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Liu Z, Gao J, Ban Y, Wan TT, Song W, Zhao W, Teng Y. Synergistic effect of paeoniflorin combined with luteolin in alleviating Lipopolysaccharides-induced acute lung injury. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2024; 327:118022. [PMID: 38453101 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2024.118022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2023] [Revised: 02/14/2024] [Accepted: 03/05/2024] [Indexed: 03/09/2024]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Acute lung injury (ALI) is an acute multifactorial infectious disease caused by trauma, pneumonia, shock and sepsis. Paeoniae Radix Rubra (Paeonia lactiflora Pall. or Paeonia veitchii Lynch, Chishao in Chinese, CS) and Salviae Miltiorrhizae Radix et Rhizoma (Salvia miltiorrhiza Bge., Lamiaceae, Danshen in Chinese, DS) are common traditional Chinese medicines (TCMs). CS-DS herb pair has been widely used to promote blood circulation and eliminate blood stasis in Chinese clinical practice, appearing in a variety of prescriptions. However, it is still unclear for the effect and active ingredients of the herb pair on ALI. AIM OF THE STUDY The study investigated the effect and active ingredients of CS-DS herb pair and demonstrated the synergistic effect and mechanisms of the active ingredients. MATERIALS AND METHODS Lipopolysaccharides (LPS)-stimulated RAW264.7 macrophage cells and BALB/c mice were used to establish an ALI model to investigate the effect of CS-DS herb pair on ALI. Network pharmacology and molecular docking were used to analyze the active ingredients and potential mechanisms of the herb pair. The synergistic effects and mechanisms of active ingredients on ALI were validated by in vitro and in vivo experiments. RESULTS CS-DS herb pair had a synergistic effect on LPS-induced ALI. Based on the network pharmacology, the compounds paeoniflorin and luteolin were screened. Both paeoniflorin and luteolin had good affinity for NF-κB and MAPK by molecular docking. LPS stimulation of RAW264.7 cells resulted in a significant increase in ROS, NO, TNF-α, IL-6 and IL-1β, while the paeoniflorin combined with luteolin significantly reduced their expressions. In the LPS-induced ALI model, the combination also reduced the expression of inflammatory factors and oxidative stress levels. Furthermore, LPS activated the NF-κB and MAPK signaling pathways, whereas the combination decreased the expression of proteins in both pathways. CONCLUSION CS-DS herb pair alleviated LPS-induced ALI with the active ingredients paeoniflorin and luteolin, which suppressed inflammation and oxidative stress via regulation of NF-κB and MAPK signaling pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhen Liu
- China International Science and Technology Cooperation Base of Food Nutrition/Safety and Medicinal Chemistry, College of Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science & Technology, Tianjin, China.
| | - Junling Gao
- China International Science and Technology Cooperation Base of Food Nutrition/Safety and Medicinal Chemistry, College of Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science & Technology, Tianjin, China
| | - Yuxuan Ban
- China International Science and Technology Cooperation Base of Food Nutrition/Safety and Medicinal Chemistry, College of Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science & Technology, Tianjin, China
| | - Ting Ting Wan
- China International Science and Technology Cooperation Base of Food Nutrition/Safety and Medicinal Chemistry, College of Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science & Technology, Tianjin, China
| | - Wenjuan Song
- China International Science and Technology Cooperation Base of Food Nutrition/Safety and Medicinal Chemistry, College of Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science & Technology, Tianjin, China
| | - Wanshun Zhao
- China International Science and Technology Cooperation Base of Food Nutrition/Safety and Medicinal Chemistry, College of Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science & Technology, Tianjin, China; National & Local United Engineering Laboratory of TCM Advanced Manufacturing Technology, Tasly Pharmaceutical Group Co. Ltd., Tianjin, China.
| | - Yuou Teng
- China International Science and Technology Cooperation Base of Food Nutrition/Safety and Medicinal Chemistry, College of Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science & Technology, Tianjin, China.
