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Rivas-García L, Romero-Márquez JM, Navarro-Hortal MD, Esteban-Muñoz A, Giampieri F, Sumalla-Cano S, Battino M, Quiles JL, Llopis J, Sánchez-González C. Unravelling potential biomedical applications of the edible flower Tulbaghia violacea. Food Chem 2022; 381:132096. [PMID: 35094882 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2022.132096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2021] [Revised: 01/04/2022] [Accepted: 01/05/2022] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Traditionally, edible flowers have been used as foods and for therapeutic purposes, today they have gained importance due to their bioactive compounds such as flavonols, anthocyanins or other phenolic compounds, which give them potential for biomedical applications. This work evaluated a methanolic extract of Tulbaghia violacea. Eleven individual phenolic compounds were found and quantified by mass spectrometry in the extract. Antioxidant activity tests (TEAC, FRAP and DPPH) and other characterization parameters were assayed (total phenolic content and total flavonoid content). In vitro studies showed antitumoral activity against ovarian tumoral cells mediated by the induction of non-dependent caspase cell death and by the activation of reactive oxygen species. The effect of the extract against features of Alzheimer disease was in vivo assayed in Caenorhabditis elegans. Tulbaghia extract led to a reduction in the 1-42 beta amyloid peptide formation and prevented oxidative stress. These results suggested that Tulbaghia violacea could be a new source of phenolic compounds for nutraceuticals and functional food development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorenzo Rivas-García
- Department of Physiology, Institute of Nutrition and Food Technology ''José Mataix", Biomedical Research Centre, University of Granada, Armilla, Avda. del Conocimiento s.n., 18100 Armilla, Spain; Sport and Health Research Centre, University of Granada, C/. Menéndez Pelayo 32. 18016 Armilla, Granada, Spain; Centro Regional de Investigaciones Biomédicas (CRIB), Campus de Albacete, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, 02008 Albacete, Spain
| | - Jose M Romero-Márquez
- Department of Physiology, Institute of Nutrition and Food Technology ''José Mataix", Biomedical Research Centre, University of Granada, Armilla, Avda. del Conocimiento s.n., 18100 Armilla, Spain
| | - M D Navarro-Hortal
- Department of Physiology, Institute of Nutrition and Food Technology ''José Mataix", Biomedical Research Centre, University of Granada, Armilla, Avda. del Conocimiento s.n., 18100 Armilla, Spain
| | | | - Francesca Giampieri
- Department of Clinical Sicences, Università Politecnica delle Marche, 60131 Ancona, Italy; Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Sandra Sumalla-Cano
- Research Group on Foods, Nutritional Biochemistry and Health, Universidad Europea del Atlántico, Isabel Torres 21, 39011 Santander, Spain
| | - Maurizio Battino
- Department of Clinical Sicences, Università Politecnica delle Marche, 60131 Ancona, Italy; International Research Center for Food Nutrition and Safety, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China
| | - José L Quiles
- Department of Physiology, Institute of Nutrition and Food Technology ''José Mataix", Biomedical Research Centre, University of Granada, Armilla, Avda. del Conocimiento s.n., 18100 Armilla, Spain; Research Group on Foods, Nutritional Biochemistry and Health, Universidad Europea del Atlántico, Isabel Torres 21, 39011 Santander, Spain
| | - Juan Llopis
- Department of Physiology, Institute of Nutrition and Food Technology ''José Mataix", Biomedical Research Centre, University of Granada, Armilla, Avda. del Conocimiento s.n., 18100 Armilla, Spain; Sport and Health Research Centre, University of Granada, C/. Menéndez Pelayo 32. 18016 Armilla, Granada, Spain
| | - Cristina Sánchez-González
- Department of Physiology, Institute of Nutrition and Food Technology ''José Mataix", Biomedical Research Centre, University of Granada, Armilla, Avda. del Conocimiento s.n., 18100 Armilla, Spain; Sport and Health Research Centre, University of Granada, C/. Menéndez Pelayo 32. 18016 Armilla, Granada, Spain.
