1
|
Wang C, Fuller ME, Murillo-Gelvez J, Rezes RT, Hatzinger PB, Chiu PC, Heraty LJ, Sturchio NC. Carbon and Nitrogen Isotope Fractionations During Biotic and Abiotic Transformations of 2,4-Dinitroanisole (DNAN). ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2024; 58:5996-6006. [PMID: 38504451 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.3c10788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/21/2024]
Abstract
2,4-Dinitroanisole (DNAN) is a main constituent in various new insensitive munition formulations. Although DNAN is susceptible to biotic and abiotic transformations, in many environmental instances, transformation mechanisms are difficult to resolve, distinguish, or apportion on the basis solely of analysis of concentrations. We used compound-specific isotope analysis (CSIA) to investigate the characteristic isotope fractionations of the biotic (by three microbial consortia and three pure cultures) and abiotic (by 9,10-anthrahydroquinone-2-sulfonic acid [AHQS]) transformations of DNAN. The correlations of isotope enrichment factors (ΛN/C) for biotic transformations had a range of values from 4.93 ± 0.53 to 12.19 ± 1.23, which is entirely distinct from ΛN/C values reported previously for alkaline hydrolysis, enzymatic hydrolysis, reduction by Fe2+-bearing minerals and iron-oxide-bound Fe2+, and UV-driven phototransformations. The ΛN/C value associated with the abiotic reduction by AHQS was 38.76 ± 2.23, within the range of previously reported values for DNAN reduction by Fe2+-bearing minerals and iron-oxide-bound Fe2+, albeit the mean ΛN/C was lower. These results enhance the database of isotope effects accompanying DNAN transformations under environmentally relevant conditions, allowing better evaluation of the extents of biotic and abiotic transformations of DNAN that occur in soils, groundwaters, surface waters, and the marine environment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chunlei Wang
- Department of Earth Sciences, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716, United States
| | - Mark E Fuller
- Biotechnology Development & Applications Group, APTIM, Lawrenceville, New Jersey 08648, United States
| | - Jimmy Murillo-Gelvez
- Department of Civil & Environmental Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716, United States
| | - Rachael T Rezes
- Biotechnology Development & Applications Group, APTIM, Lawrenceville, New Jersey 08648, United States
| | - Paul B Hatzinger
- Biotechnology Development & Applications Group, APTIM, Lawrenceville, New Jersey 08648, United States
| | - Pei C Chiu
- Department of Civil & Environmental Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716, United States
| | - Linnea J Heraty
- Department of Earth Sciences, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716, United States
| | - Neil C Sturchio
- Department of Earth Sciences, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716, United States
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Yuan X, Huang Y, Zhang S, Gou R, Zhu S, Guo Q. Multi-aspect simulation insight on thermolysis mechanism and interaction of NTO/HMX-based plastic-bonded explosives: a new conception of the mixed explosive model. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2023; 25:20951-20968. [PMID: 37496442 DOI: 10.1039/d3cp00494e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/28/2023]
Abstract
Reactive molecular dynamics (RMDs) calculations were used to determine, for the first time, the process of thermolysis of the mixed explosives, including 3-nitro-1,2,4-triazol-5-one (NTO) and octahydro-1,3,5,7-tetranitro-1,3,5,7-tetrazoline (HMX). Significantly, this is the first time that a layered model for mixed explosives, which is an extreme innovation of mixed explosive models was adopted. It is shown that a large amount of NO2 in the HMX and OH groups generated by the decomposition of HNO2 has a favorable effect on the thermolysis of NTO, as further validated by a reduction in the activation energy of NTO/HMX. The amount of H2O and N2 in the resulting products increased significantly, but the amount of NH3 changed slightly. The analysis results correspond to the change in chemical bonds. Whenever there is an increase in temperature, the time for the maximum number of clusters to appear is shortened accordingly. In addition, the acidity of NTO has been considered. An independent gradient model based on Hirshfeld partition (IGMH) and atoms in molecule (AIM) analysis of NTO/HMX was implemented. The relatively strong hydrogen bonds indicate that HMX can inhibit the acidity of NTO and is beneficial for the wide application of NTO/HMX-based plastic-bonded explosives (PBXs).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaofeng Yuan
- School of Environment and Safety Engineering, North University of China, Taiyuan 030051, Shanxi, China.
| | - Ying Huang
- School of Environment and Safety Engineering, North University of China, Taiyuan 030051, Shanxi, China.
| | - Shuhai Zhang
- School of Environment and Safety Engineering, North University of China, Taiyuan 030051, Shanxi, China.
| | - Ruijun Gou
- School of Environment and Safety Engineering, North University of China, Taiyuan 030051, Shanxi, China.
| | - Shuangfei Zhu
- School of Environment and Safety Engineering, North University of China, Taiyuan 030051, Shanxi, China.
