1
|
Dou J, Xu M, Tan B, Lu X, Mo H, Wang B, Liu N. Research Progress of Nitrate Ester Binders. FIREPHYSCHEM 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fpc.2022.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
|
2
|
Bayat Y, Jodar S, Khanlari T. Synthesis and thermal decomposition kinetics of tri-block copolymer ε-caprolactone / polybutadiene (PCL-PB-PCL); preparation of polyurethane network-based tri-block copolymer. JOURNAL OF POLYMER RESEARCH 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s10965-022-02949-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
|
3
|
Xu M, Lu X, Liu N, Zhang Q, Mo H, Ge Z. Fluoropolymer/Glycidyl Azide Polymer (GAP) Block Copolyurethane as New Energetic Binders: Synthesis, Mechanical Properties, and Thermal Performance. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:2706. [PMID: 34451249 PMCID: PMC8399772 DOI: 10.3390/polym13162706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2021] [Revised: 08/07/2021] [Accepted: 08/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
In order to enhance the application performance of glycidyl azide polymer (GAP) in solid propellant, an energetic copolyurethane binder, (poly[3,3-bis(2,2,2-trifluoro-ethoxymethyl)oxetane] glycol-block-glycidylazide polymer (PBFMO-b-GAP) was synthesized using poly[3,3-bis(2,2,2-trifluoro-ethoxymethyl)oxetane] glycol (PBFMO), which was prepared from cationic polymerization with GAP as the raw material and toluene diisocyanate (TDI) as the coupling agent via a prepolymer process. The molecular structure of copolyurethanes was confirmed by attenuated total reflectance-Fourier transform-infrared spectroscopy (ATR-FTIR), nuclear magnetic resonance spectrometry (NMR), and gel permeation chromatography (GPC). The impact sensitivity, mechanical performance, and thermal behavior of PBFMO-b-GAP were studied by drop weight test, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopic (XPS), tensile test, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), and thermal gravimetric analysis (TGA), respectively. The results demonstrated that the introduction of fluoropolymers could evidently reduce the sensitivity of GAP-based polyurethane and enhance its mechanical behavior (the tensile strength up to 5.75 MPa with a breaking elongation of 1660%). Besides, PBFMO-b-GAP exhibited excellent resistance to thermal decomposition up to 200 °C and good compatibility with Al and cyclotetramethylene tetranitramine (HMX). The thermal performance of the PBFMO-b-GAP/Al complex was investigated by a cook-off test, and the results indicated that the complex has specific reaction energy. Therefore, PBFMO-b-GAP may serve as a promising energetic binder for future propellant formulations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Minghui Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Fluorine & Nitrogen Chemicals, Xi’an Modern Chemistry Research Institute, Xi’an 710065, China
- Department of Energetic Materials Science and Technology, Xi’an Modern Chemistry Research Institute, Xi’an 710065, China; (X.L.); (N.L.); (Q.Z.); (H.M.); (Z.G.)
| | - Xianming Lu
- Department of Energetic Materials Science and Technology, Xi’an Modern Chemistry Research Institute, Xi’an 710065, China; (X.L.); (N.L.); (Q.Z.); (H.M.); (Z.G.)
| | - Ning Liu
- Department of Energetic Materials Science and Technology, Xi’an Modern Chemistry Research Institute, Xi’an 710065, China; (X.L.); (N.L.); (Q.Z.); (H.M.); (Z.G.)
| | - Qian Zhang
- Department of Energetic Materials Science and Technology, Xi’an Modern Chemistry Research Institute, Xi’an 710065, China; (X.L.); (N.L.); (Q.Z.); (H.M.); (Z.G.)
| | - Hongchang Mo
- Department of Energetic Materials Science and Technology, Xi’an Modern Chemistry Research Institute, Xi’an 710065, China; (X.L.); (N.L.); (Q.Z.); (H.M.); (Z.G.)
| | - Zhongxue Ge
- Department of Energetic Materials Science and Technology, Xi’an Modern Chemistry Research Institute, Xi’an 710065, China; (X.L.); (N.L.); (Q.Z.); (H.M.); (Z.G.)
