1
|
Wang Z, He X, Li X, Chen L, Tang T, Cui G, Zhang Q, Liu Y. Long-term stability and toxicity effects of three-dimensional electrokinetic remediation on chromium-contaminated soils. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2023; 337:122461. [PMID: 37689131 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2023.122461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2023] [Revised: 08/22/2023] [Accepted: 08/24/2023] [Indexed: 09/11/2023]
Abstract
The three-dimensional electrokinetic remediation (3D EKR) achieved efficient removal of chromium (Cr) from the soil through mechanisms including electromigration, electroosmosis, and redox reactions. In this study, the long-term stability, leaching toxicity, bioavailability, and phytotoxicity of Cr in remediated soils were systematically analyzed to comprehensively evaluate the effectiveness of the 3D EKR method. The results showed that the concentration of hexavalent chromium (Cr (VI)) in the leachate of the 3D EKR system with sulfidated nano-scale zerovalent iron (S-nZVI) was more than 40% lower than those of the other 3D electrode groups, and the time required to reach the level III standard of groundwater quality criterion in China (0.05 mg/L, GB/T 14848-2017) was significantly shortened. The stabilization of Cr(VI) in contaminated soil after 3D EKR was maintained for 300 pore volumes (PVs), indicating that the treated Cr(VI) had good long-term stability. The leaching toxicity and bioaccessibility of Cr were assessed by the synthetic precipitation leaching procedure (SPLP), the toxicity characteristic leaching procedure (TCLP), and the physiologically based extraction test (PBET). The concentration of Cr(VI) in the SPLP, TCLP, and PBET leachates of the S-nZVI group decreased by more than 25% compared to the other 3D electrode groups, corresponding to the decrease in leaching toxicity and bioavailability of the treated Cr during the 15-day remediation period. In addition, the germination rate of wheat seeds and the average biomass of wheat seedlings in the S-nZVI group under alkaline conditions (EE) were higher than those in the non-polluting group (Blank-OH), indicating that the remediated soil had no obvious toxicity to wheat. In summary, 3D EKR achieved a satisfactory and stable remediation effect on Cr-contaminated soil, especially when using S-nZVI as the 3D electrode.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zheng Wang
- College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University; Beijing Key Laboratory for Solid Waste Utilization and Management, Beijing 100871, China.
| | - Xiao He
- China MCC5 Group Corp. Ltd., Chengdu, 610063, China
| | - Xin Li
- Ecological Environment Consulting Department, Beijing Construction Engineering Environmental Remediation Co., Ltd., Beijing 100015, China
| | - Liuzhou Chen
- College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University; Beijing Key Laboratory for Solid Waste Utilization and Management, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Tian Tang
- College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University; Beijing Key Laboratory for Solid Waste Utilization and Management, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Guodong Cui
- College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University; Beijing Key Laboratory for Solid Waste Utilization and Management, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Qiming Zhang
- College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University; Beijing Key Laboratory for Solid Waste Utilization and Management, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Yangsheng Liu
- College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University; Beijing Key Laboratory for Solid Waste Utilization and Management, Beijing 100871, China.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Liu J, Sun S, Zhang H, Kong Q, Li Q, Yao X. Remediation materials for the immobilization of hexavalent chromium in contaminated soil: Preparation, applications, and mechanisms. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2023; 237:116918. [PMID: 37611786 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2023.116918] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2023] [Revised: 07/01/2023] [Accepted: 08/16/2023] [Indexed: 08/25/2023]
Abstract
Hexavalent chromium is a toxic metal that can induce severe chromium contamination of soil, posing a potential risk to human health and ecosystems. In recent years, the immobilization of Cr(VI) using remediation materials including inorganic materials, organic materials, microbial agents, and composites has exhibited great potential in remediating Cr(VI)-contaminated soil owing to the environmental-friendliness, short period, simple operation, low cost, applicability on an industrial scale, and high efficiency of these materials. Therefore, a systematical summary of the current progress on various remediation materials is essential. This work introduces the production (sources) of remediation materials and examines their characteristics in detail. Additionally, a critical summary of recent research on the utilization of remediation materials for the stabilization of Cr(VI) in the soil is provided, together with an evaluation of their remediation efficiencies toward Cr(VI). The influences of remediation material applications on soil physicochemical properties, microbial community structure, and plant growth are summarized. The immobilization mechanisms of remediation materials toward Cr(VI) in the soil are illuminated. Importantly, this study evaluates the feasibility of each remediation material application for Cr(VI) remediation. The latest knowledge on the development of remediation materials for the immobilization of Cr(VI) in the soil is also presented. Overall, this review will provide a reference for the development of remediation materials and their application in remediating Cr(VI)-contaminated soil.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jiwei Liu
- College of Geography and Environment, Shandong Normal University, Jinan, Shandong, 250014, China.
