studied in serum after carrageenan induced paw edema in rat. Meanwhile, the dose dependent WHLE inhibition of NFκB pathway via regulation of the phosphorylation of IKKs, IκBα, and p65 subunit was studied in LPS-induced rat peritoneal macrophages. On account of marked anti-inflammatory activity of WHLE its bioactive components were analyzed by HPLC-DAD analysis. RESULTS The phytochemical analysis yielded alkaloids, saponins, tannins, coumarins, glycosides, quinones and vitamin C in WHLM and in all fractions. Fraction (WHLE) was enriched with alkaloids (20.20 ± 2.5%), flavonoids (25.26 ± 2.11%) and tannins (307.2 ± 2.03 mg of GAE/g of extract), while terpenoids (21.60 ± 1.65%) were the major constituents of WHLH. Ethyl acetate fraction convincingly protected heat induced albumin denaturation. WHLE exhibited highest edema inhibition in models of TPA-induced ear edema (74.51 ± 2.05) and croton oil-induced anal edema (75.38 ± 2.83). The pretreatment with WHLE significantly (p < 0.05) reduced the paw edema with formalin (78.99 ± 2.26%) assessed after 6 h and in carrageenan (75.71 ± 4.46%) was detected after 4 h. Level of anti-inflammatory markers; IL-1β, IL-6, TNF-α and PGE2 in carrageenan induced paw edema in serum of rat was significantly (p < 0.001) decreased with WHLE pretreatment to rat. WHLE significantly inhibited the NFκB by reducing the phosphorylation of IKKs, IκBα, and p65 subunit in LPS-induced inflammation in rat peritoneal macrophages. HPLC-DAD analysis of WHLE indicated the presence of rutin, gallic acid, catechin, caffeic acid and myricetin. CONCLUSIONS It is concluded that WHLM fractions have marked anti-inflammatory activity and this study endorsed the folklore use of W. heynei leaves for swelling related disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonia Maryam
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan.
| | - Muhammad Rashid Khan
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan.
| | - Sayed Afzal Shah
- Department of Plant Sciences, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan.
| | - Zartash Zahra
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan.
| | - Riffat Batool
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan.
| | - Jawaid Ahmed Zai
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan.
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The flavonoid rutin modulates microglial/macrophage activation to a CD150/CD206 M2 phenotype. Chem Biol Interact 2017; 274:89-99. [PMID: 28693884 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2017.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2017] [Revised: 06/20/2017] [Accepted: 07/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Rutin is a glycosylated flavonoid present in many fruits and plants that has been demonstrated to have anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties. However, little is known about the mechanisms underlying microglial activation and its effects on the regulation of cytokines and chemokines associated with inflammatory responses in the central nervous system. In this study we examined the effect of rutin on resting or lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated microglia and characterized their modulation to an activated M1 phenotype or an alternatively activated M2 phenotype. Microglial cells were treated with rutin (1-100 μM); alternatively, microglial cells were stimulated with LPS and the cells were then treated with rutin (50 μM). The results revealed that rutin treatment was not toxic to microglial cells and induced a dose-dependent increase in microglial proliferation associated with changes in morphology after 24 h of treatment. Rutin also induced microglial activation characterized by an increase in OX-42 positive cells and a large proportion of cells with a CD150/CD206-positive M2 phenotype. Rutin also induced a decrease in the mRNA levels of TNF, IL1β, IL6 and iNOS, reduced the production of IL6, TNF, and nitric oxide, and increased production of the M2 regulatory cytokine IL10 and arginase. Rutin also significantly inhibited the LPS-induced expression of PTGS2, IL18 and TGFβ mRNA. These findings show that rutin has the ability to promote microglial proliferation and induces microglial polarization to the M2 profile when cells are stimulated with LPS. These results point this flavonoid as a possible alternative in the treatment or prevention of neurodegenerative disorders.