| | - Qianjin Guo
- School of Environment and Safety Engineering, North University of China, Taiyuan 030051, Shanxi, China.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Zhang ST, Li T, Deng SK, Spain JC, Zhou NY. A cytochrome P450 system initiates 4-nitroanisole degradation in Rhodococcus sp. strain JS3073. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2023; 458:131886. [PMID: 37348368 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2023.131886] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2023] [Revised: 06/13/2023] [Accepted: 06/16/2023] [Indexed: 06/24/2023]
Abstract
Nitroanisoles are used widely as synthetic intermediates and explosives. Although bacteria have been reported to degrade 4-nitroanisole (4NA) under aerobic conditions, the key enzymes and the catalytic mechanism have remained elusive. Rhodococcus sp. strain JS3073 was isolated for its ability to grow on 4NA as the sole carbon and energy source. In this study, whole cell biotransformation experiments indicated that 4NA degradation is initiated by O-demethylation to form 4-nitrophenol (PNP), which undergoes subsequent degradation by a previously established pathway involving formation of 1,2,4-benzenetriol and release of nitrite. Based on comparative transcriptomics and heterologous expression, a novel three-component cytochrome P450 system encoded by pnaABC initiates the O-demethylation of 4NA to yield formaldehyde and PNP. The pnaABC genes encode a phthalate dioxygenase type reductase (PnaA), a cytochrome P450 monooxygenase (PnaB), and an EthD family protein (PnaC) with putative function similar to ferredoxins. This unusual P450 system also has a broad substrate specificity for nitroanisole derivatives. Sequence analysis of PnaAB revealed high identity with multiple self-sufficient P450s of the CYP116B subfamily. The findings revealed the molecular basis of the catabolic pathway for 4NA initiated by an unusual O-demethylase PnaABC and extends the understanding of the diversity among P450s and their electron transport chains.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shu-Ting Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism, Joint International Research Laboratory of Metabolic and Developmental Sciences, School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Tao Li
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism, Joint International Research Laboratory of Metabolic and Developmental Sciences, School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Shi-Kai Deng
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism, Joint International Research Laboratory of Metabolic and Developmental Sciences, School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Jim C Spain
- Center for Environmental Diagnostics and Bioremediation, University of West Florida, 11000 University Parkway, Pensacola, FL 32514-5751, USA
| | - Ning-Yi Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism, Joint International Research Laboratory of Metabolic and Developmental Sciences, School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Stein N, Podder A, Goel R. Biodegradation of insensitive munition (IM) formulations: IMX-101 and IMX-104 using aerobic granule technology. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2023; 449:130942. [PMID: 36801711 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2023.130942] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2022] [Revised: 01/15/2023] [Accepted: 02/02/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
A laboratory-scale aerobic granular sludge (AGS) sequencing batch bioreactor (SBR) was initiated in this study for the biodegradation of hazardous insensitive munition (IM) formulation constituents; 2,4-dinitroanisole (DNAN), hexahydro-1,3,5-trinitro-1,3,5-triazine (RDX), 1-nitroguanidine (NQ), and 3-nitro-1,2,4-triazol-5-one (NTO). Efficient (bio)transformation of the influent DNAN and NTO was achieved throughout reactor operation with removal efficiencies greater than 95%. An average removal efficiency of 38.4 ± 17.5% was recorded for RDX. NQ was only slightly removed (3.96 ± 4.15%) until alkalinity was provided in the influent media, which subsequently increased the NQ removal efficiency up to an average of 65.8 ± 24.4%. Batch experiments demonstrated a competitive advantage for aerobic granular biofilms over flocculated biomass for the (bio)transformation DNAN, RDX, NTO, and NQ, as aerobic granules were capable of reductively (bio)transforming each IM compound under bulk aerobic conditions while flocculated biomass could not, thus demonstrating the contribution of inner oxygen-free zones within aerobic granules. A variety of catalytic enzymes were identified in the extracellular polymeric matrix of the AGS biomass. 16 S rDNA amplicon sequencing found Proteobacteria (27.2-81.2%) to be the most abundant phyla, with many genera associated with nutrient removal as well as genera previously described in relation to the biodegradation of explosives or related compounds.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nathan Stein
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
| | | | - Ramesh Goel
