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Nguyen MK, Lin C, Hoang HG, Sanderson P, Dang BT, Bui XT, Nguyen NSH, Vo DVN, Tran HT. Evaluate the role of biochar during the organic waste composting process: A critical review. CHEMOSPHERE 2022; 299:134488. [PMID: 35385764 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2022.134488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2022] [Revised: 03/18/2022] [Accepted: 03/30/2022] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Composting is very robust and efficient for the biodegradation of organic waste; however secondary pollutants, namely greenhouse gases (GHGs) and odorous emissions, are environmental concerns during this process. Biochar addition to compost has attracted the interest of scientists with a lot of publication in recent years because it has addressed this matter and enhanced the quality of compost mixture. This review aims to evaluate the role of biochar during organic waste composting and identify the gaps of knowledge in this field. Moreover, the research direction to fill knowledge gaps was proposed and highlighted. Results demonstrated the commonly referenced conditions during composting mixed biochar should be reached such as pH (6.5-7.5), moisture (50-60%), initial C/N ratio (20-25:1), biochar doses (1-20% w/w), improved oxygen content availability, enhanced the performance and humification, accelerating organic matter decomposition through faster microbial growth. Biochar significantly decreased GHGs and odorous emissions by adding a 5-10% dosage range due to its larger surface area and porosity. On the other hand, with high exchange capacity and interaction with organic matters, biochar enhanced the composting performance humification (e.g., formation humic and fulvic acid). Biochar could extend the thermophilic phase of composting, reduce the pH value, NH3 emission, and prevent nitrogen losses through positive effects to nitrifying bacteria. The surfaces of the biochar particles are partly attributed to the presence of functional groups such as Si-O-Si, OH, COOH, CO, C-O, N for high cation exchange capacity and adsorption. Adding biochars could decrease NH3 emissions in the highest range up to 98%, the removal efficiency of CH4 emissions has been reported with a wide range greater than 80%. Biochar could absorb volatile organic compounds (VOCs) more than 50% in the experiment based on distribution mechanisms and surface adsorption and efficient reduction in metal bioaccessibilities for Pb, Ni, Cu, Zn, As, Cr and Cd. By applicating biochar improved the compost maturity by promoting enzymatic activity and germination index (>80%). However, physico-chemical properties of biochar such as particle size, pore size, pore volume should be clarified and its influence on the composting process evaluated in further studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minh Ky Nguyen
- Ph.D. Program in Maritime Science and Technology, National Kaohsiung University of Science and Technology, Kaohsiung 81157, Taiwan; Department of Marine Environmental Engineering, National Kaohsiung University of Science and Technology, Kaohsiung, 81157, Taiwan
| | - Chitsan Lin
- Ph.D. Program in Maritime Science and Technology, National Kaohsiung University of Science and Technology, Kaohsiung 81157, Taiwan; Department of Marine Environmental Engineering, National Kaohsiung University of Science and Technology, Kaohsiung, 81157, Taiwan.
| | - Hong Giang Hoang
- Faculty of Health Sciences and Finance - Accounting, Dong Nai Technology University, Bien Hoa, Dong Nai, 76100, Viet Nam
| | - Peter Sanderson
- Global Centre for Environmental Remediation (GCER), Faculty of Science, The University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, Australia
| | - Bao Trong Dang
- HUTECH University, 475A, Dien Bien Phu, Ward 25, Binh Thanh District, Ho Chi Minh City, Viet Nam
| | - Xuan Thanh Bui
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Waste Treatment Technology, Vietnam National University Ho Chi Minh (VNU-HCM), Linh Trung Ward, Thu Duc District, Ho Chi Minh City, 700000, Viet Nam; Faculty of Environment and Natural Resources, Ho Chi Minh City University of Technology (HCMUT), Ho Chi Minh City, 700000, Viet Nam
| | - Ngoc Son Hai Nguyen
- Faculty of Environment, Thai Nguyen University of Agriculture and Forestry (TUAF), Thai Nguyen, 23000, Viet Nam
| | - Dai-Viet N Vo
- Center of Excellence for Green Energy and Environmental Nanomaterials (CE@GrEEN), Nguyen Tat Thanh University, Ho Chi Minh City, 700000, Viet Nam; School of Chemical Engineering, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Engineering Campus, 14300, Nibong Tebal, Penang, Malaysia
| | - Huu Tuan Tran
- Laboratory of Ecology and Environmental Management, Science and Technology Advanced Institute, Van Lang University, Ho Chi Minh City, Viet Nam; Faculty of Technology, Van Lang University, Ho Chi Minh City, Viet Nam.
