Optimization of novel halophilic lipase production by Fusarium solani strain NFCCL 4084 using palm oil mill effluent

Bioconversion of mustard oil cake for production of lipase, optimization and direct immobilization from solid-state fermentation extract

Fungal lipases are the leading industrial biocatalyst due to their broad applications, but high cost limits their commercial usage. The low-cost agri-residues substrates can reduce the cost of lipase production. However, the compatibility of agri-residue with fungal species, recovery process of lipase and stability of the enzyme are crucial steps. The aim of the present work was optimization of lipase production from a suitable combination of fungal culture with a locally available vegetable oilseed cake (mustard/groundnut/almond/cottonseed) in solid-state fermentation process and its direct immobilization. The enzyme produced using selected combination of Rhizopus oryzae and mustard oilseed cake was optimized by Plackett-Burman design, one-factor-at-a-time and central composite design (CCD). The highest enzyme activity of 25.08 U/gds was obtained by CCD at urea 2.11% w/w, inoculum size 1.18% v/w, and moisture content 69.99% w/w. The crude enzyme from the extract was immobilized on functionalized magnetic nanoparticles with the results of protein loading 68.88 ± 3.54 µg/mg of MNPs and activity recovery of 60.33 ± 3.03%. This study can be helpful to explore the suitability of locally available agri-residue for production of lipase and utilization of enzyme in different industrial applications.

Utilization of Fusarium Solani lipase for enrichment of polyunsaturated Omega-3 fatty acids

Omega-3 fatty acids, such as eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), offer numerous health benefits. Enriching these fatty acids in fish oil using cost-effective methods, like lipase application, has been studied extensively. This research aimed to investigate F. solani as a potential lipase producer and compare its efficacy in enhancing polyunsaturated omega-3 fatty acids with commercial lipases. Submerged fermentation with coconut oil yielded Lipase F2, showing remarkable activity (215.68 U/mL). Lipase F2 remained stable at pH 8.0 (activity: 93.84 U/mL) and active between 35 and 70 °C, with optimal stability at 35 °C. It exhibited resistance to various surfactants and ions, showing no cytotoxic activity in vitro, crucial for its application in the food and pharmaceutical industries. Lipase F2 efficiently enriched EPA and DHA in fish oil, reaching 22.1 mol% DHA and 23.8 mol% EPA. These results underscore the economic viability and efficacy of Lipase F2, a partially purified enzyme obtained using low-cost techniques, demonstrating remarkable stability and resistance to diverse conditions. Its performance was comparable to highly pure commercially available enzymes in omega-3 production. These findings highlight the potential of F. solani as a promising lipase source, offering opportunities for economically producing omega-3 and advancing biotechnological applications in the food and supplements industry.

Edible plant oil (EPO)-consumption activity of the isolate Fusarium keratoplasticum EN01 and other relative Fusarium species

Edible oil is used in humans' daily lives, and the degradation of edible oil is a key process in sewage water treatment and in compost production from food wastes. In this study, a mixed microbial strain EN00, which showed high edible plant oil (EPO)-consumption activity, was obtained from soil via enrichment cultivation. A fungal strain EN01 was isolated from EN00 and relegated to Fusarium keratoplasticum, based on the nucleotide sequences of the TEF1-α gene. Strain EN01 eliminated more than 90% of hydrophobic compounds from the medium containing 1.0% (w/v) EPO within 10 days at 30 °C. The rate of consumption of EPO by EN01 was comparable with that of EN00, suggesting that EN01 was the main microorganism involved in the EPO-consumption ability of EN00. Strain EN01 efficiently utilized EPO as a sole carbon source. The EPO-consumption rate of EN01 was highest among six tested strains of Fusarium solani species complex (FSSC), while two FSSC strains of F. mori and F. cuneirostrum, whose phylogenetic relationships were relatively distant from EN01, had little EPO-eliminating activity. This data implies that the potent EPO-eliminating activity is not general in FSSC strains but is restricted to selected members of this complex. EN01 showed good growth at 25-30 °C, in media with an initial pH of 4-10, and in the presence of 0-3% (w/v) sodium chloride. Although the safety including pathogenicity must be strictly evaluated, some FSSC strains including EN01 have potentials for use in the degradation and elimination of edible oil.

