1
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Christian O, Spencer M, Ladyman M, Persico F, Gutierrez-Carazo E, Kadansky E, Temple T. Persistence of 2,4,6-triamino-1,3,5-trinitrobenzene in the environment. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2023; 239:117378. [PMID: 37832768 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2023.117378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2023] [Revised: 09/29/2023] [Accepted: 10/10/2023] [Indexed: 10/15/2023]
Abstract
2,4,6-triamino-1,3,5-trinitrobenzene (TATB) is an Insensitive High Explosive (IHE) that is increasingly being used as a safer alternative to traditional energetic materials. However, the high thermal stability of TATB poses challenges for its disposal, particularly through existing open burning methods and its ability to remain in the environment for long period of time. Therefore, this study investigated the persistence of TATB in the environment by conducting small-scale experiments which were designed to examine the resistance of TATB to open burning and to assess unburnt residues. To evaluate the fate and transport of the unburnt materials in soil, laboratory-scale soil column transport studies were conducted to gauge the movement of TATB through soil. The results indicate that TATB exhibits a high resistance to burning, leaving unburnt materials that can persist in soil. The study emphasizes the importance of efficient disposal methods for explosives and highlights the need for further research to understand the environmental impact and toxicity of TATB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olivia Christian
- Cranfield University, Centre for Defence Chemistry, Defence Academy of the United Kingdom, Shrivenham, SN6 8LA, UK
| | - Michael Spencer
- Cranfield University, Centre for Defence Chemistry, Defence Academy of the United Kingdom, Shrivenham, SN6 8LA, UK
| | - Melissa Ladyman
- Cranfield University, Centre for Defence Chemistry, Defence Academy of the United Kingdom, Shrivenham, SN6 8LA, UK
| | - Federica Persico
- Cranfield University, Centre for Defence Chemistry, Defence Academy of the United Kingdom, Shrivenham, SN6 8LA, UK.
| | - Encina Gutierrez-Carazo
- Cranfield University, Centre for Defence Chemistry, Defence Academy of the United Kingdom, Shrivenham, SN6 8LA, UK
| | - Evie Kadansky
- Cranfield University, Centre for Defence Chemistry, Defence Academy of the United Kingdom, Shrivenham, SN6 8LA, UK
| | - Tracey Temple
- Cranfield University, Centre for Defence Chemistry, Defence Academy of the United Kingdom, Shrivenham, SN6 8LA, UK
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2
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Cui C, Zhang Y, Wladyka MA, Wang T, Song W, Niu K. Ultrasound-Assisted Adsorption of Perchlorate Using Calcined Hydrotalcites and the Thermal Stabilization Effect of Recycled Adsorbents on Poly(vinyl chloride). ACS OMEGA 2023; 8:17689-17698. [PMID: 37251198 PMCID: PMC10210281 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.3c00176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2023] [Accepted: 03/09/2023] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Due to their high anion exchange and memory effect, the layered double hydroxides (LHDs) have wide applications for some areas. In this work, an efficient and green recycling route for layered double hydroxide based adsorbents is proposed specifically for application as a poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC) heat stabilizer without requiring secondary calcination. Conventional magnesium-aluminum hydrotalcite was synthesized using the hydrothermal method followed by removal of carbonate anion (CO32-) between LDH layers by calcination. The adsorption of perchlorate anion (ClO4-) by the memory effect of calcined LDHs with and without ultrasound assistance was compared. Using ultrasound assistance, the maximum adsorption capacity of the adsorbents (291.89 mg/g) was increased, and the adsorption process was fitted using the kinetic Elovich rate equation (R2 = 0.992) and Langmuir adsorption model (R2 = 0.996). This material was characterized using XRD, FT-IR, EDS, and TGA which demonstrated that ClO4- was intercalated into the hydrotalcite layer successfully. The recycled adsorbents were used to augment a commercial calcium-zinc-based PVC stabilizer package applied in a epoxidized soybean oil plasticized cast sheet which is based on an emulsion type PVC homopolymer resin. Use of perchlorate intercalated LDH augmentation yielded significant improvement to static heat resistance as indicated by the degree of discoloration with a life extension of approximately 60 min. The improved stability was corroborated by evaluation of HCl gas evolved during thermal degradation using conductivity change curves and the Congo red test.