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Zhang H, Wang X, Zhao L, Zhang K, Cui J, Xu G. Biochanin a ameliorates DSS-induced ulcerative colitis by improving colonic barrier function and protects against the development of spontaneous colitis in the Muc2 deficient mice. Chem Biol Interact 2024; 395:111014. [PMID: 38648921 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2024.111014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2023] [Revised: 03/25/2024] [Accepted: 04/19/2024] [Indexed: 04/25/2024]
Abstract
There is an increasing appreciation that colonic barrier function is closely related to the development and progression of colitis. The mucus layer is a crucial component of the colonic barrier, responsible for preventing harmful bacteria from invading the intestinal epithelium and causing inflammation. Furthermore, a defective mucus barrier is also a significant characteristic of ulcerative colitis (UC). Biochanin A (BCA), an isoflavonoid, has garnered increasing interest due to its significant biological activities. However, the impact of BCA on UC has not been reported yet. In this study, we used a dextran sodium sulfate (DSS)-induced ulcerative colitis model and the Muc2 deficient (Muc2-/-) mice spontaneous colitis model to explore the mechanisms of BCA in the treatment of UC. Here, we verified that DSS-induced UC was observably attenuated and spontaneous colitis in Muc2-/- mice was relieved by BCA. Treatment with BCA improved colitis-related symptoms and reduced intestinal permeability by upregulating the levels of goblet cells and tight junction (TJ) proteins. In addition, we confirmed that BCA promotes autophagy through the AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK)/mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR)/Unc-51-like kinase 1 (ULK1) pathway, thereby alleviating DSS-induced UC. In addition, the administration of BCA was able to reduce apoptosis and promote proliferation by suppressing Cleaved Caspase-3 (Cleaved Cas-3) expression, and increasing PCNA and Ki67 levels. Further research revealed that BCA treatment ameliorated spontaneous colitis and alleviated epithelial damage in Muc2-/- mice by restoring the intestinal barrier and promoting autophagy. Our results demonstrated that BCA alleviated UC by enhancing intestinal barrier function and promoting autophagy. These findings indicate that BCA may be a novel treatment alternative for UC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haina Zhang
- Department of Rehabilitation, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Jilin University, Changchun, 130000, PR China
| | - Xueqi Wang
- Department of Cell Biology and Biophysics, Key Laboratory for Molecular Enzymology and Engineering of the Ministry of Education, National Engineering Laboratory for AIDS Vaccine, School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, 130000, PR China
| | - Linxian Zhao
- Department of General Surgery, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Jilin University, Changchun, 130000, PR China
| | - Kai Zhang
- Department of General Surgery, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Jilin University, Changchun, 130000, PR China
| | - Jiaming Cui
- Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, 130000, PR China
| | - Guangmeng Xu
- Department of Colorectal and Anal Surgery, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Jilin University, Changchun, 130000, PR China.
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Wang T, Liu X, Zhang W, Wang J, Wang T, Yue W, Ming L, Cheng J, Sun J. Traditional Chinese medicine treats ulcerative colitis by regulating gut microbiota, signaling pathway and cytokine: Future novel method option for pharmacotherapy. Heliyon 2024; 10:e27530. [PMID: 38501018 PMCID: PMC10945194 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e27530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2023] [Revised: 02/28/2024] [Accepted: 03/01/2024] [Indexed: 03/20/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Ulcerative colitis (UC) is a chronic non-specific inflammatory disease with intestinal tract as the main site. The pathogenic of UC has not yet been clarified, and multiple mechanisms can lead to the pathogenesis of UC. Traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) offers an opportunity for UC treatment. TCM has become the preferred treatment for UC with characteristics of multiple targets, multiple pathways and high safety. This review attempted to summarize the characteristics of TCM (compound prescriptions, single Chinese herbs, and active ingredients) for UC treatment and discussed their pathogenesis based on analyzing the UC-related gut microbiota, signaling pathway and cytokine. In order to provide more systematic and diverse reference for TCM in the prevention and treatment of UC, and provide theoretical reference for clinical treatment of UC. Materials and methods The information was acquired from different databases, including Web of Science, PubMed, CNKI, Wanfang, and VIP databases. We then focused on the recent research progress in UC treatment by TCM. Finally, the deficiencies and future perspectives are proposed. Results Modern pharmacological studies have shown that the compound prescriptions (strengthening spleen, clearing heat and removing dampness, clearing heat and removing toxin), single Chinese herbs (replenishing Qi, clearing heat, tonifying blood, etc.), and active ingredients (alkaloids, polysaccharides, flavonoids, polyphenols, terpenes, etc.) have an efficiency in UC treatment by regulating gut microbiota, signaling pathway and cytokine. Conclusions TCM can achieve its purpose of UC prevention and treatment by acting in multiple ways, and TCM deserves further research and development in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiancheng Wang
- College of Integrated Traditional and Western Medicine, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, 230012, China
| | - Xinyue Liu
- College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, 230012, China
| | - Weijie Zhang
- College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, 230012, China
| | - Jing Wang
- Department of Accounting, Hongshan College, Nanjing University of Finance and Economics, Nanjing, 210003, China
| | - Tingting Wang
- Yancheng Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Yancheng, 224000, China
| | - Wei Yue
- Yancheng Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Yancheng, 224000, China
| | - Lan Ming
- Yancheng Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Yancheng, 224000, China
| | - Jun Cheng
- Department of Infectious Diseases, First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230022, China
| | - Juan Sun
- College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, 230012, China
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Liu Z, Qin X, Nong K, Fang X, Zhang B, Chen W, Wang Z, Wu Y, Shi H, Wang X, Zhang H. Oral administration of LfcinB alleviates DSS-induced colitis by improving the intestinal barrier and microbiota. Food Funct 2024; 15:2038-2051. [PMID: 38293816 DOI: 10.1039/d3fo05236b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2024]
Abstract
Ulcerative colitis (UC) is a kind of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) that often recurs and is difficult to cure, and no drugs with few side effects are available to treat this disease. LfcinB is a small molecular peptide obtained by the hydrolysis of bovine lactoferrin in the digestive tract of animals. It has strong antibacterial and anti-inflammatory activities. However, direct evidence that LfcinB improves the condition of colitis in mice is rarely reported. In this study, UC was induced in mice by adding 2.5% dextran sulfate (DSS) to drinking water and LfcinB was orally administered. The results showed that oral administration of LfcinB improved colonic tissue damage and inflammatory cell infiltration, increased the expression of tight junction proteins, and down-regulated the phosphorylation of proteins related to the NF-κB/MAPK inflammatory signalling pathway in mice. It also significantly suppressed the relative abundance of potentially pathogenic bacteria (Bacteroides, Barnesiella and Escherichia) in the intestinal flora. In conclusion, oral administration of LfcinB significantly alleviated DSS-induced UC. This may be related to the regulation of inflammatory signalling pathways and gut microbial composition by LfcinB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhineng Liu
- College of Tropical Agriculture and Forestry, Hainan University, Danzhou 571737, China.