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Li D, Chen J, Ye J, Zhai X, Song J, Jiang C, Wang J, Zhang H, Jia X, Zhu F. Anti-inflammatory effect of the six compounds isolated from Nauclea officinalis Pierrc ex Pitard, and molecular mechanism of strictosamide via suppressing the NF-κB and MAPK signaling pathway in LPS-induced RAW 264.7 macrophages. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2017; 196:66-74. [PMID: 27989509 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2016.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2016] [Revised: 12/05/2016] [Accepted: 12/07/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Nauclea officinalis Pierrc ex Pitard. is a Chinese medicinal herb that contains high level of alkaloids which is the most abundant and active constituent. Strictosamide isolated from Nauclea officinalis Pierrc ex Pitard. showed significant effects on inflammatory response, compared with pumiloside, 3-epi-pumiloside, vincosamide, 3α,5α-tetrahydrodeoxycordifoline lactam and naucleamide A-10-O-β-D-glucopyranoside of this plant. AIM OF STUDY we investigated the biological activities of the six compounds mentioned-above, and the underlying molecular mechanism exerted by the most potent one, strictosamide. MATERIALS AND METHODS The effects of strictosamide and other five compounds on the inhibitory activity of nitric oxide (NO) were screened by Griess test. The contents of tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) and interleukin-1β (IL-1β) in media were detected by using Enzyme-linked immunosorbent (ELISA) kits. The effects on the mRNA expression of nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), TNF-α and IL-1β of strictosamide were further investigated by RT-qPCR. Western blot assay was conducted to illustrate the effects of strictosamide on iNOS and phosphorylation of p65, inhibitor of NF-κB (IκB)-α, IκB-kinase (IKK)-α as well as p-extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK), p-c-jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) and p-p38 in the protein levels. RESULTS Strictosamide potently suppressed the productions of NO, TNF-α and IL-1β in LPS-induced RAW 264.7 macrophages, and it dose-dependently alleviated the LPS-simulated protein level of iNOS as well as the mRNA expressions of iNOS, TNF-α and IL-1β. In addition, molecular data revealed that strictosamide markedly decreased the expressions of p-p65, p-IκBα and p-IKKα. Furthermore, strictosamide significantly attenuated LPS-induced the phosphorylation of p38, ERK and JNK. CONCLUSIONS At present study, the results indicated that the anti-inflammatory activity of strictosamide was associated with the restraint of NO, TNF-α and IL-1β via negative regulation of both NF-κB and mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) in LPS-induced RAW 264.7 cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- DongYu Li
- Affiliated Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210028, PR China; Jiangsu Province Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210028, PR China; Department of Analytical Chemistry, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, PR China
| | - JiaQuan Chen
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, PR China
| | - JiQing Ye
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Design & Optimization, Department of Medicinal Chemistry, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, PR China
| | - XiaoTing Zhai
- Affiliated Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210028, PR China; Jiangsu Province Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210028, PR China; Department of Analytical Chemistry, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, PR China
| | - Jie Song
- Affiliated Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210028, PR China; Jiangsu Province Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210028, PR China
| | - CuiHua Jiang
- Affiliated Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210028, PR China; Laboratory of Translational Medicine, Jiangsu Province Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210028, Jiangsu Province, PR China
| | - Jing Wang
- Affiliated Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210028, PR China; Jiangsu Province Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210028, PR China
| | - Hao Zhang
- Affiliated Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210028, PR China; Jiangsu Province Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210028, PR China
| | - XiaoBin Jia
- Affiliated Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210028, PR China; Jiangsu Province Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210028, PR China
| | - FenXia Zhu
- Affiliated Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210028, PR China; Jiangsu Province Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210028, PR China.
