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Sima J, Ma H, Liu F, Lou C, Zou F, Wang Y, Luo Y, Zhang M, Wu X. Electrophysiological indexes of ingroup bias in a group Stroop task: Evidence from an event-related potential study. Behav Brain Res 2024; 464:114931. [PMID: 38432302 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2024.114931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2023] [Revised: 02/21/2024] [Accepted: 02/28/2024] [Indexed: 03/05/2024]
Abstract
Although cognitive system assigns higher attentional resources to ingroup information than outgroup information, but it is unclear whether the ingroup bias can be measured by the processes that are related to allocation of attentional resources to ingroup information. Thus, a group Stroop task was developed to study the issues combining with event-related potential (ERP) technique in this study. Specifically, 34 subjects (17 female, mean age = 20.76 ± 1.26) were firstly divided into blue or red group (17 subjects for each group); then they were asked to categorize four words of Stroop task into "our team" or "other team" based on the ink color (blue/red) of the words whose meaning were also red/blue. The behavioral results showed that outgroup ink color processing was interfered by ingroup word meaning, but the ingroup ink color processing was less/not interfered by outgroup word meaning. The ERP results showed that the amplitude of frontal N100 was enhanced when more attentional resources were automatically captured by ingroup information in early stage than outgroup information; P2/N2 amplitude was reduced or enhanced when outgroup information processing was interfered by ingroup information; enhanced P3b amplitude reflected that attention could be more easily allocated to ingroup information than outgroup information based on target. This study implied a novel direction to study the neural basis of ingroup bias by investigating the roles of ingroup bias in assigning attentional resources to group information.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiashan Sima
- School of Psychology, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, Henan 453003, China; Center for Cognition, Emotion and Body (CCEB), Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, Henan 453003, China
| | - Huanke Ma
- School of Psychology, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, Henan 453003, China; Center for Cognition, Emotion and Body (CCEB), Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, Henan 453003, China
| | - Fan Liu
- School of Nursing, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, Henan 453003, China
| | - Chenjun Lou
- School of Psychology, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, Henan 453003, China; Center for Cognition, Emotion and Body (CCEB), Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, Henan 453003, China
| | - Feng Zou
- School of Psychology, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, Henan 453003, China; Center for Cognition, Emotion and Body (CCEB), Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, Henan 453003, China
| | - Yufeng Wang
- School of Psychology, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, Henan 453003, China; Center for Cognition, Emotion and Body (CCEB), Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, Henan 453003, China
| | - Yanyan Luo
- School of Psychology, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, Henan 453003, China; School of Nursing, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, Henan 453003, China
| | - Meng Zhang
- School of Psychology, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, Henan 453003, China; Center for Cognition, Emotion and Body (CCEB), Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, Henan 453003, China.
| | - Xin Wu
- School of Psychology, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, Henan 453003, China; Center for Cognition, Emotion and Body (CCEB), Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, Henan 453003, China.