| | - Xinyun Qin
- College of Tropical Agriculture and Forestry, Hainan University, Danzhou 571737, China.
| | - Keyi Nong
- College of Tropical Agriculture and Forestry, Hainan University, Danzhou 571737, China.
| | - Xin Fang
- College of Tropical Agriculture and Forestry, Hainan University, Danzhou 571737, China.
| | - Bin Zhang
- College of Tropical Agriculture and Forestry, Hainan University, Danzhou 571737, China.
| | - Wanyan Chen
- College of Tropical Agriculture and Forestry, Hainan University, Danzhou 571737, China.
| | - Zihan Wang
- College of Tropical Agriculture and Forestry, Hainan University, Danzhou 571737, China.
| | - Yijia Wu
- College of Tropical Agriculture and Forestry, Hainan University, Danzhou 571737, China.
| | - Huiyu Shi
- College of Tropical Agriculture and Forestry, Hainan University, Danzhou 571737, China.
| | - Xuemei Wang
- College of Tropical Agriculture and Forestry, Hainan University, Danzhou 571737, China.
| | - Haiwen Zhang
- College of Tropical Agriculture and Forestry, Hainan University, Danzhou 571737, China.
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Zhang F, Zhou K, Yuan W, Sun K. Radix Bupleuri-Radix Paeoniae Alba Inhibits the Development of Hepatocellular Carcinoma through Activation of the PTEN/PD-L1 Axis within the Immune Microenvironment. Nutr Cancer 2023; 76:63-79. [PMID: 37909316 DOI: 10.1080/01635581.2023.2276525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2023] [Accepted: 10/23/2023] [Indexed: 11/03/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study investigated how Radix Bupleuri-Radix Paeoniae Alba (BP) was active against hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). METHODS Traditional Chinese medicine systems pharmacology (TCMSP) database was employed to determine the active ingredients of BP and potential targets against HCC. Molecular docking analysis verified the binding activity of PTEN with BP ingredients. H22 cells were used to establish an HCC model in male balb/c mice. Immunofluorescence staining, immunohistochemistry, flow cytometry, western blotting, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, and real-time quantitative PCR were used to study changes in proliferation, apoptosis, PTEN levels, inflammation, and T-cell differentiation in male balb/c mice. RESULTS The major active ingredients in BP were found to be quercetin, kaempferol, isorhamnetin, stigmasterol, and beta-sitosterol. Molecular docking demonstrated that these five active BP ingredients formed a stable complex with PTEN. BP exhibited an anti-tumor effect in our HCC mouse model. BP was found to increase the CD8+ and IFN-γ+/CD4+ T cell levels while decreasing the PD-1+/CD8+ T and Treg cell levels in HCC mice. BP up-regulated the IL-6, IFN-γ, and TNF-α levels but down-regulated the IL-10 levels in HCC mice. After PTEN knockdown, BP-induced effects were abrogated. CONCLUSION BP influenced the immune microenvironment through activation of the PTEN/PD-L1 axis, protecting against HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fan Zhang
- Department of TCM, Shenzhen Third People's Hospital, Second Hospital Affiliated to Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Kun Zhou
- Department of Hepatology, Shenzhen Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Wei Yuan
- Department of Hepatology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Hu'nan University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Kewei Sun
- Department of Hepatology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Hu'nan University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Changsha, Hunan, China
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Yan BF, Pan LF, Quan YF, Sha Q, Zhang JZ, Zhang YF, Zhou LB, Qian XL, Gu XM, Li FT, Wang T, Liu J, Zheng X. Huangqin decoction alleviates lipid metabolism disorders and insulin resistance in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease by triggering Sirt1/NF-κB pathway. World J Gastroenterol 2023; 29:4744-4762. [PMID: 37664157 PMCID: PMC10473922 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v29.i31.4744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2023] [Revised: 07/23/2023] [Accepted: 07/31/2023] [Indexed: 08/18/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is a clinicopathological entity characterized by intrahepatic ectopic steatosis. As a consequence of increased consumption of high-calorie diet and adoption of a sedentary lifestyle, the incidence of NAFLD has surpassed that of viral hepatitis, making it the most common cause of chronic liver disease globally. Huangqin decoction (HQD), a Chinese medicinal formulation that has been used clinically for thousands of years, has beneficial outcomes in patients with liver diseases, including NAFLD. However, the role and mechanism of action of HQD in lipid metabolism disorders and insulin resistance in NAFLD remain poorly understood. AIM To evaluate the ameliorative effects of HQD in NAFLD, with a focus on lipid metabolism and insulin resistance, and to elucidate the underlying mechanism of action. METHODS High-fat diet-induced NAFLD rats and palmitic acid (PA)-stimulated HepG2 cells were used to investigate the effects of HQD and identify its potential mechanism of action. Phytochemicals in HQD were analyzed by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) to identify the key components. RESULTS Ten primary chemical components of HQD were identified by HPLC analysis. In vivo, HQD effectively prevented rats from gaining body and liver weight, improved the liver index, ameliorated hepatic histological aberrations, decreased transaminase and lipid profile disorders, and reduced the levels of pro-inflammatory factors and insulin resistance. In vitro studies revealed that HQD effectively alleviated PA-induced lipid accumulation, inflammation, and insulin resistance in HepG2 cells. In-depth investigation revealed that HQD triggers Sirt1/NF-κB pathway-modulated lipogenesis and inflammation, contributing to its beneficial actions, which was further corroborated by the addition of the Sirt1 antagonist EX-527 that compromised the favorable effects of HQD. CONCLUSION In summary, our study confirmed that HQD mitigates lipid metabolism disorders and insulin resistance in NAFLD by triggering the Sirt1/NF-κB pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bao-Fei Yan