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Rios-Valenciana EE, Menezes O, Romero J, Blubaum C, Krzmarzick MJ, Sierra-Alvarez R, Field JA. Elucidating the mechanisms associated with the anaerobic biotransformation of the emerging contaminant nitroguanidine. WATER RESEARCH 2023; 229:119496. [PMID: 36535085 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2022.119496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2022] [Revised: 11/18/2022] [Accepted: 12/13/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Nitroguanidine (NQ) is a constituent of gas generators for automobile airbags, smokeless pyrotechnics, insecticides, propellants, and new insensitive munitions formulations applied by the military. During its manufacture and use, NQ can easily spread in soils, ground, and surface waters due to its high aqueous solubility. Very little is known about the microbial biotransformation of NQ. This study aimed to elucidate important mechanisms operating during NQ anaerobic biotransformation. To achieve this goal, we developed an anaerobic enrichment culture able to reduce NQ to nitrosoguanidine (NsoQ), which was further abiotically transformed to cyanamide. Effective electron donors for NQ biotransformation were lactate and, to a lesser extent, pyruvate. The results demonstrate that the enrichment process selected a sulfate-reducing culture that utilized lactate as its electron donor and sulfate as its electron acceptor while competing with NQ as an electron sink. A unique property of the culture was its requirement for exogenous nitrogen (e.g., from yeast extract or NH4Cl) for NQ biotransformation since NQ itself did not serve as a nitrogen source. The main phylogenetic groups associated with the NQ-reducing culture were sulfate-reducing and fermentative bacteria, namely Cupidesulfovibrio oxamicus (63.1% relative abundance), Dendrosporobacter spp. (12.0%), and Raoultibacter massiliens (10.9%). The molecular ecology results corresponded to measurable physiological properties of the most abundant members. The results establish the conditions for NQ anaerobic biotransformation and the microbial community associated with the process, improving our present comprehension of NQ environmental fate and assisting the development of NQ remediation strategies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Erika E Rios-Valenciana
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, The University of Arizona, P.O. Box 210011, Tucson, AZ 85721, United States
| | - Osmar Menezes
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, The University of Arizona, P.O. Box 210011, Tucson, AZ 85721, United States
| | - Jonathan Romero
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, The University of Arizona, P.O. Box 210011, Tucson, AZ 85721, United States
| | - Corey Blubaum
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, The University of Arizona, P.O. Box 210011, Tucson, AZ 85721, United States
| | - Mark J Krzmarzick
- School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK 74078, United States
| | - Reyes Sierra-Alvarez
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, The University of Arizona, P.O. Box 210011, Tucson, AZ 85721, United States
| | - Jim A Field
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, The University of Arizona, P.O. Box 210011, Tucson, AZ 85721, United States.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Rios-Valenciana EE, Menezes O, Niu XZ, Romero J, Root RA, Chorover J, Sierra-Alvarez R, Field JA. Reductive transformation of the insensitive munitions compound nitroguanidine by different iron-based reactive minerals. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2022; 309:119788. [PMID: 35843454 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2022.119788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2022] [Revised: 07/11/2022] [Accepted: 07/12/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Nitroguanidine (NQ) is an emerging contaminant being used by the military as a constituent of new insensitive munitions. NQ is also used in rocket propellants, smokeless pyrotechnics, and vehicle restraint systems. Its uncontrolled transformation in the environment can generate toxic and potentially mutagenic products, posing hazards that need to be remediated. NQ transformation has only been investigated to a limited extent. Thus, it is crucial to expand the narrow spectrum of NQ remediation strategies and understand its transformation pathways and end products. Iron-based reactive minerals should be investigated for NQ treatment because they are successfully used in existing technologies, such as permeable reactive barriers, for treating a wide range of organic pollutants. This study tested the ability of micron-sized zero-valent iron (m-ZVI), mackinawite, and commercial FeS, to transform NQ under anoxic conditions. NQ transformation followed pseudo-first-order kinetics. The reaction rate constants decreased as follows: commercial FeS > mackinawite > m-ZVI. For the assessed minerals, the NQ transformation started with the reduction of the nitro group forming nitrosoguanidine (NsoQ). Then, aminoguanidine (AQ) was accumulated during the reaction of NQ with m-ZVI, accounting for 86% of the nitrogen mass recovery. When NQ was reacted with commercial FeS, 45% and 20% of nitrogen were recovered as AQ and guanidine, respectively, after 24 h. Nonetheless, NsoQ persisted, contributing to the N-balance. When mackinawite was present, NsoQ disappeared, but AQ was not detected, and guanidine accounted for 11% of the nitrogen recovery. AQ was ultimately transformed into cyanamide, whose dimerization triggered the formation of cyanoguanidine. Alternatively, NsoQ was transformed into guanidine, which reacted with cyanamide to form biguanide. This is the first report systematically investigating the NQ transformation by different iron-based reactive minerals. The evidence indicates that these minerals are attractive alternatives for developing NQ remediation strategies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Erika E Rios-Valenciana
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, The University of Arizona, Tucson, P.O. Box 210011, AZ, 85721, USA
| | - Osmar Menezes
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, The University of Arizona, Tucson, P.O. Box 210011, AZ, 85721, USA
| | - Xi-Zhi Niu
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, The University of Arizona, Tucson, P.O. Box 210011, AZ, 85721, USA
| | - Jonathan Romero
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, The University of Arizona, Tucson, P.O. Box 210011, AZ, 85721, USA
| | - Robert A Root
- Department of Environmental Science, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, 85721, USA
| | - Jon Chorover
- Department of Environmental Science, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, 85721, USA