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He L, Xu Y, Li J, Zhang Y, Liu Y, Lyu H, Wang Y, Tang X, Wang S, Zhao X, Yang S. Biochar mitigated more N-related global warming potential in rice season than that in wheat season: An investigation from ten-year biochar-amended rice-wheat cropping system of China. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 821:153344. [PMID: 35085626 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.153344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2021] [Revised: 01/17/2022] [Accepted: 01/19/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Rice-wheat cropping system (RWCS), the major rice-based cropping system, constitutes a significant source of N-related greenhouse gas (GHG) emission due to the unique wet-dry alternation process. Biochar is often highlighted as a potential solution for reducing fertilizer N losses, hence, understanding its effects on Ngr emissions (mainly NH3 and N2O) under wet-dry conditions is critical to inform strategies for GHG mitigation. This study investigated the responses of NH3 and N2O emissions to biochar amendments during rice and wheat seasons based on in situ measurements under ten-year successive straw biochar application in RWCS. Our results indicated that 43.7% and 89.9% of N2O and NH3 emissions were emitted during rice season and 56.3% and 10.1% during wheat season, respectively. Long-term biochar amendment was found to play significant role in mitigating NH3 emissions (38.6-43.9%), which could be attributed to the disappearance of liming effect of aged-biochar on flooding water and decreased NH4+ concentrations in the soil. However, considerable variation of N2O emissions were observed in RWCS. Biochar showed a significant decreasing effect on the net global warming potential related to N2O and NH3 emissions (GWPN) in rice season (16.1-89.6%), and slight increased tendency in wheat season (1.43-13.1%) primarily due to its positive effects on N2O emission. Biochar amendment mainly BC22.5, significantly increased above-ground yields by 9.22% in rice season. Thus, it is a low carbon-producing and sustainable crop management method that can support crop production, C sequestration, and GHG mitigation in rice season under RWCS from the viewpoint of the Ngr mitigation. Our results suggest that emission patterns of N2O and NH3 varied with wet-dry alternation under the disturbance of long-term biochar amendment in RWCS; moreover, long-term biochar application exhibited significant potential for mitigating soil Ngr losses in rice season for RWCS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lili He
- Institute of Environment, Resource, Soil and Fertilizer, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310021, China; Engineering Research Center of Biochar of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou 310021, China
| | - Yunxiang Xu
- Institute of Environment, Resource, Soil and Fertilizer, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310021, China; College of Environment, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310021, China
| | - Jie Li
- State Key Laboratory of Soil and Sustainable Agriculture, Changshu National Agro-Ecosystem Observation and Research Station, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210008, China
| | - Yangyang Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Soil and Sustainable Agriculture, Changshu National Agro-Ecosystem Observation and Research Station, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210008, China
| | - Yuxue Liu
- Institute of Environment, Resource, Soil and Fertilizer, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310021, China; Engineering Research Center of Biochar of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou 310021, China
| | - Haohao Lyu
- Institute of Environment, Resource, Soil and Fertilizer, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310021, China; Engineering Research Center of Biochar of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou 310021, China
| | - Yuying Wang
- Institute of Environment, Resource, Soil and Fertilizer, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310021, China; Engineering Research Center of Biochar of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou 310021, China
| | - Xu Tang
- Institute of Environment, Resource, Soil and Fertilizer, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310021, China
| | - Shenqiang Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Soil and Sustainable Agriculture, Changshu National Agro-Ecosystem Observation and Research Station, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210008, China
| | - Xu Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Soil and Sustainable Agriculture, Changshu National Agro-Ecosystem Observation and Research Station, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210008, China.
| | - Shengmao Yang
- Institute of Environment, Resource, Soil and Fertilizer, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310021, China; Engineering Research Center of Biochar of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou 310021, China.
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3
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Basnet P, Gyawali D, Nath Ghimire K, Paudyal H. An assessment of the lignocellulose-based biosorbents in removing Cr(VI) from contaminated water: A critical review. RESULTS IN CHEMISTRY 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.rechem.2022.100406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
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Ahmad Z, Mosa A, Zhan L, Gao B. Biochar modulates mineral nitrogen dynamics in soil and terrestrial ecosystems: A critical review. CHEMOSPHERE 2021; 278:130378. [PMID: 33838428 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2021.130378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2021] [Revised: 03/10/2021] [Accepted: 03/25/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Biochar, over the last two decades, has become the focal point of agro-environmental research given its unique functionality, cost-effectiveness and recyclability potentials. It has been studied intensively as an efficient scavenger for the decontamination of several organic and inorganic pollutants. However, the ability of biochar to modulate nitrogen (N) dynamics in soil and terrestrial ecosystems remains controversial. This work deliberates on the premise that biochar functionality enables maximizing N use efficiency by reducing the potential losses induced by volatilization/emission and runoff/leaching as well as stimulating available N inputs derived from symbiotic and nonsymbiotic biological nitrogen fixation (BNF) and N mineralization/retention. For this purpose, we carried out a critical review on different intriguing dimensions surrounding the potentiality of biochar to modulate the complicated reactions of soil N cycle with emphasis on its pros and cons. Previous studies in the literature have shown contradictory results with a noticeable significant effect of biochar toward stimulating available N inputs and reducing its losses under short-term laboratory experimentations. However, long-term field investigations have indicated minimal or negative effects in this regard. Furthermore, some of the experimentations lack appropriate controls or fail to account for inputs or losses associated with biochar particles. It is thus of great importance to contextualise lab-scale experimentations based on real field data to provide a holistic approach for understanding the complicated reactions responsible for modulating N cycle in the charosphere. Additionally, biochar functionalization should be highlighted in the foreseeable research to develop fit-for-purpose forms tailored in agro-environmental applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zahoor Ahmad
- Department of Soil and Climate Sciences, Faculty of Agricultural Sciences, The University of Haripur, KPK, Pakistan.