- College of Pharmacy, Jiangsu Health Vocational College, Nanjing 211800, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Lan-Fen Pan
- Department of Pathology, Affiliated Kunshan Hospital of Jiangsu University, Kunshan 215300, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Yi-Fang Quan
- Department of Education and Science, The First People's Hospital of Taicang, Kunshan 215400, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Qian Sha
- Department of Pharmacy, Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou 221006, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Jing-Zheng Zhang
- College of Pharmacy, Jiangsu Health Vocational College, Nanjing 211800, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Yi-Feng Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, Nantong University, Nantong 226019, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Li-Bing Zhou
- Department of Pharmacy, Affiliated Kunshan Hospital of Jiangsu University, Kunshan 215300, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Xi-Long Qian
- School of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Xiao-Mei Gu
- Department of Pharmacy, Affiliated Kunshan Hospital of Jiangsu University, Kunshan 215300, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Feng-Tao Li
- College of Pharmacy, Jiangsu Health Vocational College, Nanjing 211800, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Ting Wang
- Department of Pharmacy, Affiliated Kunshan Hospital of Jiangsu University, Kunshan 215300, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Jia Liu
- College of Pharmacy, Jiangsu Health Vocational College, Nanjing 211800, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Xian Zheng
- Department of Pharmacy, Affiliated Kunshan Hospital of Jiangsu University, Kunshan 215300, Jiangsu Province, China
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Miao Y, Fan X, Wei L, Wang B, Diao F, Fu J, Zhuang P, Zhang Y. Lizhong decoction ameliorates pulmonary infection secondary to severe traumatic brain injury in rats by regulating the intestinal physical barrier and immune response. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2023; 311:116346. [PMID: 36898448 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2023.116346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2023] [Revised: 02/26/2023] [Accepted: 02/28/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE The pathogenesis of pulmonary infection secondary to severe traumatic brain injury (sTBI) is closely related to damage to the intestinal barrier. Lizhong decoction (LZD) is a prominent traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) that is widely used in clinical treatment to regulate gastrointestinal movement and enhance resistance. Nevertheless, the role and mechanism of LZD in lung infection secondary to sTBI have yet to be elucidated. AIM OF THE STUDY Here, we evaluate the therapeutic effect of LZD on pulmonary infection secondary to sTBI in rats and discuss potential regulatory mechanisms. MATERIALS AND METHODS The chemical constituents of LZD were analyzed by ultra-high performance liquid chromatography-Q Exactive-tandem mass spectrometry(UPLC-QE-MS/MS). The efficacy of LZD on rats with lung infection secondary to sTBI was examined by changes in brain morphology, coma time, brain water content, mNSS score, colony counts, 16S rRNA/RNaseP/MRP30 kDa(16S/RPP30), myeloperoxidase (MPO) content and pathology of lung tissue. The concentration of fluorescein isothiocyanate(FITC)-dextran in serum and the contents of secretory immunoglobulin A (SIgA) in colon tissue were detected by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Subsequently, Alcian Blue Periodic acid Schiff (AB-PAS) was used to detect colonic goblet cells. Immunofluorescence (IF) was used to detect the expression of tight junction proteins. The proportions of CD3+ cell, CD4+CD8+ T cells, CD45+ cell and CD103+ cells in the colon were analyzed by flow cytometry (FC). In addition, colon transcriptomics were analyzed by Illumina mRNA-Seq sequencing. Real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qRT‒PCR) was used to verify the genes associated with LZD alleviation of intestinal barrier function. RESULTS Twenty-nine chemical constituents of LZD were revealed with UPLC-QE-MS/MS analysis. Administration of LZD significantly reduced colony counts, 16S/RPP30 and MPO content in lung infection secondary to sTBI rats. In addition, LZD also reduced the serum FITC-glucan content and the SIgA content of the colon. Additionally, LZD significantly increased the number of colonic goblet cells and the expression of tight junction proteins. Furthermore, LZD significantly decreased the proportion of CD3+ cell, CD4+CD8+ T cells,CD45+ and CD103+ cells in colon tissue. Transcriptomic analysis identified 22 upregulated genes and 56 downregulated genes in sTBI compared to the sham group. The levels of seven genes were recovered after LZD treatment. qRT‒PCR successfully validated two genes (Jchain and IL-6) at the mRNA level. CONCLUSION LZD can improves sTBI secondary lung infection by regulating the intestinal physical barrier and immune response. Thees results suggested that LZD may be a prospective treatment for pulmonary infection secondary to sTBI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yulu Miao
- Chinese Materia Medica College, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