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11
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Protective effect of 5-hydroxy-3′,4′,7-trimethoxyflavone against inflammation induced by lipopolysaccharide in RAW 264.7 macrophage: in vitro study and in silico validation. Med Chem Res 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/s00044-016-1611-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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12
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Noufou O, Andre T, Richard SW, Yerbanga S, Maminata T, Ouedraogo S, Anne EH, Irene G, Pierre GI. Anti-inflammatory and Anti-plasmodial Activities of Methanol Extract of Pterocarpus erinaceus Poir. (Fabaceae) Leaves. INT J PHARMACOL 2016. [DOI: 10.3923/ijp.2016.549.555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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13
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Huo Y, Liu Z, Xuan H, Lu C, Yu L, Bao W, Zhao G. Effects of bamboo vinegar powder on growth performance and mRNA expression levels of interleukin-10, interleukin-22, and interleukin-25 in immune organs of weaned piglets. ANIMAL NUTRITION (ZHONGGUO XU MU SHOU YI XUE HUI) 2016; 2:111-118. [PMID: 29767063 PMCID: PMC5941013 DOI: 10.1016/j.aninu.2016.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2016] [Accepted: 02/26/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to explore the effects of bamboo vinegar powder on growth performance, diarrhea situation and mRNA expression levels of cytokines i.e., interleukin-10 (IL-10), interleukin-22 (IL-22), and interleukin-25 (IL-25) in immune organs of weaned piglets, and to accumulate theoretical data for the application of bamboo vinegar powder in weaned piglet production. Forty-five crossbred (Duroc × Landrace × Yorkshire, all male) weaned piglets with similar body weight (6.74 ± 0.17 kg) at 31 days of age were randomly assigned to 5 treatments with 3 replicates per treatment and 3 piglets in each replicate. The five treatments were as follows: CON (a basal diet), ANT (the basal diet + 0.12% antibiotics), BV1 (the basal diet + 0.1% bamboo vinegar powder), BV5 (the basal diet + 0.5% bamboo vinegar powder), BV10 (the basal diet + 1.0% bamboo vinegar powder). This experiment lasted 35 days. The growth performance and diarrhea situation were recorded. The relative mRNA expression levels of IL-10, IL-22 and IL-25 in liver, spleen, duodenum and mesenteric lymph nodes were detected by real-time PCR. Feed: gain of BV5 was significantly lower than that of CON (P < 0.05). In comparison with CON, diarrhea rate and diarrhea index of BV1 and BV5 all tended to decrease (P < 0.1). Compared with CON, mRNA expression level of IL-10 in liver of ANT tended to be lower (P < 0.1) and these of BV1, BV5 and BV10 were significantly reduced (P < 0.05). The mRNA expression levels of IL-10 in duodenum of ANT, BV1, BV5 and BV10 were all lower than those of CON, of which BV10 had significantly decreased IL-10 mRNA expression in duodenum (P < 0.05). The mRNA expression levels of IL-22 in duodenum of ANT, BV1, BV5 and BV10 all tended to be inhibited compared with CON (P < 0.1). With the increase of bamboo vinegar powder dosage, mRNA expression levels of IL-25 in spleen and mesenteric lymph nodes of BV1, BV5 and BV10 tended to be up-regulated. Overall, bamboo vinegar powder could improve growth performance, and regulate mRNA expression levels of IL-10, IL-22 and IL-25 in immune organs of weaned piglets. The dosage at 0.5% showed optimum effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongjiu Huo
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Zhengxu Liu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Han Xuan
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Chunbin Lu
- Animal Disease Control and Prevention Centre of Jiangyin City, Jiangyin 214400, China
| | - Lihuai Yu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Wenbin Bao
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Guoqi Zhao
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