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Somai BM, Belewa V, Frost C. Tulbaghia violacea (Harv) Exerts its Antifungal Activity by Reducing Ergosterol Production in Aspergillus flavus. Curr Microbiol 2021; 78:2989-2997. [PMID: 34100987 DOI: 10.1007/s00284-021-02546-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2020] [Accepted: 05/21/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Opportunistic infections in immunosuppressed patients have led to an increase in fungal infections, with Aspergillus being one of the main causative agents. Medicinal plants exhibiting antifungal activity have the potential to be used as chemotherapeutic agents. However, often their mechanisms of action are not fully researched. Tulbaghia violacea exhibits antifungal activity towards Candida, Aspergillus flavus and Aspergillus parasiticus but its mode of action has only recently begun to be investigated. This study aimed to ascertain the effect of T. violacea rhizome extracts on ergosterol production in A. flavus and the mechanism of inhibition. The MIC of a T. violacea rhizome extract against A. flavus was first determined, using a broth dilution assay, to be 15 mg/ml. Thereafter, the culture was subjected to sub-inhibitory concentrations of the extract before sterol intermediates of the ergosterol biosynthetic pathway were isolated and analysed for dose-dependent accumulation. Analysis by reverse-phase HPLC displayed a decline in ergosterol production in a dose-dependent manner when exposed to increasing concentrations of T. violacea extract. Quantification of the sterol intermediates of the ergosterol pathway indicated a definite accumulation of 2,3-oxidosqualene. The results prove that the plant extract affected ergosterol synthesis by inhibiting oxidosqualene cyclase. This prevented the formation of downstream intermediates of the ergosterol pathway ultimately resulting in inhibition of ergosterol production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benesh M Somai
- Department of Biochemistry & Microbiology, Nelson Mandela University, University Way, Summerstrand, P.O. Box 77000, Port Elizabeth, Eastern Cape, South Africa.
| | - Vuyokazi Belewa
- Department of Biochemistry & Microbiology, Nelson Mandela University, University Way, Summerstrand, P.O. Box 77000, Port Elizabeth, Eastern Cape, South Africa
| | - Carminita Frost
- Department of Biochemistry & Microbiology, Nelson Mandela University, University Way, Summerstrand, P.O. Box 77000, Port Elizabeth, Eastern Cape, South Africa
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Twilley D, Rademan S, Lall N. A review on traditionally used South African medicinal plants, their secondary metabolites and their potential development into anticancer agents. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2020; 261:113101. [PMID: 32562876 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2020.113101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2019] [Revised: 06/07/2020] [Accepted: 06/08/2020] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Approximately 70% of anticancer drugs were developed or derived from natural products or plants. Southern Africa boasts an enormous floral diversity with approximately 22,755 plant species with an estimated 3000 used as traditional medicines. In South Africa more than 27 million individuals rely on traditional medicine for healthcare. The use of South African plants for the treatment of cancer is poorly documented, however there is potential to develop anticancer agents from these plants. Limited ethnobotanical studies report the use of plants for cancer treatment in traditional medicine. Plants growing in tropical or subtropical regions, such as in South Africa, produce important secondary metabolites as a protective mechanism, which could be used to target various factors that play a key role in carcinogenesis. AIMS The aim was to collate information from primary ethnobotanical studies on South African plants traditionally used for the treatment of cancer. Evaluation of literature focused on traditionally used plants that have been tested for their in vitro activity against cancer cells. Secondary metabolites, previously identified within these plant species, were also included for discussion regarding their activity against cancer. The toxicity was evaluated to ascertain the therapeutic potential in further studies. Additionally, the aim was to highlight where a lack of reports were found regarding plant species with potential activity and to substantiate the need for further testing. MATERIALS AND METHODS A review of ethnobotanical surveys conducted in South Africa for plants used in the treatment of cancer was performed. Databases such as Science Direct, PubMed and Google Scholar, university repositories of master's dissertations and PhD theses, patents and books were used. Plant species showing significant to moderate activity were discussed regarding their toxicity. Compounds identified within these species were discussed for their activity against cancer cells and toxicity. Traditionally used plants which have not been scientifically validated for their activity against cancer were excluded. RESULTS Twenty plants were documented in ethnobotanical surveys as cancer treatments. Numerous scientific reports on the potential in vitro activity against cancer of these plants and the identification of secondary metabolites were found. Many of the secondary metabolites have not been tested for their activity against cancer cells or mode of action and should be considered for future studies. Lead candidates, such as the sutherlandiosides, sutherlandins, hypoxoside and pittoviridoside, were identified and should be further assessed. Toxicity studies should be included when testing plant extracts and/or secondary metabolites for their potential against cancer cells to give an indication of whether further analysis should be conducted. CONCLUSION There is a need to document plants used traditionally in South Africa for the treatment of cancer and to assess their safety and efficacy. Traditionally used plants have shown promising activity highlighting the importance of ethnobotanical studies and traditional knowledge. There are many opportunities to further assess these plants and secondary metabolites for their activity against cancer and their toxic effects. Pharmacokinetic studies are also not well documented within these plant extracts and should be included in studies when a lead candidate is identified.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danielle Twilley
- Department of Plant and Soil Sciences, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, 0002, South Africa.
| | - Sunelle Rademan
- Department of Pharmacology, University of the Free State, Bloemfontein, 9301, South Africa.
| | - Namrita Lall
- Department of Plant and Soil Sciences, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, 0002, South Africa; School of Natural Resources, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, 65211, United States; College of Pharmacy, JSS Academy of Higher Education and Research, Mysuru, Karnataka, 570015, India.