| | - Reyes Sierra-Alvarez
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, The University of Arizona, Tucson, P.O. Box 210011, AZ, 85721, USA
| | - Jim A Field
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, The University of Arizona, Tucson, P.O. Box 210011, AZ, 85721, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Tran D, Weidhaas J. Ion exchange for effective separation of 3-nitro-1,2,4-triazol-5-one (NTO) from wastewater. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2022; 436:129215. [PMID: 35739737 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2022.129215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2022] [Revised: 05/06/2022] [Accepted: 05/20/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The explosive 3-nitro-1,2,4-triazol-5-one (NTO) presents a physiochemical challenge for treatment of munitions wastewater. Leveraging NTO's ionic character in neutral pH wastewater allows for expanded treatment options. Four commercial drinking water anion exchange resins specific for NO3- and ClO4- were evaluated for NTO adsorption extent, adsorption kinetics, and regeneration potential. Batch studies demonstrated NTO adsorption to all resins tested (max 690 mg NTO/g resin) and that resins were regenerable with 6% NaCl. Adsorption capacities (88-99%) and desorption efficiencies (80-85%) of NTO from the resins remained stable over three loading cycles. Perchlorate selective resins adsorbed more NTO, with larger desorption efficiencies, than nitrate selective resins. Kinetic experiments demonstrated that equilibrium adsorption between NTO and resins occurs within 120 min of exposure, following the pseudo second-order model (K2 range 9.8 × 10-5 to 15 × 10-5 g resin/mg NTO/min). Intraparticle diffusion modeling suggested that boundary-layer diffusion was the predominant sorption mechanism in NTO adsorption to the resins compared to intraparticle diffusion. In synthetic wastewater mixtures of NTO, 2-4-dinitroanisole (DNAN), nitroguanidine (NQ), and hexahydro-1,3,5-trinitro-1,3,5-triazine (RDX), only NTO was exchanged to any great extent. This work suggests that perchlorate anion exchange resins may be a viable segregation technology for NTO from munitions wastewater as compared to activated carbon.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dana Tran
- University of Utah, 110 Central Campus Drive, Suite 2000, Salt Lake City, UT 84122, USA
| | - Jennifer Weidhaas
- University of Utah, 110 Central Campus Drive, Suite 2000, Salt Lake City, UT 84122, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Sviatenko LK, Gorb L, Leszczynski J. NTO Degradation by Nitroreductase: A DFT Study. J Phys Chem B 2022; 126:5991-6006. [PMID: 35926135 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.2c04153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
NTO (5-nitro-1,2,4-triazol-3-one), an energetic material used in military applications, may be released to the environment during manufacturing, transportation, storage, training, and disposal. A detailed investigation of the possible mechanism for all steps of reduction of NTO by oxygen-insensitive nitroreductase, as one of the pathways for NTO environmental degradation, was performed by computational study at the PCM(Pauling)/M06-2X/6-311++G(d,p) level. Obtained results reveal an overall sequence for NTO transformation into ATO (5-amino-1,2,4-triazol-3-one) with the flavin mononucleotide (FMN) cofactor of nitroreductase. Reduction of the nitro group to the nitroso group and the nitroso group to the hydroxylamino group follow a similar mechanism that consists of the sequential electron and proton transfer from the flavin cofactor. The hydride transfer mechanism may contribute to reduction of the nitroso group by the anionic form of the reduced flavin cofactor. Reduction of 5-(hydroxylamino)-1,2,4-triazol-3-one by the neutral form of the reduced flavin is impossible, whereas reduction of the hydroxylamino group to the amino group occurs with the anionic form of the reduced cofactor by a mechanism involving an initial proton transfer from the hydroxonium ion followed by two electrons and one proton transfers from the flavin cofactor. Small activation energies and high exothermicity support the significant contribution of oxygen-insensitive nitroreductase and other enzymes, containing FMN as a cofactor, to NTO degradation in the environment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Liudmyla K Sviatenko
- Interdisciplinary Center for Nanotoxicity, Department of Chemistry, Physics & Atmospheric Sciences, Jackson State University, Jackson, Mississippi 39217, United States
| | - Leonid Gorb
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Genetics, NAS of Ukraine, 150 Zabolotny Str., Kyiv 03143, Ukraine
| | - Jerzy Leszczynski
- Interdisciplinary Center for Nanotoxicity, Department of Chemistry, Physics & Atmospheric Sciences, Jackson State University, Jackson, Mississippi 39217, United States
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Yang Y, Duan Z, Li S, Han Y, Huang H, Zhang L, Huang F. Detonation Characteristics of an Aluminized DNAN‐based Melt‐cast Explosive. PROPELLANTS EXPLOSIVES PYROTECHNICS 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/prep.202200088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yang Yang
- China Academy of Engineering Physics Institute of Chemical Materials CHINA
| | | | - Shurui Li
- China Academy of Engineering Physics Institute of Fluid Physics CHINA
| | - Yong Han
- Institute of Chemical Materials,CAEP CHINA
| | - Hui Huang
- China Academy of Engineering Physics CHINA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
10
|