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Gong L, Li J, Li Y, Yang R. Combustion Properties of Composite Propellants Based on Two Kinds of Polyether Binders and Different Oxidizers. PROPELLANTS EXPLOSIVES PYROTECHNICS 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/prep.202000041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Li Gong
- School of Materials Science and Engineering Key Laboratory for Ministry of Education of High Energy Density Material Beijing Institute of Technology Beijing People's Republic of China
| | - Jianmin Li
- School of Materials Science and Engineering Key Laboratory for Ministry of Education of High Energy Density Material Beijing Institute of Technology Beijing People's Republic of China
| | - Yuping Li
- School of Materials Science and Engineering Key Laboratory for Ministry of Education of High Energy Density Material Beijing Institute of Technology Beijing People's Republic of China
| | - Rongjie Yang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering Key Laboratory for Ministry of Education of High Energy Density Material Beijing Institute of Technology Beijing People's Republic of China
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Synthesis and characterization of nitro-functionalized hydroxyl-terminated polybutadiene using N-iodosuccinimide. Polym Bull (Berl) 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s00289-019-03004-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
|
6
|
Singh A, Kumar R, Soni PK, Singh V. Investigation of the Effect of Diisocyanate on the Thermal Degradation Behavior and Degradation Kinetics of Polyether-Based Polyurethanes. J MACROMOL SCI B 2020. [DOI: 10.1080/00222348.2020.1802850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Arjun Singh
- Terminal Ballistics Research Laboratory, Explosive Group, Chandigarh (Union Territory), India
| | - Rajesh Kumar
- Terminal Ballistics Research Laboratory, Explosive Group, Chandigarh (Union Territory), India
- Applied Sciences, Punjab Engineering College (Deemed to be University), Chandigarh (Union Territory), India
| | - Pramod Kumar Soni
- Terminal Ballistics Research Laboratory, Explosive Group, Chandigarh (Union Territory), India
| | - Vasundhara Singh
- Applied Sciences, Punjab Engineering College (Deemed to be University), Chandigarh (Union Territory), India
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Khanlari T, Bayat Y, Bayat M. Synthesis, thermal stability and kinetic decomposition of triblock copolymer polypropylene glycol–poly glycidyl nitrate–polypropylene glycol (PPG–PGN–PPG). Polym Bull (Berl) 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s00289-019-03051-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
|
8
|
Zhang Q, Liu N, Xu MH, Ma L, Lu XM, Shu YJ, Wang XC. PolyNIMMO-HTPE-polyNIMMO triblock copolymer as a potential energetic binder: Synthesis and characterization. Eur Polym J 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2019.07.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
|
9
|
Zhang Q, Liu N, Mo H, Lu X, Wang Y, Xu M, Shu Y. Facile Preparation and Properties of Crosslinked Copolyether Elastomers with 1,2,3-Triazole and Urethane Subunit via Click Polymerization. ChemistryOpen 2019; 8:571-579. [PMID: 31065507 PMCID: PMC6496403 DOI: 10.1002/open.201900065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2019] [Revised: 03/19/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
An azide terminated ethylene oxide‐tetrahydrofuran copolymer with urethane segments (ATUPET) as a novel binder pre‐polymer, has been prepared through ethylene oxide‐tetrahydrofuran random copolymer (PET) end‐capping modification via one‐pot method. The structure characterization of the modifier has been analyzed by FTIR, 1H NMR, 13C NMR and GPC. In comparison with PET, ATUPET has a slightly higher viscosity because it has additional hydrogen bonding interaction generated by the urethane in ATUPET. Triazole cross‐linked elastomers based on ATUPET with various functional molar ratios were prepared using tripropargylamine as a curing agent and cross‐linker. Mechanical properties indicate that the modulus E and tensile strength σb exhibit a parabolic dependence with the increase in R. At around the stoichiometric ratio, the modulus E and tensile strength σb reach a maximum and the elongation at break exhibit an acceptable value at the same time. Swelling tests demonstrate that the apparent cross‐linking densities (N0) have a maximum value at the stoichiometric ratio. Thermal analysis shows that the ATUPET prepolymer and its polytriazoles elastomers exhibit a satisfactory stability. The results demonstrated that ATUPET might be a promising polymeric binder for future propellant formulations especially in the field of isocyanate‐free curing technology.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Qian Zhang
- Xi'an Modern Chemistry Research Institute Xi'an China.,State Key Laboratory of Fluorine and Nitrogen Chemicals Xi'an China
| | - Ning Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Fluorine and Nitrogen Chemicals Xi'an China
| | - Hongchang Mo
- State Key Laboratory of Fluorine and Nitrogen Chemicals Xi'an China
| | - Xianming Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Fluorine and Nitrogen Chemicals Xi'an China
| | - Yao Wang
- China Tobacco Shaanxi Industrial Co., Ltd. Baoji China
| | - Minghui Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Fluorine and Nitrogen Chemicals Xi'an China
| | - Yuanjie Shu
- Xi'an Modern Chemistry Research Institute Xi'an China.,State Key Laboratory of Fluorine and Nitrogen Chemicals Xi'an China
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Cheng T. Review of novel energetic polymers and binders - high energy propellant ingredients for the new space race. Des Monomers Polym 2019; 22:54-65. [PMID: 30863243 PMCID: PMC6407582 DOI: 10.1080/15685551.2019.1575652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2018] [Accepted: 10/31/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Current solid rocket propellant formulations still employ traditional ingredients utilized since the 1960s, such as hydroxyl terminated polybutadiene (HTPB). Recent advances in energetic polymer see many binders capable of providing higher specific impulse and burn rates over HTPB. As shown by calculations, even slight increases in specific impulse can drastically increase the maximum payload of a launch system. Therefore, replacing HTPB with energetic binders could provide heavy space missions the needed extra boost. Energetic binders could also be paired with chlorine-free energetic oxidizers to synergistically provide a specific impulse exceedingly higher than the current formulation while reducing pollution. A comprehensive evaluation of the synthesis, mechanical properties, and performance of various trending and overlooked energetic polymers is described. Several outstanding candidates show promising properties to replace HTPB.
