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Fang S, Zhang B, Xiang W, Zheng L, Wang X, Li S, Zhang T, Feng D, Gong Y, Wu J, Yuan J, Wu Y, Zhu Y, Liu E, Ni Z. Natural products in osteoarthritis treatment: bridging basic research to clinical applications. Chin Med 2024; 19:25. [PMID: 38360724 PMCID: PMC10870578 DOI: 10.1186/s13020-024-00899-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2023] [Accepted: 02/05/2024] [Indexed: 02/17/2024] Open
Abstract
Osteoarthritis (OA) is the most prevalent degenerative musculoskeletal disease, severely impacting the function of patients and potentially leading to disability, especially among the elderly population. Natural products (NPs), obtained from components or metabolites of plants, animals, microorganisms etc., have gained significant attention as important conservative treatments for various diseases. Recently, NPs have been well studied in preclinical and clinical researches, showing promising potential in the treatment of OA. In this review, we summed up the main signaling pathways affected by NPs in OA treatment, including NF-κB, MAPKs, PI3K/AKT, SIRT1, and other pathways, which are related to inflammation, anabolism and catabolism, and cell death. In addition, we described the therapeutic effects of NPs in different OA animal models and the current clinical studies in OA patients. At last, we discussed the potential research directions including in-depth analysis of the mechanisms and new application strategies of NPs for the OA treatment, so as to promote the basic research and clinical transformation in the future. We hope that this review may allow us to get a better understanding about the potential bioeffects and mechanisms of NPs in OA therapy, and ultimately improve the effectiveness of NPs-based clinical conservative treatment for OA patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shunzheng Fang
- School of Pharmacy, Medicinal Basic Research Innovation Center of Chronic Kidney Disease, Ministry of Education, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, 030001, China
- State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burns and Combined Injury, Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Daping Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing, 400022, China
| | - Bin Zhang
- Department of Wound Repair and Rehabilitation Medicine, Center of Bone Metabolism and Repair, Laboratory for Prevention and Rehabilitation of Training Injuries, State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burns and Combined Injury, Trauma Center, Research Institute of Surgery, Daping Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing, 400022, China
- Rehabilitation Center, Key Specialty of Neck and Low Back Pain Rehabilitation, Strategic Support Force Xingcheng Special Duty Sanatorium, Liaoning, 125100, China
| | - Wei Xiang
- State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burns and Combined Injury, Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Daping Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing, 400022, China
| | - Liujie Zheng
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, The Fourth Hospital of Wuhan, Wuhan, 430000, Hubei, China
| | - Xiaodong Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burns and Combined Injury, Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Daping Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing, 400022, China
| | - Song Li
- Department of Wound Repair and Rehabilitation Medicine, Center of Bone Metabolism and Repair, Laboratory for Prevention and Rehabilitation of Training Injuries, State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burns and Combined Injury, Trauma Center, Research Institute of Surgery, Daping Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing, 400022, China
| | - Tongyi Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burns and Combined Injury, Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Daping Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing, 400022, China
| | - Daibo Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burns and Combined Injury, Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Daping Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing, 400022, China
| | - Yunquan Gong
- State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burns and Combined Injury, Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Daping Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing, 400022, China
| | - Jinhui Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burns and Combined Injury, Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Daping Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing, 400022, China
| | - Jing Yuan
- State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burns and Combined Injury, Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Daping Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing, 400022, China
| | - Yaran Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burns and Combined Injury, Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Daping Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing, 400022, China
| | - Yizhen Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burns and Combined Injury, Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Daping Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing, 400022, China
| | - Enli Liu
- School of Pharmacy, Medicinal Basic Research Innovation Center of Chronic Kidney Disease, Ministry of Education, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, 030001, China.
| | - Zhenhong Ni
- State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burns and Combined Injury, Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Daping Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing, 400022, China.
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Yang L, Zhang X, Wang Z, Lin X, Zhang Y, Lu J, Wu L, Yao S, Jing W, Huang X, Wang P. Decoction regulating phytochemicals' micromorphology changes and anti-inflammation activity enhancements originated from herb medicine supermolecules. Chin Med 2024; 19:19. [PMID: 38279104 PMCID: PMC10811931 DOI: 10.1186/s13020-023-00864-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2023] [Accepted: 11/21/2023] [Indexed: 01/28/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mahuang Fuzi decoction (MGF) is composed of three herb medicines that has been clinically used to treat inflammatory diseases for a long history. At present, more and more active phytochemicals' aggregations have been found during the thermodynamic process of herb medicine decoction, and revealing the clinical efficacy of herb medicine through supramolecular strategies is the focus of current research. However, it is not clear whether decoction induced supermolecules' morphological changes to modify activity. METHODS Dynamic light scattering (DLS) and field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM) were used to analyze the micromorphology of MGF, MGF SA (MGF supermolecules), and MIX (physical mixture of MGF single decoction). The interaction and thermodynamic parameters of single herbs in a decoction were investigated by Isothermal titration calorimetry (ITC). The phytochemicals were systematically analyzed by ultra high performance liquid chromatography-Q Exactive hybrid quadrupole-orbitrap high-resolution accurate mass spectrometry (UHPLC-Q-Orbitrap HRMS). Under the safe dose on RAW264.7 cells, NO, IL-6 and TNF-α were determined by Enzyme-Linked ImmunoSorbent Assay (ELISA) method. NF-κB p65 translocation from the cytoplasm into the nucleus was examined using the immunofluorescence assay and the western blot, respectively. Furthermore, Metabolomics was used to discover potential biomarkers and the associated metabolic pathways of MGF SA treatment. RESULTS There were nanoscale aggregations in MGF, and the micromorphology of the extracted MGF SA consisted of uniform particles; while the MIX micromorphology had no uniformity. ITC showed that the interaction MH-GC and FZ-GC were a spontaneous exothermic reaction, indicating that their phytochemicals had the property of self-assembly. Though the micromorphology between MGF, MGF SA, and MIX was obviously different, UHPLC-Q-Orbitrap HRMS results displayed that the main phytochemicals of MGF and MIX had nearly the same components. Interestingly, MGF and MGF SA could significantly inhibit the production of NO, and had better inhibition effect on the expression of nuclear protein NF-κB p65 than MIX, among which MGF SA had the best effect. Further investigation indicated that the perturbance of metabolic profiling in RAW264.7 inflammatory cells was obviously reversed by MGF SA. CONCLUSIONS The decoction enriched the key active phytochemicals and regulated the formation of homogeneous nanoparticles in MGF SA. The supermolecules in MGF SA significantly enhanced its anti-inflammatory activity, primarily affecting the NF-κB signaling pathway and the biosynthesis and metabolism of arginine in RAW264.7 inflammatory cells. Current study displayed that co-decocting herbal medicine were beneficial to the treatment of diseases than the mixture of the single herbs' extraction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luping Yang
- School of Chinese Pharmacy, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, 102488, China
| | - Xiang Zhang
- School of Chinese Pharmacy, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, 102488, China
| | - Zhijia Wang
- School of Chinese Pharmacy, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, 102488, China
| | - Xiaoyu Lin
- School of Chinese Pharmacy, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, 102488, China
| | - Yaozhi Zhang
- School of Chinese Pharmacy, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, 102488, China
| | - Jihui Lu
- School of Chinese Pharmacy, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, 102488, China
| | - Linying Wu
- School of Chinese Pharmacy, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, 102488, China
| | - Shuchang Yao
- School of Chinese Pharmacy, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, 102488, China
| | - Wenguang Jing
- National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, Beijing, 100050, China.
| | - Xuemei Huang
- School of Chinese Pharmacy, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, 102488, China.
| | - Penglong Wang
- School of Chinese Pharmacy, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, 102488, China.