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Haidara M, Bourdy G, De Tommasi N, Braca A, Traore K, Giani S, Sanogo R. Medicinal Plants Used in Mali for the Treatment of Malaria and Liver Diseases. Nat Prod Commun 2016. [DOI: 10.1177/1934578x1601100309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Today, ethno-pharmacology is a very important resource in order to discover new therapies for the current diseases. Moreover, another good justification for the ethno-pharmacological approach is to obtain new, effective, less expensive and simple therapies, limiting at the same time the cost of pharmaceutical research. Two major anti-malarial drugs widely used today, i.e. quinine and artemisinin, came respectively from Peruvian and Chinese ancestral treatments reported in the traditional medicines. In this contest, there is an urgent need for the discovery of new drugs, due to the critical epidemiological situation of this disease and to the growth of resistances. In Mali, malaria and liver diseases remain one of the leading public health problems. Many medicinal plants are often used, in local traditional medicine, for the treatment at the same time of malaria and liver diseases, including hepatic syndromes, jaundice, hepatitis and other hepatic disorders. Moreover, in the local language Bamanan, the word “ Sumaya” is used both for malaria and some liver diseases. In addition, we noted that some of the improved traditional phytomedicines produced by the Department of Traditional Medicine are prescribed by modern doctors both for malaria and liver diseases. In this review, pharmacological, toxicological and phytochemical data on Argemone mexicana L. (Papaveraceae), Cochlospermum tinctorium Perr. ex A. Rich (Cochlospermaceae), Combretum micranthum G.Don (Combretaceae), Entada africana Guillet Perr. (Mimosaceae), Erythrina senegalensis A. DC (Fabaceae), Mitragyna inermis (Willd) Kuntze (Rubiaceae), Nauclea latifolia Smith syn. Sarcocephalus latifolius (Smith) Bruce (Rubiaceae), Securidaca longepedunculata Fresen (Polygalaceae), Trichilia emetica Vahl. (Meliaceae), and Vernonia colorata (Willd) Drake (Asteraceae) are reported. Some of the collected data could be used to improve the actual herbal drugs and to propose new phytomedicines for the management of malaria and liver diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahamane Haidara
- Faculté de Pharmacie, Université des Sciences des Techniques et des Technologies de Bamako (USTTB), Mali
| | - Geneviève Bourdy
- Laboratoire de Pharmacochimie et Pharmacologie pour le Développement (PharmaDev) de Toulouse, France
| | - Nunziatina De Tommasi
- Dipartimento di Farmacia, Università di Salerno, Via Giovanni Paolo II, 84084 Fisciano (SA), Italy
| | - Alessandra Braca
- Dipartimento di Farmacia, Università di Pisa, Via Bonanno 33, 56126 Pisa, Italy
| | | | | | - Rokia Sanogo
- Faculté de Pharmacie, Université des Sciences des Techniques et des Technologies de Bamako (USTTB), Mali
- Département Médecine Traditionnelle, Bamako, Mali
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15
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Njayou FN, Amougou AM, Fouemene Tsayem R, Njikam Manjia J, Rudraiah S, Bradley B, Manautou JE, Fewou Moundipa P. Antioxidant fractions of Khaya grandifoliola C.DC. and Entada africana Guill. et Perr. induce nuclear translocation of Nrf2 in HC-04 cells. Cell Stress Chaperones 2015; 20:991-1000. [PMID: 26272694 PMCID: PMC4595436 DOI: 10.1007/s12192-015-0628-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2015] [Revised: 07/21/2015] [Accepted: 07/24/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The in vitro antioxidant properties, cytoprotective activity, and ability to induce nuclear translocation of nuclear factor E2-related factor-2 (Nrf-2) of five solvent fractions of the methylene chloride/methanol (1:1 v/v) extract of Khaya grandifoliola (Meliaceae) and Entada africana (Fabaceae) were evaluated. Five antioxidant endpoints were used in the antioxidant activity investigation. The total phenolic content of the fractions was assessed as to the Folin-Ciocalteu method and the profile of interesting fractions analyzed by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). The cytoprotective activity of fractions was determined by H2O2-induced oxidative stress in HC-04 cells by measuring lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) leakage into culture medium. HC-04 cells were used to investigate the ability to induce nuclear translocation of Nrf2. For both plants, the methylene chloride/methanol (90/10; v/v) fraction (F10), methylene chloride/methanol (75/25; v/v) (F25), and the methanolic fraction (F100) were found to have the highest total polyphenol content and exhibited high antioxidant activity strongly correlated with total polyphenol content. The cytoprotective activity of fraction F25 from both plants was comparable to that of quercetin (3.40 ± 0.05 μg/mL), inhibiting LDH leakage with a low half inhibition concentration (IC50) of 4.05 ± 0.03 and 3.8 ± 0.02 μg/mL for K. grandifoliola and E. africana, respectively. Lastly, fraction F25 of K. grandifoliola significantly (P < 0.05) induced nuclear Nrf2 translocation by sixfold, whereas that from E. africana and quercetin was only twofold. The results indicate for the first time that fraction F25 of the studied plants is more antioxidant and cytoprotective and induces nuclear translocation of Nrf2 in a human hepatocyte cell line.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frédéric Nico Njayou
- Laboratory of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Yaoundé 1, P.O. Box 812, Yaounde, Cameroon
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut, 06269, USA
| | - Atsama Marie Amougou
- Laboratory of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Yaoundé 1, P.O. Box 812, Yaounde, Cameroon
| | - Romeo Fouemene Tsayem
- Laboratory of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Yaoundé 1, P.O. Box 812, Yaounde, Cameroon
| | - Jacqueline Njikam Manjia
- Laboratory of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Yaoundé 1, P.O. Box 812, Yaounde, Cameroon
| | - Swetha Rudraiah
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut, 06269, USA
| | - Bolling Bradley
- Department of Food Science, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, 53706, USA
| | - José Enrique Manautou
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut, 06269, USA
| | - Paul Fewou Moundipa
- Laboratory of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Yaoundé 1, P.O. Box 812, Yaounde, Cameroon.
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Yang EJ, Moon JY, Kim SS, Yang KW, Lee WJ, Lee NH, Hyun CG. Jeju seaweeds suppress lipopolysaccharide-stimulated proinflammatory response in RAW 264.7 murine macrophages. Asian Pac J Trop Biomed 2014; 4:529-37. [PMID: 25183272 DOI: 10.12980/apjtb.4.2014c1099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2014] [Accepted: 06/25/2014] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the anti-inflammatory effects of Jeju seaweeds on macrophage RAW 264.7 cells under lipopolysaccharide (LPS) stimulation. METHODS Ethyl acetate fractions were prepared from five different types of Jeju seaweeds, Dictyopteris divaricata (D. divaricata), Dictyopteris prolifera (D. prolifera), Prionitis cornea (P. cornea), Grateloupia lanceolata (G. lanceolata), and Grateloupia filicina (G. filicina). They were screened for inhibitory effects on proinflammatory mediators and cytokines such as nitric oxide (NO), prostaglandin E2, tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), and interleukin-6 (IL-6). RESULTS Our results revealed that D. divaricata, D. prolifera, P. cornea, G. lanceolata, and G. filicina potently inhibited LPS-stimulated NO production (IC50 values were 18.0, 38.36, 38.43, 32.81 and 37.14 µg/mL, respectively). Consistent with these findings, D. divaricata, D. prolifera, P. cornea, and G. filicina also reduced the LPS-induced and prostaglandin E2 production in a concentration-dependent manner. Expectedly, they suppressed the expression of inducible NO synthase and cyclooxygenase-2 at the protein level in a dose-dependent manner in the RAW 264.7 cells, as determined by western blotting. In addition, the levels of TNF-α and IL-6, released into the medium, were also reduced by D. divaricata, D. prolifera, P. cornea, G. lanceolata, and G. filicina in a dose-dependent manner (IC50 values for TNF-α were 16.11, 28.21, 84.27, 45.52 and 74.75 µg/mL, respectively; IC50 values for IL-6 were 37.35, 80.08, 103.28, 62.53 and 84.28 µg/mL, respectively). The total phlorotannin content was measured by the Folin-Ciocalteu method and expressed as phloroglucinol equivalents. The content was 92.0 µg/mg for D. divaricata, 151.8 µg/mg for D. prolifera, 57.2 µg/mg for P. cornea, 53.0 µg/mg for G. lanceolata, and 40.2 µg/mg for G. filicina. CONCLUSIONS Thus, these findings suggest that Jeju seaweed extracts have potential therapeutic applications for inflammatory responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eun-Jin Yang