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Liu P, Yang X, Tan JXY. Trial-level ERPs predicted behavioral responses during self-referential processing in late childhood. Soc Cogn Affect Neurosci 2024; 19:nsae011. [PMID: 38366646 PMCID: PMC10873861 DOI: 10.1093/scan/nsae011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2023] [Revised: 11/03/2023] [Accepted: 01/31/2024] [Indexed: 02/18/2024] Open
Abstract
Self-referential information is uniquely salient and preferentially processed even in children. The literature has used the self-referent encoding task (SRET) combined with event-related potentials (ERPs) to study self-referential processing and its associations with youth psychopathology. However, it is unclear how the ERP and behavioral indices of SRET are associated with each other, although this knowledge can promote our mechanistic understanding of this construct and its role in psychopathology. We examined this question in 115 9- to 12-year-old children, a critical period for the development of self-related concepts. By applying a multilevel modeling approach to the trial-level data of SRET, we disaggregated the between- and within-person variability and observed within-person, but not between-person, effects of the P2 and late positive potential (LPP) on behavioral responses: a larger P2 on a given trial predicted a faster response in this trial; a larger LPP on a given trial predicted a higher likelihood of endorsing the word of this trial. We provided novel evidence on how the within-person variability of the ERPs predicted the overt responses of the SRET in children. These findings inform our mechanistic knowledge of self-referential processing and shed light on a better understanding of the role of self-referential processing in the development of psychopathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pan Liu
- Department of Psychology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2E9, Canada
| | - Xiao Yang
- Departments of Health Sciences and Computer Sciences, Northeastern University, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Jaron X Y Tan
- Department of Psychology, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND 58102, USA
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Serafini L, Leo I, Pesciarelli F. Event-related potential correlates of implicit processing of own- and other-race faces in children. J Exp Child Psychol 2024; 238:105773. [PMID: 37703721 DOI: 10.1016/j.jecp.2023.105773] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2023] [Revised: 06/23/2023] [Accepted: 08/15/2023] [Indexed: 09/15/2023]
Abstract
Human adults typically experience difficulties in recognizing and discriminating individual faces belonging to racial groups other than their own. The origin of this "other-race" effect is set in infancy, but the understanding of its developmental course is fragmented. We aimed to access the mechanisms of the other-race effect in childhood by unraveling the neural time course of own- and other-race face processing during a masked priming paradigm. White 6- and 7-year-old children (N = 19) categorized fully visible Asian (other-race) or White (own-race) target faces according to gender. Target faces were preceded by masked same-identity or different-identity prime faces, matching the target for race and gender. We showed an early priming effect on the N100 component, with larger amplitude to different-face pairs than to same-face pairs, and a later race effect on the N200 component, with larger amplitude to own-race face pairs than to other-race face pairs. Critically, race did not interact with priming at any processing stage (P100, N100, P200, N200, or P300). Our results suggest that race could have a temporally limited impact on face processing and that the implicit and unconscious identity processing of own- and other-race faces could be similar in 6- and 7-year-olds, depicting an immature other-race effect during childhood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luana Serafini
- Department of Biomedical, Metabolic, and Neural Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, 41100 Modena, Italy
| | - Irene Leo
- Department of Developmental Psychology and Socialization, University of Padova, 35131 Padova, Italy
| | - Francesca Pesciarelli
- Department of Biomedical, Metabolic, and Neural Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, 41100 Modena, Italy.
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Bartholow BD. Default categorization of outgroup faces and the other race effect: Commentary on the special issue. Br J Psychol 2023; 114 Suppl 1:10-13. [PMID: 37052620 DOI: 10.1111/bjop.12648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2022] [Accepted: 03/15/2022] [Indexed: 04/14/2023]
Abstract
This commentary addresses how studies examining the neurophysiological correlates of racial categorization can provide insight into the neurocognitive mechanisms of the other-race effect in recognition memory. Several articles in the special issue describe how event-related potentials (ERPs) have been used to examine processing of faces that vary according to race, some of which have concluded that larger ERP amplitudes elicited by other-race (relative to own-race) faces indicates less efficient visual processing of other-race faces. I describe findings from ERP studies of race categorization that suggest an alternative interpretation-that other-race faces elicit stronger categorization, which impedes individuation of other-race faces. Suggestions for future research are offered.