| | - Shuyu Sun
- College of Geography and Environment, Shandong Normal University, Jinan, Shandong, 250014, China
| | - Huanxin Zhang
- College of Geography and Environment, Shandong Normal University, Jinan, Shandong, 250014, China
| | - Qiang Kong
- College of Geography and Environment, Shandong Normal University, Jinan, Shandong, 250014, China; Dongying Institute, Shandong Normal University, Dongying, Shandong, 257092, China
| | - Qian Li
- School of Modern Agriculture and Environment, Weifang Institute of Technology, Weifang, Shandong, 261000, China
| | - Xudong Yao
- Project Department, Shandong Luqiao Detection Technology Co., Ltd., Rizhao, Shandong, 276800, China
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Xu R, Wang YN, Li S, Sun Y, Gao Y, Guo L, Wang H. Effective Cr(VI) reduction and immobilization in chromite ore processing residue (COPR) contaminated soils by ferrous sulfate and digestate: A comparative investigation with typical reducing agents. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2023; 265:115522. [PMID: 37769582 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2023.115522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2023] [Revised: 08/30/2023] [Accepted: 09/23/2023] [Indexed: 10/03/2023]
Abstract
Chemical reduction combined with microbial stabilization is a green and efficient method for the remediation of hexavalent chromium (Cr(VI)) contaminated soil. In this study, the combination of ferrous sulfate with kitchen waste digestate was applied to reduce and immobilize Cr(VI) in chromite ore processing residue (COPR) contaminated soils, and systematically evaluated the remediation performance of Cr(VI) compared with several typical reducing agents (i.e., ferrous sulfate, zero valent iron, sodium thiosulfate, ferrous sulfide, and calcium polysulfide). The results showed that the combination of ferrous sulfate and digestate had superior advantages of a lower dosage of reducing agent and a long-term remediation effect compared to other single chemical reductants. Under an Fe(II):Cr(VI) molar ratio of 3:1% and 4% digestate (wt), the content of Cr(VI) in the soil decreased to 5.07 mg/kg after 60 days of remediation. Meanwhile, the leaching concentrations of Cr(VI) were below detection limit, which can meet the hazardous waste toxicity leaching standard. The risk level of Cr pollution was decreased from very high risk to low risk. The X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) results further demonstrated that the combined treatments were beneficial to Cr(VI) reduction and stabilization. The abundance of bacteria with Cr(VI) reducing ability was higher than other treatments. Moreover, the high abundance of carbon and nitrogen metabolism in the combined treatments demonstrated that the addition of digestate was beneficial to the recovery and flourishing of Cr(VI)-reducing related microorganisms in COPR contaminated soils. This work provided an alternative way on Cr(VI) remediation in COPR contaminated soils.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rong Xu
- School of Environmental and Municipal Engineering, Qingdao University of Technology, Qingdao 266520, China
| | - Ya-Nan Wang
- School of Environmental and Municipal Engineering, Qingdao University of Technology, Qingdao 266520, China.
| | - Shupeng Li
- Beijing Construction Engineering Environmental Remediation Co., Ltd., Beijing 100015, China; National Engineering Laboratory for Safety Remediation of Contaminated Sites, Beijing 100015, China
| | - Yingjie Sun
- School of Environmental and Municipal Engineering, Qingdao University of Technology, Qingdao 266520, China
| | - Ying Gao
- School of Environmental and Municipal Engineering, Qingdao University of Technology, Qingdao 266520, China
| | - Lili Guo
- Beijing Construction Engineering Environmental Remediation Co., Ltd., Beijing 100015, China; National Engineering Laboratory for Safety Remediation of Contaminated Sites, Beijing 100015, China
| | - Huawei Wang
- School of Environmental and Municipal Engineering, Qingdao University of Technology, Qingdao 266520, China.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Li HK, Xu DM, Wang JX, Xu ZL, Fu RB. The occurrence of "yellowing" phenomenon and its main driving factors after the remediation of chromium (Cr)-contaminated soils: A literature review. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2023; 457:131698. [PMID: 37270962 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2023.131698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2023] [Revised: 05/13/2023] [Accepted: 05/23/2023] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Chromium (Cr) is a highly toxic element, which is widely present in environment due to industrial activities. One of most applicable technique to clean up Cr pollution is chemical reduction. However, the Cr(VI) concentration in soil increases again after remediation, and meanwhile the yellow soil would appear, which is commonly called as "yellowing" phenomenon. To date, the reason behind the phenomenon has been disputed for decades. This study aimed to introduce the possible "yellowing" mechanism and the influencing factors based on the extensive literature review. In this work, the concept of "yellowing" phenomenon was explained, and the most potential reasons include the reoxidation of manganese (Mn) oxides and mass transfer were summarized. Based on the reported finding and results, the large area of "yellowing" is likely to be caused by the re-migration of Cr(VI), since it could not sufficiently contact with the reductant under the effects of the mass transfer. In addition, other driving factors also control the occurrence of "yellowing" phenomenon. This review provides valuable reference for the academic peers participating in the Cr-contaminated sites remediation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hao-Kai Li
- Centre for Environmental Risk Management and Remediation of Soil and Groundwater, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China; State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Da-Mao Xu
- Centre for Environmental Risk Management and Remediation of Soil and Groundwater, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China; State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Jun-Xian Wang