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Affiliation(s)
- Changwei Cui
- School
of Materials Science and Engineering, University
of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, PR China
- Global
Innovation Center, Canadian General Tower
Changshu Co. Ltd., Suzhou 215500, PR China
| | - Youhao Zhang
- Global
Innovation Center, Canadian General Tower
Changshu Co. Ltd., Suzhou 215500, PR China
| | - Michael A. Wladyka
- Global
Innovation Center, Canadian General Tower
Changshu Co. Ltd., Suzhou 215500, PR China
| | - Tianyu Wang
- School
of Materials Science and Engineering, University
of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, PR China
- Global
Innovation Center, Canadian General Tower
Changshu Co. Ltd., Suzhou 215500, PR China
| | - Weifeng Song
- Global
Innovation Center, Canadian General Tower
Changshu Co. Ltd., Suzhou 215500, PR China
| | - Kangmin Niu
- School
of Materials Science and Engineering, University
of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, PR China
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3
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Persico F, Temple T, Ladyman M, Gilroy‐Hirst W, Guiterrez‐Carazo E, Coulon F. Quantitative Environmental Assessment of Explosive Residues from the Detonation of Insensitive High Explosive Filled 155 mm Artillery Shell. PROPELLANTS EXPLOSIVES PYROTECHNICS 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/prep.202100220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Federica Persico
- Centre for Defence Chemistry Cranfield University Defence Academy of the United Kingdom Shrivenham SN6 7LA UK
| | - Tracey Temple
- Centre for Defence Chemistry Cranfield University Defence Academy of the United Kingdom Shrivenham SN6 7LA UK
| | - Melissa Ladyman
- Centre for Defence Chemistry Cranfield University Defence Academy of the United Kingdom Shrivenham SN6 7LA UK
| | - William Gilroy‐Hirst
- Centre for Defence Chemistry Cranfield University Defence Academy of the United Kingdom Shrivenham SN6 7LA UK
| | - Encina Guiterrez‐Carazo
- Centre for Defence Chemistry Cranfield University Defence Academy of the United Kingdom Shrivenham SN6 7LA UK
| | - Frederic Coulon
- School of Water Energy and Environment Cranfield University Cranfield MK43 0AL UK
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4
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Stein N, Podder A, Lee Weidhaas J, Goel R. Simultaneous reduction of perchlorate and nitrate using fast-settling anoxic sludge. CHEMOSPHERE 2022; 286:131788. [PMID: 34375826 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2021.131788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2021] [Revised: 07/31/2021] [Accepted: 08/02/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Fast-settling, anoxic sludge (FAS) was cultivated and utilized in this study to simultaneously reduce elevated levels of perchlorate and nitrate in an anaerobic sequencing batch reactor (AnSBR). Average perchlorate and nitrate removal efficiencies of 96.5 ± 8.44 % and 99.8 ± 0.32 %, respectively, were achieved from an average perchlorate and nitrate loading rate of 159 ± 101 g ClO4-/m3·d and 10.8 ± 7.25 g NO3--N/m3·d, respectively, throughout long-term operation (>500-d). Batch activity tests revealed a preferential utilization of nitrate over perchlorate, where significant perchlorate reduction inhibition occurred when nitrate was present as a competing electron acceptor under carbon-limiting conditions. Specific perchlorate and nitrate reduction rates were shown to increase as the hydraulic retention time (HRT) of the AnSBR was step-wise decreased and subsequently the perchlorate and nitrate loading rates were step-wise increased. Functional, mRNA-based expression of the nitrite reductase (nirS and nirK), nitrous oxide reductase (nosZ), perchlorate reductase subunit A (pcrA), and the chlorite dismutase (cld) genes illustrated the simultaneous activity of heterotrophic denitrification and perchlorate reduction occurring throughout a complete standard reactor operational cycle, and allowed for expression trends to be documented as the HRT of the AnSBR was reduced from 5-d to 1.25-d. Nitrous oxide (N2O) production was detected as a result of incomplete denitrification, where the largest N2O production occurred at the highest nitrate loading rates investigated in this study. Thauera species were heavily enriched at a longer HRT of 5-d, but were out-competed by Dechloromonas species as the HRT of the AnSBR was step-wise reduced to 1.25-d.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathan Stein
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, 84112, USA
| | - Aditi Podder
- Department of Civil, Environmental and Construction Engineering, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL, 32816, USA
| | - Jennifer Lee Weidhaas
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, 84112, USA
| | - Ramesh Goel
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, 84112, USA.