| | - Ahmed Mosa
- Soils Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Mansoura University, Mansoura, 35516, Egypt
| | - Lu Zhan
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Bin Gao
- Department of Agricultural and Biological Engineering, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32611, United States
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Pan Y, She D, Chen X, Xia Y, Timm LC. Elevation of biochar application as regulator on denitrification/NH 3 volatilization in saline soils. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2021; 28:41712-41725. [PMID: 33786768 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-021-13562-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2020] [Accepted: 03/16/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Denitrification and NH3 volatilization are the main removal processes of nitrogen in coastal saline soils. In this incubation study, the effects of wheat straw biochar application at rates of 0, 2, 5, 10 and 15% by weight to saline soil with two salt gradients of 0 and 1‰ on denitrification and NH3 volatilization were investigated. The results showed that the denitrification rates with 2, 5 and 10% biochar amendments decreased by 25.26, 33.07 and 17.50%, respectively, under salt-free conditions, and the denitrification rates with 2 and 5% biochar amendments under 1‰ salt conditions decreased by 17.74 and 17.39%, respectively. However, the NH3 volatilization rates increased by 8.05-61.73% after biochar application. The path analysis revealed the interactions of overlying water-sediment system environmental factors in biochar-amended saline soils and their roles in denitrification and NH3 volatilization. Environmental factors in sediment exerted much greater control over denitrification than those in overlying water. In addition, environmental factors exhibited an indirect negative influence on denitrification by negatively influencing the abundance of the nosZ gene. The comprehensive effects of the environmental factors in overlying water on NH3 volatilization were greater than those in sediment. The NH4+-N content, pH of overlying water and sediment salinity were the main controlling factors for NH3 volatilization in saline soils. Biochar application effectively regulated the denitrification rate by changing the environmental factors and denitrifying functional gene abundance, but its application posed a risk of increased NH3 volatilization mainly by increasing NH4+-N, EC and pH in overlying water.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongchun Pan
- College of Agricultural Sciences and Engineering, Hohai University, Nanjing, 210098, China
| | - Dongli She
- College of Agricultural Sciences and Engineering, Hohai University, Nanjing, 210098, China.
| | - Xinyi Chen
- College of Agricultural Sciences and Engineering, Hohai University, Nanjing, 210098, China
| | - Yongqiu Xia
- Key Laboratory of Soil and Sustainable Agriculture, Changshu National Agro-Ecosystem Observation and Research Station, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing, 210008, China.
| | - Luís Carlos Timm
- Department of Rural Engineering, Faculty of Agronomy, Federal University of Pelotas, Campus Universitário s/n, CEP, Capão do Leão, Rio Grande do Sul, 96010-900, Brazil
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Ma R, Zou J, Han Z, Yu K, Wu S, Li Z, Liu S, Niu S, Horwath WR, Zhu-Barker X. Global soil-derived ammonia emissions from agricultural nitrogen fertilizer application: A refinement based on regional and crop-specific emission factors. GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY 2021; 27:855-867. [PMID: 33155724 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.15437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2020] [Accepted: 10/22/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Ammonia (NH3 ) emissions from fertilized soils to the atmosphere and the subsequent deposition to land surface exert adverse effects on biogeochemical nitrogen (N) cycling. The region- and crop-specific emission factors (EFs) of N fertilizer for NH3 are poorly developed and therefore the global estimate of soil NH3 emissions from agricultural N fertilizer application is constrained. Here we quantified the region- and crop-specific NH3 EFs of N fertilizer by compiling data from 324 worldwide manipulative studies and focused to map the global soil NH3 emissions from agricultural N fertilizer application. Globally, the NH3 EFs averaged 12.56% and 14.12% for synthetic N fertilizer and manure, respectively. Regionally, south-eastern Asia had the highest NH3 EFs of synthetic N fertilizer (19.48%) and Europe had the lowest (6%), which might have been associated with the regional discrepancy in the form and rate of N fertilizer use and management practices in agricultural production. Global agricultural NH3 emissions from the use of synthetic N fertilizer and manure in 2014 were estimated to be 12.32 and 3.79 Tg N/year, respectively. China (4.20 Tg N/year) followed by India (2.37 Tg N/year) and America (1.05 Tg N/year) together contributed to over 60% of the total global agricultural NH3 emissions from the use of synthetic N fertilizer. For crop-specific emissions, the NH3 EFs averaged 11.13%-13.95% for the three main staple crops (i.e., maize, wheat, and rice), together accounting for 72% of synthetic N fertilizer-induced NH3 emissions from croplands in the world and 70% in China. The region- and crop-specific NH3 EFs of N fertilizer established in this study offer references to update the default EF in the IPCC Tier 1 guideline. This work also provides an insight into the spatial variation of soil-derived NH3 emissions from the use of synthetic N fertilizer in agriculture at the global and regional scales.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruoya Ma
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Low Carbon Agriculture and GHGs Mitigation, College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Jianwen Zou
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Low Carbon Agriculture and GHGs Mitigation, College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Zhaoqiang Han