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Li F, Guo C, Zhang S, Zheng B, Sun K, Shi J. Exploring the role and mechanism of Fuzi decoction in the treatment of osteoporosis by integrating network pharmacology and experimental verification. J Orthop Surg Res 2023; 18:508. [PMID: 37464262 DOI: 10.1186/s13018-023-03842-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2023] [Accepted: 05/08/2023] [Indexed: 07/20/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Fuzi decoction (FZD), a traditional Chinese medicine formula, was used to treat musculoskeletal diseases by warming channels, strengthening yang and dispelling pathogenic cold and dampness. In clinical practice, FZD has been used to treat rheumatoid arthritis and osteoarthritis. It alleviated osteoarticular disorders through ameliorating the degradation of cartilage and improving meniscal damage in osteoarthritis, while its roles and mechanisms in the treatment of bone loss diseases remain unclear. This study aims to investigate the underlying mechanisms of FZD in treating osteoporosis using an integrative method of network pharmacology and experimental study. METHODS In this study, network pharmacology was used to predict the core targets and potential pathways of the bioactive ingredients of FZD to attenuate osteoporosis. Molecular docking was performed to evaluate the interactions between core compounds and key targets. In addition, both cell and animal experiments were carried out to validate the role and potential mechanism in treating osteoporosis. RESULTS In the present study, data revealed that kaempferol, beta-sitosterol, stigmasterol, fumarine, and (+)-catechin may be the primary bioactive ingredients of FZD in the treatment of osteoporosis, which were closely associated with the osteoporosis-related targets. And the KEGG results indicated that the NF-κB pathway was closely associated with the function of FZD in treating osteoporosis. In addition, in vivo demonstrated that FZD ameliorated osteoporosis. In vitro experiments showed that the pro-apoptotic factors indicators including CASP3 and BAX were decreased by FZD and the anti-apoptotic factor BCL2 was increased by FZD. In addition, FZD significantly suppressed the osteoclast differentiation in culture and the expression levels of osteoclast-related genes including TRAF6, CTSK, and MMP9. And the NF-κB pathway was confirmed, via in vitro experiment, to be involved in osteoclast differentiation. CONCLUSIONS This study demonstrated that FZD played a pivotal role in suppressing the osteoclast differentiation via regulating the NF-κB pathway, indicating that FZD could be a promising antiosteoporosis drug and deserve further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fudong Li
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Spine Center, Shanghai Changzheng Hospital, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, 200003, China
| | - Chuan Guo
- Orthopedic Research Institute, Department of Orthopedics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065, China
| | - Shikai Zhang
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Shanghai Kaiyuan Orthopaedic Hospital, Shanghai, 200129, China
| | - Bing Zheng
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Spine Center, Shanghai Changzheng Hospital, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, 200003, China.
| | - Kaiqiang Sun
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Spine Center, Shanghai Changzheng Hospital, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, 200003, China.
| | - Jiangang Shi
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Spine Center, Shanghai Changzheng Hospital, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, 200003, China.
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Natural Compounds Affecting Inflammatory Pathways of Osteoarthritis. Antioxidants (Basel) 2022; 11:antiox11091722. [PMID: 36139796 PMCID: PMC9495743 DOI: 10.3390/antiox11091722] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2022] [Revised: 08/25/2022] [Accepted: 08/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Osteoarthritis (OA) is the most common type of arthritis and chronic joint disease, affecting more than 240 million people worldwide. Although there are numerous advances in using drugs in treating OA, the use of natural compounds has aroused much interest among researchers due to their safety margin. Recent discovery shows that natural compounds play an extensive role in the oxidative stress signaling pathway in treating OA. Thus, this review summarizes the commonly used natural compounds for treating OA focusing on the oxidative stress signaling pathway and its downstream mediators. Selected databases—such as Scopus, Web of Science, Nature, and PubMed—were used to search for potentially relevant articles. The search is limited to the last 15 years and the search was completed using the Boolean operator’s guideline using the keywords of natural product AND oxidative stress AND osteoarthritis OR natural extract AND ROS AND degenerative arthritis OR natural plant AND free radicals AND degenerative joint disease. In total, 37 articles were selected for further review. Different downstream mechanisms of oxidative stress involved in the usage of natural compounds for OA treatment and anabolic and catabolic effects of natural compounds that exhibit chondroprotective effects have been discussed with the evidence of in vitro and in vivo trials in this review.
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Ying HZ, Xie W, Wang MC, He JQ, Zhang HH, Yu CH. Gut microbiota: An emerging therapeutic approach of herbal medicine for prevention of colorectal cancer. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2022; 12:969526. [PMID: 36051242 PMCID: PMC9426771 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2022.969526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2022] [Accepted: 08/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The gut dysbiosis has emerged as a prominent player in the pathogenesis and development of colorectal cancer (CRC), which in turn intensifies dysregulated gut microbiota composition and inflammation. Since most drugs are given orally, this dysbiosis directly and indirectly impinges the absorption and metabolism of drugs in the gastrointestinal tract, and subsequently affects the clinical outcome of patients with CRC. Herbal medicine, including the natural bioactive products, have been used traditionally for centuries and can be considered as novel medicinal sources for anticancer drug discovery. Due to their various structures and pharmacological effects, natural products have been found to improve microbiota composition, repair intestinal barrier and reduce inflammation in human and animal models of CRC. This review summarizes the chemo-preventive effects of extracts and/or compounds derived from natural herbs as the promising antineoplastic agents against CRC, and will provide innovative strategies to counteract dysregulated microbiota and improve the lives of CRC patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hua-Zhong Ying
- Key Laboratory of Experimental Animal and Safety Evaluation, Zhejiang Academy of Medical Sciences (Hangzhou Medical College), Hangzhou, China
| | - Wei Xie
- Key Laboratory of Experimental Animal and Safety Evaluation, Zhejiang Academy of Medical Sciences (Hangzhou Medical College), Hangzhou, China
| | - Meng-Chuan Wang
- Key Laboratory of Experimental Animal and Safety Evaluation, Zhejiang Academy of Medical Sciences (Hangzhou Medical College), Hangzhou, China
| | - Jia-Qi He
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Huan-Huan Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Experimental Animal and Safety Evaluation, Zhejiang Academy of Medical Sciences (Hangzhou Medical College), Hangzhou, China
| | - Chen-Huan Yu
- Key Laboratory of Experimental Animal and Safety Evaluation, Zhejiang Academy of Medical Sciences (Hangzhou Medical College), Hangzhou, China
- Cancer Hospital of the University of Chinese Academy of Sciences (Zhejiang Cancer Hospital), Hangzhou, China
- Institute of Cancer and Basic Medicine, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Chen-Huan Yu,
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Han NR, Kim KC, Kim JS, Park HJ, Ko SG, Moon PD. SBT (Composed of Panax ginseng and Aconitum carmichaeli) and Stigmasterol Enhances Nitric Oxide Production and Exerts Curative Properties as a Potential Anti-Oxidant and Immunity-Enhancing Agent. Antioxidants (Basel) 2022; 11:antiox11020199. [PMID: 35204082 PMCID: PMC8868359 DOI: 10.3390/antiox11020199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2022] [Revised: 01/14/2022] [Accepted: 01/18/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Immune dysregulation is a risk factor for several diseases, including infectious diseases. Immunostimulatory agents have been used for the treatment of immune dysregulation, but deleterious adverse effects have been reported. The present study aims to establish the anti-oxidant and immunity-enhancing effects of Sambu-Tang (SBT), composed of Panax ginseng and Aconitum carmichaeli, and stigmasterol (Stig), an active compound of SBT. Immune-related factors were analyzed in RAW264.7 macrophage cells, mouse primary splenocytes, and the serum and spleen of cyclophosphamide-induced immunosuppressed mice. Results showed that the production levels of nitric oxide (NO) and expression levels of inducible NO synthase and heme oxygenase-1 were increased following SBT or Stig treatment in RAW264.7 cells. SBT or Stig increased the production levels of G-CSF, IFN-γ, IL-12, IL-2, IL-6, and TNF-α and induced the activation of NF-κB in RAW264.7 cells. SBT or Stig promoted splenic lymphocyte proliferation and increased splenic NK cell cytotoxic activity. In addition, SBT or Stig enhanced the levels of IFN-γ, IL-12, IL-2, IL-6, or TNF-α in the serum and spleen of the immunosuppressed mice. SBT or Stig increased the superoxide dismutase activity in the spleen. Collectively, SBT and Stig possess anti-oxidant and immunomodulatory activities, so they may be considered effective natural compounds for the treatment of various symptoms caused by immune dysregulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Na-Ra Han
- College of Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Korea;
- Korean Medicine-Based Drug Repositioning Cancer Research Center, College of Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Korea;
| | - Kyeoung-Cheol Kim
- Majors in Plant Resource and Environment, College of Agriculture & Life Sciences, SARI, Jeju National University, Jeju 63243, Korea; (K.-C.K.); (J.-S.K.)
