Turmeric (Curcuma longa) attenuates food allergy symptoms by regulating type 1/type 2 helper T cells (Th1/Th2) balance in a mouse model of food allergy

Characterization of the potential allergenicity of enzymatically hydrolyzed casein in Balb/c mouse model

Bovine casein is a major allergen present in cow milk to induce anaphylaxis. In this study, the potential allergenicity of enzymatically hydrolyzed casein (HC) was evaluated based on in vitro and in vivo. The results showed that Alcalase and Protamex treatment (AT, PT) reduced the potential allergenicity of CN, with the greatest reductions of 68.25% and 50.75%, respectively. In addition, in vivo results showed that HC effectively alleviated allergic response symptoms of Balb/c mice; a significant tendency toward decreased serum IgG1 and mast cell tryptase levels was observed, accompanied by a decrease of Th2-associated IL-4, IL-5, and IL-13 and an increase of IFN-γ levels in spleen. Moreover, the inflammation of the lung, jejunum, and ileum was remarkably ameliorated. The findings indicated that HC induced a shift toward Th1 response and maintained the Th1/Th2 immune balance. Importantly, our results provide the basis for the production of hypoallergenic dairy products.

Curcumin effects on age-related changes in oral immunity: an in vivo study

The current study aimed to investigate the effects of ageing on oral immunity using β-defensin (DEFB) 1/2 as a marker and evaluate the effects of curcumin (CUR) on these processes. The study sample included thirty male C57BL/6J mice divided into three groups based on the treatment method used. The young control (YC) and old control (OC) groups received 0·5 % methylcellulose-400 (CUR vehicle) orally for 5 days, whereas the CUR group of older mice received a CUR solution suspended in 0·5 % methylcellulose-400 (dose: 3·0 mg/kg body). DEFB1/2 and immune indicator levels were measured in the saliva and salivary glands post-treatment. The saliva volume and protein content were significantly reduced in the OC group compared with the YC group. CUR administration restored these parameters, decreased DEFB1 expression in the salivary gland and increased DEFB1/2 secretion and DEFB2 expression. These findings were supported by epigenetic gene regulation and partial cytokine activation from changes in WD40 repeat protein 5, TNF alpha and IL-1beta. CUR can partially restore age-related changes in oral immune responses and promote oral health, thereby preventing frailty in the older population through a nutritional therapeutic pathway.

The properties and mechanism of action of plant immunomodulators in regulation of immune response - A narrative review focusing on Curcuma longa L., Panax ginseng C. A. Meyer and Moringa oleifera Lam

Herbal treatments have been utilized for millennia to cure a variety of ailments. There are over 20, 000 herbal remedies available to treat cancer and other disease in humans. In Ayurveda, traditional plants having revitalizing and nourishing characteristics are known as "Rasayanas." They have anti-inflammatory, anticancer, anti-microbicidal, antiviral, and immunomodulatory effects on the immune system. Immunomodulation is a mechanism through which the body stimulates, suppresses, or boosts the immune system to maintain homeostasis. Plant-derived immunomodulators are typically phytocompounds, including carbohydrates, phenolics, lipids, alkaloids, terpenoids, organosulfur, and nitrogen-containing chemicals. Immunomodulation activity of phytocompounds from traditional plants is primarily mediated through macrophage activation, phagocytosis stimulation, peritoneal macrophage stimulation, lymphoid cell stimulation, and suppression or enhancement of specific and non-specific cellular immune systems via numerous signalling pathways. Despite extensive research, the precise mechanism of immunomodulation of most traditional plants has not yet been fully elucidated, justifying the need for further experimentation. Therefore, this review describes the immunomodulatory agents from traditional plants such as Curcuma longa L., Panax ginseng C.A. Meyer, and Moringa oleifera Lam, further highlighting the common molecular targets and immunomodulatory mechanism involved in eradicating diseases.

Effects of rosmarinic acid on immune response and intestinal microbiota in ovalbumin-induced intestinal allergy mice

BACKGROUND

Rosmarinic acid (RA) is an active polyphenol that is widely found in various edible herbs. This study explored the potential anti-allergic activities and the underlying mechanisms of RA in ovalbumin (OVA)-induced intestinal allergic mice.

RESULTS

Forty female BALB/c mice were randomly divided into five groups: control group, model group (OVA sensitized/challenged), RA-Low group (OVA sensitized/challenged, 30 mg kg-1 RA intervention), RA-Middle group (OVA sensitized/challenged, 90 mg kg-1 RA intervention) and RA-High group (OVA sensitized/challenged, 270 mg kg-1 RA intervention). RA effectively attenuated allergic reactions, including alleviating allergic symptoms and regulating the hypothermia of mice in the model group. Moreover, the anaphylactic mediator (OVA-specific IgE, histamine and mMCP-1) levels of OVA allergic mice were markedly decreased after RA intervention. Quantitative polymerase chain reaction analysis showed that RA significantly inhibited Th2 cytokine expression, while Th1 and Treg cytokines were markedly increased. 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis indicated that RA effectively regulated the richness and diversity of the intestinal microbiota in OVA allergic mice. At the phylum level, the relative abundance of Bacteroidetes and Firmicutes and the Firmicutes/Bacteroidetes ratio were altered by RA intervention. At the genus level, RA was found to regulate the disturbances in the relative abundance of Muribaculaceae, Lactobacillus and Prevotella.

CONCLUSION

RA exhibited potential anti-allergic activity in OVA allergic mice by regulating hypersensitive immune responses and the intestinal microbiota structure. These results provide important evidence that RA can be developed into a novel functional food-derived ingredient against food allergy. © 2023 Society of Chemical Industry.

Leaves and pseudostems extract of Curcuma longa attenuates immunoglobulin E/bovine serum albumin-stimulated bone marrow-derived cultured mast cell activation and passive cutaneous anaphylaxis in BALB/c mice

ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE

Curcuma longa, known as turmeric, is an herbaceous perennial plant belonging to the genus Curcuma. It is dispersed throughout tropical and subtropical regions worldwide. Since ancient times, turmeric has been used as an ethnomedicinal plant in the Ayurvedic system, particularly in Asian countries. Rhizomes of turmeric possess several pharmacological properties that give high value as a medicinal remedy for treating a range of conditions, including inflammation, pain, allergies, and digestive issues. Moreover, turmeric leaves and pseudostems also contain a variety of health-enhancing secondary metabolites, such as curcumin, flavonoids, and other phenolic compounds, which exhibit anti-inflammatory, antitumor, antibacterial, and antioxidant properties.

AIM OF THE STUDY

Allergic diseases are a group of immune-mediated disorders mainly caused by an immunoglobulin E (IgE)-dependent immunological response to an innocuous allergen. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the effect of leaves and pseudostems extract of turmeric (TLSWE-8510) on IgE/bovine serum albumin (BSA)-stimulated allergic responses in mouse bone marrow-derived cultured mast cells (BMCMCs) and passive cutaneous anaphylaxis (PCA) in BALB/c mice.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

The effect of TLSWE-8510 on mast cell degranulation has been evaluated by investigating the release of β-hexosaminidase and histamine in IgE/BSA-stimulated BMCMCs. Additionally, anti-allergic properties of TLSWE-8510 on IgE/BSA-stimulated BMCMCs were investigated using suppression of nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB), and spleen tyrosine kinase (Syk)-linker for T-cell activation (LAT)-extracellular-signal-regulated kinase (ERK)-GRB2 associated binding protein 2 (Gab2) signaling pathway and downregulation of allergy-related cytokines and chemokines expression. Furthermore, in vivo, studies were conducted using IgE-mediated PCA in BALB/c mice.

RESULTS

TLSWE-8510 treatment significantly inhibited the degranulation of IgE/BSA-stimulated BMCMCs by inhibiting the release of β-hexosaminidase and histamine dose-dependently. Additionally, TLSWE-8510 reduced the expression of high-affinity IgE receptors (Fc epsilon receptor I-FcεRI) on the surface of BMCMCs and the binding of IgE to FcεRI. Besides, the expression of cytokines and chemokines is triggered by IgE/BSA stimulation via activating the allergy-related signaling pathways. TLSWE-8510 dose-dependently downregulated the mRNA expression and the production of allergy-related cytokines (interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-3, IL-4, IL-5, IL-6, IL-13, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, and interferon (IFN)-γ), and chemokines (thymus and activation-regulated chemokine (TARC), and regulated upon activation, normal T cell expressed and secreted (RANTES)) by regulating the phosphorylation of downstream signaling molecules, NF-κB, and Syk, LAT, ERK and Gab2 in IgE/BSA-stimulated BMCMCs. Moreover, PCA reaction in IgE/BSA-stimulated BALB/c mice ears was effectively decreased by TLSWE-8510 treatment in a dose-dependent manner.