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5
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López A, Sorenson K, Bamer J, Chichakli R, Boivin T, Moats D. Incremental Sampling Methodology for improved characterization of Agent Orange dioxin in Vietnam soil and sediment. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2021; 299:113599. [PMID: 34492437 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2021.113599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2021] [Revised: 08/09/2021] [Accepted: 08/21/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The Danang airport in Vietnam was used heavily by US forces in the 1960s and 1970s. In 2018, the remediation of dioxin contamination at the airport resulting from Agent Orange use and management was completed by the US government. Generation of reliable, defensible, and cost-effective confirmation sampling data over large areas and for large volumes was a significant challenge. Traditional discrete and composite sampling methods were utilized to assess dioxin concentrations and the extent of contamination present at the airport prior to remediation. Confirmation sampling was performed after excavation of contaminated soil and sediment across the entire 28-ha site to demonstrate that remaining concentrations met the Vietnamese standards for the airport site. The volume of excavated soil and sediment was 162,567 m3. Incremental Sampling Methodology (ISM) was used for confirmation sampling to provide a defensible estimate of the mean concentration of dioxin remaining after excavation. The use of ISM revealed that traditional methods underestimated the volume of material requiring treatment. ISM also decreased sampling variability dramatically and provided more reliable estimates of true mean concentrations in an area when compared with traditional methods. The use of ISM: 1) better captured distributional heterogeneity and decreased variability between samples from the same DU by 64%; 2) resulted in low variability between duplicate analyses of the same sample (12%), indicating a reduction in compositional heterogeneity; 3) did not underestimate contaminant levels; and, 4) increased the frequency that excavation boundaries met project goals by 61%, when compared with traditional sampling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexis López
- CDM Smith, 75 State Street, Suite 701, Boston, MA, 02109, USA.
| | | | - Jeffrey Bamer
- CDM Smith, 75 State Street, Suite 701, Boston, MA, 02109, USA
| | - Randa Chichakli
- CDM Smith, 75 State Street, Suite 701, Boston, MA, 02109, USA
| | - Thomas Boivin
- Formerly Hatfield Consultants, 107D Meyer Road, Salt Spring Island, B.C., V8K 1X4, Canada
| | - Daniel Moats
- Hatfield Consultants, #200 - 850 Harbourside Drive, North Vancouver, BC, V7P 0A3, Canada
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6
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Tiwari J, Tarale P, Sivanesan S, Bafana A. Environmental persistence, hazard, and mitigation challenges of nitroaromatic compounds. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2019; 26:28650-28667. [PMID: 31388957 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-019-06043-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2019] [Accepted: 07/22/2019] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Nitroaromatic compounds (NACs) are extensively used in different industries and are synthesized in large quantity due to their heavy demand worldwide. The broad use of NACs poses a serious pollution threat. The treatment processes used for the removal of NACs are not effective and sustainable, leading to their release into the environment. The nitro group attached to benzene ring makes the compounds recalcitrant due to which they persist in the environment. Being hazardous to human as well as other living organisms, NACs are listed in the USEPA's priority pollutant group. This review provides updated information on the sources of NACs, prevalence in different environmental matrices, and recent developments in methods of their detection, with emphasis on current trends as well as future prospects. The harmful effects of NACs due to exposure through different routes are also highlighted. Further, the technologies reported for the treatment of NACs, including physico-chemical and biological methods, and the challenges faced for their effective implementation are discussed. Thus, the review discusses relevant issues in detail making suitable recommendations, which can be helpful in guiding further research in this subject.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jyoti Tiwari
- AcSIR (Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research), CSIR-NEERI (National Environmental Engineering Research Institute) Campus, Nagpur, 440020, India
- Director's Research Cell, CSIR-NEERI (National Environmental Engineering Research Institute), Nagpur, 440020, Maharashtra, India
| | - Prashant Tarale
- Health and Toxicity Cell, CSIR-NEERI (National Environmental Engineering Research Institute), Nagpur, 440020, India
- Blood Research Institute, Versiti Wisconsin, 8727 Watertown Plank Road, Milwaukee, WI, 53213, USA
| | - Saravanadevi Sivanesan
- AcSIR (Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research), CSIR-NEERI (National Environmental Engineering Research Institute) Campus, Nagpur, 440020, India
- Health and Toxicity Cell, CSIR-NEERI (National Environmental Engineering Research Institute), Nagpur, 440020, India
| | - Amit Bafana
- AcSIR (Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research), CSIR-NEERI (National Environmental Engineering Research Institute) Campus, Nagpur, 440020, India.