Menezes O, Owens C, Rios-Valenciana EE, Sierra-Alvarez R, Field JA, Spain JC. Designing bacterial consortia for the complete biodegradation of insensitive munitions compounds in waste streams. Biotechnol Bioeng 2022; 119:2437-2446. [PMID: 35706349 DOI: 10.1002/bit.28160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2022] [Revised: 05/24/2022] [Accepted: 06/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Insensitive munitions compounds (IMCs), such as 2,4-dinitroanisole (DNAN) and 3-nitro-1,2,4-triazol-5-one (NTO), are replacing conventional explosives in munitions formulations. Manufacture and use of IMCs generate waste streams in manufacturing plants and load/assemble/pack facilities. There is a lack of practical experience in executing biodegradation strategies to treat IMCs waste streams. This study establishes a proof-of-concept that bacterial consortia can be designed to mineralize IMCs and co-occurring nitroaromatics in waste streams. First, DNAN, 4-nitroanisole (4-NA), and 4-chloronitrobenzene (4-CNB) in a synthetic DNAN-manufacturing waste stream were biodegraded using an aerobic fluidized-bed reactor (FBR) inoculated with Nocardioides sp. JS 1661 (DNAN degrader), Rhodococcus sp. JS 3073 (4-NA degrader), and Comamonadaceae sp. LW1 (4-CNB degrader). No biodegradation was detected when the FBR was operated under anoxic conditions. Second, DNAN and NTO were biodegraded in a synthetic load/assemble/pack waste stream during a sequential treatment comprising: (i) aerobic DNAN biodegradation in the FBR; (ii) anaerobic NTO biotransformation to 3-amino-1,2,4-triazol-5-one (ATO) by an NTO-respiring enrichment; and (iii) aerobic ATO mineralization by an ATO-oxidizing enrichment. Complete biodegradation relied on switching redox conditions. The results provide the basis for designing consortia to treat mixtures of IMCs and related waste products by incorporating microbes with the required catabolic capabilities.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Osmar Menezes
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, USA
| | - Cameron Owens
- Center for Environmental Diagnostics and Bioremediation, University of West Florida, Pensacola, Florida, USA
| | - Erika E Rios-Valenciana
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, USA
| | - Reyes Sierra-Alvarez
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, USA
| | - Jim A Field
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, USA
| | - Jim C Spain
- Center for Environmental Diagnostics and Bioremediation, University of West Florida, Pensacola, Florida, USA.,School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Mary Celin S, Sharma B, Bhanot P, Kalsi A, Sahai S, Tanwar RK. Trends in environmental monitoring of high explosives present in soil/sediment/groundwater using LC-MS/MS. MASS SPECTROMETRY REVIEWS 2022:e21778. [PMID: 35657034 DOI: 10.1002/mas.21778] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2021] [Revised: 04/14/2022] [Accepted: 04/16/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Environmental contamination by explosives occurs due to improper handling and disposal procedures. Explosives and their transformation products pose threat to human health and the ecosystem. Trace level detection of explosives present in different environmental matrices is a challenge, due to the interference caused by matrix components and the presence of cocontaminants. Liquid chromatography combined with tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) is an advanced analytical tool, which is ideal for quantitative and qualitative detection of explosives and its metabolites at trace levels. This review aims to showcase the current trends in the application of LC-MS/MS for detecting explosives present in soil, sediment, and groundwater with detection limits ranging from nano to femtogram levels. Specificity and advantages of using LC-MS/MS over conventional analytical methods and various processing methods and techniques used for sample preparation are discussed in this article. Important application aspects of LC-MS/MS on environmental monitoring include site characterization and degradation evaluation. Studies on qualitative and quantitative LC-MS/MS analysis in determining the efficiency of treatment processes and contamination mapping, optimized conditions of LC and MS/MS adopted, role of different ionization techniques and mass analyzers in detection of explosives and its metabolites, relative abundance of various product ions formed on dissociation and the levels of detection achieved are reviewed. Ionization suppression, matrix effect, additive selection are some of the major factors which influence MS/MS detection. A summary of challenges and future research insights for effective utilization of this technique in the environmental monitoring of explosives are presented.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Senthil Mary Celin
- Modelling Simulation and Explosive Safety research Group (MS&ESRG), Centre for Fire Explosive and Environment Safety (CFEES), DRDO, Delhi, India
| | - Bhumika Sharma
- Modelling Simulation and Explosive Safety research Group (MS&ESRG), Centre for Fire Explosive and Environment Safety (CFEES), DRDO, Delhi, India
| | - Pallvi Bhanot
- Modelling Simulation and Explosive Safety research Group (MS&ESRG), Centre for Fire Explosive and Environment Safety (CFEES), DRDO, Delhi, India
| | - Anchita Kalsi
- Modelling Simulation and Explosive Safety research Group (MS&ESRG), Centre for Fire Explosive and Environment Safety (CFEES), DRDO, Delhi, India
| | - Sandeep Sahai
- Modelling Simulation and Explosive Safety research Group (MS&ESRG), Centre for Fire Explosive and Environment Safety (CFEES), DRDO, Delhi, India
| | - Rajesh Kumar Tanwar
- Modelling Simulation and Explosive Safety research Group (MS&ESRG), Centre for Fire Explosive and Environment Safety (CFEES), DRDO, Delhi, India
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Elijah Akanbi O, Kim I, Cha DK, Attavane AA, Hubbard BP, Chiu PC. A Synergistic Nano‐Zerovalent Iron‐Hydrogen Peroxide Technology for Insensitive Munitions Wastewater Treatment. PROPELLANTS EXPLOSIVES PYROTECHNICS 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/prep.202100300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Inyoung Kim