| | - Ju-Sung Kim
- Majors in Plant Resource and Environment, College of Agriculture & Life Sciences, SARI, Jeju National University, Jeju 63243, Korea; (K.-C.K.); (J.-S.K.)
| | - Hi-Joon Park
- Department of Anatomy & Information Sciences, College of Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Korea;
| | - Seong-Gyu Ko
- Korean Medicine-Based Drug Repositioning Cancer Research Center, College of Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Korea;
- Department of Preventive Medicine, College of Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Korea
| | - Phil-Dong Moon
- Center for Converging Humanities, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Korea
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +82-2-961-0897
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Yang J, Zeng G, Ma J, Wang X, Zhou Q. Pharmacokinetics of 10-Hydroxy Mesaconitine in Rat Plasma by Ultra-Performance Liquid Chromatography-Tandem Quadrupole Mass Spectrometry. JOURNAL OF ANALYTICAL METHODS IN CHEMISTRY 2021; 2021:6640184. [PMID: 33959404 PMCID: PMC8075697 DOI: 10.1155/2021/6640184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2020] [Revised: 03/03/2021] [Accepted: 03/30/2021] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Mesaconitine is the predominant active ingredient in Aconitum carmichaelii Debx. The compound 10-hydroxy mesaconitine is one known metabolite of mesaconitine and is toxic. In order to better understand its pharmacokinetics, UPLC-MS/MS was used in this paper to measure the concentration of 10-hydroxy mesaconitine in the plasma of rats after oral (5 mg/kg) and intravenous (0.1 mg/kg) administration of 10-hydroxy mesaconitine. The concentrations of 10-hydroxy mesaconitine in rat plasma measured in the standard curve covered the range of 0.3-60 ng/mL. The intraday and interday precisions of the samples of 10-hydroxy mesaconitine in rat plasma were lower than 15%. In addition, the accuracies ranged between 96.0% and 109.3%, the matrix effects ranged between 88.9% and 98.1%, and the recoveries were all higher than 79.1%. The AUC(0 - t) values were 23.6 ± 5.9 and 207.6 ± 72.9 ng/mL·h for intravenous and oral administration, respectively, and the bioavailability of 10-hydroxy mesaconitine was 17.6%. Lastly, t 1/2 was 1.3 ± 0.6 h and 3.1 ± 0.4 h for intravenous and oral administration, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinzhao Yang
- Department of Pharmacy, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Shanghai University (Wenzhou People's Hospital), Wenzhou 325000, China
| | - Guowu Zeng
- Department of Pharmacy, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Shanghai University (Wenzhou People's Hospital), Wenzhou 325000, China
| | - Jianshe Ma
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325035, China
| | - Xianqin Wang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325035, China
| | - Quan Zhou
- The Laboratory of Clinical Pharmacy, The People's Hospital of Lishui, Lishui 323000, China
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Hsu SS, Liang WZ. Cytotoxic Effects of Mesaconitine, the Aconitum carmichaelii Debx Bioactive Compound, on HBEC-5i Human Brain Microvascular Endothelial Cells: Role of Ca 2+ Signaling-Mediated Pathway. Neurotox Res 2020; 39:256-265. [PMID: 32588354 DOI: 10.1007/s12640-020-00249-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2020] [Revised: 05/30/2020] [Accepted: 06/22/2020] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Mesaconitine, one of Aconitum carmichaelii Debx bioactive compounds, was shown to evoke Ca2+ homeostasis and its related physiological effects in endothelial cell types. However, the effect of mesaconitine on Ca2+ signaling and cell viability in human brain microvascular endothelial cells is unclear. This study focused on exploring whether mesaconitine changed cytosolic Ca2+ concentrations ([Ca2+]i), affected cell viability, and established the relationship between Ca2+ signaling and viability in HBEC-5i human brain microvascular endothelial cells. In HBEC-5i cells, cell viability was measured by the cell proliferation reagent (WST-1). [Ca2+]i was measured by the Ca2+-sensitive fluorescent dye fura-2. Mesaconitine (10-100 μM) concentration dependently induced [Ca2+]i rises. Ca2+ removal reduced the signal by approximately 25%. Mesaconitine (40-100 μM) caused cytotoxicity in HBEC-5i cells. This cytotoxic response was significantly reversed by chelation of cytosolic Ca2+ with BAPTA/AM. In Ca2+-containing medium, mesaconitine-induced Ca2+ entry was inhibited by 25% by modulators of store-operated Ca2+ channels and protein kinase C (PKC). Furthermore, mesaconitine also induced Mn2+ influx suggesting of Ca2+ entry. In Ca2+-free medium, treatment with the endoplasmic reticulum Ca2+ pump inhibitor thapsigargin abolished mesaconitine-evoked [Ca2+]i rises. Conversely, treatment with mesaconitine abolished thapsigargin-evoked [Ca2+]i rises. Inhibition of phospholipase C (PLC) with U73122 abolished mesaconitine-induced [Ca2+]i rises. In sum, mesaconitine caused cytotoxicity that was triggered by preceding [Ca2+]i rises. Furthermore, mesaconitine induced [Ca2+]i rises by evoking Ca2+ entry via PKC-sensitive store-operated Ca2+ channels and PLC-dependent Ca2+ release from the endoplasmic reticulum. It suggests that Ca2+ signaling have a potential cytotoxic effect on mesaconitine-treated human brain microvascular endothelial cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shu-Shong Hsu
- Department of Surgery, Kaohsiung Veterans General Hospital, Kaohsiung, 81362, Taiwan.,Department of Surgery, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, 11490, Taiwan.,College of Health and Nursing, Meiho University, Neipu, Pingtung, 91202, Taiwan
| | - Wei-Zhe Liang
- Department of Medical Education and Research, Kaohsiung Veterans General Hospital, Kaohsiung, 81362, Taiwan. .,Department of Pharmacy and Master Program, College of Pharmacy and Health Care, Tajen University, Pingtung County, 90741, Taiwan.