| | - Xuejin Fan
- Chinese Materia Medica College, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
| | - Luge Wei
- Chinese Materia Medica College, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
| | - Bin Wang
- Chinese Materia Medica College, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
| | - Fengyin Diao
- Chinese Materia Medica College, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
| | - Jiafeng Fu
- Chinese Materia Medica College, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
| | - Pengwei Zhuang
- Chinese Materia Medica College, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China; State Key Laboratory of Component-based Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China; Haihe Laboratory of Modern Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China.
| | - Yanjun Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Component-based Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China; Haihe Laboratory of Modern Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China; Department of Integrated Rehabilitation, First Teaching Hospital of Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China; National Clinical Research Center for Chinese Medicine Acupuncture and Moxibustion, Tianjin, China.
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8
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Li J, Zhou Z, Liu D, Dong H, Zhou J, Wu J. Therapeutic effects of Zhuling Jianpi capsule on experimental ulcerative colitis and characterization of its chemical constituents and metabolomics using UHPLC-Q-TOF-MS. Heliyon 2023; 9:e16553. [PMID: 37274655 PMCID: PMC10238897 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e16553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2023] [Revised: 05/11/2023] [Accepted: 05/19/2023] [Indexed: 06/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Zhuling Jianpi Capsule (Zhuling) is a traditional Chinese medicinal formula used to treat symptoms such as abdominal pain, bloating and diarrhea associated with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). However, the protective effects of Zhuling on experimental ulcerative colitis (UC) and the effective substance responsible for its efficacy have rarely been reported. In this study, we evaluated the therapeutic effects of orally administrated Zhuling on DSS-induced UC in mice. The chemical constituents and metabolomics of Zhuling were qualitatively analyzed by ultra-high performance liquid chromatography coupled with quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry (UHPLC-Q-TOF-MS). The results showed that Zhuling treatment markedly alleviated DSS-induced clinical symptoms, restrained the secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines, and improved intestinal epithelial barrier function. Furthermore, a total of 167 compounds have been identified or characterized, and 120 prototype components were detected in the urine, plasma, bile and feces of mice. Among them, altogether 26 representative prototypes were associated with 139 metabolites via the corresponding biotransformation pathways, and both of them mainly contained flavonoids, alkaloids, organic acids, monoterpenes, phenylpropanoids, triterpenoids, sesquiterpenoids and anthraquinones. Finally, 12 potent compounds mainly containing flavonoids, terpenoids and phenylpropanoids were screened out as potential quality control index components and might be the main substances that exert a pharmacological effect. Our data indicated that Zhuling administration prominently alleviates DSS-induced colitis in mice. Additionally, the chemical and metabolic profiling provided helpful information on the potential pharmacodynamic substances of Zhuling, which can be further investigated in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Li
- Department of Pharmaceutics, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
- Jinling Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Nanjing, China
| | - Ziqi Zhou
- Department of Life Science and Technology, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Dan Liu
- Department of Life Science and Technology, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Haijuan Dong
- The Public Laboratory Platform, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Jianping Zhou
- Department of Pharmaceutics, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Jie Wu
- Department of Life Science and Technology, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
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Shu LZ, Ding YD, Xue QM, Cai W, Deng H. Direct and indirect effects of pathogenic bacteria on the integrity of intestinal barrier. Therap Adv Gastroenterol 2023; 16:17562848231176427. [PMID: 37274298 PMCID: PMC10233627 DOI: 10.1177/17562848231176427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2023] [Accepted: 05/01/2023] [Indexed: 06/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Bacterial translocation is a pathological process involving migration of pathogenic bacteria across the intestinal barrier to enter the systemic circulation and gain access to distant organs. This phenomenon has been linked to a diverse range of diseases including inflammatory bowel disease, pancreatitis, and cancer. The intestinal barrier is an innate structure that maintains intestinal homeostasis. Pathogenic infections and dysbiosis can disrupt the integrity of the intestinal barrier, increasing its permeability, and thereby facilitating pathogen translocation. As translocation represents an essential step in pathogenesis, a clear understanding of how barrier integrity is disrupted and how this disruption facilitates bacterial translocation could identify new routes to effective prophylaxis and therapy. In this comprehensive review, we provide an in-depth analysis of bacterial