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Serafini L, Pesciarelli F. Neural timing of the other-race effect across the lifespan: A review. Psychophysiology 2023; 60:e14203. [PMID: 36371686 DOI: 10.1111/psyp.14203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2021] [Revised: 09/20/2022] [Accepted: 10/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Face race influences the way we process faces, so that faces of a different ethnic group are processed for identity less efficiently than faces of one's ethnic group - a phenomenon known as the Other-Race Effect (ORE). Although widely replicated, the ORE is still poorly characterized in terms of its development and the underlying mechanisms. In the last two decades, the Event-Related Potential (ERP) technique has brought insight into the mechanisms underlying the ORE and has demonstrated potential to clarify its development. Here, we review the ERP evidence for a differential neural processing of own-race and other-race faces throughout the lifespan. In infants, race-related processing differences emerged at the N290 and P400 (structural encoding) stages. In children, race affected the P100 (early processing, attention) perceptual stage and was implicitly encoded at the N400 (semantic processing) stage. In adults, processing difficulties for other-race faces emerged at the N170 (structural encoding), P200 (configuration processing) and N250 (accessing individual representations) perceptual stages. Early in processing, race was implicitly encoded from other-race faces (N100, P200 attentional biases) and in-depth processing preferentially applied to own-race faces (N200 attentional bias). Encoding appeared less efficient (Dm effects) and retrieval less recollection-based (old/new effects) for other-race faces. Evidence admits the contribution of perceptual, attentional, and motivational processes to the development and functioning of the ORE, offering no conclusive support for perceptual or socio-cognitive accounts. Cross-racial and non-cross-racial studies provided convergent evidence. Future research would need to include less represented ethnic populations and the developmental population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luana Serafini
- Department of Biomedical, Metabolic, and Neural Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
| | - Francesca Pesciarelli
- Department of Biomedical, Metabolic, and Neural Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
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Yang B, Ma J, Ding R, Xia X, Ding X. The role of task demands in racial face encoding. Sci Rep 2022; 12:18896. [PMID: 36344573 PMCID: PMC9640591 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-19880-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2022] [Accepted: 09/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
People more accurately remember faces of their own racial group compared to faces of other racial groups; this phenomenon is called the other-race effect. To date, numerous researchers have devoted themselves to exploring the reasons for this other-race effect, and they have posited several theoretical explanations. One integrated explanation is the categorization-individuation model, which addresses two primary ways (categorization and individuation) of racial face processing and emphasizes the emergence of these two ways during the encoding stage. Learning-recognition and racial categorization tasks are two classical tasks used to explore racial face processing. Event-related potentials can facilitate investigation of the encoding differences of own- and other-race faces under these two typical task demands. Unfortunately, to date, results have been mixed. In the current study, we investigated whether categorization and individuation differ for own- and other-race faces during the encoding stage by using racial categorization and learning-recognition tasks. We found that task demands not only influence the encoding of racial faces, but also have a more profound effect in the encoding stage of recognition tasks for other-race faces. More specifically, own-race faces demonstrate deeper structural encoding than other-race faces, with less attentional involvement. Moreover, recognitions tasks might ask for more individual-level encoding, requiring more attentional resources in the early stage that may be maintained until relatively late stages. Our results provide some evidence concerning task selection for future racial face studies and establish a groundwork for a unified interpretation of racial face encoding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Yang
- grid.12981.330000 0001 2360 039XDepartment of Psychology, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 511400 China
| | - Jialin Ma
- grid.256922.80000 0000 9139 560XFaculty of Education, Henan University, Kaifeng, 475000 China
| | - Ran Ding
- grid.12981.330000 0001 2360 039XDepartment of Psychology, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 511400 China
| | - Xinyi Xia
- grid.12981.330000 0001 2360 039XDepartment of Psychology, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 511400 China
| | - Xiaobing Ding
- grid.412260.30000 0004 1760 1427School of Psychology, Northwest Normal University, Lanzhou, 730000 China
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Volpert-Esmond HI, Bartholow BD. A Functional Coupling of Brain and Behavior During Social Categorization of Faces. PERSONALITY AND SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY BULLETIN 2021; 47:1580-1595. [PMID: 33419384 PMCID: PMC8263806 DOI: 10.1177/0146167220976688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Considerable research has focused on how people derive information about others' social category memberships from their faces. Theoretical models posit that early extraction of task-relevant information from a face should determine the efficiency with which that face is categorized, but evidence supporting this idea has been elusive. Here, we used a novel trial-level data analytic approach to examine the relationship between two event-related potential components-the P2, indexing early attention to category-relevant information, and the P3, indexing stimulus evaluation-and the speed of overt categorization judgments. As predicted, a larger face-elicited P2 on a particular trial was associated with faster overt race or gender categorization of that face. Moreover, this association was mediated by P3 latency, indicating that extraction of more category-relevant information early in processing facilitated stimulus evaluation. These findings support continuous flow models of information processing and the long-theorized functional significance of face-elicited neurophysiological responses for social categorization.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Bruce D. Bartholow