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9
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Yan L, Zhou L, Xie D, Du W, Chen F, Yuan Q, Tong P, Shan L, Efferth T. Chondroprotective effects of platelet lysate towards monoiodoacetate-induced arthritis by suppression of TNF-α-induced activation of NF-ĸB pathway in chondrocytes. Aging (Albany NY) 2020; 11:2797-2811. [PMID: 31089001 PMCID: PMC6535074 DOI: 10.18632/aging.101952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2018] [Accepted: 05/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Platelet lysate (PL) contains a cocktail of growth factors that actively participates in cartilage repair. This study was designed to determine the effect and mechanism of PL on osteoarthritis (OA). An arthritis model was established to mimic human OA by intra-articular injection of monoiodoacetate (MIA) to Sprague Dawley (SD) rats. The model was weekly treated with PL by intra-articular injection. Thermal withdrawal latency, mechanical withdrawal threshold, and treadmill gait were tested for pain behavior observation. Histopathological and immunohistochemical analyses were conducted for evaluating cartilage degradation. Real time PCRs and Western blots were conducted to elucidate the mechanism of PL on primary chondrocytes. Results showed that, in vivo, PL significantly attenuated pain symptoms and exerted chondrocyte-protective and extracellular matrix (ECM)-modifying effect on the arthritic cartilage in a dose-dependent manner. The in situ expressions of type II Collagen (Col2) and matrix metalloproteinase 13 (Mmp13) in the arthritic cartilage was abnormal and was restored by PL. In vitro, PL significantly restored tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α)-suppressed anabolic gene expression (Col2 and aggrecan) and TNF-α-increased catabolic gene expression (Col10, Mmp13, Adamts5, and Adamts9) in chondrocytes. The effects were mediated by TNF-α downstream signaling, including inhibition of NF-κB and c-Jun activities. This study provides certain knowledge of anti-OA effect and TNF signaling-related mechanism of PL, placing it as a promising and alternative option for OA therapy in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Yan
- The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China.,Center for Stem Cell Translational Research, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Li Zhou
- The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China.,Center for Stem Cell Translational Research, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Danting Xie
- Center for Stem Cell Translational Research, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Wenxi Du
- The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Fangming Chen
- Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Qiang Yuan
- College of Pharmacy, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Peijian Tong
- The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Letian Shan
- The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China.,Center for Stem Cell Translational Research, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Thomas Efferth
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biology, Institute of Pharmacy and Biochemistry, Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz, Germany
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Jiang M, Zhao S, Yang S, Lin X, He X, Wei X, Song Q, Li R, Fu C, Zhang J, Zhang Z. An "essential herbal medicine"-licorice: A review of phytochemicals and its effects in combination preparations. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2020; 249:112439. [PMID: 31811935 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2019.112439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2019] [Revised: 11/26/2019] [Accepted: 11/26/2019] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Licorice (Gancao in Chinese, GC), the dried root and rhizome of Glycyrrhiza uralensis Fisch., Glycyrrhiza inflata Bat. or Glycyrrhiza glabra L., is an "essential herbal medicine" in traditional Chinese medicine (TCM). There is a classic traditional Chinese medicine theory says that "nine out of ten formulas contain licorice" and licorice is considered as one of the most important herbal medicine which can reduce toxicity and increase efficacy of certain herbal medicine while it is combined application. In addition, it is a "medicine food homology" herbal medicine and also be widely used as a health food product and natural sweetener. However, no systematic literature review has been compiled to reveal its superiority. Herein, the aim of this work is to develop an overview of the state on phytochemicals, as well as effects of licorice in combination preparations, which can provide better understand the superiority of licorice and the special position in the application of TCM. Besides, ethnobotany, ethnopharmacological uses, quality control and toxicology of licorice have also been researched, which would provide reference for future clinical and basic research needs. MATERIALS AND METHODS The information about licorice was collected from various sources including classic books about Chinese herbal medicine, and scientific databases including scientific journals, books, and pharmacopoeia. A total of 124 bibliographies, which are published from 1976 to 2019, have been searched and researched. RESULTS In this study, the interaction of chemical compounds between licorice and toxic herbal medicine, pharmacological effect of licorice, and the effect of licorice on pharmacokinetics of toxic compounds are considered as the main mechanisms underlying the effects of licorice in combination preparations. Besides, ethnobotany, ethnopharmacological uses and chemical constituents have been summarized. CONCLUSION This work comprehensively reviews the state on ethnobotany, ethnopharmacological uses, phytochemicals, combined applications, quality control and toxicology of licorice. It will provide systematic insights into this ancient drug for further development and clinical use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maoyuan Jiang
- Pharmacy College, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine; State Key Laboratory of Characteristic Chinese Medicine Resources in Southwest China, Chengdu 611137, China.
| | - Shengjia Zhao
- Pharmacy College, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine; State Key Laboratory of Characteristic Chinese Medicine Resources in Southwest China, Chengdu 611137, China.
| | - Shasha Yang
- Pharmacy College, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine; State Key Laboratory of Characteristic Chinese Medicine Resources in Southwest China, Chengdu 611137, China.
| | - Xia Lin
- Pharmacy College, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine; State Key Laboratory of Characteristic Chinese Medicine Resources in Southwest China, Chengdu 611137, China.
| | - Xiguo He
- Pharmacy College, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine; State Key Laboratory of Characteristic Chinese Medicine Resources in Southwest China, Chengdu 611137, China.
| | - Xinyi Wei
- Pharmacy College, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine; State Key Laboratory of Characteristic Chinese Medicine Resources in Southwest China, Chengdu 611137, China.
| | - Qin Song
- Graduate School of Environmental Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, 0010024, Japan.
| | - Rui Li
- Pharmacy College, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine; State Key Laboratory of Characteristic Chinese Medicine Resources in Southwest China, Chengdu 611137, China.
| | - Chaomei Fu
- Pharmacy College, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine; State Key Laboratory of Characteristic Chinese Medicine Resources in Southwest China, Chengdu 611137, China.
| | - Jinming Zhang
- Pharmacy College, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine; State Key Laboratory of Characteristic Chinese Medicine Resources in Southwest China, Chengdu 611137, China.
| | - Zhen Zhang
- Pharmacy College, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine; State Key Laboratory of Characteristic Chinese Medicine Resources in Southwest China, Chengdu 611137, China.