CONCLUSIONS

These results collectively demonstrated that TLSWE-8510 suppressed mast cell degranulation by inhibiting the release of chemical mediators related to allergies. TLSWE-8510 downregulated the allergy-related cytokines and chemokines expression and phosphorylation of downstream signaling molecules in IgE/BSA-stimulated BMCMCs. Furthermore, in vivo studies with IgE-mediated PCA reaction in the BALB/c mice ears were attenuated by TLSWE-8510 treatment. These findings revealed that TLSWE-8510 has the potential as a therapeutic agent for the treatment of allergic diseases.

Protective effect of Achyranthes aspera against compound 48/80, histamine and ovalbumin-induced allergic disorders in murine model

BACKGROUND

Achyranthes aspera L. (family Amaranthaceae) is a plant species valued in Ayurveda for the treatment of respiratory ailments. Scientific validation of its antiallergic potential was aimed.

METHODS AND RESULTS

Three extracts of A. aspera [aqueous (AaAq), hydroalcoholic (AaHA), ethanolic (AaEt)] were evaluated for their potency against C48/80-induced anaphylaxis in mice at 200 mg/kg BW oral dose. The effective dose of the most potent extract was determined through its effect on C48/80-induced anaphylaxis, and was further analyzed through its effect on mast cell degranulation, histamine-induced bronchospasm and ovalbumin (OVA)-induced asthma in a murine model. Among the three extracts, AaAq was found to be most potent at 200 mg/kg BW. AaAq 400 (400 mg/kg BW) was found to be the most effective dose in terms of inhibition of mortality and histamine level. AaAq 400 prevented the peritoneal and mesenteric mast cells from undergoing morphological changes due to degranulation induced by C48/80. Further, AaAq 400 delayed pre-convulsive time in histamine-induced bronchospasm. In the OVA-induced asthma model, AaAq 400 inhibited the level of inflammatory cell count in blood, bronchoalveolar lavage fluid and peritoneal fluid of mice. The Th2 cytokines (IL-4, IL-5, IL-13), TGF-β and OVA-specific IgE were also reduced as evaluated by ELISA. Also, significant reduction in IL-5 (an eosinophilia indicator) transcript abundance and lung inflammatory score was observed. AaAq was safe up to 4000 mg/kg BW.

CONCLUSIONS

Thus AaAq 400 possesses significant antiallergic potential and acts via attenuation of C48/80-induced anaphylaxis and inhibition of mast cell degranulation. It reduces pre-convulsive dyspnea in histamine-induced bronchospasm and Th2 cytokines in asthmatic mice.

Effects and potential mechanisms of Saposhnikovia divaricata (Turcz.) Schischk. On type I allergy and pseudoallergic reactions in vitro and in vivo

ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE

The incidence of allergic disease is constantly increasing, but its pathogenesis is not fully understood. Saposhnikovia divaricata (SD), called 'Fangfeng' in China, not only can be used for antipyretic, analgesic and anti-inflammatory as a traditional Chinese medicine, but also as an active ingredient in about 8% prescriptions. However, its effects on type I allergy and pseudoallergy have not been clarified.

AIM OF THE STUDY

To explore the treatment and potential mechanisms of SD and its major bioactive component Prim-O-glucosylcimifugin (POG) on type I allergy and pseudoallergy in vitro and in vivo.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

The inhibitory effect of SD decoction and POG on type I allergy and its possible mechanism were evaluated by using RBL-2H3 cells model in vitro and the passive cutaneous anaphylaxis (PCA) mouse model in vivo. The cell degranulation of RBL-2H3 cells induced by DNP-IgE/DNP-BSA and Compound 48/80 (C48/80) was investigated, and the molecules of degranulation related signaling pathway was further detected by qRT-PCR and Western Blot analysis. Meanwhile, therapeutic effect of SD Decoction and POG were evaluated using PCA models in vivo. The molecular docking technology was conducted to explore the potential mechanisms.

RESULTS

In cells model induced by DNP-IgE/DNP-BSA, the release rate of β-Hex in high dose of SD and POG groups were 43.79% and 57.01%, and the release amount of HA in high dose of SD and POG groups were 26.19 ng/mL and 24.20 ng/mL. They were significantly lower than that in the model group. Besides, SD decoction and POG could significantly inhibit intracellular Ca2+ increasing and cell apoptosis. But there is no obvious effect on cells degranulation induced by C48/80. The molecular docking results showed that 5-O-Methylvisamioside and POG could bind with FcεRI α with stronger binding ability, but weak binding ability to Mrgprx2. Moreover, qPCR and Western blot analyses indicated that SD could down-regulate Lyn/Syk/PLCγ, MAPK and PI3K/AKT/NF-κB signal pathway to inhibit IgE-dependent cell degranulation. In mice PCA model, both SD and POG could dose-dependently attenuate the Evans Blue extravasation, paw and ear swelling induced by DNP-IgE/DNP-BSA, but no significant inhibition under the PCA models induced by C48/80.

CONCLUSION

In conclusion, SD is effective for the therapeutic of type I allergies, suggesting that SD is a potential candidate for the treatment of type I allergy, and the underlying mechanism of these effects needs to be further studied.

Dietary Polyphenols-Natural Bioactive Compounds with Potential for Preventing and Treating Some Allergic Conditions

In light of the constantly increasing prevalence of allergic diseases, changes in dietary patterns have been suggested as a plausible environmental explanation for the development and progression of these diseases. Nowadays, much attention has been paid to the development of dietary interventions using natural substances with anti-allergy activities. In this respect, dietary polyphenols have been studied extensively as one of the most prominent natural bioactive compounds with well-documented anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and immunomodulatory properties. This review aims to discuss the mechanisms underlying the potential anti-allergic actions of polyphenols related to their ability to reduce protein allergenicity, regulate immune response, and gut microbiome modification; however, these issues need to be elucidated in detail. This paper reviews the current evidence from experimental and clinical studies confirming that various polyphenols such as quercetin, curcumin, resveratrol, catechins, and many others could attenuate allergic inflammation, alleviate the symptoms of food allergy, asthma, and allergic rhinitis, and prevent the development of allergic immune response. Conclusively, dietary polyphenols are endowed with great anti-allergic potential and therefore could be used either for preventive approaches or therapeutic interventions in relation to allergic diseases. Limitations in studying and widespread use of polyphenols as well as future research directions are also discussed.

Plant Food Dyes with Antioxidant Properties and Allergies-Friend or Enemy?

Color is an important food attribute which increases its attractiveness, thus influencing consumer preferences and acceptance of food products. The characteristic color of fresh, raw food is due to natural dyes present in natural food sources. Food loses its natural color during processing or storage. Loss of natural color (e.g., graying) often reduces the appeal of a product to consumers. To increase the aesthetic value of food, natural or synthetic dyes are added to it. Interestingly, the use of food coloring to enhance food attractiveness and appetizing appearance has been practiced since antiquity. Food coloring can also cause certain health effects, both negative and positive. Dyes added to food, both natural and synthetic, are primarily chemical substances that may not be neutral to the body. Some of these substances have strong antioxidant properties. Thanks to this activity, they can also perform important pro-health functions, including antiallergic ones. On the other hand, as foreign substances, they can also cause various adverse food reactions, including allergic reactions of varying severity and anaphylactic shock. This article discusses food dyes of plant origins with antioxidant properties (anthocyanins, betanins, chlorophylls, carotenoids, and curcumin) and their relationship with allergy, both as sensitizing agents and immunomodulatory agents with potential antiallergic properties.