translocation and intestinal barrier function. We discuss currently understood mechanisms of bacterial-enterocyte interactions, with a focus on tight junctions and endocytosis. We also discuss the emerging concept of bidirectional communication between the intestinal microbiota and other body systems. The intestinal tract has established 'axes' with various organs. Among our regulatory systems, the nervous, immune, and endocrine systems have been shown to play pivotal roles in barrier regulation. A mechanistic understanding of intestinal barrier regulation is crucial for the development of personalized management strategies for patients with bacterial translocation-related disorders. Advancing our knowledge of barrier regulation will pave the way for future research in this field and novel clinical intervention strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin-Zhen Shu
- Medical College, Nanchang University, Nanchang,
Jiangxi Province, China
| | - Yi-Dan Ding
- Medical College, Nanchang University, Nanchang,
Jiangxi Province, China
| | - Qing-Ming Xue
- Medical College, Nanchang University, Nanchang,
Jiangxi Province, China
| | - Wei Cai
- Medical College, Nanchang University, Nanchang,
Jiangxi Province, China
- Department of Pathology, the Fourth Affiliated
Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi Province, China
| | - Huan Deng
- Department of Pathology, The Fourth Affiliated
Hospital of Nanchang University, No. 133 South Guangchang Road, Nanchang
330003, Jiangxi Province, China
- Tumor Immunology Institute, Nanchang
University, Nanchang, China
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Zhao J, Wu R, Wei P, Ma Z, Pei H, Hu J, Wen F, Wan L. Ethanol extract of Piper wallichii ameliorates DSS-induced ulcerative colitis in mice: Involvement of TLR4/NF-κB/COX-2 signaling pathway. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2023; 308:116293. [PMID: 36806346 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2023.116293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2022] [Revised: 01/29/2023] [Accepted: 02/15/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Piper wallichii (family: Piperaceae), a folk herbal medicine with anti-inflammatory and anti-thrombotic properties, has been traditionally used to treat rheumatic arthralgia, lumbocrural pain, gastrointestinal flatulence, and other intestinal diseases in China, Thailand, and India. However, there is no scientific report on the efficacy and potential mechanisms of Piper wallichii for ulcerative colitis (UC). AIM OF THE STUDY The study aims to investigate the therapeutic effect and possible molecular mechanisms of the ethanol extract of Piper wallichii (EEPW) on DSS-induced UC in BALB/c mice. MATERIALS AND METHODS The main components in EEPW were characterized by UPLC-QE-Orbitrap-MS. Subsequently, the anti-inflammatory effect of EEPW in vitro was preliminarily evaluated in RAW264.7 cells stimulated with LPS. UC model mice were triggered by free access to 4% DSS aqueous solution for 12 consecutive days, and simultaneously, EEPW (25, 50, and 100 mg/kg) and tofacitinib (positive control, 30 mg/kg) were orally administrated, respectively. The therapeutic efficacy of EEPW on UC was assessed by body weight, DAI, colon length, and pathological morphology. Besides, we investigated the effects of EEPW on intestinal barrier function, inflammatory factors, and immune systems of UC mice through immunohistochemistry (IHC), flow cytometry, and other techniques. Moreover, the expression of related proteins in the TLR4/NF-κB/COX-2 pathway was analyzed by Western blot. RESULTS A total of 14 components were identified in the positive and negative modes, including isofutoquinol A (11), hancinone C (12), and futoquinol (14) which characterized by references. In the RAW264.7 cells experiments, the extract significantly suppressed the levels of TNF-α and IL-6. More importantly, EEPW distinctly improved the symptoms of DSS-induced UC mice as reflected by a significant recovery from body weight, colon length, pathological injuries of the colon, and so on. Further research found that EEPW remarkably restored the levels of occludin, promoted proliferation, and inhibited apoptosis in colon to maintain the integrity of intestinal barrier. In addition, the down-regulation of TNF-α and IL-1β in colon, Th1 and Th17 cells in spleen, as well as the up-regulation of IL-10 in colon and Th2 cells in spleen were distinctly observed in EEPW-treated groups. Furthermore, the protein expression of TLR4, p-IκB-α, p-p65, and COX-2 were significantly inhibited by EEPW. CONCLUSIONS This study confirmed for the first time that EEPW effectively ameliorated DSS-induced UC in mice, which might be related to improving intestinal barrier function, maintaining the levels of inflammatory factors, and regulating the immune system. In addition, we found that the anti-inflammatory effect of EEPW on UC mice was involved in the TLR4/NF-κB/COX-2 signaling pathway. In conclusion, Piper wallichii can be used as a candidate for the treatment of UC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiajia Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 611137, China; State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Rui Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 611137, China; State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Panhong Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 611137, China; State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Ziyan Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Heying Pei
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Jingwen Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 611137, China
| | - Feiyan Wen
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 611137, China.
| | - Li Wan
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 611137, China.