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering University of Delaware Newark DE 19716 USA
| | - Daniel K. Cha
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering University of Delaware Newark DE 19716 USA
| | - Adithya A. Attavane
- U. S. Army Combat Capabilities Development Command Armaments Center Picatinny Arsenal NJ 07806 USA
| | - Brian P. Hubbard
- U. S. Army Joint Program Executive Office Armaments & Ammunition Picatinny Arsenal NJ 07806 USA
| | - Pei C. Chiu
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering University of Delaware Newark DE 19716 USA
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Mai A, Hadnagy E, Abraham J, Terracciano A, Zheng Z, Smolinski B, Koutsospyros A, Christodoulatos C. Determining degradation kinetics, byproducts and toxicity for the reductive treatment of Nitroguanidine (NQ) by magnesium-based bimetal Mg/Cu. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2022; 423:126943. [PMID: 34481399 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2021.126943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2021] [Revised: 08/01/2021] [Accepted: 08/16/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Energetic-laden process water from industrial munition facilities can be treated by zero-valent metals (ZVMs) or zero-valent iron (ZVI) to remove residual energetics. This reduction-based treatment is significantly enhanced with the addition of a secondary catalytic metal (i.e. forming a bimetal reagent). The reagent is further enhanced by using a more reductive base metal, such as Mg. In this work, the reductive degradation of nitroguanidine (NQ) in aqueous solutions by Mg/Cu bimetal is investigated. Two initial pH conditions (unadjusted and pH 2.7) were studied. Under unadjusted initial pH conditions, 90% of NQ degraded within 30 min reaction time. After 150 min, NQ degradation generated a suite of products including guanidine (44%), cyanamide (31%), formamide (15%), aminoguanidine (AQ) (6%), urea (2%) and cyanoguanidine (0.03%), leading to 100.0% carbon closure when accounting for residual NQ. The experimentally-derived degradation reaction pathway consisted of two parallel reactions: nitroreduction led to formation of AQ with further degradation to urea, cyanamide and formamide, or reductive cleavage of the N-N bond led to guanidine formation. Toxicological assessments indicated only cyanamide and AQ were toxic to S. obliquus at certain concentrations. A lowered initial pH promoted AQ transformation to benign formamide, thus reducing toxicity and complexity of products.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A Mai
- Center for Environmental Systems, Stevens Institute of Technology, 1 Castle Point Terrace, Hoboken, NJ 07030, USA.
| | - E Hadnagy
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of New Haven, 300 Boston Post Rd, West Haven, CT 06516, USA.
| | - J Abraham
- Center for Environmental Systems, Stevens Institute of Technology, 1 Castle Point Terrace, Hoboken, NJ 07030, USA.
| | - A Terracciano
- Center for Environmental Systems, Stevens Institute of Technology, 1 Castle Point Terrace, Hoboken, NJ 07030, USA.
| | - Z Zheng
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Stevens Institute of Technology, 1 Castle Point Terrace, Hoboken, NJ 07030, USA.
| | - B Smolinski
- Combat Capabilities Development Command - Armaments Center (CCDC-AC), Building 355, Picatinny Arsenal, Dover, NJ 07806, USA.
| | - A Koutsospyros
- Center for Environmental Systems, Stevens Institute of Technology, 1 Castle Point Terrace, Hoboken, NJ 07030, USA.
| | - C Christodoulatos
- Center for Environmental Systems, Stevens Institute of Technology, 1 Castle Point Terrace, Hoboken, NJ 07030, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Fuller ME, Rezes RT, Hedman PC, Jones JC, Sturchio NC, Hatzinger PB. Biotransformation of the insensitive munition constituents 3-nitro-1,2,4-triazol-5-one (NTO) and 2,4-dinitroanisole (DNAN) by aerobic methane-oxidizing consortia and pure cultures. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2021; 407:124341. [PMID: 33144007 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2020.124341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2020] [Revised: 09/22/2020] [Accepted: 10/17/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
We present the first report of biotransformation of 3-nitro-1,2,4-triazol-5-one (NTO) and 2,4-dinitroanisole (DNAN), replacements for the explosives 1,3,5-trinitro-1,3,5-triazine (RDX) and 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene (TNT), respectively, by methane-oxidizing cultures under aerobic conditions. Two consortia, dominated by Methylosinus spp., degraded both compounds with transient production of reduced NTO products, and non-stoichiometric production of reduced DNAN products. No release of inorganic nitrogen was observed with either compound, indicating that NTO and DNAN may be utilized as nitrogen sources by these consortia. The pure culture Methylosinus trichosporium OB3b also degraded both compounds. Degradation was observed in the presence of acetylene (a known inhibitor of methane monooxygenase; MMO) when methanol was supplied, indicating that MMO was not involved. Furthermore, studies with purified soluble MMO (sMMO) from OB3b indicated that neither compound was a substrate for sMMO. Degradation was inhibited by 2-iodosobenzoic acid, but not by dicoumarol, suggesting involvement of an oxygen- and dicoumarol-insensitive (nitro)reductase. These results indicate methanotrophs can aerobically degrade NTO and DNAN via one or more (nitro)reductases, with sMMO serving a supporting role deriving reducing equivalents from methane. This finding is important because methanotrophic bacteria are widely dispersed, and may represent a previously unrecognized route of NTO and DNAN biotransformation in aerobic environments.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mark E Fuller
- Aptim Federal Services, 17 Princess Road, Lawrenceville, NJ 08648, USA.