Reduced Allergenicity of Shrimp (Penaeus vannamei) by Altering the Protein Fold, Digestion Susceptibility, and Allergen Epitopes

The mechanism by which thermal/pressure processing influences the allergenicity of shrimp (Penaeus vannamei) was explored by anaphylaxis in mice, the protein structure, gastrointestinal digestion, and linear epitopes. Roasting induced the unfolding of the structure, which may reduce the allergenicity, but it made more linear epitopes to be exposed, causing mice to exhibit similar systemic anaphylaxis as mice fed with the raw shrimp protein (p > 0.05). However, the roasted + reverse-pressure-sterilized shrimp can significantly reduce specific antibodies, mast cell degranulation, vascular permeability, and histopathological morphology in mice compared with the raw and roasted shrimp (p < 0.05) because reverse-pressure sterilization causes protein to aggregate, hiding the heat/digested stable epitopes of arginine kinase (Glu59-Ser63, Asn112-Lys118, Leu131-Phe136, and Ser158-Glu162) and sarcoplasmic calcium-binding protein (Asn57-Phe67, Ser159-Cys165, and Glu126-Ala130) inside a 3D structure, while gastrointestinal digestion can destroy immunodominant, minor epitopes and the epitopes exposed by roasting. Meanwhile, the low binding frequency of IgE to troponin C was also responsible for maintaining the hypoallergenicity of shrimp.

Inhibitory Effect of Bisdemethoxycurcumin on DNCB-Induced Atopic Dermatitis in Mice

Atopic dermatitis (AD) is a common chronic inflammatory skin disease. Bisdemethoxycurcumin (BDMC) is an ingredient from the rhizome of the traditional Chinese herbal medicine turmeric. BDMC has been reported to have important pharmacological properties, such as anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, antitumor and antiproliferative activities. However, its effect on atopic dermatitis has not been reported. The purpose of our study was to demonstrate the effectiveness of BDMC on TNF-α/IFNγ-stimulated HaCaT cells and on 2,4-dinitrochlorobenzene (DNCB)-induced AD mice. Our studies showed in vitro that BDMC was able to significantly inhibit the mRNA expression of chemokines and cytokines in TNF-α/IFN-γ-stimulated HaCaT cells and alleviate their inflammatory response. Our studies found in vivo that BDMC was able to significantly improve the symptoms of DNCB-induced AD skin lesions, decrease the number of scratches, ear thickness, and spleen index, improve inflammatory cells and mast cell infiltration and decrease skin thickness. Moreover, it was also able to inhibit the mRNA expression levels of chemokines and inflammatory cytokines and the activation of the MAPK and NF-κB signaling pathways. Thus, the results indicated that BDMC can improve atopic dermatitis in mice and that further clinical studies are warranted on its treatment of AD.

Network pharmacology-based analysis of the mechanism of Saposhnikovia divaricata for the treatment of type I allergy

CONTEXT

Saposhnikovia divaricata (Turcz.) Schischk (Apiaceae) (SD) has various pharmacological activities, but its effects on type I allergy (TIA) have not been comprehensively studied.

OBJECTIVE

This study evaluates the treatment and molecular mechanisms of SD against TIA.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

The effective components and action targets of SD were screened using TCMSP database, and allergy-related targets of SD were predicted using GeneCards and OMIM database. The obtained target intersections were imported into David database for GO analysis, and used R software to perform KEGG analysis. The RBL-2H3 cells sensitised by DNP-IgE/DNP-BSA were treated with different concentrations of SD (root decoction, 0.5, 1, and 2 mg/mL), prim-O-glucosylcimifugin (POG, 10, 40, and 80 μg/mL) and the positive control drug-ketotifen fumarate (KF, 30 μM) for 12 h, then subjected to cell degranulation and qPCR analysis.

RESULTS

Eighteen active compounds of SD and 38 intersection targets were obtained: TIA-related signal pathways mainly include calcium signal pathway, PI3K-Akt signal pathway and MAPK signal pathway. Taking the β-Hex release rate of the model group as the base, the release rate of SD and POG in high dose groups were 43.79% and 57.01%, respectively, which were significantly lower than model group (p < 0.01), and significantly lower than KF group (63.83%, p < 0.01, p < 0.05). SD and POG could down-regulate the expression of related proteins in the Lyn/Syk, PI3K/AKT and MAPK signalling pathways.

DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION

Saposhnikovia divaricata could inhibit IgE-induced degranulation of mast cells, providing a scientific basis for further research and clinical applications of SD in TIA treatment.

Therapeutic potency of curcumin for allergic diseases: A focus on immunomodulatory actions

In light of increasing research evidence on the molecular mechanisms of allergic diseases, the crucial roles of innate and acquired immunity in the disease's pathogenesis have been well highlighted. In this respect, much attention has been paid to the modulation of unregulated and unabated inflammatory responses aiming to suppress pathologic immune responses in treating allergic diseases. One of the most important natural compounds with a high potency of immune modulation is curcumin, an active polyphenol compound derived from turmeric, Curcuma longa L. Curcumin's immunomodulatory action mainly arises from its interactions with an extensive collection of immune cells such as mast cells, eosinophils, epithelial cells, basophils, neutrophils, and lymphocytes. Up to now, there has been no detailed investigation of curcumin's immunomodulatory actions in allergic diseases. So, the present review study aims to prepare an overview of the immunomodulatory effects of curcumin on the pathologic innate immune responses and dysregulated functions of T helper (T_H) subtypes, including T_H1, T_H2, T_H17, and regulator T cells (Tregs) by gathering evidence from several studies of In-vitro and In-vivo. As the second aim of the present review, we also discuss some novel strategies to overcome the limitation of curcumin in clinical use. Finally, this review also assesses the therapeutic potential of curcumin regarding its immunomodulatory actions in allergic diseases.

Effects of curcumin-piperine supplementation on systemic immunity in young women with premenstrual syndrome and dysmenorrhea: A randomized clinical trial

INTRODUCTION

Premenstrual syndrome (PMS) and primary dysmenorrhea (PD) are common gynecological complications and there is evidence that inflammation may be an important factor in their etiology. There is a relationship between PMS and PD with susceptibility to allergic disorders. We aimed to assess the effect of curcumin co-administered with piperine on serum IL-10, IL-12 and IgE levels in patients with PD and PMS.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

A sample of 80 patients were recruited to this triple-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial. Participants were randomly allocated to curcumin (n = 40) and control groups (n = 40). Each participant received one capsule (500 mg of curcuminoid plus piperine, or placebo) daily, from 7 days before until 3 days after menstruation for three consecutive menstrual cycles.

RESULTS

Serum IgE, IL-10 and IL-12 levels were quantified by using an ELISA kit. No significant differences were found between the two groups at baseline, including: age, BMI, and dietary intakes (P > 0.05). Curcumin + piperine treatment was associated with a significant reduction in the mean serum levels of IgE [from 223.6 ± 258.7 IU/mL to 161.3 ± 240.7; P = 0.001]; but there were no significant changes in the placebo group (P = 0.12). Serum concentrations of IL-10 and IL-12 before and after the trial period did not differ significantly between the two groups (P > 0.05).

CONCLUSION

Curcumin plus piperine might be have positive effect on serum IgE levels with no significant changes on serum IL-10 and IL-12 in healthy young women with PMS and PD. Studies with higher doses and longer durations of treatment with curcumin are required to confirm these findings.

Whole course of treatment of autoimmune progesterone dermatitis that had spontaneously resolved during pregnancy: A case report and review of the literature

Anaphylaxis due to autoimmune progesterone dermatitis is a rare but severe allergic disease in women. The clinical manifestations of APD are diverse, and a proper understanding of the disease can help even diagnose and treat it. A case of autoimmune progesterone dermatitis related in our department is reported as follows. She developed a rash with severe pruritus that was highly consistent with her menstrual cycle without any trigger 10 years ago. Laboratory tests were unremarkable. But all the symptoms disappeared during her pregnancy and resurfaced after the miscarriage. Two years ago, after a positive progesterone intradermal test confirmed the diagnosis of PH, she was given mifepristone, contraceptives(OCPs), and skin embedding treatment, and her symptoms improved.

Effect of the harvest period on the structure and anti-allergic activity of Porphyra haitanensis polysaccharides

Polysaccharides are a major functional component of seaweeds with various biological activities. Porphyra haitanensis is usually harvested in different growth periods, but how the harvest periods influence the Porphyra haitanensis polysaccharide (PHP) activity is unclear. This work aimed to evaluate the anti-allergic activity of PHP from different harvest periods and investigate the potential structure-activity relationship. The water-soluble polysaccharide of P. haitanensis from three different harvest periods was purified and administered to an ovalbumin-sensitized food allergy mouse model. Results showed that PHPs significantly alleviated the allergic symptoms and reduced the production of histamine and allergen-specific IgE. Further experiments elucidated that PHPs suppressed the allergic activity of intestinal epithelial cells, dendritic cells, and Th2 cells and downregulated the proportion of Th2 cells. Noticeably, the molecular weight and sulfate content gradually decreased as the harvest period was delayed; simultaneously, the anti-allergic activity gradually increased, implying a relationship between the harvest period, structure, and anti-allergic activity of PHPs. This work elucidated the anti-allergic activity of PHPs from different harvest periods, facilitated the deep-processing and efficient application of Porphyra haitanensis, and shed light on the development of novel anti-allergic functional foods.