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Motadi LR, Choene MS, Mthembu NN. Anticancer properties of Tulbaghia violacea regulate the expression of p53-dependent mechanisms in cancer cell lines. Sci Rep 2020; 10:12924. [PMID: 32737339 PMCID: PMC7395086 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-69722-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2020] [Accepted: 07/16/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer is an enormous burden of disease globally. Today, more people die from cancer than a combination of several diseases. And in females, breast and cervical malignancies remain the most common types. Currently, cervical and breast cancer are the most diagnosed gynecological cancer type amongst black females in the Southern Sahara while amongst males prostate cancer is on the upward trend. With many of them still dependent on medicinal plants as a form of therapy and the need to identify new therapeutic agents, we have identified a commonly used medicinal plant Tulbaghia violacea Harv. commonly known as Itswele lomlambo (Xhosa), wilde knoffel (Afrikaans) and Isihaqa (zulu) to evaluate its anticancer properties at a molecular biology level. In this study, we evaluated the molecular mechanism of T. violacea extracts in regulating cell death in various cancer cell lines. To achieve this, T. violacea was collected, dried before crushing into a fine ground powder. Three organic solvents namely, methanol, hexane, and butanol at 10 g per 100 mL were used as extraction solvents. Each cell line was treated with varying concentrations of the plant extract to identify the half-maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50). The IC 50 was later used to analyse if the extracts were inducing apoptosis using annexin V analysis. Furthermore, the molecular mechanisms by which apoptosis was induced was analysed by qPCR, western blots. All three extracts exhibited anticancer activity with the most cytotoxic being methanol extract. p53 expression was significantly increased in treated cells that correlated with increased caspase activity. The results point to possible activation of apoptosis following treatment with hexane extracts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lesetja R Motadi
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Johannesburg (Kingsway Campus), P.O. Box 524, Auckland Park, 2006, South Africa.
| | - Mpho S Choene
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Johannesburg (Kingsway Campus), P.O. Box 524, Auckland Park, 2006, South Africa
| | - Nonkululeko N Mthembu
- Department of Consumer Science, University of South Africa (Florida Campus), Private Bag 1, Pretoria, 0001, South Africa
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Analysis of the phytochemical contents and antioxidant activities of crude extracts from Tulbaghia species. J TRADIT CHIN MED 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jtcm.2018.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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Padmapriya R, Gayathri L, Ronsard L, Akbarsha MA, Raveendran R. In vitro Anti-Proliferative Effect of Tephrosia purpurea on Human Hepatocellular Carcinoma Cells. Pharmacogn Mag 2017; 13:S16-S21. [PMID: 28479720 PMCID: PMC5407109 DOI: 10.4103/0973-1296.203981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2016] [Revised: 07/11/2016] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Tephrosia purpurea is an Indian herb used in traditional medicine to treat various diseases such as jaundice, asthma, liver and urinary disorders. However, the anti-cancer potential of T. purpurea on hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is poorly understood. Therefore, this study aims to investigate the anti-cancer activity of T. purpurea in HepG2 hepatocellular carcinoma cells. Methods: The leaves and root of T. purpurea were extracted with methanol using soxhlet apparatus. The cytotoxicity of the T. purpurea extracts in HepG2 cells was evaluated using MTT assay whereas the mode of cell death was examined by AOEB, Hoechst and JC1 staining under a fluorescence microscope. T. purpurea extracts-induced caspase-3 expression was investigated using colorimetric assay. Results: The leaves and root extracts inhibited HepG2 cell growth at the IC50 of 102.33 ± 10.26 µg/mL and 276.67 ± 20.43 µg/mL respectively at 24 h. Chromatin condensation, nuclear fragmentation, apoptotic bodies formation and mitochondrial membrane depolarization were observed in HepG2 cells treated with both extracts. The caspase-3 expression was significantly (p < 0.05) increased in extracts treated cells when compared to control. Conclusion: The leaves and root extracts of T. purpurea induce apoptosis mediated cell death in HepG2 cells. SUMMARY The leaves and root extracts of T. purpurea exhibited anticancer activity in HepG2 hepatocellular carcinoma cells. These extracts induced cell shrinkage, DNA condensation and fragmentation, mitochondrial membrane depolarization and upregulated caspase-3 expression indicating T. purpurea extracts induce apoptosis in HepG2 cells.