| | - Rachael T Rezes
- Aptim Federal Services, 17 Princess Road, Lawrenceville, NJ 08648, USA
| | - Paul C Hedman
- Aptim Federal Services, 17 Princess Road, Lawrenceville, NJ 08648, USA
| | | | | | - Paul B Hatzinger
- Aptim Federal Services, 17 Princess Road, Lawrenceville, NJ 08648, USA
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Menezes O, Melo N, Paraiso M, Freitas D, Florêncio L, Kato MT, Gavazza S. The key role of oxygen in the bioremoval of 2,4-diaminoanisole (DAAN), the biotransformation product of the insensitive munitions compound 2,4-dinitroanisole (DNAN), over other electron acceptors. CHEMOSPHERE 2021; 267:128862. [PMID: 33183786 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2020.128862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2020] [Revised: 09/19/2020] [Accepted: 11/02/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Insensitive munitions compounds, such as 2,4-dinitroanisole (DNAN), are replacing conventional explosives. DNAN is anaerobically reduced to 2,4-diaminoanisole (DAAN), a toxic aromatic amine. However, the removal of DAAN under different redox conditions is yet to be elucidated. Herein, we analyzed DAAN consumption in biotic and abiotic microcosms when exposed to different redox conditions (without added electron acceptor, without added electron acceptor but with pyruvate as a co-substrate, with sulfate, with nitrate, and with oxygen), using an anaerobic sludge as inoculum. We observed that DAAN autoxidation, an abiotic reaction, was significant in microaerobic environments. DAAN also reacted abiotically with heat-killed sludge up to a saturation limit of 67.4 μmol DAAN (g VSS heat-killed sludge)-1. Oxygen caused the fastest removal of DAAN in live sludge among the conditions tested. Treatments without added electron acceptors (with or without pyruvate) presented similar DAAN removal performances, although slower than the treatment with oxygen. Sulfate did not exhibit any effect on DAAN removal compared to the treatment without added electron acceptors. Nitrate, however, inhibited the process. An enrichment culture from the microcosms exposed to oxygen could be developed using DAAN as the sole substrate in microaerobic conditions. The enrichment profoundly changed the microbial community. Unclassified microorganisms accounted for 85% of the relative abundance in the enrichment culture, suggesting that DAAN microaerobic removal might have involved organisms that were not yet described. Our results suggest that DAAN microaerobic treatment can be coupled to DNAN anaerobic reduction in sludge, improving the treatment of DNAN-containing wastewaters.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Osmar Menezes
- Laboratório de Saneamento Ambiental, Departamento de Engenharia Civil e Ambiental, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Recife, PE, 50740-530, Brazil.
| | - Natanna Melo
- Laboratório de Saneamento Ambiental, Departamento de Engenharia Civil e Ambiental, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Recife, PE, 50740-530, Brazil
| | - Matheus Paraiso
- Laboratório de Saneamento Ambiental, Departamento de Engenharia Civil e Ambiental, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Recife, PE, 50740-530, Brazil
| | - Danúbia Freitas
- Laboratório de Saneamento Ambiental, Departamento de Engenharia Civil e Ambiental, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Recife, PE, 50740-530, Brazil
| | - Lourdinha Florêncio
- Laboratório de Saneamento Ambiental, Departamento de Engenharia Civil e Ambiental, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Recife, PE, 50740-530, Brazil
| | - Mario T Kato
- Laboratório de Saneamento Ambiental, Departamento de Engenharia Civil e Ambiental, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Recife, PE, 50740-530, Brazil
| | - Savia Gavazza
- Laboratório de Saneamento Ambiental, Departamento de Engenharia Civil e Ambiental, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Recife, PE, 50740-530, Brazil.