Computational approach to decode the mechanism of curcuminoids against neuropathic pain

BACKGROUND

Curcumin (CUR), demethoxycurcumin (DMC) and bisdemethoxycurcumin (BDMC) are the main components of turmeric that commonly used to treat neuropathic pain (NP). However, the mechanism of the therapy is not sufficiently clarified. Herein, network pharmacology, molecular docking and molecular dynamics (MD) approaches were used to investigate the mechanism of curcuminoids for NP treatment.

METHODS

Active targets of curcuminoids were obtained from the Swiss Target database, and NP-related targets were retrieved from GeneCards, OMIM, Drugbank and TTD databases. A protein-protein interaction (PPI) network was built to screen the core targets. Furthermore, DAVID was used for GO and KEGG pathway enrichment analyses. Interactions between potential targets and curcuminoids were assessed by molecular docking and the MD simulations were run for 100ns to validate the docking results on the top six complexes.

RESULTS

CUR, DMC, and BDMC had 100, 99 and 100 targets respectively. After overlapping with NP there were 33, 33 and 31 targets respectively. PPI network analysis of TOP 10 core targets, TNF, GSK3β were common targets of curcuminoids. Molecular docking and MD results indicated that curcuminoids bind strongly with the core targets. The GO and KEGG showed that curcuminoids regulated nitrogen metabolism, the serotonergic synapse and ErbB signaling pathway to alleviate NP. Furthermore, specific targets in these three compounds were also analysed at the same time.

CONCLUSIONS

This study systematically explored and compared the anti-NP mechanism of curcuminoids, providing a novel perspective for their utilization.

Curcumin as a Natural Approach of Periodontal Adjunctive Treatment and Its Immunological Implications: A Narrative Review

Scaling and root planing represent the gold standard in the treatment of periodontal disease, but these therapeutic methods cannot eliminate the remaining periodontopathogenic bacteria in cement, tubules, and periodontal soft tissue. Thus, a number of additional therapeutic means have been adopted, including local and systemic antibiotic therapy, as well as the use of photodynamic therapy techniques. Recently, special attention has been paid to potential phytotherapeutic means in the treatment of periodontal disease. In this review, we aim to present the effects generated by the extract of Curcuma longa, the various forms of application of turmeric as an additional therapeutic means, as well as the aspects related to its biotolerance.

Curcumin as a Natural Approach of Periodontal Adjunctive Treatment and Its Immunological Implications: A Narrative Review

Scaling and root planing represent the gold standard in the treatment of periodontal disease, but these therapeutic methods cannot eliminate the remaining periodontopathogenic bacteria in cement, tubules, and periodontal soft tissue. Thus, a number of additional therapeutic means have been adopted, including local and systemic antibiotic therapy, as well as the use of photodynamic therapy techniques. Recently, special attention has been paid to potential phytotherapeutic means in the treatment of periodontal disease. In this review, we aim to present the effects generated by the extract of Curcuma longa, the various forms of application of turmeric as an additional therapeutic means, as well as the aspects related to its biotolerance.

Curcuma longa and curcumin affect respiratory and allergic disorders, experimental and clinical evidence: A comprehensive and updated review

Curcuma longa and its constituents, mainly curcumin, showed various of pharmacological effects in previous studies. This review article provides updated and comprehensive experimental and clinical evidence regarding the effects of C. longa and curcumin on respiratory, allergic, and immunologic disorders. Using appropriate keywords, databases including PubMed, Science Direct, and Scopus were searched until the end of October 2021. C. longa extracts and its constituent, curcumin, showed the relaxant effect on tracheal smooth muscle, which indicates their bronchodilatory effect in obstructive pulmonary diseases. The preventive effects of extracts of C. longa and curcumin were shown in experimental animal models of different respiratory diseases through antioxidant, immunomodulatory, and anti-inflammatory mechanisms. C. longa and curcumin also showed preventive effects on some lung disorders in the clinical studies. It was shown that the effects of C. longa on pulmonary diseases were mainly due to its constituent, curcumin. Pharmacological effects of C. longa extracts and curcumin on respiratory, allergic, and immunologic disorders indicate the possible therapeutic effect of the plant and curcumin on these diseases.

Food Allergy-Induced Autism-Like Behavior is Associated with Gut Microbiota and Brain mTOR Signaling

Purpose

Food allergy-induced autism-like behavior has been increasing for decades, but the causal drivers of this association are unclear. We sought to test the association of gut microbiota and mammalian/mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR) signaling with cow’s milk allergy (CMA)-induced autism pathogenesis.

Methods

Mice were sensitized intragastrically with whey protein containing cholera toxin before sensitization on intraperitoneal injection with whey-containing alum, followed by intragastric allergen challenge to induce experimental CMA. The food allergic immune responses, ASD-like behavioral tests and changes in the mTOR signaling pathway and gut microbial community structure were performed.

Results

CMA mice showed autism-like behavioral abnormalities and several distinct biomarkers. These include increased levels of 5-hydroxymethylcytosine (5-hmC) in the hypothalamus; c-Fos were predominantly located in the region of the lateral orbital prefrontal cortex (PFC), but not ventral; decreased serotonin 1A in amygdala and PFC. CMA mice exhibited a specific microbiota signature characterized by coordinate changes in the abundance of taxa of several bacterial genera, including the Lactobacillus. Interestingly, the changes were accompanied by promoted mTOR signaling in the brain of CMA mice.

Conclusion

We found that disease-associated microbiota and mTOR activation may thus play a pathogenic role in the intestinal, immunological, and psychiatric Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD)-like symptoms seen in CAM associated autism. However, this is only a preliminary study, and their mechanisms require further investigation.

Bisdemethoxycurcumin attenuates OVA‑induced food allergy by inhibiting the MAPK and NF‑κB signaling pathways

Bisdemethoxycurcumin (BDMC) is an important ingredient derived from turmeric in addition to curcumin. It has been reported that BDMC can be used to treat mast cell-mediated allergic diseases. In the present study, a food allergy (FA) murine model sensitized by intraperitoneal injection followed by oral challenge with ovalbumin (OVA) was established. BDMC was orally administered at 100 and 200 mg/kg for 11 days in the challenge phase to treat OVA-induced FA mice. FA symptoms such as diarrhea score, anaphylactic symptom score and rectal temperature were recorded. Intestinal tissue was also observed by hematoxylin and eosin staining. In addition, other allergic indicators were also analyzed by ELISA and western blot analysis. The present study demonstrated that BDMC could suppress the decreases in rectal temperature, diarrhea and anaphylactic symptoms in FA mice. BDMC could also ameliorate the inflammation of intestinal tissues in FA mice. BDMC not only decreased the production of OVA-specific immunoglobulin (OVA-sIg)E, IgG1, histamine, mouse mast cell protease-1, diamine oxidase, cytokines (IL-4, IL-5 and IL-13) but increased cytokines interferon-γ production. The protein expression results showed that the levels of Gata-3 were decreased but T-bet levels were increased. Furthermore, compared with the OVA group, phosphorylated (p)-p38, p-JNK, p-ERK and p-NF-κBp65 levels were decreased and p-IκBα level was increased. In conclusion, the results showed that BDMC possessed a protective effect on FA. Furthermore, BDMC was able to regulate the T-helper cells (Th)1/Th2 immune balance and inhibit the activation of MAPK and NF-κB pathways in FA mice.

The modulation and mechanism of probiotic-derived polysaccharide capsules on the immune response in allergic diseases

Allergic diseases, derived from the dysregulation of immune tolerance mechanisms, have been rising in the last two decades. Recently, increasing evidence has shown that probiotic-derived polysaccharide capsules exhibit a protective effect against allergic diseases, involving regulation of Th1/Th2 balance, induction of differentiation of T regulatory cells and activation of dendritic cells (DCs). DCs have a central role in controlling the immune response through their interaction with gut microbiota via their pattern recognition receptors, including Toll-like receptors and C-type-lectin receptors. This review discusses the effects and critical mechanism of probiotic-derived polysaccharide capsules in regulating the immune system to alleviate allergic diseases. We first describe the development of immune response in allergic diseases and recent relevant findings. Particular emphasis is placed on the effects of probiotic-derived polysaccharide capsules on allergic immune response. Then, we discuss the underlying mechanism of the impact of probiotic-derived polysaccharide capsules on DCs-mediated immune tolerance induction.