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11
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Wang W, Zhou H, Liu L. The role of Chinese herbal medicine in the management of adverse drug reactions of leflunomide in treating rheumatoid arthritis. PHYTOMEDICINE : INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOTHERAPY AND PHYTOPHARMACOLOGY 2020; 68:153136. [PMID: 32062477 DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2019.153136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2019] [Revised: 10/30/2019] [Accepted: 11/17/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The high discontinuation rate in RA patients who use LEF might be attributed to their intolerance rather than irresponsibility. The concomitant administration of Leflunomide (LEF) with Chinese herbal medicine (CHM) provides a potential solution to preventing the adverse drug reactions (ADRs) induced by LEF during the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis (RA). PURPOSE To investigate whether co-administration of LEF with CHM could bring in both increased therapeutic outcomes and reduced ADRs due to the framework of treatment at the level of entire body. STUDY DESIGN The mechanism of LEF in RA treatment and the ADRs it induced was introduced based on recent papers. Reported clinical examples of CHM concurrent use with LEF was revealed to provide more evidence. The management of the ADRs caused by LEF was suggested by current researches on the concomitant therapy of CHM with LEF. RESULTS The active ingredients, compounds and medicinal herbs all demonstrated properties in relieving toxicities and reducing ADRs when used with LEF and reported in several clinical cases. The wide application of concurrent use of CHM with LEF is however hindered by the complex pathogenesis of RA which requires further scientific grounds for diagnosis and treatment. CONCLUSION This review introduced that the adoption of CHM is emerging as a novel strategy for the management of ADRs caused by LEF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wanying Wang
- Faculty of Chinese Medicine/State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine/Institute of Rheumatic Diseases, Macau University of Science and Technology, Avenida Wailong, Taipa, Macau, PR China
| | - Hua Zhou
- Faculty of Chinese Medicine/State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine/Institute of Rheumatic Diseases, Macau University of Science and Technology, Avenida Wailong, Taipa, Macau, PR China; Joint Laboratory for Translational Cancer Research of Chinese Medicine of the Ministry of Education of the People's Republic of China, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, PR China
| | - Liang Liu
- Faculty of Chinese Medicine/State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine/Institute of Rheumatic Diseases, Macau University of Science and Technology, Avenida Wailong, Taipa, Macau, PR China.
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12
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Kang YH, Lee HJ, Lee CJ, Park JS. Natural Products as Sources of Novel Drug Candidates for the Pharmacological Management of Osteoarthritis: A Narrative Review. Biomol Ther (Seoul) 2019; 27:503-513. [PMID: 31646842 PMCID: PMC6824629 DOI: 10.4062/biomolther.2019.139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2019] [Revised: 09/16/2019] [Accepted: 09/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Osteoarthritis is a chronic degenerative articular disorder. Formation of bone spurs, synovial inflammation, loss of cartilage, and underlying bone restructuring have been reported to be the main pathologic characteristics of osteoarthritis symptoms. The onset and progression of osteoarthritis are attributed to various inflammatory cytokines in joint tissues and fluids that are produced by chondrocytes and/or interact with chondrocytes, as well as to low-grade inflammation in intra-articular tissues. Disruption of the equilibrium between the synthesis and degradation of the cartilage of the joint is the major cause of osteoarthritis. Hence, developing a promising pharmacological tool to restore the equilibrium between the synthesis and degradation of osteoarthritic joint cartilage can be a useful strategy for effectively managing osteoarthritis. In this review, we provide an overview of the research results pertaining to the search for a novel candidate agent for osteoarthritis management via restoration of the equilibrium between cartilage synthesis and degradation. We especially focused on investigations of medicinal plants and natural products derived from them to shed light on the potential pharmacotherapy of osteoarthritis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Young-Hoon Kang
- Department of Oral Maxillofacial Surgery, Gyeongsang National University School of Medicine and Changwon Gyeongsang National University Hospital, Institute of Health Science, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52727, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun Jae Lee
- Smith Liberal Arts College and Department of Addiction Science, Graduate School, Sahmyook University, Seoul 01795, Republic of Korea
| | - Choong Jae Lee
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 35015, Republic of Korea
| | - Jin-Sung Park
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery and Institute of Health Science, Gyeongsang National University School of Medicine and Gyeongsang National University Hospital, Jinju 52727, Republic of Korea
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13
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Sun L, Liu F, You G, Feng T, Wang M, Liu Y, Ren X, Deng Y. A comparative analysis of Aconiti Lateralis Radix and processed products using UHPLC-Q-TOF-MS combined with multivariate chemometrics strategies. J LIQ CHROMATOGR R T 2019. [DOI: 10.1080/10826076.2019.1659150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lili Sun
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
| | - Fan Liu
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
| | - Guangjiao You
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
| | - Tao Feng
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
| | - Meng Wang
- Tianjin State Key Laboratory of Modern Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
| | - Yanan Liu
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
| | - Xiaoliang Ren
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
| | - Yanru Deng
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
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14
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Wang C, Yan L, Yan B, Zhou L, Sun W, Yu L, Liu F, Du W, Yu G, Hu Z, Yuan Q, Xiao L, Li H, Tong P, Zhang J, Shan L, Efferth T. Agkistrodon ameliorates pain response and prevents cartilage degradation in monosodium iodoacetate-induced osteoarthritic rats by inhibiting chondrocyte hypertrophy and apoptosis. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2019; 231:545-554. [PMID: 30529425 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2018.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2018] [Revised: 12/03/2018] [Accepted: 12/04/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Osteoarthritis (OA), characterized by joint pain and cartilage degradation, is the most common form of joint disease worldwide but with no satisfactory therapy available. The ethanol extract of Agkistrodon acutus (EAA) has been widely used as a traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) for the treatment of arthralgia and inflammatory diseases, but there is no report regarding its efficacy on OA to date. Here, we determined the effects of EAA on the pain behavior and cartilage degradation in vivo and clarified its target genes and proteins associated with chondrocyte hypertrophy and apoptosis in vitro. MATERIALS AND METHODS In vivo OA model was established by intra-articular injection (1.5 mg) of monosodium iodoacetate (MIA) into rats and weekly treated by intra-articular administration of EAA at a dose range from 0.3 to 0.9 g/kg for four weeks. The pain behavior parameters, thermal withdrawal latency (TWL) and mechanical withdrawal threshold (MWT) were tested before and after the treatment. Then histopathologic, immunohistochemical and TUNEL analyses of the articular cartilage were conducted, followed by Mankin's scoring. In vitro, the effects of EAA on chondrocytes were evaluated via assays of cell viability, immunofluorescence, real time PCR, and Western blot. UPLC-MS was applied to determine the chemical composition of EAA. RESULTS The animal data showed that EEA not only attenuated the pain hypersensitivity but also blocked the cartilage degeneration by improving chondrocyte survival and suppressing chondrocyte apoptosis at a dose-dependent manner in OA rats. Furthermore, EAA remarkably restored the abnormal expression of collagen type II (Col2) and matrix metalloproteinase-13 (MMP13) in cartilage of OA rats. The cellular data showed that EAA significantly increased the cell viability of chondrocytes against OA-like damage and restored the abnormal expressions of Col2 and MMP13 in damaged chondrocytes. The molecular data showed that EAA significantly restored the abnormal mRNA expressions of Col2, Col10, MMP2 and MMP13 as well as the abnormal protein expressions of MMP13, PARP (total and cleaved) in chondrocytes under pathological condition. UPLC-MS analysis showed the known main components of EAA, including amino acides (glycine, L-aspartic acid, L-glutamic acid, and L-hydroxyproline), nucleoside (uridine), purines (xanthine and hypoxanthine), and pyrimidine (uracil). CONCLUSIONS Our data demonstrate that EAA exerts antinociceptive and chondroprotective effects on OA through suppressing chondrocyte hypertrophy and apoptosis with restoration of the molecular expressions of anabolism and catabolism in chondrocytes. It provides a promising TCM candidate of novel agent for OA therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caiwei Wang
- The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Li Yan
- The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Bo Yan
- The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Li Zhou
- The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Wan Sun
- The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Lingying Yu
- The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Fucun Liu
- Changzheng Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Wenxi Du
- The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
| | | | - Zhengyan Hu
- Zhejiang Provincial Center for Disease Prevention and Control, Hangzhou, China
| | - Qiang Yuan
- The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Luwei Xiao
- The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Hongwen Li
- Experimental and Training Center, Zhejiang Pharmaceutical College, Ningbo, China
| | - Peijian Tong
- The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China.