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Nan Q, Ye Y, Tao Y, Jiang X, Miao Y, Jia J, Miao J. Alterations in metabolome and microbiome signatures provide clues to the role of antimicrobial peptide KT2 in ulcerative colitis. Front Microbiol 2023; 14:1027658. [PMID: 36846795 PMCID: PMC9947474 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1027658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2022] [Accepted: 01/10/2023] [Indexed: 02/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Ulcerative colitis (UC) is an inflammatory disease of the intestinal tract with unknown etiology. Both genetic and environmental factors are involved in the occurrence and development of UC. Understanding changes in the microbiome and metabolome of the intestinal tract is crucial for the clinical management and treatment of UC. Methods Here, we performed metabolomic and metagenomic profiling of fecal samples from healthy control mice (HC group), DSS (Dextran Sulfate Sodium Salt) -induced UC mice (DSS group), and KT2-treated UC mice (KT2 group). Results and Discussion In total, 51 metabolites were identified after UC induction, enriched in phenylalanine metabolism, while 27 metabolites were identified after KT2 treatment, enriched in histidine metabolism and bile acid biosynthesis. Fecal microbiome analysis revealed significant differences in nine bacterial species associated with the course of UC, including Bacteroides, Odoribacter, and Burkholderiales, which were correlated with aggravated UC, and Anaerotruncus, Lachnospiraceae, which were correlated with alleviated UC. We also identified a disease-associated network connecting the above bacterial species with UC-associated metabolites, including palmitoyl sphingomyelin, deoxycholic acid, biliverdin, and palmitoleic acid. In conclusion, our results indicated that Anaerotruncus, Lachnospiraceae, and Mucispirillum were protective species against DSS-induced UC in mice. The fecal microbiomes and metabolomes differed significantly among the UC mice and KT2-treated and healthy-control mice, providing potential evidence for the discovery of biomarkers of UC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiong Nan
- Department of Gastroenterology, First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, Yunnan, China,Yunnan Province Clinical Research Center for Digestive Diseases, First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Yan Ye
- Department of Gastroenterology, First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, Yunnan, China,Yunnan Province Clinical Research Center for Digestive Diseases, First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Yan Tao
- Department of Gastroenterology, First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, Yunnan, China,Yunnan Province Clinical Research Center for Digestive Diseases, First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Xinyi Jiang
- Department of Gastroenterology, First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, Yunnan, China,Yunnan Province Clinical Research Center for Digestive Diseases, First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Yinglei Miao
- Department of Gastroenterology, First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, Yunnan, China,Yunnan Province Clinical Research Center for Digestive Diseases, First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, Yunnan, China,Yinglei Miao,
| | - Jie Jia
- Scientific Research Laboratory Center, First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, Yunnan Province, China,Jie Jia,
| | - Jiarong Miao
- Department of Gastroenterology, First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, Yunnan, China,Yunnan Province Clinical Research Center for Digestive Diseases, First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, Yunnan, China,*Correspondence: Jiarong Miao,
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12
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Gao L, Xia X, Shuai Y, Zhang H, Jin W, Zhang X, Zhang Y. Gut microbiota, a hidden protagonist of traditional Chinese medicine for acute ischemic stroke. Front Pharmacol 2023; 14:1164150. [PMID: 37124192 PMCID: PMC10133705 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2023.1164150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2023] [Accepted: 04/04/2023] [Indexed: 05/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Acute ischemic stroke (AIS) is one of the leading diseases causing death and disability worldwide, and treatment options remain very limited. Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) has been used for thousands of years to treat ischemic stroke and has been proven to have significant efficacy, but its mechanism of action is still unclear. As research related to the brain-gut-microbe axis progresses, there is increasing evidence that the gut microbiota plays an important role during AIS. The interaction between TCM and the gut microbiota has been suggested as a possible key link to the therapeutic effects of TCM. We have compiled and reviewed recent studies on the relationship between AIS, TCM, and gut microbiota, with the expectation of providing more ideas to elucidate the mechanism of action of TCM in the treatment of AIS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Gao
- Emergency Department, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine Affiliated Hospital, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
- School of Clinical Medicine, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Xiuwen Xia
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Yinqi Shuai
- Emergency Department, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine Affiliated Hospital, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
- School of Clinical Medicine, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Hong Zhang
- Emergency Department, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine Affiliated Hospital, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Wei Jin
- Emergency Department, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine Affiliated Hospital, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Xiaoyun Zhang