- Centre for Environmental Risk Management and Remediation of Soil and Groundwater, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China; State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Ze-Lin Xu
- Centre for Environmental Risk Management and Remediation of Soil and Groundwater, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China; State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Rong-Bing Fu
- Centre for Environmental Risk Management and Remediation of Soil and Groundwater, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China; State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Li J, Si M, Dong Z, Huang J, Zhao Q, Li Y, Tian S. Remediation of Cr(VI)-contaminated soil using self-sustaining smoldering. CHEMOSPHERE 2023; 334:138936. [PMID: 37182711 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2023.138936] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2022] [Revised: 05/08/2023] [Accepted: 05/12/2023] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Self-sustaining smoldering is an emerging technology for nonaqueous-phase liquid remediation; however, it is rarely applied for Cr(VI)-contaminated soil treatment. In this study, self-sustaining smoldering using rice straw (RS) as a surrogate fuel was applied to remediate Cr(VI)-contaminated soil for the first time. Thirteen one-dimensional vertical smoldering experiments were conducted to investigate the effectiveness of the smoldering method and the effects of key experimental parameters on smoldering remediation performance. Smoldering was observed to be self-sustaining within the range of RS particle size from <0.16 to 2.00-4.00 mm, airflow from 0.2 to 1 m3/h, and Cr(VI)-impacted soil/RS ratios from 2:1 to 6:1. The Cr(VI)-contaminated soil was effectively remediated, which was confirmed by lowered Cr(VI) contents in the treated samples (decreased by 52.22-86.57%) and the elevated fraction of Cr oxidizable and residual form (increased by 1.14-3.30 and 2.97-4.00 times, respectively), compared to the control. The reducing gases (CO and CxHy) generated during the smoldering played a crucial role in the remediation process. The contents of available P and K in the remediated soil containing the remaining biochar and ash increased, thus improving soil reusability. Hence, this study shows that smoldering with RS as supplemental fuel is a promising Cr(VI)-contaminated soil management technique without supplying substantial external energy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jie Li
- Faculty of Environmental Science and Engineering, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, Yunnan, 650500, China
| | - Meiyan Si
- Faculty of Environmental Science and Engineering, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, Yunnan, 650500, China
| | - Zejing Dong
- Faculty of Environmental Science and Engineering, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, Yunnan, 650500, China
| | - Jianhong Huang
- Faculty of Environmental Science and Engineering, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, Yunnan, 650500, China.
| | - Qun Zhao
- Faculty of Environmental Science and Engineering, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, Yunnan, 650500, China
| | - Yingjie Li
- Faculty of Environmental Science and Engineering, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, Yunnan, 650500, China
| | - Senlin Tian
- Faculty of Environmental Science and Engineering, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, Yunnan, 650500, China.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Hu S, Li D, Man Y, Wen Y, Huang C. Evaluation of remediation of Cr(VI)-contaminated soils by calcium polysulfide: Long-term stabilization and mechanism studies. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 790:148140. [PMID: 34102445 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.148140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2021] [Revised: 05/03/2021] [Accepted: 05/25/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
In the remediation of Cr(VI)-contaminated soils, the effectiveness and long-term stability are critical qualities for the selection of a reductant. In current engineering practices, iron-based materials and sulfides are the most prevalent reductants, and calcium polysulfide (CaS4) is considered as the one with the highest effectiveness and strongest long-term stabilization ability. But this opinion is questioned by the high interference ability of CaS4 to soil Cr(VI) analysis. This study provides a pretreatment method to eliminate the interference of residual ferrous and sulfides to soil Cr(VI) analysis. By this pretreatment method and comparing with FeSO4 and Na2S, the mechanisms of the false high effectiveness and strong long-term stabilization ability of CaS4 is revealed. In the remediation process, CaS4 produces much elemental sulfur (S0) which remains in the soils. During the alkaline digestion, the S0 generates polysulfide which reduces the extracted Cr(VI), inducing serious negative analysis bias. When this negative bias is eliminated by pretreatment method, analysis results show that CaS4 exhibits lowest effectiveness. The S0 cannot be leached away from soils and oxidized by oxygen under natural conditions, this makes CaS4 exhibit a persistent interference ability, which is mistaken for a strong long-term stabilization ability.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Siyang Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Coal Mine Disaster Dynamics and Control, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044, PR China; College of Environment and Ecology, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044, PR China
| | - Dong Li
- State Key Laboratory of Coal Mine Disaster Dynamics and Control, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044, PR China; Key Laboratory of Southwest Resources Exploitation and Environmental Hazards Controlling Engineering of Education Ministry, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044, PR China; College of Environment and Ecology, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044, PR China.