- Director's Research Cell, CSIR-NEERI (National Environmental Engineering Research Institute), Nagpur, 440020, Maharashtra, India.
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7
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Temple T, Cipullo S, Galante E, Ladyman M, Mai N, Parry T, Coulon F. The effect of soil type on the extraction of insensitive high explosive constituents using four conventional methods. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2019; 668:184-192. [PMID: 30852196 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.02.359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2018] [Revised: 02/22/2019] [Accepted: 02/23/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Explosive contamination is commonly found at military and manufacturing sites (Hewitt et al., 2005; Clausen et al., 2004; Walsh et al., 2013). Under current environmental legislation the extent of the contamination must be characterized by soil sampling and subsequent separation of the explosive contaminants from the soil matrix by extraction to enable chemical analysis and quantification (Dean, 2009). It is essential that the extraction method can consistently recover explosive residue from a variety of soil types i.e. all materials that have not degraded or irreversibly bound to the matrix, so that any resultant risk is not underestimated. In this study, five different soil types with a range of organic content, particle size and pH, were spiked with a mixture of RDX, DNAN, NQ and NTO at 50 mg/kg and were extracted using one of four one-step extraction methods: stirring, shaking, sonication, and accelerated solvent extraction (ASE). Analysis of the extraction efficiencies of the four methods found that they were broadly successful for the extraction of all IHE constituents from all five soils (an average of 84% ± 14% recovery across 80 extractions). However, soils with high organic content (Total Organic Content (TOC) ≥ 2%) were found to significantly affect extraction efficiency and reproducibility. NTO and DNAN were the least consistent in extraction efficiency with poorest recovery of NTO as low as 37% ± 2%. Of the four tested methods shaking was found to be the most reproducible, though less efficient than stirring (64%-91%). ASE was found to have the most variable results for extraction of IHE constituents suggesting that ASE was the most affected by the different soil types. Therefore, it is recommended that the efficiency and reproducibility of the selected extraction method should be validated by extracting known concentrations of the IHE from the soil of interest and that any required correction factors are reported.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Temple
- Cranfield University, Centre for Defence Chemistry, Defence Academy of the United Kingdom, Shrivenham SN6 7LA, UK.
| | - S Cipullo
- Cranfield University, School of Water, Energy and Environment, Cranfield, MK43 0AL, UK
| | - E Galante
- Cranfield University, Centre for Defence Chemistry, Defence Academy of the United Kingdom, Shrivenham SN6 7LA, UK
| | - M Ladyman
- Cranfield University, Centre for Defence Chemistry, Defence Academy of the United Kingdom, Shrivenham SN6 7LA, UK
| | - N Mai
- Cranfield University, Centre for Defence Chemistry, Defence Academy of the United Kingdom, Shrivenham SN6 7LA, UK
| | - T Parry
- Cranfield University, Centre for Defence Chemistry, Defence Academy of the United Kingdom, Shrivenham SN6 7LA, UK
| | - F Coulon
- Cranfield University, School of Water, Energy and Environment, Cranfield, MK43 0AL, UK
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8
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Fuller ME, Hedman PC, Lippincott DR, Hatzinger PB. Passive in situ biobarrier for treatment of comingled nitramine explosives and perchlorate in groundwater on an active range. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2019; 365:827-834. [PMID: 30481733 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2018.11.060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2018] [Revised: 11/14/2018] [Accepted: 11/15/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Hexahydro-1,3,5-trinitro-1,3,5-triazine (RDX), octahydro-1,3,5,7-tetranitro-1,3,5,7-tetrazocine (HMX), and perchlorate (ClO4-) are common, and often co-mingled, contaminants at military ranges worldwide. This project investigated the feasibility of using a passive emulsified oil biobarrier plus a slow release pH buffering reagent to remediate RDX, HMX, and ClO4- in a low pH aquifer at an active range. A 33 m biobarrier was emplaced perpendicular to the contaminant plumes, and dissolved explosives, perchlorate, and other relevant parameters were monitored. The pH increased and the DO and ORP decreased after emulsified oil injection, leading to >90% reductions in perchlorate, RDX, and HMX compared to upgradient groundwater. Some nitroso breakdown products were observed immediately downstream of the barrier, but generally decreased to below detection limits farther downgradient. First-order rate constants of approximately 0.1/d were obtained for all three contaminants. Dissolved metals (including As) also increased in the wells immediately adjacent to the barrier, but attenuated as the plume re-aerated in downgradient areas. Biobarrier installation and sampling were performed during scheduled range downtime and had no impacts to ongoing range activities. The field trial suggests that an emulsified oil biobarrier with pH buffering can be a viable alternative to remove explosives and perchlorate from shallow groundwater on active ranges.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark E Fuller
- Aptim Federal Services, 17 Princess Road, Lawrenceville, NJ 08648, United States.