Agri-residues and agro-industrial waste substrates bioconversion by fungal cultures to biocatalyst lipase for green chemistry: A review

Huge amounts of agri-residues generated from food crops and processing are discarded in landfills, causing environmental problems. There is an urgent need to manage them with a green technological approach. Agri-residues are rich in nutrients such as proteins, lipids, sugars, minerals etc., and provide an opportunity for bioconversion into value-added products. Considering the importance of lipase as a biocatalyst for various industrial applications and its growing need for economic production, a detailed review of bioconversion of agri-residues and agro-industrial substrate for the production of lipase from fungal species from a technological perspective has been reported for the first time. Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) flow diagram was used for the identification and selection of articles from ScienceDirect, Google Scholar, and Scopus databases from 2010 to 2023 (July), and 108 peer-reviewed journal articles were included based on the scope of the study. The composition of agri-residues/agro-industrial wastes, fungal species, lipase production, industrial/green chemistry applications, and the economic impact of using agri-residues on lipase costs have been discussed. Bioconversion procedure, process developments, and technology gaps required to be addressed before commercialization have also been discussed. This process expects to decrease the environmental pollution from wastes, and low-cost lipase can help in the growth of the bioeconomy.

Scale-up Lipase Production and Development of Methanol Tolerant Whole-Cell Biocatalyst from Magnusiomyces spicifer SPB2 in Stirred-Tank Bioreactor and Its Application for Biodiesel Production

This study aimed to economically develop the yeast whole-cell biocatalyst from the lipase-secreting Magnusiomyces spicifer SPB2 to serve green biodiesel production. The scaled-up productions of lipases were optimized using a 5-L stirred-tank bioreactor. The maximum extracellular lipase and cell-bound lipase (CBL) yields of 1189.65 U/L and 5603.74 U/L were achieved at 24 h and 60 h, respectively, in the modified IMY medium (pH 5.0) containing 2% of soybean oil as a carbon source and 0.2% Gum Arabic as an emulsifying agent. The optimized cultivation was initiated with an inoculum size of 1 × 107 cells/mL and conducted under an aeration rate of 0.75 vvm with an agitation speed of 400 rpm. The obtained whole-cell biocatalyst of M. spicifer SPB2 was applied to catalyze the transesterification reaction using palm oil and methanol as substrates. The greatest yield of 97.93% fatty acid methyl ester (FAME) was reached at 72 h using a palm oil/methanol ratio of 1:7, indicating high methanol stability of the biocatalyst. Moreover, substrate homogenization accelerated the reaction to achieve FAME production of 97.01% at 48 h and remained stable afterwards. Without homogenization, the highest FAME of 98.20% was obtained at 60 h. The whole-cell biocatalyst prepared from lipase-secreting M. spicifer SPB2 at an up-scaled level greatly enhanced efficiency and feasibility for commercial biodiesel production through a green conversion process.

Extremophilic lipases for industrial applications: A general review

With industrialization and development in modern science enzymes and their applications increased widely. There is always a hunt for new proficient enzymes with novel properties to meet specific needs of various industrial sectors. Along with the high efficiency, the green and eco-friendly side of enzymes attracts human attention, as they form a true answer to counter the hazardous and toxic conventional industrial catalyst. Lipases have always earned industrial attention due to the broad range of hydrolytic and synthetic reactions they catalyse. When these catalytic properties get accompanied by features like temperature stability, pH stability, and solvent stability lipases becomes an appropriate tool for use in many industrial processes. Extremophilic lipases offer the same, thermostable: hot and cold active thermophilic and psychrophilic lipases, acid and alkali resistant and active acidophilic and alkaliphilic lipases, and salt tolerant halophilic lipases form excellent biocatalyst for detergent formulations, biofuel synthesis, ester synthesis, food processing, pharmaceuticals, leather, and paper industry. An interesting application of these lipases is in the bioremediation of lipid waste in harsh environments. The review gives a brief account on various extremophilic lipases with emphasis on thermophilic, psychrophilic, halophilic, alkaliphilic, and acidophilic lipases, their sources, biochemical properties, and potential applications in recent decades.