| | - Yidong Man
- College of Environment and Ecology, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044, PR China
| | - Yongyue Wen
- College of Environment and Ecology, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044, PR China
| | - Chuan Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Coal Mine Disaster Dynamics and Control, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044, PR China; Key Laboratory of Southwest Resources Exploitation and Environmental Hazards Controlling Engineering of Education Ministry, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044, PR China; College of Environment and Ecology, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044, PR China
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Yu R, Man M, Yu Z, Wu X, Shen L, Liu Y, Li J, Xia M, Zeng W. A high-efficiency Klebsiella variicola H12-CMC-FeS@biochar for chromium removal from aqueous solution. Sci Rep 2021; 11:6611. [PMID: 33758257 PMCID: PMC7988177 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-85975-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2020] [Accepted: 03/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
In polluted groundwater, surface water, and industrial sites, chromium is found as one of the most common heavy metals, and one of the 20 main pollutants in China, which poses a great threat to the ecological environment and human health. Combining biological and chemical materials to treat groundwater contaminated by heavy metals is a promising restoration technology. In this research, Klebsiella variicola H12 (abbreviated as K. variicola) was found to have Cr(VI) reduction ability. A high-efficiency Klebsiella variicola H12-carboxymethyl cellulose (abbreviated as CMC)-FeS@biochar system was established for Cr(VI) removal from aqueous solution. The Scanning Electron Microscope-Energy Dispersive Spectrometer (SEM-EDS), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) results indicated that CMC-FeS was successfully loaded onto the surface of biochar, and K. variicola H12 grew well in the presence of CMC-FeS@biochar with microbial biomass up to 4.8 × 108 cells mL-1. Cr(VI) removal rate of CMC-FeS@biochar system, K. variicola H12 system and K. variicola H12 + CMC-FeS@biochar system were 61.8%, 82.2% and 96.6% respectively. This study demonstrated K. variicola H12-CMC-FeS@biochar system have potential value for efficient removal of Cr(VI) from Cr(VI)-polluted groundwater.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Runlan Yu
- School of Minerals Processing and Bioengineering, Central South University, Changsha, 410083, China
- Key Laboratory of Biometallurgy, Ministry of Education, Changsha, 410083, China
| | - Meilian Man
- School of Minerals Processing and Bioengineering, Central South University, Changsha, 410083, China
| | - Zhaojing Yu
- School of Minerals Processing and Bioengineering, Central South University, Changsha, 410083, China
| | - Xueling Wu
- School of Minerals Processing and Bioengineering, Central South University, Changsha, 410083, China
- Key Laboratory of Biometallurgy, Ministry of Education, Changsha, 410083, China
| | - Li Shen
- School of Minerals Processing and Bioengineering, Central South University, Changsha, 410083, China.
- Key Laboratory of Biometallurgy, Ministry of Education, Changsha, 410083, China.
| | - Yuandong Liu
- School of Minerals Processing and Bioengineering, Central South University, Changsha, 410083, China
- Key Laboratory of Biometallurgy, Ministry of Education, Changsha, 410083, China
| | - Jiaokun Li
- School of Minerals Processing and Bioengineering, Central South University, Changsha, 410083, China
- Key Laboratory of Biometallurgy, Ministry of Education, Changsha, 410083, China
| | - Mingchen Xia
- School of Minerals Processing and Bioengineering, Central South University, Changsha, 410083, China
| | - Weimin Zeng
- School of Minerals Processing and Bioengineering, Central South University, Changsha, 410083, China.
- Key Laboratory of Biometallurgy, Ministry of Education, Changsha, 410083, China.
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Lu SF, Wu YL, Chen Z, Li T, Shen C, Xuan LK, Xu L. Remediation of contaminated soil and groundwater using chemical reduction and solidification/stabilization method: a case study. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2021; 28:12766-12779. [PMID: 33094457 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-020-11337-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2020] [Accepted: 10/20/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
This study presents a systematic on-site remediation case involving both heavy metal and organic contaminants in soil and groundwater in a historically industrial-used site in Shanghai, China. Lab-scale experiments and field tests were conducted to determine the optimum parameters for the removal of contaminants in soil and groundwater. It has been found that the remediation goal of hexavalent chromium in soil could be achieved with the mass content of added sodium hydrosulfite and ferrous sulfate reaching 3% + 6%. The total chromium in the groundwater was effectively removed, when the mass ratio of sodium metabisulfite was not less than 3 g/L, and the added quick lime made pH value not less than 9. The concentrations of arsenic and 1,2-dichloropropane in the groundwater decreased evidently after extraction and mixing of groundwater. The pH and calcium chloride dosage added should be larger than 9.5 and 5 g/L, respectively, to remove phosphate in groundwater. The removal efficiency of those contaminants was examined and evaluated after the on-site remediation. The results demonstrated that it was feasible to use the chemical reduction and solidification/stabilization methods for the on-site ex situ remediation of this site, which could be referenced for the realistic remediation of similar sites.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shi-Feng Lu
- Department of Civil Engineering, School of Human Settlements and Civil Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xianning West Road No. 28, Xi'an, 710049, Shaanxi, China
| | - Yu-Lin Wu
- SGIDI Engineering Consulting (Group) Co., Ltd., Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Geo-Environment, Shuifeng Road No. 38, Shanghai, 200093, China.