| | - Paul C Hedman
- Aptim Federal Services, 17 Princess Road, Lawrenceville, NJ 08648, United States
| | - David R Lippincott
- Aptim Federal Services, 17 Princess Road, Lawrenceville, NJ 08648, United States
| | - Paul B Hatzinger
- Aptim Federal Services, 17 Princess Road, Lawrenceville, NJ 08648, United States
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9
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Arthur JD, Mark NW, Taylor S, Šimůnek J, Brusseau ML, Dontsova KM. Dissolution and transport of insensitive munitions formulations IMX-101 and IMX-104 in saturated soil columns. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2018; 624:758-768. [PMID: 29272845 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.11.307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2017] [Revised: 11/11/2017] [Accepted: 11/27/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Military training exercises can result in deposition of energetic residues on range soils, which ultimately can contaminate groundwater with munitions constituents. Column experiments followed by HYDRUS-1D modeling were conducted to evaluate dissolution and transport of energetic constituents from the new insensitive munitions (IM) formulations IMX-101, a mixture of 3-nitro-1,2,4-triazol-5-one (NTO), nitroguanidine (NQ), and 2, 4-dinitroanisole (DNAN), and IMX-104, a mixture of NTO, 1,3,5-hexahydro-1,3,5-trinitro-1,3,5-triazine (RDX) and DNAN. NTO and DNAN are emerging contaminants associated with the development of insensitive munitions as replacements for traditional munitions. Flow interruption experiments were performed to investigate dissolution kinetics and sorption non-equilibrium between soil and solution phases. The results indicated that insensitive munitions compounds dissolved in order of their aqueous solubility, consistent with prior dissolution studies conducted in the absence of soil. Initial elution of the high concentration pulse of highly soluble NTO and NQ was followed by lower concentrations, while DNAN had generally lower and more constant concentrations in leachate. The sorption of NTO and NQ was low, while RDX, 1,3,5,7-octahydro-1,3,5,7-tetranitrotetrazocine (HMX, an impurity in technical grade RDX), and DNAN all exhibited appreciable sorption. DNAN transformation was observed, with formation of amino-reduction products 2-ANAN (2-amino-4-nitroanisole) and 4-ANAN (4-amino-2-nitroanisole). HYDRUS-1D model, incorporating one-dimensional advective-dispersive transport with particle dissolution and first-order solute transformation was used to simulate the measured breakthrough curves. Optimized dissolution parameters varied widely but were correlated between compounds in the same formulation. Determined adsorption coefficients generally agreed with values determined from batch and column studies conducted with pure NTO and DNAN, while mass-loss rate coefficients were in better agreement with ones from batch than column studies possibly due to suppression of microbial transformation during elution of high concentrations of explosives. Even in the low organic matter soils selected in this study DNAN experienced significant retardation and transformation, indicating potential for its natural attenuation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer D Arthur
- Soil, Water and Environmental Science Department, University of Arizona, United States
| | - Noah W Mark
- Soil, Water and Environmental Science Department, University of Arizona, United States
| | - Susan Taylor
- U.S. Army Engineer Research and Development Center, United States
| | - Jiří Šimůnek
- Department of Environmental Sciences, University of California, Riverside, United States
| | - Mark L Brusseau
- Soil, Water and Environmental Science Department, University of Arizona, United States; Department of Hydrology & Atmospheric Sciences, University of Arizona, United States
| | - Katerina M Dontsova
- Soil, Water and Environmental Science Department, University of Arizona, United States; Biosphere 2, University of Arizona, United States.