A Comprehensive Insight into Fungal Enzymes: Structure, Classification, and Their Role in Mankind's Challenges

Enzymes have played a crucial role in mankind's challenges to use different types of biological systems for a diversity of applications. They are proteins that break down and convert complicated compounds to produce simple products. Fungal enzymes are compatible, efficient, and proper products for many uses in medicinal requests, industrial processing, bioremediation purposes, and agricultural applications. Fungal enzymes have appropriate stability to give manufactured products suitable shelf life, affordable cost, and approved demands. Fungal enzymes have been used from ancient times to today in many industries, including baking, brewing, cheese making, antibiotics production, and commodities manufacturing, such as linen and leather. Furthermore, they also are used in other fields such as paper production, detergent, the textile industry, and in drinks and food technology in products manufacturing ranging from tea and coffee to fruit juice and wine. Recently, fungi have been used for the production of more than 50% of the needed enzymes. Fungi can produce different types of enzymes extracellularly, which gives a great chance for producing in large amounts with low cost and easy viability in purified forms using simple purification methods. In the present review, a comprehensive trial has been advanced to elaborate on the different types and structures of fungal enzymes as well as the current status of the uses of fungal enzymes in various applications.

Microbial halophilic lipases: A review

Microbial lipases are commercially significant due to their versatile catalytic function of hydrolysis triacylglycerol. Among these, lipases from extremophiles are optimal for industrial application. Halophilic microorganisms living in a high salinity environment, such as the ocean, salt lakes, salt wells, and so on, produce halophilic lipases. In recent decades, many remarkable achievements have been made related to the properties and application of halophilic lipases. This review offers information collected over the last decades on halophilic lipase sources as well as advances in production, factors influencing activity, stability under various conditions, structural characteristics, progress in industrial applications such as food flavor modification, biodiesel production, and waste treatment, to provide theoretical and methodological references for the research in this direction.

Orchestration an extracellular lipase production from Aspergillus niger MYA 135: biomass morphology and fungal physiology

The impact of biomass morphology and culture conditions on fungal fermentation was widely reviewed in the literature. In this work, we presented three independent experiments in order to evaluate the influence of some of those input factors on a lipase production separately by using the Aspergillus niger MYA 135 and the two-stage fermentation technique. Regarding the culture modality, the biomass was pre-grown in a first reactor. Then, the washed mycelium was transferred to a second reactor to continue the study. Firstly, linear effects of fungal morphology and several physiological parameters on a lipase production were explored using the Plackett-Burman design. The dispersed fungal morphology was confirmed as a proper quality characteristic for producing an extracellular lipase activity. Concerning the impact of the carbon source on the biomass pre-growth, the sucrose (E = 9.923, p < 0.001) and the L-arabinose (E = 4.198, p = 0.009) presented positive and significant effects on the enzyme production. On the contrary, the supplementation of 0.05 g/L CaCl₂ displayed a highly negative and significant effect on this process (E = - 7.390, p < 0.001). Secondly, the relationship between the enzyme production and the input variables N:C ratio, FeCl₃ and olive oil was explored applying the central composite design. Among the model terms, the N:C ratio of the production medium had the most negative and significant influence on the enzyme synthesis. Thus, it was concluded that a low N:C ratio was preferable to increase its production. In addition, the bifunctional role of FeCl₃ on this fungus was presented. Thirdly, a prove of concept assay was also discussed.

Current perspectives for microbial lipases from extremophiles and metagenomics

Microbial lipases are most broadly used biocatalysts for environmental and industrial applications. Lipases catalyze the hydrolysis and synthesis of long acyl chain esters and have a characteristic folding pattern of α/β hydrolase with highly conserved catalytic triad (Serine, Aspartic/Glutamic acid and Histidine). Mesophilic lipases (optimal activity in neutral pH range, mesophilic temperature range, atmospheric pressure, normal salinity, non-radio-resistant, and instability in organic solvents) have been in use for many industrial biotransformation reactions. However, lipases from extremophiles can be used to design biotransformation reactions with higher yields, less byproducts or useful side products and have been predicted to catalyze those reactions also, which otherwise are not possible with the mesophilic lipases. The extremophile lipase perform activity at extremes of temperature, pH, salinity, and pressure which can be screened from metagenome and de novo lipase design using computational approaches. Despite structural similarity, they exhibit great diversity at the sequence level. This diversity is broader when lipases from the bacterial, archaeal, plant, and animal domains/kingdoms are compared. Furthermore, a great diversity of novel lipases exists and can be discovered from the analysis of the dark matter - the unexplored nucleotide/metagenomic databases. This review is an update on extremophilic microbial lipases, their diversity, structure, and classification. An overview on novel lipases which have been detected through analysis of the genomic dark matter (metagenome) has also been presented.