| | - Zhan Chen
- SGIDI Engineering Consulting (Group) Co., Ltd., Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Geo-Environment, Shuifeng Road No. 38, Shanghai, 200093, China
| | - Tao Li
- SGIDI Engineering Consulting (Group) Co., Ltd., Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Geo-Environment, Shuifeng Road No. 38, Shanghai, 200093, China
| | - Chao Shen
- SGIDI Engineering Consulting (Group) Co., Ltd., Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Geo-Environment, Shuifeng Road No. 38, Shanghai, 200093, China
| | - Lin-Kang Xuan
- SGIDI Engineering Consulting (Group) Co., Ltd., Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Geo-Environment, Shuifeng Road No. 38, Shanghai, 200093, China
| | - Ling Xu
- Department of Civil Engineering, School of Human Settlements and Civil Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xianning West Road No. 28, Xi'an, 710049, Shaanxi, China.
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Sedlazeck KP, Vollprecht D, Müller P, Mischitz R, Gieré R. Impact of an in-situ Cr(VI)-contaminated site remediation on the groundwater. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2020; 27:14465-14475. [PMID: 31939017 PMCID: PMC7190687 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-019-07513-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2019] [Accepted: 12/23/2019] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
This study presents the latest results of the groundwater monitoring of a research project, which tested an innovative pump and treat method in combination with an in-situ remediation. This technique was assessed on an abandoned site in Austria, where two hot spots of hexavalent chromium (Cr(VI)) were located. For the in-situ remediation, a strong reducing agent (sodium dithionite) was injected into the underground to reduce Cr(VI) to Cr(III) by using different injection strategies. Throughout this treatment, part of the Cr(VI) is mobilized and not instantly reduced. To prevent a further spreading of the mobilized Cr(VI), the pump and treat method, which uses zero-valent iron to clean the groundwater, was installed downgradient of the hot spots. Based on the groundwater sample analyses, it was possible to distinguish different remediation phases, characterized by excess chromate and excess sulfite. During the excess sulfite conditions, Cr(VI) was successfully removed from the system, but after terminating the sodium dithionite injection, the Cr(VI) rebounded.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Klaus Philipp Sedlazeck
- Montanuniversitaet Leoben, Chair of Waste Processing Technology and Waste Management, Franz-Josef-Straße 18, 8700 Leoben, Austria
| | - Daniel Vollprecht
- Montanuniversitaet Leoben, Chair of Waste Processing Technology and Waste Management, Franz-Josef-Straße 18, 8700 Leoben, Austria
| | - Peter Müller
- ferroDECONT GmbH, Peter-Tunner-Straße 19, 8700 Leoben, Austria
| | - Robert Mischitz
- ferroDECONT GmbH, Peter-Tunner-Straße 19, 8700 Leoben, Austria
| | - Reto Gieré
- Department of Earth and Environmental Science, University of Pennsylvania, 240 South 33rd Street, Philadelphia, PA 19104-6316 USA
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Szecsody JE, Truex MJ, Qafoku NP, McKinley JP, Ivarson KA, Di Pietro S. Persistence of chromate in vadose zone and aquifer sediments in Hanford, Washington. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2019; 676:482-492. [PMID: 31048177 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.04.173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2019] [Revised: 04/11/2019] [Accepted: 04/11/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
This study of vadose zone and aquifer sediments beneath a former dichromate spill site showed that the persistence of CrVI in the sediments and the large differences in released mass and rate was caused by the dissolution of multiple CrVI surface phases. Vadose zone sediments contained numerous 1 to 10 μm high solubility calcium chromate crystals, with lesser amounts of unidentified phases indicated by Ba/Cr association in weathered pyroxenes and Ca/Cr association in weathered Ca-rich plagioclase. Most (>90%) of the CrVI mass in these vadose zone sediments was readily leached in laboratory columns at high concentrations (up to 187 mg/L CrVI) likely from the highly soluble calcium chromate. Additional CrVI associated with other CrVI surface phases was additionally slowly released over 100 s of hours. The source of Ca and Ba for the CrVI precipitates may be from mineral dissolution associated with the historical surface spills of CrVI as an acidic dichromate solution. In contrast, aquifer sediments contained significantly less CrVI, which was slowly released over 100 s of hours. Small-sized CrVI-containing precipitates (<5 μm) were associated with Ca, Fe, and, to a lesser extent, Ba. Leaching with groundwater caused a decrease in ferrous iron surface phases. The observed leaching of CrVI from vadose zone and aquifer sediments has created a continuous source of CrVI to groundwater.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jim E Szecsody
- Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA 99354, United States of America.