| | - Jida Zhang
- The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China.
| | - Letian Shan
- The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China.
| | - Thomas Efferth
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biology, Institute of Pharmacy and Biochemistry, Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz, Germany
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15
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Song H, Huang Y, Zhu D, Tong S, Zhang M, Wang X, Bao X. Pharmacokinetic Study of Deltaline in Mouse Blood Based on UPLCMS/ MS. CURR PHARM ANAL 2019. [DOI: 10.2174/1573412914666181011124515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Introduction: Deltaline, an aconitine-type alkaloid, was detected in mouse blood using an
ultra-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS/MS) method, and the
pharmacokinetics of deltaline following intravenous administration in mice was studied.
</P><P>
Materials and Methods: The gelsenicine was used as the internal standard (IS). Deltaline and IS were
eluted at a flow rate of 0.4 ml/min and separated on a UPLC BEH C18 column by gradient elution using
acetonitrile and 10 mmol/L ammonium acetate (0.1% formic acid) as a mobile phase. The following
transitions were obtained at m/z 508.2→75.0 for deltaline and m/z 327.1→107.8 for gelsenicine in multiple
reactions monitoring mode. Acetonitrile was used to precipitate protein. Six mice after intravenous
administration of a single dose of deltaline (1 mg/kg), 20-µL blood samples from each mouse were
collected from the tail vein.
Results:
The UPLC-MS/MS method was sensitive and linear (r>0.995) with a lower limit of quantitation
(LLOQ) of 0.1 ng/mL over the range of 0.1-500 ng/mL. Intra- and inter-day precisions were below
13%, the accuracy range was between 88.0% and 108.2%, the recovery was higher than 90.1%, and the
matrix effect was between 102.9% and 108.1%.
Conclusion:
The method was sensitive, fast, specific, and has been successfully applied to a pharmacokinetic
study of deltaline after intravenous administration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huanchun Song
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Jinhua Central Hospital, Jinhua 321000, China
| | - Yiwei Huang
- Analytical and Testing Center, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325035, China
| | - Dongqing Zhu
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325000, China
| | - Shuhua Tong
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Jinhua Central Hospital, Jinhua 321000, China
| | - Meiling Zhang
- Analytical and Testing Center, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325035, China
| | - Xianqin Wang
- Analytical and Testing Center, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325035, China
| | - Xi Bao
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325000, China
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16
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Zhang C, Yu W, Huang C, Ding Q, Liang C, Wang L, Hou Z, Zhang Z. Chrysin protects human osteoarthritis chondrocytes by inhibiting inflammatory mediator expression via HMGB1 suppression. Mol Med Rep 2018; 19:1222-1229. [PMID: 30535473 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2018.9724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2017] [Accepted: 09/19/2018] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
High‑mobility group box chromosomal protein (HMGB‑1) contributes to osteoarthritis (OA) by modulating various oxidative, inflammatory and apoptotic signaling pathways. The effect of chrysin (CH), a natural plant flavonoid, and its functional interaction with HMGB‑1, was investigated in a chondrocyte model of OA. Human chondrocytes were pre‑treated with CH, and then subsequently treated with IL‑1β to induce the formation of chondrocytes similar to those found in OA joints. Next, the expression level of HMGB‑1 was determined by immunofluorescence and western blot analysis. Additionally, inflammatory factor expression was measured by ELISA, and cell apoptosis was analyzed with flow cytometry. To further explore the effects of CH, HMGB‑1 expression was silenced following CH treatment with small interfering (si)RNA. The results demonstrated that CH inhibited cell apoptosis, dose‑dependently reduced matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) 13, collagenase and IL‑6 expression, and increased collagen α‑1 (II) chain (COL2A1) expression in human osteoarthritis chondrocytes. These effects of CH were accompanied by decreased HMGB‑1 expression. Additionally, the expression of MMP13, collagenase, IL‑6 and COL2A1, as well as apoptosis, was significantly reduced by HMGB‑1 siRNA. These results demonstrated that HMGB‑1 is critical for the protective effect of CH on human osteoarthritis chondrocytes, including cell apoptosis and inflammatory factor inhibition, which suggests that CH may have potential therapeutic effect in treating OA by protecting human osteoarthritis chondrocytes via HMGB1 suppression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chi Zhang
- Orthopedic Department, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510150, P.R. China
| | - Weizhong Yu
- Department of Knee Surgery and Sport Medicine, Guangzhou Orthopedic Hospital, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510045, P.R. China
| | - Chongbo Huang
- Department of Knee Surgery and Sport Medicine, Guangzhou Orthopedic Hospital, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510045, P.R. China
| | - Qinghe Ding
- Department of Knee Surgery and Sport Medicine, Guangzhou Orthopedic Hospital, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510045, P.R. China
| | - Chizhang Liang
- Department of Knee Surgery and Sport Medicine, Guangzhou Orthopedic Hospital, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510045, P.R. China
| | - Le Wang
- Orthopedic Department, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510150, P.R. China
| | - Zhiqi Hou
- Department of Knee Surgery and Sport Medicine, Guangzhou Orthopedic Hospital, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510045, P.R. China
| | - Zhiyong Zhang
- Translational Research Centre of Regenerative Medicine and 3D Printing Technologies of Guangzhou Medical University, State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510150, P.R. China
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17
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Yan B, Zhou L, Wang C, Wang R, Yan L, Yu L, Liu F, Du W, Yu G, Yuan Q, Tong P, Shan L, Efferth T. Intra-Articular Injection of Fructus Ligustri Lucidi Extract Attenuates Pain Behavior and Cartilage Degeneration in Mono-Iodoacetate Induced Osteoarthritic Rats. Front Pharmacol 2018; 9:1360. [PMID: 30532708 PMCID: PMC6265644 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2018.01360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2018] [Accepted: 11/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Fructus Ligustri Lucidi (FLL) has been widely used as a traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) for treating soreness and weakness of waist and knees. It has potential for treating OA owing to its kidney-tonifying activity with bone-strengthening effects, but there is so far no report of its anti-OA effect. This study established a rat OA model by intra-articular (IA) injection of mono-iodoacetate (1.5 mg) and weekly treated by IA administration of FLL at 100 μg/mL for 4 weeks. Thermal withdrawal latency, mechanical withdrawal threshold, and spontaneous activity were tested for evaluation of pain behavior, and histopathological (HE, SO, and ABH staining) and immunohistochemical (Col2, Col10, and MMP13) analyses were conducted for observation of cartilage degradation. In vitro effect of FLL on chondrocytes was evaluated by MTT assay and qPCR analysis. Moreover, HPLC analysis was performed to determine its chemoprofile. The pain behavioral data showed that FLL attenuated joint pain hypersensitivity by increasing thresholds of mechanical allodynia and thermal hyperalgesia as well as spontaneous activity. The histopathological result showed that FLL reversed OA cartilage degradation by protecting chondrocytes and extracellular matrix in cartilage, and the immunohistochemical analysis revealed its molecular actions on protein expressions of MMP13, Col2, and Col10 in cartilage. The MTT assay showed its proliferative effects on chondrocytes, and qPCR assay clarified its mechanism associated with gene expressions of Mmp13, Col2, Col10, Adamts5, Aggrecan, and Runx2 in TNF-α treated chondrocytes. Our results revealed an anti-OA effect of FLL on pain behavior and cartilage degradation in OA rats and clarified a molecular mechanism in association with the suppression of chondrocyte hypertrophy and catabolism. IA FLL can be regarded as novel and promising option for OA therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Yan