MALAT1 Induces Food Allergy by Promoting Release of IL-6 from Dendritic Cells and Suppressing the Immunomodulatory Function of Tregs

Background

Dendritic cells (DCs) comprise a valuable target for immune-modulation in food allergy (FA). Long noncoding RNA (lncRNA), metastasis associated lung adenocarcinoma transcript 1 (MALAT1) has immunomodulatory capacities and may influence the outcome of DC antigen presentation. However, the precise molecular mechanisms underlying the implication of MALAT1 in FA remain unclear.

Methods

BALB/c mice were sensitized to ovalbumin in accordance with a model of FA protocol and injected with adenovirus. After modeling, immunohistochemistry was performed to analyze the jejunal tissues of FA mice and hematoxylin-eosin staining and toluidine blue staining were performed to detect inflammation and mast cell numbers. Ovalbumin-sensitized mice were monitored for symptoms of diarrhea and rectal temperature. Immature DCs were stimulated by oxidized low density lipoprotein to trigger their maturation.

Results

MALAT1 was found highly expressed in mice with FA, and its silencing relieved allergic reactions with reduction in intestinal inflammatory cells and mast cells in FA mice. MALAT1 aggravated symptoms by downregulating zinc finger protein 36 (ZFP36). MALAT1 also downregulated ZFP36 expression to promote interleukin-6 (IL-6) secretion by DCs and maturation of DCs, with increased serum-specific immunoglobulin E (IgE) and IgG1 levels.

Conclusion

Together, these data suggested that therapeutically blocking MALAT1 in FA could reduce the severity of FA by decreasing secretion of IL-6 by DCs and suppressing the immunomodulation of Tregs.

Probiotic strains alleviated OVA-induced food allergy in mice by regulating the gut microbiota and improving the level of indoleacrylic acid in fecal samples

Food allergy (FA) is a common immune disorder caused by food antigens. Probiotic strains showed alleviating effects on FA, such as the alleviation of FA pathological symptoms, serum OVA-sIgE levels, and the gut microbiota diversity and composition. The results showed that intragastric administration of Lactiplantibacillus plantarum CCFM1189, Limosilactobacillus reuteri CCFM1190, and Bifidobacterium longum CCFM1029 alleviated the weight loss and FA pathological symptoms of FA mice and decreased OVA-specific IgE and histamine (HIS) levels. CCFM1189 and CCFM1190 decreased IL-4, IL-5, and IL-13 levels, while CCFM1189 and CCFM 1029 decreased IL-17 levels. The gut microbiota analysis demonstrated that CCFM1189 increased the abundance of Akkermansia, while CCFM1190 improved immune regulation bacteria such as Faecalibaculum. CCFM1029 increased Bifidobacterium and the bacteria involved in short-chain fatty acid (SCFA) production, such as Dubosiella. L. plantarum CCFM1189 and L. reuteri CCFM1190 improved indoleacrylic acid levels in mouse fecal samples using untargeted metabolomics analysis. In conclusion, CCFM1189, CCFM1190, and CCFM1029 decreased Th2 immune responses and alleviated FA pathological symptoms by regulating the gut microbiota diversity and composition, and altering gut microbial metabolites, which could provide support in clinical tests and probiotic production in the future.

Lycopene intake induces colonic regulatory T cells in mice and suppresses food allergy symptoms

BACKGROUND

Food allergy (FA) is a common disease in children; thus, a high level of safety is required for its prevention and treatment. Colonic regulatory T cells (Tregs) have been suggested to attenuate FA. We investigated the Treg-inducing ability and anti-FA effects of carotenoids, a pigment contained in vegetables and fruits.

METHODS

C57BL/6N mice were fed a diet containing 0.01% (w/w) of lycopene, β-carotene, astaxanthin or lutein for 4 weeks, and the population of colonic Tregs was assessed. Subsequently, to evaluate the Treg-inducing ability of lycopene, splenic naïve CD4⁺ T cells from BALB/c mice were cultured with anti-CD3/CD28 antibody, TGF-β and lycopene, and the frequencies of Tregs were examined. The effect of 0.1% (w/w) lycopene containing diet on FA was investigated in OVA-induced FA model BALB/c mice.

RESULTS

In screening, only lycopene significantly increased the frequency and number of colonic Tregs. Lycopene also increased Treg differentiation in splenic naïve CD4⁺ T cells. In FA mice, lycopene feeding significantly increased the number of colonic Tregs and attenuated allergic symptoms. The expression levels of IL-4, IL-9 and IL-13 mRNA in colonic mucosa were also significantly reduced by lycopene. IL-9 is known to induce proliferation of mast cells, and we found that lycopene feeding significantly reduced the number of mast cells in the colonic mucosa of FA mice.

CONCLUSION

Our results suggest that lycopene, a carotenoid present in many common foods on the market, may have the potential to induce colonic Tregs and suppress FA symptoms.

The Effect of Curcuma longa on Inflammatory Mediators and Immunological, Oxidant, and Antioxidant Biomarkers in Asthmatic Rats

The effects of Curcuma longa (C. longa) on total and differential WBC, inflammatory and immunologic mediators, and oxidant and antioxidant biomarkers in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) of rats model of asthma were assessed. Animals were divided to 5 groups including control (C), asthma (sensitized to ovalbumin), and asthmatic groups treated with 0.75, 1.50, and 3.00 mg/ml C. longa (CL) and 1.25 μg/ml dexamethasone (D) (8 rats in each group). Total and differential WBC count, concentrations of phospholipase A₂ (PLA₂), total protein (TP), interferon-gamma (IFN-γ), interleukin-4 (IL-4), immunoglobulin E (IgE), NO₂, NO₃, malondialdehyde (MDA), superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), and thiol in BALF were assessed. Total and most differential WBC counts and BALF levels of PLA₂, TP, IgE, IL-4, and oxidants in asthma group were higher but antioxidants and IFN-γ levels as well as IFN-γ/IL-4 ratio were lower than control group (p < 0.001 for all cases). Total WBC and levels of PLA₂, IgE, NO₂, and NO₃ were significantly reduced following treatment with C. longa, compared to asthma group (p < 0.001 for all cases). In groups treated with dexamethasone and two higher concentrations of C. longa, neutrophil and eosinophil counts as well as TP, IL-4, and MDA levels were significantly decreased but IFN-γ, IFN-γ/IL-4 ratio, and antioxidants were increased (except IFN-γ/IL-4 ratio), compared to asthma group (p < 0.05 to p < 0.001). Compared to dexamethasone, C. longa exerted more pronounced effects on lung inflammation, oxidative stress, and immune system in asthmatic rats.

Echinacea purpurea Extract Enhances Natural Killer Cell Activity In Vivo by Upregulating MHC II and Th1-type CD4+ T Cell Responses

There are a number of factors that cause immune system disruption, including infection caused by foreign antigens and decreased immunity due to excessive exercise, and public interest in improving immunity is growing. In this study, we investigate the immunomodulatory effects of Echinacea purpurea (E) extract in C57BL/6N mice that were exposed to a forced swimming exercise. There were six experimental groups as follows: wild-type, forced swimming exercise control, positive control (red ginseng, 300 mg/kg), and E (50, 100, and 200 mg/kg b.w.) groups. The mice were administered the E extract for 2 weeks. We detected chicoric acid, the active substance of E, through high-performance liquid chromatography and evaluated changes in the following laboratory values in response to forced swimming exercise using flow cytometry and ELISA: the major histocompatibility complex (MHC), CD4⁺ and CD8⁺ T cells, Th1 and Th2 cytokines, natural killer (NK) cell activity, and number of leukocytes. Oral E intake increased levels of MHC II, CD4⁺ T cells, Th1 cytokines, and NK cell activity. In addition, E treatment increased B cell proliferation, leukocyte counts, and immunoglobulin levels. Taken together, these results suggest that the chicoric acid of E can improve immune response by controlling NK cell activity, which may be a useful function for immunomodulation systems.