| | - Mike J Truex
- Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA 99354, United States of America
| | - Nikolla P Qafoku
- Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA 99354, United States of America
| | - James P McKinley
- Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA 99354, United States of America
| | - Kristine A Ivarson
- CH(2)M Hill Plateau Remediation Contractor, Richland, WA 99354, United States of America
| | - Silvina Di Pietro
- Applied Research Center, Florida International University, Miami, FL 33023, United States of America
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Chen K, Zhao Z, Yang X, Lei Z, Zhang Z, Zhang S. Desorption trials and granular stability of chromium loaded aerobic granular sludge from synthetic domestic wastewater treatment. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biteb.2018.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
|
12
|
Mohamed A, Nasser W, Osman T, Toprak M, Muhammed M, Uheida A. Removal of chromium (VI) from aqueous solutions using surface modified composite nanofibers. J Colloid Interface Sci 2017; 505:682-691. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2017.06.066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2017] [Revised: 05/28/2017] [Accepted: 06/18/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
|
13
|
Kim HT, Lee TG. A simultaneous stabilization and solidification of the top five most toxic heavy metals (Hg, Pb, As, Cr, and Cd). CHEMOSPHERE 2017; 178:479-485. [PMID: 28347911 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2017.03.092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2016] [Revised: 03/18/2017] [Accepted: 03/22/2017] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
A novel chemically bonded phosphate ceramic (CBPC) binder was developed for the simultaneous treatment of the top five most toxic heavy metals (Hg, Pb, As, Cr, and Cd). Various CBPC binders were synthesized and tested, and their toxicity characteristic leaching procedure (TCLP) values were obtained. A magnesium/calcium-potassium phosphate ceramic binder with FeCl2 (M/C-KP-FeCl2) simultaneously stabilized multiple heavy metals. The TCLP value of the final product for industrial waste (IW) treatment using the M/C-KP-FeCl2 technology was well below the Universal Treatment Standard (UTS). Additionally, the compressive strength of the final product was below the US Nuclear Regulatory Commission Standard.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hyun-Taek Kim
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Yonsei University, 50 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul 03722, South Korea
| | - Tai Gyu Lee
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Yonsei University, 50 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul 03722, South Korea.
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Li Y, Cundy AB, Feng J, Fu H, Wang X, Liu Y. Remediation of hexavalent chromium contamination in chromite ore processing residue by sodium dithionite and sodium phosphate addition and its mechanism. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2017; 192:100-106. [PMID: 28157612 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2017.01.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2016] [Revised: 01/09/2017] [Accepted: 01/14/2017] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Large amounts of chromite ore processing residue (COPR) wastes have been deposited in many countries worldwide, generating significant contamination issues from the highly mobile and toxic hexavalent chromium species (Cr(VI)). In this study, sodium dithionite (Na2S2O4) was used to reduce Cr(VI) to Cr(III) in COPR containing high available Fe, and then sodium phosphate (Na3PO4) was utilized to further immobilize Cr(III), via a two-step procedure (TSP). Remediation and immobilization processes and mechanisms were systematically investigated using batch experiments, sequential extraction studies, X-ray diffraction (XRD) and X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS). Results showed that Na2S2O4 effectively reduced Cr(VI) to Cr(III), catalyzed by Fe(III). The subsequent addition of Na3PO4 further immobilized Cr(III) by the formation of crystalline CrPO4·6H2O. However, addition of Na3PO4 simultaneously with Na2S2O4 (via a one-step procedure, OSP) impeded Cr(VI) reduction due to the competitive reaction of Na3PO4 and Na2S2O4 with Fe(III). Thus, the remediation efficiency of the TSP was much higher than the corresponding OSP. Using an optimal dosage in the two-step procedure (Na2S2O4 at a dosage of 12× the stoichiometric requirement for 15 days, and then Na3PO4 in a molar ratio (i.e. Na3PO4: initial Cr(VI)) of 4:1 for another 15 days), the total dissolved Cr in the leachate determined via Toxicity Characteristic Leaching Procedure (TCLP Cr) testing of our samples was reduced to 3.8 mg/L (from an initial TCLP Cr of 112.2 mg/L, i.e. at >96% efficiency).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yunyi Li
- College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing Key Laboratory for Solid Waste Utilization and Management, 100871, PR China; School of Ocean and Earth Science, University of Southampton, Southampton SO14 3ZH, UK
| | - Andrew B Cundy
- School of Ocean and Earth Science, University of Southampton, Southampton SO14 3ZH, UK.
| | - Jingxuan Feng
- Center for Environmental Education and Communications of Ministry of Environmental Protection, 100029, PR China
| | - Hang Fu
- College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing Key Laboratory for Solid Waste Utilization and Management, 100871, PR China
| | - Xiaojing Wang
- College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing Key Laboratory for Solid Waste Utilization and Management, 100871, PR China
| | - Yangsheng Liu
- College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing Key Laboratory for Solid Waste Utilization and Management, 100871, PR China.