- Cosmetic Science Center, Department of Chemistry, Jeju National University, Jeju 690-756, Korea ; Jeju Technopark, Ara-1-dong, Jeju-si, Jeju 690-121, Korea
| | - Ji-Young Moon
- Cosmetic Science Center, Department of Chemistry, Jeju National University, Jeju 690-756, Korea ; Jeju Technopark, Ara-1-dong, Jeju-si, Jeju 690-121, Korea
| | - Sang Suk Kim
- Cosmetic Science Center, Department of Chemistry, Jeju National University, Jeju 690-756, Korea ; Citrus Research Station, National Institute of Horticultural & Herbal Science, RDA, Jeju 699-946, Korea
| | - Kyong-Wol Yang
- Jeju Love Co., Ltd., 542-5 Haengwon-ri, Gujwa-eup, Jeju 695-975, Korea
| | - Wook Jae Lee
- Jeju Technopark, Ara-1-dong, Jeju-si, Jeju 690-121, Korea
| | - Nam Ho Lee
- Cosmetic Science Center, Department of Chemistry, Jeju National University, Jeju 690-756, Korea
| | - Chang-Gu Hyun
- Cosmetic Science Center, Department of Chemistry, Jeju National University, Jeju 690-756, Korea ; LINC Agency, Jeju National University, Ara-1-dong, Jeju 690-756, Korea
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17
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Galani Tietcheu BR, Sass G, Njayou NF, Mkounga P, Tiegs G, Moundipa PF. Anti-Hepatitis C Virus Activity of Crude Extract and Fractions of Entada africana in Genotype 1b Replicon Systems. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF CHINESE MEDICINE 2014; 42:853-68. [DOI: 10.1142/s0192415x14500542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Entada africana (Ea) is a medicinal plant from the family of Fabaceae, used in Western and Central Africa regions to treat liver diseases. Antiviral properties of this plant were reported against Hepatitis B virus, while effects against Hepatitis C virus (HCV) remained unknown. This study reports for the first time, the effects of Ea crude extract and fractions on HCV replication. Furthermore, the effect of one Ea fraction on the transcriptional expression of two interferon-stimulated genes (ISGs) was also investigated. A methylene chloride–methanol (MCM) stem bark crude extract and different MCM fractions (EaF0, EaF5, EaF10, EaF25, and EaF100) were prepared and tested on LucUbiNeo-ET and Huh 5.15 cells lines used as genotype 1b (GT1b) replicon systems. The cells were incubated with crude extract and fractions at various concentrations. Then, the antiviral activity was assessed by luciferase reporter assay and the cell viability by MTT assay. Gene expression was also analyzed using quantitative real time RT-PCR. Results showed that the Ea crude extract dose-dependently inhibited HCV replication after 24 and 72 h of incubation. The MCM fraction (EaF10) exhibited the strongest anti-HCV properties with an IC50 = 0.453 ± 0.00117 mg/ml and no reduction of cell viability at antiviral concentrations. This fraction also significantly induced the expression of heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) (5.36-fold), and 2′-5′ oligoadenylate synthetase-3 (OAS-3) by 4.46-fold after 6 h and 2.31-fold after 24 h at the mRNA levels. Taken altogether, these results suggest that Ea may contain ingredients that indirectly regulate HCV replication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Borris Rosnay Galani Tietcheu
- Laboratory of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Yaoundé I, Yaoundé, Cameroon
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Ngaoundéré, Ngaoundéré, Cameroon
- Institute for Experimental Immunology and Hepatology, Center for Experimental Medicine, University Medical Centre Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Gabriele Sass
- Institute for Experimental Immunology and Hepatology, Center for Experimental Medicine, University Medical Centre Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Nico Frederic Njayou
- Laboratory of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Yaoundé I, Yaoundé, Cameroon
| | - Pierre Mkounga
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Yaoundé I, Yaoundé, Cameroon
| | - Gisa Tiegs
- Institute for Experimental Immunology and Hepatology, Center for Experimental Medicine, University Medical Centre Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Paul Fewou Moundipa