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Low Carbon Agriculture and GHGs Mitigation, College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Kai Yu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Low Carbon Agriculture and GHGs Mitigation, College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Shuang Wu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Low Carbon Agriculture and GHGs Mitigation, College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Zhaofu Li
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Low Carbon Agriculture and GHGs Mitigation, College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Shuwei Liu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Low Carbon Agriculture and GHGs Mitigation, College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Shuli Niu
- Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - William R Horwath
- Department of Land, Air and Water Resources, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Xia Zhu-Barker
- Department of Land, Air and Water Resources, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
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Liu X, Cheng Y, Liu Y, Chen D, Chen Y, Wang Y. Hydrochar did not reduce rice paddy NH 3 volatilization compared to pyrochar in a soil column experiment. Sci Rep 2020; 10:19115. [PMID: 33154540 PMCID: PMC7644716 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-76213-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2020] [Accepted: 10/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Pyrochar (PC) is always with high pH value, and improper application might increase rice paddy ammonia volatilization (PAV), which is the main nitrogen loss through air during rice production. Differently, hydrochar (HC) takes the advantages of high productive rate and always with lower pH value compared with PC. However, effect pattern and mechanism of HC on PAV are still unclear. In the present study, soil column experiments were conducted to investigate the effect of PC and HC application on PAV. In total, treatments with four types of biochar (WPC, SPC, WHC and SHC, i.e., PC and HC prepared with wheat straw and sawdust, respectively) and two application rates (0.5% and 1.5%, w/w) were set up and non-biochar application was used as control. Results showed that, application of HC with low pH value could not reduce PAV compared with PC. Total PAV increased significantly as the increase of HC application rate (especially for WHC). The increment of PAV under high rate HC application might be due to the strong buffer capacity of soil, the aging of biochar, the high nitrogen from HC. The results indicated that HC should be pretreatment before utilization in agricultural environment considering PAV reduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyu Liu
- Jiangsu Vocational College of Agriculture and Forestry, Jurong, 212400, China.,Key Laboratory of Agro-Environment in Downstream of Yangtze Plain, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs/Institute of Agricultural Resources and Environment, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, 210014, China
| | - Yueqin Cheng
- Nanjing Station of Quality Protection in Cultivated Land, Nanjing, 210036, China
| | - Yang Liu
- Institute of Agricultural Information, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, 210014, China.
| | - Danyan Chen
- College of Horticulture, Jinling Institute of Technology, Nanjing, 211169, China
| | - Yin Chen
- Jiangsu Vocational College of Agriculture and Forestry, Jurong, 212400, China
| | - Yueman Wang
- Key Laboratory of Agro-Environment in Downstream of Yangtze Plain, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs/Institute of Agricultural Resources and Environment, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, 210014, China
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Sajjadi B, Chen WY, Egiebor NO. A comprehensive review on physical activation of biochar for energy and environmental applications. REV CHEM ENG 2019. [DOI: 10.1515/revce-2017-0113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Biochar is a solid by-product of thermochemical conversion of biomass to bio-oil and syngas. It has a carbonaceous skeleton, a small amount of heteroatom functional groups, mineral matter, and water. Biochar’s unique physicochemical structures lead to many valuable properties of important technological applications, including its sorption capacity. Indeed, biochar’s wide range of applications include carbon sequestration, reduction in greenhouse gas emissions, waste management, renewable energy generation, soil amendment, and environmental remediation. Aside from these applications, new scientific insights and technological concepts have continued to emerge in the last decade. Consequently, a systematic update of current knowledge regarding the complex nature of biochar, the scientific and technological impacts, and operational costs of different activation strategies are highly desirable for transforming biochar applications into industrial scales. This communication presents a comprehensive review of physical activation/modification strategies and their effects on the physicochemical properties of biochar and its applications in environment-related fields. Physical activation applied to the activation of biochar is discussed under three different categories: I) gaseous modification by steam, carbon dioxide, air, or ozone; II) thermal modification by conventional heating and microwave irradiation; and III) recently developed modification methods using ultrasound waves, plasma, and electrochemical methods. The activation results are discussed in terms of different physicochemical properties of biochar, such as surface area; micropore, mesopore, and total pore volume; surface functionality; burn-off; ash content; organic compound content; polarity; and aromaticity index. Due to the rapid increase in the application of biochar as adsorbents, the synergistic and antagonistic effects of activation processes on the desired application are also covered.