Preparation and in vitro bioactive evaluation of cashew-nut proteins hydrolysate as a potential source of anti-allergy peptides

This work proposes a novel potential source of antiallergens based on bioactive peptides. Cashew-nut protein hydrolysate with antiallergic activity was prepared from cashew nuts through protease treatment. The change in the antiallergic activity of cashew-nut protein hydrolysate during in vitro simulated digestion was investigated. Cashew-nut protein hydrolysates were prepared through treatment using five different enzymes, namely, Alcalase, Protamex, Neutrase, papain, and bromelin. According to the results of molecular weight distribution, more small molecular weight peptides could be obtained by selecting Alcalase protease than other proteases, and the degree of hydrolysis, trichloroacetic acid-soluble peptide yield and hyaluronidase inhibitory rate of the hydrolysate were 17.0 ± 61.52%, 26.28 ± 0.13% and 62.06% ± 5.07%, which were significantly higher than those of other proteases. Therefore, Alcalase is the most suitable protease for the preparation of cashew-nut hydrolysates. Cashew-nut protein hydrolysates prepared with Alcalase under optimum conditions were fractionated through ultrafiltration. Fractions with low molecular weight exhibited the highest hyaluronidase inhibitory rate (90.57%) among all fractions. The inhibition of hyaluronidase activity during digestion showed that cashew-nut protein hydrolysate III (CPH III) has persistent antiallergic activity. Therefore, CPH III could serve as a potential source of functional peptides with health-promoting effects.

Possible treatment with medicinal herbs and their ingredients of lung disorders induced by sulfur mustard exposures: a review

Chemical warfare (CW) agents are toxic synthetic chemicals that affect human's health, and sulfur mustard (SM) is a well-known chemical weapon that caused deaths of victims. The lung is the main target of SM exposure, and there are no definitive therapeutic modalities for lung injury induced by this agent. The possible therapeutic effects of medicinal plants and their active ingredients on lung injury induced by SM were reviewed in this article until the end of June 2021. Medicinal plants including Crocus sativus, Curcuma longa, Thymus vulgaris, Nigella sativa, and Zataria multiflora and also natural compounds showed therapeutic potential in improving of various features of lung injury induced by SM and other related chemical agents. Several studies showed therapeutic effects of some medicinal plants and natural products on lung inflammation, oxidative stress, and immune responses in experimental studies in SM-induced lung injury. In addition, clinical studies also showed the effect of medicinal plants and natural compounds on respiratory symptoms, pulmonary function tests (PFTs), and inflammatory markers. The therapeutic effects of medicinal plants and natural products on lung disorder induced by SM and related chemical agents were shown through amelioration of various features of lung injury.

Effects of enzymatic hydrolysis on the allergenicity of natural cow milk based on a BALB/c mouse model

Cow milk allergy is one of the most prevalent food allergies worldwide, particularly in infants and children. To the best of our knowledge, minimal research exists concerning the antigenicity of cow milk (CM). This study was performed to evaluate the allergenicity of enzymatically hydrolyzed cow milk (HM) in a BALB/c mouse model. The mice were randomly divided into 5 groups (n = 12/group), which were sensitized with phosphate-buffered saline, CM, and HM (Alcalase-, or Protamex-, or Flavorzyme-treated cow milk; Novo Nordisk; AT, PT, FT, respectively), respectively, using cholera toxin as adjuvant on d 0, 7, 14, 21. On d 28, the test mice were orally challenged with phosphate-buffered saline, CM, and HM (AT, PT, or FT) alone. Anaphylactic symptoms were monitored in the mice. Antibody, cytokine, histamine, and mouse mast cell protease-1 (mMCP-1) levels were measured using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays. In addition, the numbers of T helper (Th)1 and Th2 cells, as well as the proportions of CD4⁺CD25⁺Foxp3⁺ Treg cells, in mouse spleens were detected using flow cytometry. Statistical significance was determined by one-way ANOVA. The results revealed significant differences between CM- and HM-challenged mice. Among these, the clinical scores of HM-challenged mice (AT, 1.50; PT, 2.00; FT, 1.92) were lower than those of CM-challenged mice (positive control, 2.83), but body weight and temperature of HM-challenged mice were higher than those of CM-challenged mice. In addition, significant reductions of allergen-specific IgE, IgG, histamine, and mMCP-1 were showed in HM-challenged mice, especially for histamine, ranging from 171.42 ng/mL to 214.94 ng/mL. Remarkable reductions of IL-4, IL-5, and IL-13 levels, as well as elevations of interferon-γ and IL-10 levels in the spleens of HM-challenged mice were also detected. Moreover, the number of Th2 cells decreased in the HM-challenged mice, to 2.36% (AT), 1.79% (PT), and 4.03% (FT), respectively, whereas the numbers of Th1 cells (AT, 6.30%; PT, 6.70%; FT, 6.56%) and the proportions of CD4⁺CD25⁺Foxp3⁺Tregs (AT, 8.86%; PT, 9.21%; FT, 9.16%) increased significantly. Our findings indicate that exposure to HM was sufficient to induce a shift toward a Th1 response, thereby reducing potential allergenicity. Importantly, these results will lay a theoretical foundation for the development of hypoallergenic CM products.

The Role of Respiratory Flora in the Pathogenesis of Chronic Respiratory Diseases

Large quantities of bacteria, including Firmicutes, Actinobacteria, and Bacteroidetes, colonize the surface of the respiratory mucosa of healthy people. They interact and coexist with the local mucosal immune system of the human airway, maintaining the immune stability and balance of the respiratory system. While suffering from chronic respiratory diseases, the microbial population in the airway changes and the proportion of Proteobacteria is increased in patients with asthma. The abundance of the microbial population in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is decreased, and conversely, the proportion of Firmicutes and Proteobacteria increased. The diversity of airway microorganisms in cystic fibrosis (CF) patients is decreased, while pathogenic bacteria and conditional pathogenic bacteria are proliferated in large numbers. The proportion of Firmicutes and Proteobacteria is increased in patients with upper airway cough syndrome (UACS), which replaces the dominance of Streptococcus and Neisseria in the pharynx of a normal population. Therefore, a clear understanding of the immune process of the airway flora and the immune dysfunction of the flora on the pathogenesis of chronic respiratory diseases can provide new ideas for the prevention and treatment of human respiratory diseases.

Miquelianin Inhibits Allergic Responses in Mice by Suppressing CD4+ T Cell Proliferation

Allergic diseases, including atopic dermatitis (AD), induce type 2 helper T (Th2) cell-dominant immune responses. Miquelianin (quercetin 3-O-glucuronide, MQL) is an active compound in Rosae multiflorae fructus extract with anti-allergic properties. Here, we investigate the anti-allergic effects of MQL in an ovalbumin (OVA)-induced Th2-dominant mouse model and the associated mechanisms. Oral MQL suppressed cytokine and IL-2 production and proliferation of Th2 cells and upregulated heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) in splenocytes. Ex vivo MQL suppressed Th1- and Th2-related immune responses by inhibiting CD4⁺ T cell proliferation, and upregulated HO-1 in CD4⁺ T cells by activating C-Raf-ERK1/2-Nrf2 pathway via induction of reactive oxygen species generation. In a trimellitic anhydride-induced AD-like mouse model, both topical and oral MQL ameliorated AD symptoms by suppressing Th2 immune responses. Our results suggest that MQL is a potential therapeutic agent for CD4⁺ T cell-mediated diseases, including allergic diseases.

Immunomodulatory Effects of Curcumin in Rheumatoid Arthritis: Evidence from Molecular Mechanisms to Clinical Outcomes

Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a chronic immune-mediated inflammatory disorder characterized by the destruction of the joint and bone resorption. The production of pro-inflammatory cytokines and chemokines, dysregulated functions of three important subtypes of T helper (T_H) cells including T_H1, T_H17, and regulator T (Treg) cells are major causes of the initiation and development of RA. Moreover, B cells as a source of the production of several autoantibodies play key roles in the pathogenesis of RA. The last decades have seen increasingly rapid advances in the field of immunopharmacology using natural origin compounds for the management of various inflammatory diseases. Curcumin, a main active polyphenol compound isolated from turmeric, curcuma longa, possesses a wide range of pharmacologic properties for the treatment of several diseases. This review comprehensively will assess beneficial immunomodulatory effects of curcumin on the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines and also dysregulated functions of immune cells including T_H1, T_H17, Treg, and B cells in RA. We also seek the clinical efficacy of curcumin for the treatment of RA in several recent clinical trials. In conclusion, curcumin has been found to ameliorate RA complications through modulating inflammatory and autoreactive responses in immune cells and synovial fibroblast cells via inhibiting the expression or function of pro-inflammatory mediators, such as nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB), activated protein-1 (AP-1), and mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs). Of note, curcumin treatment without any adverse effects can attenuate the clinical symptoms of RA patients and, therefore, has therapeutic potential for the treatment of the diseases.