- Laboratory of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Yaoundé I, Yaoundé, Cameroon
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18
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Anti-inflammatory effects of 81 chinese herb extracts and their correlation with the characteristics of traditional chinese medicine. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2014; 2014:985176. [PMID: 24696703 PMCID: PMC3950587 DOI: 10.1155/2014/985176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2013] [Accepted: 01/13/2014] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Inducible nitrogen oxide synthase (iNOS) is the primary contributor of the overproduction of nitric oxide and its inhibitors have been actively sought as effective anti-inflammatory agents. In this study, we prepared 70% ethanol extracts from 81 Chinese herbs. These extracts were subsequently evaluated for their effect on nitrogen oxide (NO) production and cell growth in LPS/IFNγ-costimulated and unstimulated murine macrophage RAW264.7 cells by Griess reaction and MTT assay. Extracts of Daphne genkwa Sieb.et Zucc, Caesalpinia sappan L., Iles pubescens Hook.et Arn, Forsythia suspensa (Thunb.) Vahl, Zingiber officinale Rosc, Inula japonica Thunb., and Ligusticum chuanxiong Hort markedly inhibited NO production (inhibition > 90% at 100 μg/mL). Among active extracts (inhibition > 50% at 100 μg/mL), Rubia cordifolia L., Glycyrrhiza glabra L., Iles pubescens Hook.et Arn, Nigella glandulifera Freyn et Sint, Pueraria lobata (Willd.) Ohwi, and Scutellaria barbata D. Don displayed no cytotoxicity to unstimulated RAW246.7 cells while increasing the growth of LPS/IFNγ-costimulated cells. By analyzing the correlation between their activities and their Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) characteristics, herbs with pungent flavor displayed potent anti-inflammatory capability. Our study provides a series of potential anti-inflammatory herbs and suggests that herbs with pungent flavor are candidates of effective anti-inflammatory agents.
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Yang Y, Wang J, Yang Q, Wu S, Yang Z, Zhu H, Zheng M, Liu W, Wu W, He J, Chen Z. Shikonin inhibits the lipopolysaccharide-induced release of HMGB1 in RAW264.7 cells via IFN and NF-κB signaling pathways. Int Immunopharmacol 2014; 19:81-7. [PMID: 24447680 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2014.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2013] [Revised: 12/29/2013] [Accepted: 01/06/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
To study the anti-inflammation effect of Shikonin (Shik) and its mechanism, murine macrophage-like RAW264.7 cells (RAW264.7 cells) were divided into control group, LPS group (0.125, 0.25 and 0.5μg/ml), LPS (0.125, 0.25 and 0.5μg/ml) plus Shik (0.5, 1 and 2μM) group, and Shik (2μM) group. After exposure for 24h, the levels of Interleukin-6 (IL-6), nitric oxide (NO) and Tumor Necrosis Factor-α (TNF-α) in supernatant were measured with ELISA, the expression of high mobility group box 1(HMGB1) in supernatant and cytoplasm was assayed using qRT-PCR, western blot and immunofluorescence assays, the expression of IFN-β in cellular and supernatant was assayed by qRT-PCR and ELISA, and the ratio of nuclear to cytoplasm for NF-κB protein expression was assayed using western blot. The results of our investigation demonstrated that Shik could reduce significantly the levels of IL-6, NO and TNF-α in RAW264.7 cells exposed to LPS (P<0.05 or P<0.01). The expression of HMGB1, IFN-β and the ratio of nuclear to cytoplasm for NF-κB protein expression in LPS plus Shik group declined significantly as compared with LPS group (P<0.05 or P<0.01). The inhibitors of IFN-β signaling molecule JAK and NF-κB could attenuate significantly the expression of HMGB1 in supernatant. It was found in the present study that Shik could have the anti-inflammatory effects in RAW264.7 cells exposed to LPS, and one of the mechanisms may be the down-regulation of HMGB expression, which was associated with the IFN-β and NF-κB signaling pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Yang
- State Key Lab of Diagnostic and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Disease, 1st Affiliated Hospital of Medical School, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310003, China