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Liao C, Tang Y, Liu C, Shih K, Li F. Double-Barrier mechanism for chromium immobilization: A quantitative study of crystallization and leachability. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2016; 311:246-253. [PMID: 26994355 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2016.03.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2015] [Revised: 03/07/2016] [Accepted: 03/07/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Glass-ceramics are well known for the excellent combination properties provided by their components, a glassy matrix and crystalline phases, and have promising applications in the immobilization and detoxification of solid waste containing toxic metals. Glass-ceramic products were successfully synthesized in CaO-MgO-SiO2-Al2O3 -Cr2O3 system. Two key measures--partitioning ratio of Cr in the spinel and Cr leaching ratio--were used to investigate the mechanism of Cr immobilization in the glass-ceramic products. The results of powder X-ray diffraction revealed that both spinel and diopside were major crystalline phases in the products. The value of x in the MgCr(x)Al(2-x)O4 spinel was highly related to the amount of Cr2O3 added to the glass-ceramic system. As Cr2O3 content increased, the proportion of spinel phase increased, while that of glass phase decreased. The partitioning ratio of Cr in spinel phase was about 70% for 2 wt.% Cr2O3, and increased to 90% when loaded with 10 wt.% of Cr2O3. According to the results of the prolonged toxicity characteristic leaching procedure, the Cr leaching ratio decreased with the increase of Cr partitioning ratio into the spinel phase. The findings of this study clearly indicate that glass-ceramic formed by spinel structure and residual glass successfully immobilized Cr.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Changzhong Liao
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Agricultural Environment Pollution Integrated Control, Guangdong Institute of Eco-Environmental and Soil Sciences, Guangzhou 510650, PR China; Department of Civil Engineering, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong SAR, PR China
| | - Yuanyuan Tang
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, South University of Science and Technology of China, Shenzhen 518055, PR China
| | - Chengshuai Liu
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Agricultural Environment Pollution Integrated Control, Guangdong Institute of Eco-Environmental and Soil Sciences, Guangzhou 510650, PR China; State Key Laboratory of Environmental Geochemistry, Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guiyang 550009, PR China.
| | - Kaimin Shih
- Department of Civil Engineering, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong SAR, PR China
| | - Fangbai Li
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Agricultural Environment Pollution Integrated Control, Guangdong Institute of Eco-Environmental and Soil Sciences, Guangzhou 510650, PR China
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Li L, Liu F, Duan H, Wang X, Li J, Wang Y, Luo C. The preparation of novel adsorbent materials with efficient adsorption performance for both chromium and methylene blue. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2016; 141:253-259. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2015.06.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2015] [Revised: 05/27/2015] [Accepted: 06/10/2015] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
|
17
|
Li J, Chen Z, Shen J, Wang B, Fan L. The enhancement effect of pre-reduction using zero-valent iron on the solidification of chromite ore processing residue by blast furnace slag and calcium hydroxide. CHEMOSPHERE 2015; 134:159-65. [PMID: 25929874 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2015.04.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2014] [Revised: 03/25/2015] [Accepted: 04/09/2015] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
A bench scale study was performed to assess the effectiveness of the solidification of chromite ore processing residue (COPR) by blast furnace slag and calcium hydroxide, and investigate the enhancement effect of pre-reduction using zero-valent iron (ZVI) on the solidification treatment. The degree of Cr immobilization was evaluated using the Toxicity Characteristic Leaching Procedure (TCLP) as well as the solid waste-extraction procedure for leaching toxicity-sulfuric acid & nitric acid method (Chinese standard HJ/T299-2007). Strength tests and semi-dynamic leaching tests were implemented to investigate the potential for reusing the final treatment product as a readily available construction material. The experimental results showed that the performance of pre-reduction/solidification (S/S) was superior to that of solidification alone. After pre-reduction, all of the S/S treated COPR samples met the TCLP limit for total Cr (5 mg L(-1)), whereas the samples with a COPR content below 40% met the pollution control limit of bricks and building block products (Chinese standard HJ/T 301-2007) produced with COPR for total Cr (0.3 mg L(-1)). At the same time, all of the S/S treated specimens tested were suitable for utilization at certain levels.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jinchunzi Li
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, School of Municipal & Environmental Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China
| | - Zhonglin Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, School of Municipal & Environmental Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China
| | - Jimin Shen
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, School of Municipal & Environmental Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China.