Abbreviation used: AO: acridine orange, DMSO: dimethyl sulfoxide, EB: ethidium bromide, IC50: the concentration at which 50% of cancer cells are dead, JC-1: 5, 5’, 6, 6’-tetrachloro-1, 1’, 3, 3’-tetraethyl-imidacarbocyanine iodide, MTT: 3-4, 5-dimethylthiazole-2-yl, 2,5-diphenyl tetrazolium bromide, PBS: phosphate-buffered saline, ΔΨm: mitochondrial trans-membrane potential.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Loganathan Gayathri
- Mahatma Gandhi-Doerenkamp Center, Bharathidasan University, Tiruchirappalli, India
| | - Larance Ronsard
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Mohammad A Akbarsha
- Mahatma Gandhi-Doerenkamp Center, Bharathidasan University, Tiruchirappalli, India
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Li F, Mao YD, Wang YF, Raza A, Qiu LP, Xu XQ. Optimization of Ultrasonic-Assisted Enzymatic Extraction Conditions for Improving Total Phenolic Content, Antioxidant and Antitumor Activities In Vitro from Trapa quadrispinosa Roxb. Residues. Molecules 2017; 22:molecules22030396. [PMID: 28272313 PMCID: PMC6155257 DOI: 10.3390/molecules22030396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2017] [Revised: 02/24/2017] [Accepted: 03/01/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Stems are the important residues of Trapa quadrispinosa Roxb., which are abundant in phenolic compounds. Ultrasonic-assisted enzymatic extraction (UAEE) is confirmed as a novel extraction technology with main advantages of enhancing extraction yield and physiological activities of the extracts from various plants. In this study, UAEE was applied to obtain the highest yield of phenolic content, strongest antioxidant, and antitumor activities and to optimize the extraction conditions using response surface methodology (RSM). The extracts from the stems of T. quadrispinosa were characterized by determination of their antioxidant activities through 2,2-azinobis(3-ethylbenzthiazoline)-6-sulfonic acid (ABTS), 1,1-Diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazxyl (DPPH) radical scavenging, total antioxidant capacity (TAC), ferric reducing antioxidant capacity (FRAC) methods and of their antitumor activity by MTT method. The selected key independent variables were cellulase concentration (X1: 1.5%–2.5%), extraction time (X2: 20–30 min) and extraction temperature (X3: 40–60 °C). The optimal extraction conditions for total phenolic content (TPC) value of the extracts were determined as 1.74% cellulase concentration, 25.5 min ultrasonic extraction time and 49.0 °C ultrasonic temperature. Under these conditions, the highest TPC value of 53.6 ± 2.2 mg Gallic acid equivalent (GAE)/g dry weight (DW) was obtained, which agreed well with the predicted value (52.596 mg GAE/g·DW. Furthermore, the extracts obtained from UAEE presented highest antioxidant activities through ABTS, DPPH, TAC and FRAC methods were of 1.54 ± 0.09 mmol Trolox equivalent (TE)/g·DW; 1.45 ± 0.07 mmol·TE/g·DW; 45.2 ± 2.2 mg·GAE/g·DW; 50.4 ± 2.6 μmol FeSO4 equivalent/g·DW and lowest IC50 values of 160.4 ± 11.6 μg/mL, 126.1 ± 10.8 μg/mL, and 178.3 ± 13.1 μg/mL against Hela, HepG-2 and U251 tumor cells, respectively. The results indicated that the UAEE was an efficient alternative to improve extraction yield and enhance the antioxidant and antitumor activities of the extracts. The phenolic extracts from the stems of T. quadrispinosa had significant antioxidant and antitumor activities, which could be used as a source of potential antioxidant and antitumor agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng Li
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212001, China.
- School of food and biological engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China.
| | - Yi-Dan Mao
- School of Pharmacy, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China.
| | - Yi-Fan Wang
- School of Pharmacy, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China.
| | - Aun Raza
- School of Pharmacy, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China.
| | - Li-Peng Qiu
- Institute of life sciences, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China.
| | - Xiu-Quan Xu
- School of Pharmacy, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China.
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Enciso E, Sarmiento-Sánchez JI, López-Moreno HS, Ochoa-Terán A, Osuna-Martínez U, Beltrán-López E. Synthesis of new quinazolin-2,4-diones as anti-Leishmania mexicana agents. Mol Divers 2016; 20:821-828. [DOI: 10.1007/s11030-016-9693-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2016] [Accepted: 08/07/2016] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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