| | - Jing Wang
- State Key Lab of Diagnostic and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Disease, 1st Affiliated Hospital of Medical School, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310003, China
| | - Qiao Yang
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province 310016, China
| | - Shanshan Wu
- State Key Lab of Diagnostic and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Disease, 1st Affiliated Hospital of Medical School, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310003, China
| | - Zhenggang Yang
- State Key Lab of Diagnostic and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Disease, 1st Affiliated Hospital of Medical School, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310003, China
| | - Haihong Zhu
- State Key Lab of Diagnostic and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Disease, 1st Affiliated Hospital of Medical School, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310003, China
| | - Min Zheng
- State Key Lab of Diagnostic and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Disease, 1st Affiliated Hospital of Medical School, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310003, China
| | - Weixia Liu
- State Key Lab of Diagnostic and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Disease, 1st Affiliated Hospital of Medical School, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310003, China
| | - Wei Wu
- State Key Lab of Diagnostic and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Disease, 1st Affiliated Hospital of Medical School, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310003, China
| | - Jiliang He
- Department of Environmental Medicine, School of Public Health, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Zhi Chen
- State Key Lab of Diagnostic and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Disease, 1st Affiliated Hospital of Medical School, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310003, China.
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Owona BA, Njayou NF, Laufer SA, Schluesener HJ, Moundipa PF. Entada africana fraction CH₂Cl₂/MEOH 5% inhibits inducible nitric oxide synthase and pro-inflammatory cytokines gene expression induced by lipopolysaccharide in microglia. Altern Ther Health Med 2013; 13:254. [PMID: 24089706 PMCID: PMC3851269 DOI: 10.1186/1472-6882-13-254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2013] [Accepted: 09/30/2013] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Background Inflammatory response in the CNS mediated by microglia cells play an important role in host defense and is implicated in the pathology of neurodegenerative diseases. We investigated the capacity of Entada africana to protect microglia from inflammatory insults by exploring the effect of the CH2Cl2/MEOH 5% fraction (Ea5) on pro-inflammatory cytokines mRNA expression. Finally, we studied the effect of Ea5 on the inhibition of p38 MAPK Kinase. The results were compared to those obtained with Baicalin, a well reported anti-inflammatory flavonoid. Methods Barks from E. africana were harvested in 2010, in the west region of Cameroon. A crude extract was prepared using CH2Cl2/MEOH 1:1 V/V. The crude extract obtained was further fractionated by flash chromatography. A mouse microglia cell line (N9) was stimulated by LPS with or without different concentrations of Baicalin and Ea5. The release of NO was evaluated using the Griess method. The expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines mRNA (TNFα, IL-1β, IL-6) and iNOS/NO were measured by RT- PCR. The inhibition of p38 MAPK Kinase was assessed using ELISA. Results We found that Ea5, as well as Baicalin inhibited LPS-induced NO production in a dose dependent manner. Ea5 was most active in term of NO inhibition (87.07%), in comparison to Baicalin (70.85%). The expression of TNFα, IL-1β, IL-6 and iNOS was strongly suppressed by Ea5 in microglia. Ea5 also inhibited the activity of p38MAPK Kinase, up to 30% for the concentrations tested, whereas a prominent inhibition was obtained with Baicalin. Conclusion These results suggest that E. africana may contain promising compounds useful for the treatment of diseases cause by over-activation of microglia such as Alzheimer disease and other neurological diseases.
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