Chemopreventive effect of the polysaccharides from Grifola frondosa in colitis-associated colorectal cancer by modulating the Wnt/β-catenin/GSK-3β signaling pathway in C57BL/6 mice

Anti-proliferative potential of extracellular beta-glucans isolated from Trametes hirsuta in carcinoma and leukemic cell lines

This study aims to extract, purify, and characterize water-soluble extracellular polysaccharides (EPS) from Trametes hirsuta and evaluate their antiproliferative effects. The anionic fraction (AF), a purified form extracellular polysaccharide consisting of glucose-based polymeric units, was isolated through chromatographic purification. The FTIR spectrum showed characteristic absorption peaks at 876.12 cm-1 and 826.89 cm-1 corresponding to β configuration and absorption peaks at 1019.63 cm-1, 1118.10 cm-1, and 1187.92 cm-1 corresponding to pyranose form of the glucosyl residue. 1H NMR signals at δ 4.90 ppm and δ 4.28 ppm were representative of anomeric protons, while 13C NMR spectrum signals around δ 97.85 ppm, δ 93.12 ppm, δ 77.79 ppm, δ 75.89 ppm, δ 71.51 ppm, and δ 62.28 ppm attributed to C-1, C-3, C-5, C-2, C-4, and C-6 carbon atom of EPS. The aforementioned results showed that the purified EPS was made of β-D (1 → 3) glucan moiety. The anti-proliferative activity of EPS was screened against four carcinoma cell lines, HepG2, HEp-2, HT-29 and PC3, and one leukemic cell line, MOLT-4, was used. Purified EPS demonstrated significantly greater cytotoxicity against HT-29, followed by MOLT-4, HepG2, and HEp2, compared to crude EPS. However, it was ineffective against PC-3, a prostate cancer cell line.

Role of Mushroom Polysaccharides in Modulation of GI Homeostasis and Protection of GI Barrier

Edible and medicinal mushroom polysaccharides (EMMPs) have been widely studied for their various biological activities. It has been shown that EMMPs could modulate microbiota in the large intestine and improve intestinal health. However, the role of EMMPs in protecting the gastric barrier, regulating gastric microbiota, and improving gastric health cannot be ignored. Hence, this review will elucidate the effect of EMMPs on gastric and intestinal barriers, with emphasis on the interaction of EMMPs with microbiota in maintaining overall gastrointestinal health. Additionally, this review highlights the gastroprotective effects and underlying mechanisms of EMMPs against gastric mucosa injury, gastritis, gastric ulcer, and gastric cancer. Furthermore, the effects of EMMPs on intestinal diseases, including inflammatory bowel disease, colorectal cancer, and intestinal infection, are also summarized. This review will also discuss the future perspective and challenges in the use of EMMPs as a dietary supplement or a nutraceutical in preventing and treating gastrointestinal diseases.

The function and application of edible fungal polysaccharides

Edible fungi, commonly known as mushrooms, are precious medicinal and edible homologous gifts from nature to us. Edible fungal polysaccharides (EFPs) are a variety of bioactive macromolecular which isolated from fruiting bodies, mycelia or fermentation broths of edible or medicinal fungus. Increasing researches have confirmed that EFPs possess multiple biological activities both in vitro and in vivo settings, including antioxidant, antiviral, anti-inflammatory, immunomodulatory, anti-tumor, hypoglycemic, hypolipidemic, and regulating intestinal flora activities. As a result, they have emerged as a prominent focus in the healthcare, pharmaceutical, and cosmetic industries. Fungal EFPs have safe, non-toxic, biodegradable, and biocompatible properties with low immunogenicity, bioadhesion ability, and antibacterial activities, presenting diverse potential applications in the food industries, cosmetic, biomedical, packaging, and new materials. Moreover, varying raw materials, extraction, purification, chemical modification methods, and culture conditions can result in variances in the structure and biological activities of EFPs. The purpose of this review is to provide comprehensively and systematically organized information on the structure, modification, biological activities, and potential applications of EFPs to support their therapeutic effects and health functions. This review provides new insights and a theoretical basis for prospective investigations and advancements in EFPs in fields such as medicine, food, and new materials.

Sparassis latifolia polysaccharides inhibit colon cancer in mice by modulating gut microbiota and metabolism

Sparassis latifolia polysaccharides (SLPs) can regulate inflammatory cytokines. However, little is known about the regulation mechanism of SLPs on colon cancer. In this study, we investigated the mechanism of SLPs on metabolism in mice with colon cancer. The results showed that SLPs could improve the colon morphology and physiological indices, and inhibit the infiltration of immune cells in colon. Moreover, it could improve metabolism disorder of colon cancer via reducing the levels of TNF-α, IL-6, NF-κB, COX-2 and IL-1β mRNA or protein, increasing IκB mRNA or protein expression. In addition, it could comprehensively regulate the colon cancer related metabolism by changing the abundance of key intestinal flora and 35 metabolites including phosphatidylcholine, tryptophan and tetrahydrobiopterin. Some biomarkers associated with colon cancer metabolism were related significantly with the abundance of specific intestinal flora. These findings indicate that SLPs can attenuate metabolism disorder of colon cancer by modulating gut microbiota and metabolites.

MiR-490-3p Inhibits the Malignant Progression of Lung Adenocarcinoma

Objective

To investigate the effects of miR-490-3p on the proliferation, migration, invasion and apoptosis of lung adenocarcinoma (LUAD) cells through the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway.

Methods

Differentially expressed miRNAs in LUAD tissues were analyzed by bioinformatics and the target miRNA went through GSEA enrichment analysis. qRT-PCR was used to detect the expression of miR-490-3p in human LUAD cells and normal bronchial cells. The constructed vectors were transfected into the LUAD cell lines using Lipofectamine 2000. Cell viability was detected by MTT, cell migration and invasion were detected by transwell assay, and cell apoptosis was detected by flow cytometry. Western blot was performed to detect the expression levels of the proteins related to the Wnt/β-catenin pathway and cell apoptosis. Xenograft tumor mouse models were used for in vivo validation.

Results

The results of qRT-PCR showed that miR-490-3p was relatively lowly expressed in LUAD cells, and the expression level was different in different LUAD cell lines. The results of MTT, transwell and flow cytometry exhibited that miR-490-3p could significantly inhibit the proliferation, migration, invasion and increase cell apoptosis rate of LUAD cells. Western blot results showed that miR-490-3p promoted the expression of Bax, Caspase-3 and E-cadherin as well as the phosphorylation of GSK-3β and inhibited the expression of Bcl-2, β-catenin and C-myc. Additionally, animal experiments were performed to prove that miR-490-3p suppressed LUAD malignant progression in vivo.

Conclusion

MiR-490-3p inhibited the proliferation, migration, invasion and promoted the apoptosis of LUAD cells by down-regulating the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway, suggesting that miR-490-3p may be an indicator for early diagnosis and prognosis of LUAD.