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Liu Q, Liu B, Zhang Y, Hu T, Lin Z, Liu G, Wang X, Ma J, Wang H, Jin H, Ambus P, Amonette JE, Xie Z. Biochar application as a tool to decrease soil nitrogen losses (NH 3 volatilization, N 2 O emissions, and N leaching) from croplands: Options and mitigation strength in a global perspective. GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY 2019; 25:2077-2093. [PMID: 30844112 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.14613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2018] [Accepted: 02/01/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Biochar application to croplands has been proposed as a potential strategy to decrease losses of soil-reactive nitrogen (N) to the air and water. However, the extent and spatial variability of biochar function at the global level are still unclear. Using Random Forest regression modelling of machine learning based on data compiled from the literature, we mapped the impacts of different biochar types (derived from wood, straw, or manure), and their interactions with biochar application rates, soil properties, and environmental factors, on soil N losses (NH3 volatilization, N2 O emissions, and N leaching) and crop productivity. The results show that a suitable distribution of biochar across global croplands (i.e., one application of <40 t ha-1 wood biochar for poorly buffered soils, such as those characterized by soil pH<5, organic carbon<1%, or clay>30%; and one application of <80 t ha-1 wood biochar, <40 t ha-1 straw biochar, or <10 t ha-1 manure biochar for other soils) could achieve an increase in global crop yields by 222-766 Tg yr-1 (4%-16% increase), a mitigation of cropland N2 O emissions by 0.19-0.88 Tg N yr-1 (6%-30% decrease), a decline of cropland N leaching by 3.9-9.2 Tg N yr-1 (12%-29% decrease), but also a fluctuation of cropland NH3 volatilization by -1.9-4.7 Tg N yr-1 (-12%-31% change). The decreased sum of the three major reactive N losses amount to 1.7-9.4 Tg N yr-1 , which corresponds to 3%-14% of the global cropland total N loss. Biochar generally has a larger potential for decreasing soil N losses but with less benefits to crop production in temperate regions than in tropical regions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Soil and Sustainable Agriculture, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- College of Forestry, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, China
| | - Benjuan Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Soil and Sustainable Agriculture, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yanhui Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Soil and Sustainable Agriculture, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Tianlong Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Soil and Sustainable Agriculture, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Zhibin Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Soil and Sustainable Agriculture, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Gang Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Soil and Sustainable Agriculture, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing, China
| | - Xiaojie Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Soil and Sustainable Agriculture, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jing Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Soil and Sustainable Agriculture, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Hui Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Soil and Sustainable Agriculture, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Haiyang Jin
- State Key Laboratory of Soil and Sustainable Agriculture, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Per Ambus
- Department of Geosciences and Natural Resource Management, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - James E Amonette
- Physical Sciences Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, USA
- Center for Sustaining Agriculture & Natural Resources, Washington State University, Pullman, USA
| | - Zubin Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Soil and Sustainable Agriculture, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing, China
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Sha Z, Li Q, Lv T, Misselbrook T, Liu X. Response of ammonia volatilization to biochar addition: A meta-analysis. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2019; 655:1387-1396. [PMID: 30577130 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.11.316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2018] [Revised: 10/16/2018] [Accepted: 11/21/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
There has been increasing interest in and use of biochar as a soil amendment. However, the effects of biochar addition on ammonia volatilization (AV) appeared contradictory from the many reported studies and the main influencing factors remain unclear. Here, we conducted a comprehensive meta-analysis of 41 published articles with 144 observations to reveal the effects of biochar addition on AV and used a boosted regression tree modelling approach to further interpret the contribution of biochar characteristics, soil properties and experimental conditions to this process. On average, biochar addition did not impact on AV, but this varied greatly under different soil, biochar and experimental conditions. The pH of soil and biochar were important factors impacting AV. Biochar application to acidic soil could stimulate AV, and addition of biochar with a high pH and at a low application rate also showed the same trend. In contrast, combining biochar with urea or organic fertilizer, or using wood-based or acidified biochar at appropriate rates had benefits in reducing AV. These findings have major implications for biochar management strategies in agricultural systems, where an important consideration is the mitigation of potentially detrimental environmental consequences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhipeng Sha
- College of Resources & Environmental Sciences, Key Laboratory of Plant-Soil Interactions of MOE, Beijing Key Laboratory of Farmland Soil Pollution Prevention and Remediation, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Qianqian Li
- College of Resources & Environmental Sciences, Key Laboratory of Plant-Soil Interactions of MOE, Beijing Key Laboratory of Farmland Soil Pollution Prevention and Remediation, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Tiantian Lv
- College of Resources & Environmental Sciences, Key Laboratory of Plant-Soil Interactions of MOE, Beijing Key Laboratory of Farmland Soil Pollution Prevention and Remediation, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | | | - Xuejun Liu
- College of Resources & Environmental Sciences, Key Laboratory of Plant-Soil Interactions of MOE, Beijing Key Laboratory of Farmland Soil Pollution Prevention and Remediation, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China.
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Fire-derived organic matter retains ammonia through covalent bond formation. Nat Commun 2019; 10:664. [PMID: 30737387 PMCID: PMC6368596 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-08401-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2016] [Accepted: 01/08/2019] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Fire-derived organic matter, often referred to as pyrogenic organic matter (PyOM), is present in the Earth’s soil, sediment, atmosphere, and water. We investigated interactions of PyOM with ammonia (NH3) gas, which makes up much of the Earth’s reactive nitrogen (N) pool. Here we show that PyOM’s NH3 retention capacity under ambient conditions can exceed 180 mg N g−1 PyOM–carbon, resulting in a material with a higher N content than any unprocessed plant material and most animal manures. As PyOM is weathered, NH3 retention increases sixfold, with more than half of the N retained through chemisorption rather than physisorption. Near-edge X-ray absorption fine structure and nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy reveal that a variety of covalent bonds form between NH3-N and PyOM, more than 10% of which contained heterocyclic structures. We estimate that through these mechanisms soil PyOM stocks could retain more than 600-fold annual NH3 emissions from agriculture, exerting an important control on global N cycling. Fire-derived organic matter (OM) is present throughout the environment, and its impact on nutrient cycling remains poorly understood. Here, the authors show that this pyrogenic OM can retain large quantities of ammonia through covalent bond formation, thereby exerting an important control on nitrogen cycling.