- Emergency Department, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine Affiliated Hospital, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
- *Correspondence: Yi Zhang, ; Xiaoyun Zhang,
| | - Yi Zhang
- Geriatric Department, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine Affiliated Hospital, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
- *Correspondence: Yi Zhang, ; Xiaoyun Zhang,
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Hui D, Liu L, Azami NLB, Song J, Huang Y, Xu W, Wu C, Xie D, Jiang Y, Bian Y, Sun M. The spleen-strengthening and liver-draining herbal formula treatment of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease by regulation of intestinal flora in clinical trial. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2022; 13:1107071. [PMID: 36743913 PMCID: PMC9892935 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2022.1107071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2022] [Accepted: 12/29/2022] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE As a metabolic disease, one important feature of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is the disturbance of the intestinal flora. Spleen-strengthening and liver-draining formula (SLF) is a formula formed according to the theory of "One Qi Circulation" (Qing Dynasty, 1749) of Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM), which has shown significant therapeutic effect in patients with NAFLD in a preliminary clinical observation. In this study, we aim to explore the mechanism of SLF against NAFLD, especially its effect on glucolipid metabolism, from the perspective of intestinal flora. METHODS A prospective, randomized, controlled clinical study was designed to observe the efficacy and safety of SLF in the treatment of NAFLD. The study participants were randomly and evenly divided into control group and treatment group (SLF group). The control group made lifestyle adjustments, while the SLF group was treated with SLF on top of the control group. Both groups were participated in the study for 12 consecutive weeks. Furthermore, the feces of the two groups were collected before and after treatment. The intestinal flora of each group and healthy control (HC) were detected utilizing 16S rRNA gene sequencing. RESULTS Compared with the control group, the SLF group showed significant improvements in liver function, controlled attenuation parameter (CAP), and liver stiffness measurement (LSM), meanwhile, patients had significantly lower lipid and homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) with better security. Intestinal flora 16S rRNA gene sequencing results indicated reduced flora diversity and altered species abundance in patients with NAFLD. At the phylum level, Desulfobacterota levels were reduced. Although Firmicutes and Bacteroidetes did not differ significantly between HC and NAFLD, when grouped by alanine transaminase (ALT) and aspartate transaminase (AST) levels in NAFLD, Firmicutes levels were significantly higher in patients with ALT or AST abnormalities, while Bacteroidetes was significantly lower. Clinical correlation analysis showed that Firmicutes positively correlated with gender, age, ALT, AST, LSM, and Fibroscan-AST (FAST) score, while the opposite was true for Bacteroidetes. At the genus level, the levels of Alistipes, Bilophila, Butyricimonas, Coprococcus, Lachnospiraceae_NK4A136 group Phascolarctobacterium, Ruminococcus, UCG-002, and UCG-003 were reduced, whereas abundance of Tyzzerella increased. There was no statistically significant difference in Firmicutes and Bacteroidota levels in the SLF group before and after treatment, but both bacteria tended to retrace. At the genus level, Coprococcus (Lachnospiraceae family), Lachnospiraceae_NK4A136 group (Lachnospiraceae family), and Ruminococcus (Ruminococcaceae family) were significantly higher in the SLF group after treatment, and there was also a tendency for Bilophila (Desulfovibrionaceae family) to be back-regulated toward HC. CONCLUSIONS SLF can improve liver function and glucolipid metabolism in patients with NAFLD and lower down liver fat content to some extent. SLF could be carried out by regulating the disturbance of intestinal flora, especially Coprococcus, Lachnospiraceae_NK4A136 group, and Ruminococcus genus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dengcheng Hui
- Shuguang Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Institute of Liver Diseases, Key Laboratory of Liver and Kidney Diseases, Shuguang Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Lu Liu
- Shuguang Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Institute of Liver Diseases, Key Laboratory of Liver and Kidney Diseases, Shuguang Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Nisma Lena Bahaji Azami
- Shuguang Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Institute of Liver Diseases, Key Laboratory of Liver and Kidney Diseases, Shuguang Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Jingru Song
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hangzhou TCM Hospital Affiliated to Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yanping Huang
- Department of Good Clinical Practice Office, Tongren Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Wan Xu
- Shuguang Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Chao Wu
- Shuguang Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Institute of Liver Diseases, Key Laboratory of Liver and Kidney Diseases, Shuguang Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Dong Xie
- Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yulang Jiang
- Shuguang Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Institute of Liver Diseases, Key Laboratory of Liver and Kidney Diseases, Shuguang Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yanqin Bian
- Arthritis Institute of Guanghua Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Mingyu Sun
- Shuguang Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Institute of Liver Diseases, Key Laboratory of Liver and Kidney Diseases, Shuguang Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
- *Correspondence: Mingyu Sun,
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