Regulation of wheat germ polysaccharides in the immune response of mice from newborn to adulthood associated with intestinal microbiota

The aim of this study was to determine the effects of wheat germ polysaccharides (WGPs), which are indigestible carbohydrate fibers, on mice in early life, and the changes leading to long-lasting consequences. We determined the influences of early life ceftriaxone and WGP treatment on intestinal microbiota and immunity both in newborn and adulthood mice. The results showed that ceftriaxone significantly altered the intestinal microbiota, short-chain fatty acids' (SCFAs) metabolism, organ index, and serum OVA-specific IgE levels in newborn mice. Comparing adulthood mice to ceftriaxone-treated mice, the diversity and composition of intestinal microbiota were significantly improved after WGP treatment. In addition, the levels of OVA-specific IgE in the WGP-treated mice were significantly decreased, and the expression of cytokines (IL-2, IL-4, IL-6, IFN-γ, and TNF-α) were obviously increased. Therefore, we speculate that the mechanism of action of the indigestible carbohydrate fibers of WGPs is through maintaining immune homeostasis in newborns, which may partly last into adulthood. More importantly, this may be closely related to alterations in the intestinal microbiota.

Experimental and clinical reports on anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and immunomodulatory effects of Curcuma longa and curcumin, an updated and comprehensive review

Curcuma longa (C. longa) or turmeric is a plant with a long history of use in traditional medicine, especially for treating inflammatory conditions C. longa and its main constituent, curcumin (CUR), showed various pharmacological effects such as antioxidant and anti-microbial properties. The updated knowledge of anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and immunomodulatory effects of C. longa and CUR is provided in this review article. Pharmacological effects of C. longa, and CUR, including anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and immunomodulatory properties, were searched using various databases and appropriate keywords until September 2020. Various studies showed anti-inflammatory effects of C. longa and CUR, including decreased white blood cell, neutrophil, and eosinophil numbers, and its protective effects on serum levels of inflammatory mediators such as phospholipase A2 and total protein in different inflammatory disorders. The antioxidant effects of C. longa and CUR were also reported in several studies. The plant extracts and CUR decreased malondialdehyde and nitric oxide levels but increased thiol, superoxide dismutase, and catalase levels in oxidative stress conditions. Treatment with C. longa and CUR also improved immunoglobulin E (Ig)E, pro-inflammatory cytokine interleukin 4 (IL)-4, transforming growth factor-beta, IL-17, interferon-gamma levels, and type 1/type 2 helper cells (Th1)/(Th2) ratio in conditions with disturbance in the immune system. Therefore C. longa and CUR showed anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and immunomodulatory effects, indicating a potential therapeutic effect of the plant and its constituent, CUR, for treating of inflammatory, oxidative, and immune dysregulation disorders.

Global survey of medicinal plants during lactation and postpartum recovery: Evolutionary perspectives and contemporary health implications

ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE

Cross-cultural comparison of plants used during lactation and the postpartum period offers insight into a largely overlooked area of ethnopharmacological research. Potential roles of phytochemicals in emerging models of interaction among immunity, inflammation, microbiome and nervous system effects on perinatal development have relevance for the life-long health of individuals and of populations in both traditional and contemporary contexts.

AIM OF THE STUDY

Delineate and interpret patterns of traditional and contemporary global use of medicinal plants ingested by mothers during the postpartum period relative to phytochemical activity on immune development and gastrointestinal microbiome of breastfed infants, and on maternal health.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Published reviews and surveys on galactagogues and postpartum recovery practices plus ethnobotanical studies from around the world were used to identify and rank plants, and ascertain regional use patterns. Scientific literature for 20 most-cited plants based on frequency of publication was assessed for antimicrobial, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, immunomodulatory, antidepressant, analgesic, galactagogic and safety properties.

RESULTS

From compilation of 4418 use reports related to 1948 species, 105 plant taxa were recorded ≥7 times, with the most frequently cited species, Foeniculum vulgare, Trigonella foenum-graecum, Pimpinella anisum, Euphorbia hirta and Asparagus racemosus, 81, 64, 42, 40 and 38 times, respectively. Species and use vary globally, illustrated by the pattern of aromatic plants of culinary importance versus latex-producing plants utilized in North Africa/Middle East and Sub-Saharan Africa with opposing predominance. For 18/20 of the plants a risk/benefit perspective supports assessment that positive immunomodulation and related potential exceed any safety concerns. Published evidence does not support a lactation-enhancing effect for nearly all the most-cited plants while antidepressant data for the majority of plants are predominately limited to animal studies.

CONCLUSIONS

Within a biocultural context traditional postpartum plant use serves adaptive functions for the mother-infant dyad and contributes phytochemicals absent in most contemporary diets and patterns of ingestion, with potential impacts on allergic, inflammatory and other conditions. Polyphenolics and other phytochemicals are widely immunologically active, present in breast milk and predominately non-toxic. Systematic analysis of phytochemicals in human milk, infant lumen and plasma, and immunomodulatory studies that differentiate maternal ingestion during lactation from pregnancy, are needed. Potential herb-drug interaction and other adverse effects should remain central to obstetric advising, but unless a plant is specifically shown as harmful, considering potential contributions to health of individuals and populations, blanket advisories against postpartum herbal use during lactation appear empirically unwarranted.

Indian Medicinal Plants and Formulations and Their Potential Against COVID-19-Preclinical and Clinical Research

The cases of COVID-19 are still increasing day-by-day worldwide, even after a year of its first occurrence in Wuhan city of China. The spreading of SARS-CoV-2 infection is very fast and different from other SARS-CoV infections possibly due to structural differences in S proteins. The patients with severe diseases may die due to acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) caused by systemic inflammatory reactions due to the excessive release of pro-inflammatory cytokines and chemokines by the immune effector cells. In India too, it is spreading very rapidly, although the case fatality rate is below 1.50% (https://www.statista.com), which is markedly less than in other countries, despite the dense population and minimal health infrastructure in rural areas. This may be due to the routine use of many immunomodulator medicinal plants and traditional AYUSH formulations by the Indian people. This communication reviews the AYUSH recommended formulations and their ingredients, routinely used medicinal plants and formulations by Indian population as well as other promising Indian medicinal plants, which can be tested against COVID-19. Special emphasis is placed on Indian medicinal plants reported for antiviral, immunomodulatory and anti-allergic/anti-inflammatory activities and they are categorized for prioritization in research on the basis of earlier reports. The traditional AYUSH medicines currently under clinical trials against COVID-19 are also discussed as well as furtherance of pre-clinical and clinical testing of the potential traditional medicines against COVID-19 and SARS-CoV-2. The results of the clinical studies on AYUSH drugs will guide the policymakers from the AYUSH systems of medicines to maneuver their policies for public health, provide information to the global scientific community and could form a platform for collaborative studies at national and global levels. It is thereby suggested that promising AYUSH formulations and Indian medicinal plants must be investigated on a priority basis to solve the current crisis.

Phytonutrient and Nutraceutical Action against COVID-19: Current Review of Characteristics and Benefits

The trend toward using phytonutrients and/or nutraceuticals (P/Ns) with the aim of impacting immune health has increased in recent years. The main reason is that properties of P/Ns are associated with possible immunomodulating effects in the prevention and complementary treatment of viral diseases, including COVID-19 and other respiratory infections. In the present review, we assess the scientific plausibility of specific P/Ns for this purpose of preventative and therapeutic interventions against COVID-19, with an emphasis on safety, validity, and evidence of efficacy against other viruses. Five potential candidates have been identified after reviewing available studies (in silico, in vitro, and in vivo) in which certain flavonoids have demonstrated a potential for use as adjuvant therapeutic agents against viral infections, including COVID-19. As these are often better tolerated than pharmacological treatments, their use could be more widely considered if additional detailed studies can validate the existing evidence.

Treatment of Psoriatic Arthritis With Acupuncture, Turmeric (Curcuma longa), Sarsaparilla (Smilax officinalis) and Vitamin D: A Case Report

Objective

The purpose of this case report is to analyze the treatment of a patient with psoriatic arthritis (PsA) using natural medicine.