- Department of Psychological Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA
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Zhu H, Wang A, Collins HR, Yue Y, Xu S, Zhu X. The encoding of race during face processing, an event-related potential study. Perception 2021; 50:842-860. [PMID: 34623190 DOI: 10.1177/03010066211048573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
It is well known that adults spontaneously classify people into social categories and this categorization in turn guides their cognition and behavior. A wealth of research has examined how people perceive race and investigated the effect of race on social behavior. But what about race encoding? Although considerable behavioral research has investigated the encoding of race, that is, the social categorization by race, the neural underpinning of it is largely underexplored. To investigate the time course of race encoding, the current study employed a modified category verification task and a multivariate analyzing approach. We found that racial information became decodable from event-related potential topographies as early as about 200 ms after stimulus onset. At this stage, the brain can differentiate different races in a task-relevant manner. Nonetheless, it is not until 100 ms later that racial information is encoded in a socially relevant manner (own- versus other-race). Importantly, perceptual differentiation not only occurs before the encoding of the race but actually influences it: the faces that are more easily perceptually categorized are actually encoded more readily. Together, we posit that the detection and the encoding of race are decoupled although they are not completely independent. Our results provide powerful constraints toward the theory-building of race.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haidong Zhu
- Department of Psychology, 70586Shihezi University, Xinjiang, China
| | - Anqi Wang
- Department of Psychology, 70586Shihezi University, Xinjiang, China
| | - Heather R Collins
- Department of Radiology, 158155Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA
| | - Yaqi Yue
- Department of Psychology, 70586Shihezi University, Xinjiang, China
| | - Shuhui Xu
- Department of Psychology, 26495Wenzhou University, Zhejiang, China
| | - Xun Zhu
- Department of Psychology, 70586Shihezi University, Xinjiang, China; Department of Psychology, 26495Wenzhou University, Zhejiang, China
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Volpert-Esmond HI, Page-Gould E, Bartholow BD. Using multilevel models for the analysis of event-related potentials. Int J Psychophysiol 2021; 162:145-156. [PMID: 33600841 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2021.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2020] [Revised: 02/01/2021] [Accepted: 02/03/2021] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Multilevel modeling (MLM) is becoming increasingly accessible and popular in the analysis of event-related potentials (ERPs). In this article, we review the benefits of MLM for analyzing psychophysiological data, which often contains repeated observations within participants, and introduce some of the decision-making points in the analytic process, including how to set up the data set, specify the model, conduct hypothesis tests, and visualize the model estimates. We highlight how the use of MLM can extend the types of theoretical questions that can be answered using ERPs, including investigations of how ERPs vary meaningfully across trials within a testing session. We also address reporting practices and provide tools to calculate effect sizes and simulate power curves. Ultimately, we hope this review contributes to emerging best practices for the use of MLM with psychophysiological data.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Bruce D Bartholow
- Department of Psychological Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA
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Abstract
The social neuroscience approach to prejudice investigates the psychology of intergroup bias by integrating models and methods of neuroscience with the social psychology of prejudice, stereotyping, and discrimination. Here, we review major contemporary lines of inquiry, including current accounts of group-based categorization; formation and updating of prejudice and stereotypes; effects of prejudice on perception, emotion, and decision making; and the self-regulation of prejudice. In each section, we discuss key social neuroscience findings, consider interpretational challenges and connections with the behavioral literature, and highlight how they advance psychological theories of prejudice. We conclude by discussing the next-generation questions that will continue to guide the social neuroscience approach toward addressing major societal issues of prejudice and discrimination.
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Affiliation(s)
- David M Amodio
- Department of Psychology, New York University, New York, NY 10003, USA; .,Department of Psychology, University of Amsterdam, 1001 NK Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Mina Cikara
- Department of Psychology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA
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Petsko CD, Bodenhausen GV. Multifarious person perception: How social perceivers manage the complexity of intersectional targets. SOCIAL AND PERSONALITY PSYCHOLOGY COMPASS 2019. [DOI: 10.1111/spc3.12518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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