| | - Binyuan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, School of Municipal & Environmental Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China
| | - Leitao Fan
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, School of Municipal & Environmental Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Cheng W, Roessler J, Blaisi NI, Townsend TG. Effect of water treatment additives on lime softening residual trace chemical composition--implications for disposal and reuse. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2014; 145:240-248. [PMID: 25073099 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2014.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2014] [Revised: 07/01/2014] [Accepted: 07/03/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Drinking water treatment residues (WTR) offer potential benefits when recycled through land application. The current guidance in Florida, US allows for unrestricted land application of lime softening WTR; alum and ferric WTR require additional evaluation of total and leachable concentrations of select trace metals prior to land application. In some cases a mixed WTR is produced when lime softening is accompanied by the addition of a coagulant or other treatment chemical; applicability of the current guidance is unclear. The objective of this research was to characterize the total and leachable chemical content of WTR from Florida facilities that utilize multiple treatment chemicals. Lime and mixed lime WTR samples were collected from 18 water treatment facilities in Florida. Total and leachable concentrations of the WTR were measured. To assess the potential for disposal of mixed WTR as clean fill below the water table, leaching tests were conducted at multiple liquid to solid ratios and under reducing conditions. The results were compared to risk-based soil and groundwater contamination thresholds. Total metal concentrations of WTR were found to be below Florida soil contaminant thresholds with Fe found in the highest abundance at a concentration of 3600 mg/kg-dry. Aluminum was the only element that exceeded the Florida groundwater contaminant thresholds using SPLP (95% UCL = 0.23 mg/L; risk threshold = 0.2 mg/L). Tests under reducing conditions showed elevated concentrations of Fe and Mn, ranging from 1 to 3 orders of magnitude higher than SPLP leachates. Mixed lime WTR concentrations (total and leachable) were lower than the ferric and alum WTR concentrations, supporting that mixed WTR are appropriately represented as lime WTR. Testing of WTR under reducing conditions demonstrated the potential for release of certain trace metals (Fe, Al, Mn) above applicable regulatory thresholds; additional evaluation is needed to assess management options where reducing conditions may develop.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Weizhi Cheng
- Department of Environmental Engineering Sciences, University of Florida, P.O. Box 116450, Gainesville, FL 32611-6450, USA
| | - Justin Roessler
- Department of Environmental Engineering Sciences, University of Florida, P.O. Box 116450, Gainesville, FL 32611-6450, USA
| | - Nawaf I Blaisi
- Department of Environmental Engineering Sciences, University of Florida, P.O. Box 116450, Gainesville, FL 32611-6450, USA
| | - Timothy G Townsend
- Department of Environmental Engineering Sciences, University of Florida, P.O. Box 116450, Gainesville, FL 32611-6450, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Burks T, Avila M, Akhtar F, Göthelid M, Lansåker P, Toprak M, Muhammed M, Uheida A. Studies on the adsorption of chromium(VI) onto 3-Mercaptopropionic acid coated superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles. J Colloid Interface Sci 2014; 425:36-43. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2014.03.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2013] [Revised: 03/02/2014] [Accepted: 03/10/2014] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
|
20
|
Kiser JR, Manning BA. Reduction and immobilization of chromium(VI) by iron(II)-treated faujasite. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2010; 174:167-174. [PMID: 19796874 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2009.09.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2009] [Revised: 09/04/2009] [Accepted: 09/07/2009] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Removal of hexavalent chromium (Cr(VI)) from wastewater typically involves reduction of Cr(VI) to insoluble Cr(III) using zerovalent iron (Fe(0)) or ferrous iron (Fe(II)). This study investigates the effectiveness of Fe(II)-treated faujasite (zeolite Fe(II)-Y) for reduction of Cr(VI) and immobilization (adsorption/co-precipitation) of the Cr(III) reaction product. The Fe(II)-faujasite material effectively removed high concentrations of dissolved Cr(VI) from aqueous solution resulting in Cr solid loadings as high as 0.30 mmol Cr per gram Fe(II)-faujasite or approximately 1.5% Cr (w:w). Results of Cr K-edge X-ray absorption near edge spectroscopy (XANES) confirmed that the oxidation state of Cr in Cr(VI)-treated Fe(II)-faujasite was Cr(III). The local atomic structure of Cr was investigated by extended X-ray absorption fine structure (EXAFS) spectroscopy and the structure of Cr in the product was described by a Cr-O first shell of six O atoms at 1.98(+/-0.02)A plus a second atomic shell of metal (Cr, Fe) at 3.13(+/-0.02)A. The EXAFS results, combined with SEM imaging and X-ray diffraction analyses, suggested that the product of the reaction of Cr(VI) with Fe(II)-faujasite is primarily a poorly order Cr(x)Fe(1-x)(OH)(3) mixed phase similar to previous investigations of the reaction of Cr(VI) with Fe(0) and not solely Cr(III) bound directly to zeolite cation exchange sites.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jon R Kiser
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, San Francisco State University, San Francisco, CA 94132, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|