Collapse
|
11
|
Abrishami F, Zohari N, Zeynali V. Synthesis and kinetic study on the thermal degradation of triblock copolymer of polycaprolactone-poly (glycidyl nitrate)-polycaprolactone (PCL-PGN-PCL) as an energetic binder. POLYM ADVAN TECHNOL 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/pat.4500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Fatemeh Abrishami
- Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; Malek-Ashtar University of Technology; Tehran Iran
| | - Narges Zohari
- Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; Malek-Ashtar University of Technology; Tehran Iran
| | - Vida Zeynali
- Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; Malek-Ashtar University of Technology; Tehran Iran
- Department of Chemistry; Shahid Rajaee Teacher Training University; Tehran Iran
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Abd-Elghany M, Klapötke TM. A review on differential scanning calorimetry technique and its importance in the field of energetic materials. PHYSICAL SCIENCES REVIEWS 2018; 3. [DOI: 10.1515/psr-2017-0103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/02/2023]
Abstract
AbstractDifferential scanning calorimetry (DSC) helps to follow processing conditions, since it is relatively easy to fingerprint the thermal behavior of materials. DSC instrument nowadays became a routine technique, which can be found virtually in every chemical characterization laboratory. The sample can be analyzed over a wide temperature range using various temperature programs under isothermal and non-isothermal conditions. It is appropriate to determine the kinetic parameters under non-isothermal conditions. The sample can be in many different physical forms and in various shapes (powder, granules, fiber, etc.). A lot of characterization (step/glass transition, melting, and decomposition temperature, etc.) data can be obtained by easy way and within short time. DSC is very helpful in analysis of energetic materials due to very small amount of material is enough to run the experiment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed Abd-Elghany
- Department Chemie , Ludwig-Maximilians Universität München , München 81377 , Germany
| | - Thomas M. Klapötke
- Department Chemie , Ludwig-Maximilians Universität München , München 81377 , Germany
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Abd-Elghany M, Klapötke TM, Elbeih A. Environmentally safe (chlorine-free): new green propellant formulation based on 2,2,2-trinitroethyl-formate and HTPB. RSC Adv 2018; 8:11771-11777. [PMID: 35542765 PMCID: PMC9079109 DOI: 10.1039/c8ra01515e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2018] [Accepted: 03/21/2018] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
A new green (chlorine-free) high energy dense oxidizer (HEDO) 2,2,2-trinitroethyl-formate (TNEF) and its propellant formulation based on the hydroxyl-terminated polybutadiene (HTPB) as a binder was prepared and studied. The new oxidizer TNEF was successfully prepared and characterized by nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) and FTIR spectrometer. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) was used to check the crystal morphology of the oxidizer. A high specific impulse (Is = 250.1 s) was obtained from the characteristics calculation of the new oxidizer instead of (Is = 156.9 s) for the commonly used ammonium perchlorate (AP) by using EXPLO5_V6.03 software. The burning behavior and the burning rate were determined by using a high speed camera. TNEF and the propellant formulations were studied by using nonisothermal thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) and the kinetic parameters of the studied samples were determined by using isoconversional (model-free) methods “Kissinger, Ozawa and Flynn–Wall (OFW) and Kissinger–Akahira–Sunose (KAS)”. The results proved that the new oxidizer and its formulation based on HTPB have chlorine-free decomposition products and have higher performance characteristics than the traditional propellants. Burning behavior of a traditional (AP/HTPB) and new (TNEF/HTPB) propellants.![]()
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed Abd-Elghany
- Department Chemie, Ludwig-Maximilians Universität München 81377 München Germany
| | - Thomas M Klapötke
- Department Chemie, Ludwig-Maximilians Universität München 81377 München Germany
| | - Ahmed Elbeih
- Military Technical College Kobry Elkobbah Cairo Egypt
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Abd-Elghany M, Klapötke TM, Krumm B, Elbeih A. Higher Performance and Safer Handling: Formulation Based on 2,2,2-Trinitroethyl Formate and Nitrocellulose. Chempluschem 2018; 83:128-131. [PMID: 31957341 DOI: 10.1002/cplu.201800088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2018] [Revised: 03/12/2018] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