- The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Li Zhou
- The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Caiwei Wang
- The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Rongrong Wang
- The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Li Yan
- The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Lingying Yu
- The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Fucun Liu
- Department of Orthopaedics, Changzheng Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Wenxi Du
- The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Guangping Yu
- Xianju Traditional Chinese Medicine, Taizhou, China
| | - Qiang Yuan
- The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Peijian Tong
- The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Letian Shan
- The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Thomas Efferth
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biology, Institute of Pharmacy and Biochemistry, Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz, Germany
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18
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Li Y, Gao F, Zhang JF, Zhou XL. Four New Diterpenoid Alkaloids from the Roots of Aconitum carmichaelii. Chem Biodivers 2018; 15:e1800147. [PMID: 29785743 DOI: 10.1002/cbdv.201800147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2018] [Accepted: 05/16/2018] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Aconitum carmichaelii Debeaux is a widely used traditional Chinese medicine and an important source of clinical drugs, of which the parent and lateral roots are known as 'Chuanwu' and 'Fuzi', respectively. Four new C19 -diterpenoid alkaloids, carmichasines A - D (1 - 4), were isolated from the roots of Aconitum carmichaelii, together with twelve known compounds (5 - 16). Their structures were elucidated via spectroscopic analyses, including HR-ESI-MS, IR, and NMR. Carmichasine A (1) is the first natural C19 -diterpenoid alkaloid possessing a cyano group. Most of the diterpenoid alkaloids isolated were C19 -category, which might provide further clues for understanding the chemotaxonomic significance of this plant. The cytotoxicity of the new compounds was also investigated against several human cancer cell lines, including MCF-7, HCT116, A549, and 786-0, and none of them showed considerable cytotoxic activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Li
- School of Life Science and Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu, 610031, P. R. China
| | - Feng Gao
- School of Life Science and Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu, 610031, P. R. China
| | - Ji-Fa Zhang
- School of Life Science and Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu, 610031, P. R. China
| | - Xian-Li Zhou
- School of Life Science and Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu, 610031, P. R. China
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19
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Huang D, Zhao X, Liu X, Chao R. Determination of Five Aminoalcohol-diterpenoid Alkaloids in the Lateral Root of Aconitum carmichaeli by HPLC–ELSD with SPE. J Chromatogr Sci 2017; 55:940-945. [DOI: 10.1093/chromsci/bmx059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2016] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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20
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He X, Wang X, Fang J, Chang Y, Ning N, Guo H, Huang L, Huang X. The genus Achyranthes: A review on traditional uses, phytochemistry, and pharmacological activities. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2017; 203:260-278. [PMID: 28347832 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2017.03.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2016] [Revised: 03/15/2017] [Accepted: 03/20/2017] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Achyranthes L. (Amaranthaceae), also known as Chaff Flower and Niuxi/, mainly includes two famous medicinal species namely A. bidentata and A. aspera. A. bidentata has been widely used as blood-activating and stasis-resolving medicine for the treatment of various diseases including amenorrhea, dysmenorrhea, lumbago, gonalgia, paraplegia, edema, stranguria, headache, dizziness, odontalgia, oral ulcer, hematemesis, and epistaxis. A. aspera has been widely used to treat various diseases, including gynecological disorder, asthma, ophthalmia, odontalgia, haemorrhoids, and abdominal tumor, and has been applied to difficult labour, wound healing, insect and snake bites. AIM OF THIS REVIEW This review aims to provide systematically reorganized information on distributions, botanical characteristics, ethnopharmacology, chemical constituents, qualitative and quantitative analysis, pharmacological activities, and toxicity of Achyranthes species to support their therapeutic potential. MATERIALS AND METHODS The relevant information on Achyranthes species was gathered from worldwide accepted scientific databases via electronic search (Google Scholar, Web of Science, ScienceDirect, ACS Publications, PubMed, Wiley Online Library, SciFinder, CNKI). Information was also obtained from International Plant Names Index, Chinese Pharmacopoeia, Chinese herbal classic books, PhD and MSc dissertations, etc. RESULTS A comprehensive analysis of literatures obtained through the above- mentioned sources confirms that the ethnomedicinal uses of Achyranthes species are mainly recorded in China, India, Korea, Pakistan, Ethiopia, Kenya, Sri Lanka, Bangladesh, Philippines, etc. Phytochemical investigations revealed that the major bioactive substances of Achyranthes plants are polysaccharides, polypeptides, triterpenoid saponins, and ketosteroids. Achyranthes plants have been shown to not only act on immune system, nervous system, bone metabolism, and reproduction, but also possess a wide range of biological activities, including blood-activating, anti-tumor, anti-inflammation, anti-arthritis, anti-oxidation, anti-aging, wound healing, etc. Toxicity studies indicated that A. bidentata and A. aspera seem non-toxic at the common therapeutic doses. CONCLUSIONS A. bidentata and A. aspera are very promising to be fully utilized in the development of nutraceutical and pharmaceutical products. There are, however, needs for further in-depth studies to confirm some ethnomedicinal uses of Achyranthes plants and to elucidate the scientific connotation of the widely documented property of conducting drug downward of A. bidentata. In addition, other widespread Achyranthes species like A. japonica and A. rubrofusca ought to be studied. Likewise, systematic comparative studies of the chemical constituents of medicinal Achyranthes plants resources with the same local name are also needed. Furthermore, not only should the investigations on the structure-activity relationship of the main bioactive compounds triterpenoid saponins and ketosteroids be carried out, but the pathways of absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion ought to be clarified. Last but not least, there is also a need to evaluate the long-term chronic toxicity and acute toxicity in vivo of the main bioactive compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xirui He
- Hong-Hui Hospital, Xi'an Jiaotong University College of Medicine, Xi'an 710054, PR China; Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China (Northwest University), Ministry of Education, Xi'an 710069, PR China
| | - Xiaoxiao Wang
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China (Northwest University), Ministry of Education, Xi'an 710069, PR China
| | - Jiacheng Fang
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China (Northwest University), Ministry of Education, Xi'an 710069, PR China
| | - Yu Chang
- Hong-Hui Hospital, Xi'an Jiaotong University College of Medicine, Xi'an 710054, PR China
| | - Ning Ning
- Hong-Hui Hospital, Xi'an Jiaotong University College of Medicine, Xi'an 710054, PR China
| | - Hao Guo
- Hong-Hui Hospital, Xi'an Jiaotong University College of Medicine, Xi'an 710054, PR China
| | - Linhong Huang
- Hong-Hui Hospital, Xi'an Jiaotong University College of Medicine, Xi'an 710054, PR China.