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12
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Agyarko-Mintah E, Cowie A, Van Zwieten L, Singh BP, Smillie R, Harden S, Fornasier F. Biochar lowers ammonia emission and improves nitrogen retention in poultry litter composting. WASTE MANAGEMENT (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2017; 61:129-137. [PMID: 28041672 DOI: 10.1016/j.wasman.2016.12.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2016] [Revised: 11/29/2016] [Accepted: 12/05/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The poultry industry produces abundant quantities of nutrient-rich litter, much of which is composted before use as a soil amendment. However, a large proportion of nitrogen (N) in poultry litter is lost via volatilisation during composting, with negative environmental and economic consequences. This study examined the effect of incorporating biochar during composting of poultry litter on ammonia (NH3) volatilisation and N retention. Biochars produced at 550°C from greenwaste (GWB) and poultry litter (PLB) feedstocks were co-composted with a mixture of raw poultry litter and sugarcane straw [carbon (C):N ratio 10:1] in compost bins. Ammonia emissions accounted for 17% of the total N (TN) lost from the control and 12-14% from the biochar-amended compost. The TN emitted as NH3, as a percentage of initial TN, was significantly lower (P<0.05) i.e. by 60% and 55% in the compost amended with GWB and PLB, respectively, relative to the control. The proportion of N retained in the finished compost, as a percentage of initial TN, was 84%, 78% and 67% for the GWB, PLB and nil biochar control, respectively. Lower concentration of dissolved organic C (DOC) together with higher activity of beta-glucosidase and leucine-aminopeptidase were found in the GWB-amended compost (cf. control). It is hypothesized that lower NH3 emission in the GWB-amended compost was caused not just by the higher surface area of this biochar but could also be related to greater incorporation of ammonium (NH4+) in organic compounds during microbial utilisation of DOC. Furthermore, the GWB-amended compost retained more NH4+ at the end of composting than the PLB-amended compost. Results showed that addition of biochar, especially GWB, generated multiple benefits in composting of poultry litter: decrease of NH3 volatilisation, decrease in NH3 toxicity towards microorganisms, and improved N retention, thus enhancing the fertiliser value of the composted litter. It is suggested that the latter benefit is linked to a beneficial modification of the microbial environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eunice Agyarko-Mintah
- School of Environment and Rural Science, Agronomy and Soil Science, University of New England, Armidale, NSW 2351, Australia; Ministry of Food and Agriculture (MOFA), Accra Metropolitan Assembly, Ghana.
| | - Annette Cowie
- School of Environment and Rural Science, Agronomy and Soil Science, University of New England, Armidale, NSW 2351, Australia; NSW Department of Primary Industries, Trevenna Rd., Armidale, NSW 2351, Australia.
| | - Lukas Van Zwieten
- School of Environment and Rural Science, Agronomy and Soil Science, University of New England, Armidale, NSW 2351, Australia; NSW Department of Primary Industries, Wollongbar Primary Industries Institute, 1243 Bruxner Highway, Wollongbar, NSW 2477, Australia.
| | - Bhupinder Pal Singh
- School of Environment and Rural Science, Agronomy and Soil Science, University of New England, Armidale, NSW 2351, Australia; NSW Department of Primary Industries, Elizabeth Macarthur Agricultural Institute, Woodbridge Rd., Menangle, NSW 2568, Australia.
| | - Robert Smillie
- School of Environment and Rural Science, Agronomy and Soil Science, University of New England, Armidale, NSW 2351, Australia.
| | - Steven Harden
- NSW Department of Primary Industries, Tamworth Agricultural Institute, 4 Marsden Park Road, Calala, NSW 2340.
| | - Flavio Fornasier
- CREA - Centro di Ricerca per lo Studio delle Relazioni tra Pianta e Suolo, Via Trieste 23, 34170 Gorizia, Italy.