A new, green propellant formulation based on the high-energy dense oxidizer (HEDO) 2,2,2-trinitroethyl formate (TNEF) and nitrocellulose (NC) was prepared and thermally investigated using non-isothermal thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) was used to check the crystals of the oxidizer and the homogeneity of the new propellant formulation (NC-TNEF). The burning behavior of NC-TNEF was recorded by high-speed camera to observe the smoke produced. A high specific impulse (Is =257.4 s) was obtained from the characteristics calculation of the new propellant formulation by using EXPLO5_V6.03 software. The NC-TNEF mixture did not show any endothermic peak and its exothermic peak was at 204.6 °C, which means that a composite might be formed. The activation energy of the NC-TNEF was in the range of 184-190 kJ mol-1 . NC-TNEF has a higher performance and a lower hazard compared with the double-base propellant.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed Abd-Elghany
- Department of Chemistry, Ludwig Maximilian University, Butenandtstrasse 5-13(D), 81377, Munich, Germany
| | - Thomas M Klapötke
- Department of Chemistry, Ludwig Maximilian University, Butenandtstrasse 5-13(D), 81377, Munich, Germany
| | - Burkhard Krumm
- Department of Chemistry, Ludwig Maximilian University, Butenandtstrasse 5-13(D), 81377, Munich, Germany
| | - Ahmed Elbeih
- Department of Chemistry, Military Technical College, Kobry Elkobbah, Cairo, Egypt
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Xu M, Ge Z, Lu X, Mo H, Ji Y, Hu H. Structure and mechanical properties of fluorine-containing glycidyl azide polymer-based energetic binders. POLYM INT 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/pi.5394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Minghui Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Fluorine and Nitrogen Chemicals; Xi'an China
- Xi'an Modern Chemistry Research Institute; Xi'an China
| | - Zhongxue Ge
- Xi'an Modern Chemistry Research Institute; Xi'an China
| | - Xianming Lu
- Xi'an Modern Chemistry Research Institute; Xi'an China
| | - Hongchang Mo
- Xi'an Modern Chemistry Research Institute; Xi'an China
| | - Yueping Ji
- Xi'an Modern Chemistry Research Institute; Xi'an China
| | - Huaiming Hu
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Natural Functional Molecule Chemistry of Ministry of Education; College of Chemistry and Materials Science; Northwest University Xi'an China
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Jangid SK, Singh MK, Solanki VJ, Talawar MB, Nath T, Sinha RK, Asthana S. 1,3,5-Trinitroperhydro-1,3,5-triazine (RDX)-Based Sheet Explosive Formulation with a Hybrid Binder System. PROPELLANTS EXPLOSIVES PYROTECHNICS 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/prep.201500193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
|
17
|
Huang T, Jin B, Peng RF, Chu SJ. Synthesis and Characterization of a New Energetic Plasticizer: Acyl-Terminated GAP. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF POLYMER ANALYSIS AND CHARACTERIZATION 2014. [DOI: 10.1080/1023666x.2014.932200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
|
18
|
Joraid AA, Okasha RM, Rock CL, Abd-El-Aziz AS. A Nonisothermal Study of Organoiron Poly(alkynyl methacrylate) Coordinated to Dicobalt Hexacarbonyl Using Advanced Kinetics Modelling. J Inorg Organomet Polym Mater 2013. [DOI: 10.1007/s10904-013-9992-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
|
19
|
Shekhar Pant C, Santosh MSSNM, Banerjee S, Khanna PK. Single Step Synthesis of Nitro-Functionalized Hydroxyl-Terminated Polybutadiene. PROPELLANTS EXPLOSIVES PYROTECHNICS 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/prep.201300031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
|
20
|
Gopala Krishnan PS, Ayyaswamy K, Nayak SK. Hydroxy Terminated Polybutadiene: Chemical Modifications and Applications. JOURNAL OF MACROMOLECULAR SCIENCE PART A-PURE AND APPLIED CHEMISTRY 2012. [DOI: 10.1080/10601325.2013.736275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- P. Santhana Gopala Krishnan
- a Department of Plastics Technology , Central Institute of Plastics Engineering & Technology , Guindy , Chennai , India
| | - Kavitha Ayyaswamy
- a Department of Plastics Technology , Central Institute of Plastics Engineering & Technology , Guindy , Chennai , India
| | - S. K. Nayak
- a Department of Plastics Technology , Central Institute of Plastics Engineering & Technology , Guindy , Chennai , India
| |
Collapse
|