The use of response surface methodology for enhanced production of a thermostable bacterial lipase in a novel yeast system

A thermostable bacterial lipase from Geobacillus zalihae was expressed in a novel yeast Pichia sp. strain SO. The preliminary expression was too low and discourages industrial production. This study sought to investigate the optimum conditions for T1 lipase production in Pichia sp. strain SO. Seven medium conditions were investigated and optimized using Response Surface Methodology (RSM). Five responding conditions namely; temperature, inoculum size, incubation time, culture volume and agitation speed observed through Plackett-Burman Design (PBD) method had a significant effect on T1 lipase production. The medium conditions were optimized using Box-Behnken Design (BBD). Investigations reveal that the optimum conditions for T1 lipase production and Biomass concentration (OD₆₀₀) were; Temperature 31.76 °C, incubation time 39.33 h, culture volume 132.19 mL, inoculum size 3.64%, and agitation speed of 288.2 rpm with a 95% PI low as; 12.41 U/mL and 95% PI high of 13.65 U/mL with an OD₆₀₀ of; 95% PI low as; 19.62 and 95% PI high as; 22.62 as generated by the software was also validated. These predicted parameters were investigated experimentally and the experimental result for lipase activity observed was 13.72 U/mL with an OD₆₀₀ of 24.5. At these optimum conditions, there was a 3-fold increase on T1 lipase activity. This study is the first to develop a statistical model for T1 lipase production and biomass concentration in Pichia sp. Strain SO. The optimized production of T1 lipase presents a choice for its industrial application.

Microbial lipases and their industrial applications: a comprehensive review

Lipases are very versatile enzymes, and produced the attention of the several industrial processes. Lipase can be achieved from several sources, animal, vegetable, and microbiological. The uses of microbial lipase market is estimated to be USD 425.0 Million in 2018 and it is projected to reach USD 590.2 Million by 2023, growing at a CAGR of 6.8% from 2018. Microbial lipases (EC 3.1.1.3) catalyze the hydrolysis of long chain triglycerides. The microbial origins of lipase enzymes are logically dynamic and proficient also have an extensive range of industrial uses with the manufacturing of altered molecules. The unique lipase (triacylglycerol acyl hydrolase) enzymes catalyzed the hydrolysis, esterification and alcoholysis reactions. Immobilization has made the use of microbial lipases accomplish its best performance and hence suitable for several reactions and need to enhance aroma to the immobilization processes. Immobilized enzymes depend on the immobilization technique and the carrier type. The choice of the carrier concerns usually the biocompatibility, chemical and thermal stability, and insolubility under reaction conditions, capability of easy rejuvenation and reusability, as well as cost proficiency. Bacillus spp., Achromobacter spp., Alcaligenes spp., Arthrobacter spp., Pseudomonos spp., of bacteria and Penicillium spp., Fusarium spp., Aspergillus spp., of fungi are screened large scale for lipase production. Lipases as multipurpose biological catalyst has given a favorable vision in meeting the needs for several industries such as biodiesel, foods and drinks, leather, textile, detergents, pharmaceuticals and medicals. This review represents a discussion on microbial sources of lipases, immobilization methods increased productivity at market profitability and reduce logistical liability on the environment and user.

Enhanced halophilic lipase secretion by Marinobacter litoralis SW-45 and its potential fatty acid esters release

An approach was made to enhance the halophilic lipase secretion by a newly isolated moderate halophilic Marinobacter litoralis SW-45, through the statistical optimization of Plackett-Burman (PB) experimental design and the Face Centered Central Composite Design (FCCCD). Initially, PB statistical design was used to screen the medium components and process parameters, while the One-factor-at-a-time technique was availed to find the optimum level of significant parameters. It was found that MgSO₄  · 7H₂ O, NaCl, agitation speed, FeSO₄  · 7H₂ O, yeast extract and KCl positively influence the halophilic lipase production, whereas temperature, carbon source (maltose), inducer (olive oil), inoculum size, and casein-peptone had a negative effect on enzyme production. The optimum level of halophilic lipase production was obtained at 3.0 g L^-1 maltose, 1% (v/v) olive oil, 30 °C growth temperature and 4% inoculum volume (v/v). Further optimization by FCCCD was revealed 1.7 folds improvement in the halophilic lipase production from 0.603 U ml^-1 to 1.0307 U ml^-1 . Functional and biochemical characterizations displayed that the lipase was significantly active and stable in the pH ranges of 7.0-9.5, temperature (30-50 °C), and NaCl concentration (0-21%). The lipase was maximally active at pH 8.0, 12% (w/v) NaCl, and 50 °C temperature. Besides, M. litoralis SW-45 lipase was found to possess the promising industrial potential to be utilized as a biocatalyst for the esterification.