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Cha JS, Park SH, Jung SC, Ryu C, Jeon JK, Shin MC, Park YK. Production and utilization of biochar: A review. J IND ENG CHEM 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jiec.2016.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 659] [Impact Index Per Article: 82.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Chen Y, Li L, Li J, Ouyang K, Yang J. Ammonia capture and flexible transformation of M-2(INA) (M=Cu, Co, Ni, Cd) series materials. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2016; 306:340-347. [PMID: 26780590 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2015.12.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2015] [Revised: 12/22/2015] [Accepted: 12/23/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
With the conflicting problems of pollution due to ammonia emissions and the demand for ammonia, we propose M-2(INA) (M=Cu, Co, Ni, Cd) (INA=isonicotinic acid), a series of materials that exhibit flexible conversion in ammonia adsorption. They can capture both wet and dry ammonia for recycling. The materials were obtained by dehydration of coordination materials M(INA)2(H2O)4 (M=Cu, Co, Ni, Cd) (150°C) at atmospheric pressure for 2h. M-2(INA) could reversibly transform to the stable coordination compounds M(INA)2(H2O)2(NH3)2 by adsorbing ammonia in the presence of moisture. The capacity for pure ammonia could reach 12-13mmol/g. Importantly, these materials could stably retain NH3 at a maximum temperature of 80°C and could regenerate below 150°C with no performance loss.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Chen
- Research Institute of Special Chemicals, Taiyuan University of Technology, Taiyuan, 030024 Shanxi, PR China
| | - Libo Li
- Research Institute of Special Chemicals, Taiyuan University of Technology, Taiyuan, 030024 Shanxi, PR China
| | - Jinping Li
- Research Institute of Special Chemicals, Taiyuan University of Technology, Taiyuan, 030024 Shanxi, PR China.
| | - Kun Ouyang
- Research Institute of Special Chemicals, Taiyuan University of Technology, Taiyuan, 030024 Shanxi, PR China
| | - Jiangfeng Yang
- Research Institute of Special Chemicals, Taiyuan University of Technology, Taiyuan, 030024 Shanxi, PR China.
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15
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Sethupathi S, Bashir MJ, Akbar ZA, Mohamed AR. Biomass-based palm shell activated carbon and palm shell carbon molecular sieve as gas separation adsorbents. WASTE MANAGEMENT & RESEARCH : THE JOURNAL OF THE INTERNATIONAL SOLID WASTES AND PUBLIC CLEANSING ASSOCIATION, ISWA 2015; 33:303-312. [PMID: 25804669 DOI: 10.1177/0734242x15576026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Lignocellulosic biomass has been widely recognised as a potential low-cost source for the production of high added value materials and proved to be a good precursor for the production of activated carbons. One of such valuable biomasses used for the production of activated carbons is palm shell. Palm shell (endocarp) is an abundant by-product produced from the palm oil industries throughout tropical countries. Palm shell activated carbon and palm shell carbon molecular sieve has been widely applied in various environmental pollution control technologies, mainly owing to its high adsorption performance, well-developed porosity and low cost, leading to potential applications in gas-phase separation using adsorption processes. This mini-review represents a comprehensive overview of the palm shell activated carbon and palm shell carbon molecular sieve preparation method, physicochemical properties and feasibility of palm shell activated carbon and palm shell carbon molecular sieve in gas separation processes. Some of the limitations are outlined and suggestions for future improvements are pointed out.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sumathi Sethupathi
- Faculty of Engineering and Green Technology, Universiti Tunku Abdul Rahman, Jalan Universiti, Bandar Barat, Malaysia
| | - Mohammed Jk Bashir
- Faculty of Engineering and Green Technology, Universiti Tunku Abdul Rahman, Jalan Universiti, Bandar Barat, Malaysia
| | | | - Abdul Rahman Mohamed
- School of Chemical Engineering, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Nibong Tebal, Malaysia
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16
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Li R, Wang Q, Zhang Z, Zhang G, Li Z, Wang L, Zheng J. Nutrient transformation during aerobic composting of pig manure with biochar prepared at different temperatures. ENVIRONMENTAL TECHNOLOGY 2015; 36:815-26. [PMID: 25209736 DOI: 10.1080/09593330.2014.963692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
The effects of the corn stalk charred biomass (CB) prepared at different pyrolysis temperatures as additives on nutrient transformation during aerobic composting of pig manure were investigated. The results showed that the addition of CB carbonized at different temperatures to pig manure compost significantly influenced the compost temperature, moisture, pH, electrical conductivity, organic matter degradation, total nitrogen, [Formula: see text] and NH3 variations during composting. Compared with control and adding CB charred at lower temperature treatments, the addition of CB prepared over 700°C resulted in higher pH (over 9.2) and NH3 emission and lower potherb mustard seed germination index value during the thermophilic phase. Peak temperatures of composts appeared at 7 days for control and 11 days for CB added treatments. During 90 days composting, the organic matter degradation could be increased over 14.8-29.6% after adding of CB in the compost mixture. The introduction of CB in pig manure could prolong the thermophilic phase, inhibit moisture reduce, facilitate the organic matter decomposition, reduce diethylene triamine pentaacetic acid (DTPA) extractable Zn and Cu contents in pig manure composts and increase ryegrass growth. The study indicated that the corn stalk CB prepared around 500°C was a suitable additive in pig manure composting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ronghua Li
- a College of Natural Resources and Environment , Northwest A&F University , Yangling 712100 , People's Republic of China
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17
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Catalytic esterification of fatty acids using solid acid catalysts generated from biochar and activated carbon. Catal Today 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cattod.2012.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 229] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Ormsby R, Kastner JR, Miller J. Hemicellulose hydrolysis using solid acid catalysts generated from biochar. Catal Today 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cattod.2012.02.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Clough TJ, Condron LM. Biochar and the nitrogen cycle: introduction. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY 2010; 39:1218-23. [PMID: 20830909 DOI: 10.2134/jeq2010.0204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Nitrogen (N) is an essential nutrient, and research to date shows that biochar potentially has the ability to manipulate the rates of N cycling in soil systems by influencing nitrification rates and adsorption of ammonia and increasing NH4+ storage by enhancing cation exchange capacity in soils. Its influence on these processes may have further implications in terms of reducing gaseous N losses such as N2O and nitrate leaching. However, further detailed research is required to fully understand the transformation mechanisms and fate of N when associated with biochar treated soils. The three research papers that comprise this special collection of papers on biochar and the nitrogen cycle focus on biochar's diverse ability to influence N cycling processes. These papers show for the first time (i) how microbial nitrification communities and function differ with exposure to biochar, (ii) how the length of time the soil has been in contact with biochar influences N transformation and how this can vary with soil type, and (iii) how composting of organic materials with biochar can reduce N losses and enhance the nutrient status of the composted product. Considerable knowledge gaps still exist in terms of understanding the precise mechanisms through which biochar influences soil N transformations, and how biochar affects both plant and microbial N supply. The general direction that research on biochar should focus on with respect to the N cycle is the effect(s) that biochar has on N transformation in soils, both chemical and biological mechanisms, and the fate of N applied to biochar treated soils. This research needs to be performed at both field plot and microbial scales.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tim J Clough
- Dep. of Soil & Physical Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture & Life Sciences, P.O. Box 84, Lincoln Univ., Lincoln 7647, New Zealand.