Clinical Features

A 73-year-old woman complained of PsA in her second and third digits with gradual onset over a 6-month period. PsA was manifesting as dactylitis with moderate to severe stiffness and edema in her proximal and distal interphalangeal joints and the surrounding soft tissue. A radiographic image revealed narrowing of the proximal and distal interphalangeal joints, mild erosion, and periosteal thickening.

Intervention and Outcome

Traditional Chinese Medicine-style acupuncture was combined with 500 mg of turmeric curcumin (Curcuma longa root extract) with 3 mg of black pepper extract (Piper nigrum) that was standardized to contain 95% curcuminoids, 425 mg of sarsaparilla root (Smilax officinalis) powdered capsules that were not standardized and 10,000 IU vitamin D3 as cholecalciferol oil capsules once a day. She received 2 acupuncture treatments in combination with the supplements. She experienced an increased range of motion and a reduction in edema and stiffness. She continued to experience a reduction in symptomatology while supplementing with turmeric curcumin, sarsaparilla root, and vitamin D₃, which might have helped to control her symptoms. Supplementation with these agents may have helped to maintain the swelling and stiffness at a tolerable level for the past year.

Conclusion

The natural modalities administered to the patient might have been able to reduce her symptoms of PsA and maintain them at a tolerable level. Acupuncture, turmeric, sarsaparilla root, and vitamin D₃ could be viable natural alternatives for the treatment of PsA.

Nevadensin relieves food allergic responses and passive cutaneous anaphylaxis in mice through inhibiting the expression of c-Kit receptors

Nevadensin (NEV), a natural flavonoid compound derived from Lysionotus pauciflorus Maxim, has numerous biological activities. However, few researchers have examined its potential impact on alleviating allergies. In the present study, NEV was found to upregulate rectal temperature, suppress the development of diarrhea, and decrease the levels of serum specific immunoglobulin E, histamine and mouse MC protease-1 in ovalbumin-allergic mice. Moreover, NEV also alleviated passive cutaneous anaphylaxis reactions and inhibited the release of β-hexosaminidase and histamine in bone marrow-derived mast cells. Furthermore, we provide the first demonstration that NEV decreases the expression of c-Kit and suppresses the proliferation of bone marrow-derived mast cells and accelerates their apoptosis. These findings indicated that L. pauciflorus-derived NEV might have the potential to alleviate food hypersensitivity.

Lactobacillus rhamnosus 2016SWU.05.0601 regulates immune balance in ovalbumin-sensitized mice by modulating expression of the immune-related transcription factors and gut microbiota

BACKGROUND

Probiotics regulate host immune balance, which may reduce immune-related diseases. The effects and mechanisms of Lactobacillus rhamnosus 2016SWU.05.0601 (Lr-0601) on the immune response in ovalbumin (OVA)-sensitized mice were explored.

RESULTS

Lr-0601 reduced serum immunoglobulin (Ig)E and OVA-IgE and attenuated the alteration in lung pathology in OVA-sensitized mice. Lr-0601 blocked OVA-induced up-regulation in serum T helper (Th) 2 and Th17 cytokines but increased the serum levels of Th1 and regulatory T (Treg) cytokines in OVA-sensitized mice. OVA also markedly reduced the protein levels of spleen T-box transcription factor and forkhead/winged helix transcription factor p3, leading to the reduced mRNA expression of interferon-γ and interleukin (IL)-10. By contrast, OVA markedly increased the protein expression of spleen GATA-binding protein 3 and retinoid-related orphan receptor γt, as well as the mRNA expression of spleen IL-4 and IL-17. These changes induced by OVA were reversed by Lr-0601. Moreover, Lr-0601 helped alleviate OVA-induced intestinal microbiota dysbiosis. A correlation was found between specific genera and immune-associated cytokines.

CONCLUSION

The combined results indicate that Lr-0601 modulated the balance of Th1/Th2 and Treg/Th17 in OVA-sensitized mice, which was associated with the regulation of immune-related transcription factors and gut microbiota. Lr-0601 can potentially be used as a probiotic for preventing immune-related diseases. © 2020 Society of Chemical Industry.

Apigenin Attenuates the Allergic Reactions by Competitively Binding to ER With Estradiol

Apigenin (API) is a natural phytoestrogen with properties including anti-inflammatory and other abilities. This study aims to 1) systematically validate that excessive estrogen exacerbates allergic reactions; 2) explore the anti-allergic effects and mechanisms of API. We conduct a survey of college students, indicating that of the 505 effective results, 70 individuals were self-reported allergic and 74.1% of them were women, which proved the gender difference in allergic reactions. BALB/c mice are grouped into the negative control group (N-Ctrl), the OVA-sensitized group (P-Ctrl), the estrogenized OVA-sensitized group (E2), and three treatment groups administrating different dose of API (E2 + API/L/M/H). In vivo data indicated that API treatment significantly inhibited the enhancement of estradiol on clinical symptoms. Moreover, we found that high doses of API inhibited Th2 type humoral response and mast cell degranulation levels in vivo and in vitro. Additionally, medium, and high doses of API significantly reduced the potentiation of estradiol on ER expression, attenuated the transmission of estrogen/ER signaling, thereby inhibiting the phosphorylation of ERK1/2 and JNK1/2/3 in the MAPK. Besides, we found that API competitively bound to ER with estradiol, and showed a weak selectivity to ERβ. Overall, we identified API can be beneficial in allergic disease.

A Comprehensive Review on Natural Bioactive Compounds and Probiotics as Potential Therapeutics in Food Allergy Treatment

Food allergy is rising at an alarming rate and is a major public health concern. Globally, food allergy affects over 500 million people, often starting in early childhood and increasingly reported in adults. Commercially, only one approved oral immunotherapy-based treatment is currently available and other allergen-based immunotherapeutic are being investigated in clinical studies. As an alternative approach, a substantial amount of research has been conducted on natural compounds and probiotics, focusing on the immune modes of action, and therapeutic uses of such sources to tackle various immune-related diseases. Food allergy is primarily mediated by IgE antibodies and the suppression of allergic symptoms seems to be mostly modulated through a reduction of allergen-specific IgE antibodies, upregulation of blocking IgG, and downregulation of effector cell activation (e.g., mast cells) or expression of T-helper 2 (Th-2) cytokines. A wide variety of investigations conducted in small animal models or cell-based systems have reported on the efficacy of natural bioactive compounds and probiotics as potential anti-allergic therapeutics. However, very few lead compounds, unlike anti-cancer and anti-microbial applications, have been selected for clinical trials in the treatment of food allergies. Natural products or probiotic-based approaches appear to reduce the symptoms and/or target specific pathways independent of the implicated food allergen. This broad range therapeutic approach essentially provides a major advantage as several different types of food allergens can be targeted with one approach and potentially associated with a lower cost of development. This review provides a brief overview of the immune mechanisms underlying food allergy and allergen-specific immunotherapy, followed by a comprehensive collection of current studies conducted to investigate the therapeutic applications of natural compounds and probiotics, including discussions of their mode of action and immunological aspects of their disease-modifying capabilities.

Effect of transglutaminase cross-linking on the allergenicity of tofu based on a BALB/c mouse model

Soybean products are limited in terms of safe consumption because of the sensitization of raw materials. In this study, the allergenicity of cross-linked tofu with microbial transglutaminase (MTG) was evaluated on the basis of a BALB/c mouse model. The mice were randomly divided into five groups. Cholera toxin was used as an adjuvant to sensitize the mice through intragastric administration, and tofu was given orally to investigate its sensitization effect on the mice. The allergy symptoms, body temperature, and weight of the mice were detected. The immunoglobulin E (IgE), immunoglobulin G (IgG), and spleen cytokines of the mice were determined through an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. The regulation of the differentiation balance of the different subsets of splenic T lymphocyte (Th1, Th2) and regulatory T cells (Tregs) in the mice was measured through flow cytometry. Results showed that the mice administered with MTG-cross-linked tofu had fewer allergic symptoms compared with those of the control group. The concentrations of serum-specific IgE and IgG, plasma histamine, and mast cell protease 1 (mMCP-1) significantly decreased. The Th2-related cytokine levels reduced, and the IFN-γ levels increased. The proportion of Th2 cells decreased, and the proportion of CD4+CD25+Foxp+ Tregs increased as the percentage of Th1 cells increased. Therefore, the sensitization of enzymatic cross-linked tofu decreased.