| | - Xiaoqiang Huang
- Hong-Hui Hospital, Xi'an Jiaotong University College of Medicine, Xi'an 710054, PR China
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Zong XX, Yan G, Wu JL, Leung ELH, Zhou H, Li N, Liu L. New C 19 -diterpenoid alkaloids from the parent roots of Aconitum carmichaelii. Tetrahedron Lett 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2017.03.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Insights into the Action Mechanisms of Traditional Chinese Medicine in Osteoarthritis. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2017; 2017:5190986. [PMID: 28203259 PMCID: PMC5292158 DOI: 10.1155/2017/5190986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2016] [Revised: 11/27/2016] [Accepted: 12/14/2016] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Osteoarthritis (OA) is a chronic degenerative joint disease characterized by articular cartilage destruction, synovial inflammation, and osteophyte formation. No effective treatments are available. The current pharmacological medications such as nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) and analgesics, accompanied by possible adverse effects, might ameliorate OA symptoms. But they do not arrest the progression of OA. Traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) provides medical value by modification of disease and symptoms in OA. Valuable work on exploring TCM merits for OA patients has been investigated using modern technologies, although the complicated interacting network among the numerous components indicates the uncertainty of target specification. This review will provide an overview of the action mechanism of TCM in the last 5 years, discussing the TCM activities of anti-inflammation, antiapoptosis, antioxidation, anticatabolism, and proliferation in OA. TCM is a proposed medical option for OA treatment.
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Xie GP, Jiang N, Wang SN, Qi RZ, Wang L, Zhao PR, Liang L, Yu B. Eucommia ulmoides Oliv. bark aqueous extract inhibits osteoarthritis in a rat model of osteoarthritis. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2015; 162:148-154. [PMID: 25575468 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2014.12.061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2014] [Revised: 12/23/2014] [Accepted: 12/28/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Eucommia ulmoides Oliv. bark (EU) is a common traditional Chinese herbal medicine for treatment of osteoarthritis (OA), but its therapeutic effect on OA and the underlying mechanisms have not been fully clarified. Our previous study showed that Eucommia ulmoides Oliv. bark aqueous extract (EUE) had a protective effect on cartilage, and this study was aimed to investigate the anti-osteoarthritis effect and mechanisms of EUE in a rat model of osteoarthritis. MATERIALS AND METHODS Thirty-two 5-week-old specific pathogen-free Sprague-Dawley rats which were randomized into four even groups (n=8). Group A received sham operation while the OA model was established using the modified Hulth technique in groups B, C and D. For eight weeks after operation, in addition to routine feeding, group A received gavage with deionized water, group B with deionized water, group C with 1.35 g/kg/day EUE, and group D with 2.7 g/kg/day EUE. Eight weeks postoperatively, all of the animals were euthanized for radiological, gross and histopathological observations to evaluate the effect of EUE on OA and to determine its potential mechanisms. RESULTS Radiological and histopathological observations showed that the articular degenerative changes were significantly more alleviated in groups C and D than in group B, while there were no obviously degenerative manifestations in group A. Mankin׳s scores in groups C and D were significantly lower than in group B (P<0.01). The severity of OA was significantly less in group D than in group C (P<0.01). The IL-1β and IL-6 contents in serum and MMP-3 secretion in articular cartilage were significantly lower in groups C and D than those in group B (P<0.01), and significantly lower in group D than those in group C (P<0.01). Compared with group B, phosphorylated Akt was significantly down-regulated in groups C and D. CONCLUSIONS EUE may inhibit the progression of osteoarthritis by inhibiting the PI3K/Akt pathway to delay cartilage degeneration, reduce inflammatory cytokines and prevent MMP-3 secretion. Therefore, EU is a potential therapeutic agent for OA, but its efficacy is limited.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guo-ping Xie
- Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, PR China; Key laboratory of Bone and Cartilage Regenerative Medicine of Guangdong Province, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, PR China.
| | - Nan Jiang
- Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, PR China.
| | - Sheng-nan Wang
- Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, PR China.
| | - Rui-zhen Qi
- Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, PR China.
| | - Lei Wang
- Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, PR China.
| | - Pei-ran Zhao
- Key laboratory of Bone and Cartilage Regenerative Medicine of Guangdong Province, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, PR China.
| | - Liang Liang
- Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, PR China.
| | - Bin Yu
- Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, PR China; Key laboratory of Bone and Cartilage Regenerative Medicine of Guangdong Province, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, PR China.
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Zhou G, Tang L, Zhou X, Wang T, Kou Z, Wang Z. A review on phytochemistry and pharmacological activities of the processed lateral root of Aconitum carmichaelii Debeaux. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2015; 160:173-93. [PMID: 25479152 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2014.11.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 198] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2014] [Revised: 11/23/2014] [Accepted: 11/23/2014] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE The processed lateral root of Aconitum carmichaelii Debeaux (Ranunculaceae), an extensively used traditional Chinese medicine, is known as Fuzi in China (Chinese: ), "bushi" in Japan, "Kyeong-Po Buja" in Korea, Chinese aconite, monkshood or Chinese wolfsbane. It has been used to treat shock resulting from acute myocardial infarction, low blood pressure, coronary heart disease, chronic heart failure, etc. AIM OF THE REVIEW The present paper aims to provide an up-to-date review at the advancements of the investigations on the ethnopharmacology, phytochemistry, pharmacological effect and toxicity of Fuzi. Besides, the possible tendency and perspective for future research of this plant are discussed, as well. MATERIALS AND METHODS All available information on Fuzi was collected via electronic search (using Elsevier, PubMed, ACS, CNKI, Google Scholar, Baidu Scholar, and Web of Science), books and classic works about Chinese herb. RESULTS 122 chemical constituents, among which C19-diterpenoid alkaloids and C20-diterpenoid alkaloids are the predominant groups, have been isolated and identified from Fuzi. Fuzi with its active compounds is possessed of wide-reaching biological activities, including effects on cardiovascular system, anti-inflammation and analgesic action, anti-tumor activity, effect on the immune system, hypoglycemic and hypolipidemic effects, anti-aging effect, effect of protecting kidney and effect on energy metabolism. CONCLUSIONS Nearly all of compounds were found from the roots of the plant, so further phytochemical studies should focus more on the other parts of the plant, such as the leaves, flowers or stems. Besides, a majority of the pharmacological studies were carried out using crude and poorly characterized extracts. Thus, more bioactive components particularly cardiotonic and analgesic compounds should be identified through bioactivity-guided isolation strategies. Moreover, investigations on how to develop Fuzi׳s new clinical usage on the basis of its pharmacological effects are in requirement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guohong Zhou
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Science, No. 16, Nanxiaojie, Dongzhimennei Ave., Beijing 100700, China
| | - Liying Tang
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Science, No. 16, Nanxiaojie, Dongzhimennei Ave., Beijing 100700, China
| | - Xidan Zhou
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Science, No. 16, Nanxiaojie, Dongzhimennei Ave., Beijing 100700, China
| | - Ting Wang
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Science, No. 16, Nanxiaojie, Dongzhimennei Ave., Beijing 100700, China
| | - Zhenzhen Kou
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Science, No. 16, Nanxiaojie, Dongzhimennei Ave., Beijing 100700, China
| | - Zhuju Wang
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Science, No. 16, Nanxiaojie, Dongzhimennei Ave., Beijing 100700, China.
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