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Steiner C, Das KC, Melear N, Lakly D. Reducing nitrogen loss during poultry litter composting using biochar. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY 2010; 39:1236-42. [PMID: 20830911 DOI: 10.2134/jeq2009.0337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 193] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Poultry litter (PL) is a potentially underused fertilizer because it contains appreciable amounts of N, P, K, and micronutrients. However, treatments like composting to reduce potential pathogens, weed seeds, and odor often result in high losses of N through NH3 volatilization. Biochar (BC) has been shown to act as an absorber of NH3 and water-soluble NH4+ and might therefore reduce losses of N during composting of manure. We produced three PL compost mixtures that consisted of PL without added BC (BCO), PL + 5% BC (BC5), and PL + 20% BC (BC20). The BC was produced from pine chips and used without further modifications. Three replicates of each treatment were placed in nine bioreactors to undergo composting for 42 d. The entire composting experiment was repeated three times in a complete-block design. Moisture content, temperature, pH, mass loss, gas (NH3, CO2, H2S) emissions, C, and nutrient contents were measured periodically throughout the experiments. Results showed no difference in PL mass loss with BC addition. Moisture content decreased, pH increased significantly, and peak CO2 and temperatures were significantly higher with BC20 compared with BC0. These results indicate a faster decomposition of PL if amended with BC. Ammonia concentrations in the emissions were lower by up to 64% if PL was mixed with BC (BC20), and total N losses were reduced by up to 52%. Biochar might be an ideal bulking agent for composting N-rich materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christoph Steiner
- The Univ. of Georgia, Dep. of Biological and Agricultural Engineering, Driftmier Engineering Center, Athens, GA 30602, USA.
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Shen W, Zhang S, Jiang P, Liu Y. Surface chemistry of pyrolyzed starch carbons on adsorption of ammonia and carbon disulfide. Colloids Surf A Physicochem Eng Asp 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfa.2009.12.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Kastner JR, Miller J, Kolar P, Das KC. Catalytic ozonation of ammonia using biomass char and wood fly ash. CHEMOSPHERE 2009; 75:739-744. [PMID: 19232426 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2009.01.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2008] [Revised: 01/11/2009] [Accepted: 01/12/2009] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Catalytic ozonation of gaseous ammonia was investigated at room temperature using wood fly ash (WFA) and biomass char as catalysts. WFA gave the best results, removing ammonia (11 ppmv NH(3), 45% conversion) at 23 degrees C at a residence time of 0.34 s, using 5 g of catalyst or ash at the lowest ozone concentration (62 ppmv). Assuming pseudo zero order kinetics in ozone, a power rate law of -r(NH3) = 7.2 x 10(-8) C(NH3)(0.25) (r, mol g(-1)s(-1), C(NH3)molL(-1)) was determined at 510 ppmv O(3) and 23 degrees C for WFA. Water vapor approximately doubled the oxidation rate using WFA and catalytic ozonation activity was not measured for the char without humidifying the air stream. Overall oxidation rates using the crude catalysts were lower than commercial catalysts, but the catalytic ozonation process operated at significantly lower temperatures (23 vs. 300 degrees C). Nitric oxide was not detected and the percentage of NO(2) formed from NH(3) oxidation ranged from 0.3% to 3% (v/v), with WFA resulting in the lowest NO(2) level (at low O(3) levels). However, we could not verify that N(2)O was not formed, so further research is needed to determine if N(2) is the primary end-product. Additional research is required to develop techniques to enhance the oxidation activity and industrial application of the crude, but potentially inexpensive catalysts.
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Affiliation(s)
- James R Kastner
- Dept. of Biological and Agricultural Engineering, Driftmier Engineering Center, The University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA.
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