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10
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Walsh MR, Temple T, Bigl MF, Tshabalala SF, Mai N, Ladyman M. Investigation of Energetic Particle Distribution from High-Order Detonations of Munitions. PROPELLANTS EXPLOSIVES PYROTECHNICS 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/prep.201700089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Michael R. Walsh
- US Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory; 72 Lyme Road Hanover, New Hampshire 03755 USA
| | - Tracey Temple
- Center for Defence Chemistry; Cranfield University; Defence Academy of the UK; SN6 8LA
| | - Matthew F. Bigl
- US Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory; 72 Lyme Road Hanover, New Hampshire 03755 USA
| | - Seipati F. Tshabalala
- Center for Defence Chemistry; Cranfield University; Defence Academy of the UK; SN6 8LA
| | - Nathalie Mai
- Center for Defence Chemistry; Cranfield University; Defence Academy of the UK; SN6 8LA
| | - Melissa Ladyman
- Center for Defence Chemistry; Cranfield University; Defence Academy of the UK; SN6 8LA
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11
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Arthur JD, Mark NW, Taylor S, Šimunek J, Brusseau ML, Dontsova KM. Batch soil adsorption and column transport studies of 2,4-dinitroanisole (DNAN) in soils. JOURNAL OF CONTAMINANT HYDROLOGY 2017; 199:14-23. [PMID: 28285171 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconhyd.2017.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2016] [Revised: 02/02/2017] [Accepted: 02/21/2017] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The explosive 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene (TNT) is currently a main ingredient in munitions; however the compound has failed to meet the new sensitivity requirements. The replacement compound being tested is 2,4-dinitroanisole (DNAN). DNAN is less sensitive to shock, high temperatures, and has good detonation characteristics. However, DNAN is more soluble than TNT, which can influence transport and fate behavior and thus bioavailability and human exposure potential. The objective of this study was to investigate the environmental fate and transport of DNAN in soil, with specific focus on sorption processes. Batch and column experiments were conducted using soils collected from military installations located across the United States. The soils were characterized for pH, electrical conductivity, specific surface area, cation exchange capacity, and organic carbon content. In the batch rate studies, change in DNAN concentration with time was evaluated using the first order equation, while adsorption isotherms were fitted using linear and Freundlich equations. Solution mass-loss rate coefficients ranged between 0.0002h-1 and 0.0068h-1. DNAN was strongly adsorbed by soils with linear adsorption coefficients ranging between 0.6 and 6.3Lg-1, and Freundlich coefficients between 1.3 and 34mg1-nLnkg-1. Both linear and Freundlich adsorption coefficients were positively correlated with the amount of organic carbon and cation exchange capacity of the soil, indicating that similar to TNT, organic matter and clay minerals may influence adsorption of DNAN. The results of the miscible-displacement column experiments confirmed the impact of sorption on retardation of DNAN during transport. It was also shown that under flow conditions DNAN transforms readily with formation of amino transformation products, 2-ANAN and 4-ANAN. The magnitudes of retardation and transformation observed in this study result in significant attenuation potential for DNAN, which would be anticipated to contribute to a reduced risk for contamination of ground water from soil residues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer D Arthur
- Soil, Water and Environmental Science Department, University of Arizona, United States.
| | - Noah W Mark
- Soil, Water and Environmental Science Department, University of Arizona, United States
| | - Susan Taylor
- U.S. Army Engineer Research and Development Center, United States
| | - J Šimunek
- University of California, Riverside, United States
| | - M L Brusseau
- Soil, Water and Environmental Science Department, University of Arizona, United States; Hydrology and Atmospheric Sciences Department, University of Arizona, United States
| | - Katerina M Dontsova
- Soil, Water and Environmental Science Department, University of Arizona, United States; Biosphere 2, University of Arizona, United States
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12
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Taylor S, Dontsova K, Walsh M. Insensitive Munitions Formulations: Their Dissolution and Fate in Soils. CHALLENGES AND ADVANCES IN COMPUTATIONAL CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-59208-4_12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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13
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Lee JE, Kim JW, Han SK, Chae JS, Lee KD, Koo KK. Production of Submicrometer-Sized Hexahydro-1,3,5-trinitro-1,3,5-triazine by Drowning-Out. Ind Eng Chem Res 2014. [DOI: 10.1021/ie500221c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jae-Eun Lee
- Department
of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Sogang University, Seoul 121-742, Korea
| | - Jun-Woo Kim
- Department
of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Sogang University, Seoul 121-742, Korea
| | - Sang-Keun Han
- Hanwha Research and Development Center, Daejeon 305-156, Korea
| | | | - Keun-Deuk Lee
- Agency for Defense Development, Daejeon 305-600, Korea
| | - Kee-Kahb Koo
- Department
of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Sogang University, Seoul 121-742, Korea
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Energetic Residues from the Detonation of IMX-104 Insensitive Munitions. PROPELLANTS EXPLOSIVES PYROTECHNICS 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/prep.201300095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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