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
RoyChowdhury A, Mukherjee P, Panja S, Datta R, Christodoulatos C, Sarkar D. Evidence for Phytoremediation and Phytoexcretion of NTO from Industrial Wastewater by Vetiver Grass. Molecules 2020; 26:molecules26010074. [PMID: 33375266 PMCID: PMC7796298 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26010074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2020] [Revised: 12/17/2020] [Accepted: 12/22/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The use of insensitive munitions such as 3-nitro-1,2,4-triazol-5-one (NTO) is rapidly increasing and is expected to replace conventional munitions in the near future. Various NTO treatment technologies are being developed for the treatment of wastewater from industrial munition facilities. This is the first study to explore the potential phytoremediation of industrial NTO-wastewater using vetiver grass (Chrysopogon zizanioides L.). Here, we present evidence that vetiver can effectively remove NTO from wastewater, and also translocated NTO from root to shoot. NTO was phytotoxic and resulted in a loss of plant biomass and chlorophyll. The metabolomic analysis showed significant differences between treated and control samples, with the upregulation of specific pathways such as glycerophosphate metabolism and amino acid metabolism, providing a glimpse into the stress alleviation strategy of vetiver. One of the mechanisms of NTO stress reduction was the excretion of solid crystals. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM), electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (ESI-MS), and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) analysis confirmed the presence of NTO crystals in the plant exudates. Further characterization of the exudates is in progress to ascertain the purity of these crystals, and if vetiver could be used for phytomining NTO from industrial wastewater.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Abhishek RoyChowdhury
- Environmental Science and Natural Resources Program, School of Science, Navajo Technical University, Crownpoint, NM 87313, USA;
| | - Pallabi Mukherjee
- Department of Civil, Environmental and Ocean Engineering, Stevens Institute of Technology, Hoboken, NJ 07030, USA; (P.M.); (S.P.)
| | - Saumik Panja
- Department of Civil, Environmental and Ocean Engineering, Stevens Institute of Technology, Hoboken, NJ 07030, USA; (P.M.); (S.P.)
| | - Rupali Datta
- Department of Biological Sciences, Michigan Technological University, Houghton, MI 49931, USA;
| | | | - Dibyendu Sarkar
- Department of Civil, Environmental and Ocean Engineering, Stevens Institute of Technology, Hoboken, NJ 07030, USA; (P.M.); (S.P.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-201-2168028
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Zhou Y, Yang Z, Wei T, Gu L, Zhu Y. A Density Functional Theory Study toward Ring-Opening Reaction Mechanisms of 2,4,6-Trinitrotoluene's Meisenheimer Complex for the Biodegradation of Old Yellow Enzyme Flavoprotein Reductase. ACS OMEGA 2020; 5:23613-23620. [PMID: 32984681 PMCID: PMC7512433 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.0c02162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2020] [Accepted: 07/23/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The subsequent degradation pathway of the dihydride-Meisenheimer complex (2H--TNT), which is the metabolite of 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene (TNT) by old yellow enzyme flavoprotein reductases of yeast and bacteria, was investigated computationally at the SMD/TPSSH/6-311+G(d,p) level of theory. Combining the experimentally detected products, a series of protonation, addition, substitution (dearomatization), and ring-opening reaction processes from 2H--TNT to alkanes were proposed. By analyzing reaction free energies, we determined that the protonation is more advantageous thermodynamically than the dimerization reaction. In the ring-opening reaction of naphthenic products, the water molecule-mediated proton transfer mechanism plays a key role. The corresponding activation energy barrier is 37.7 kcal·mol-1, which implies the difficulty of this reaction. Based on our calculations, we gave an optimum pathway for TNT mineralization. Our conclusions agree qualitatively with available experimental results. The details on transition states, intermediates, and free energy surfaces for all proposed reactions are given and make up for a lack of experimental knowledge.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yang Zhou
- State
Key Laboratory of NBC Protection for Civilian, Beijing 100084, China
- Institute
of Chemical Materials, China Academy of
Engineering and Physics, Mianyang 621900, China
| | - Zhilin Yang
- Automation
Research Institute of China South Industries Group Corporation, Mianyang 621000, China
| | - Tong Wei
- Institute
of Chemical Materials, China Academy of
Engineering and Physics, Mianyang 621900, China
| | - Lingzhi Gu
- Institute
of Chemical Materials, China Academy of
Engineering and Physics, Mianyang 621900, China
| | - Yongbing Zhu
- State
Key Laboratory of NBC Protection for Civilian, Beijing 100084, China
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Jog KV, Sierra-Alvarez R, Field JA. Rapid biotransformation of the insensitive munitions compound, 3-nitro-1,2,4-triazol-5-one (NTO), by wastewater sludge. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 2020; 36:67. [DOI: 10.1007/s11274-020-02843-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2019] [Accepted: 04/15/2020] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
|
19
|
Sviatenko LK, Gorb L, Leszczynski J, Leszczynska D, Okovytyy SI, Shukla MK. A density functional theory investigation of degradation of Nitroguanidine in the photoactivated triplet state. J Mol Model 2019; 25:372. [PMID: 31792603 DOI: 10.1007/s00894-019-4252-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2019] [Accepted: 11/12/2019] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
It is well known that nitroguanidine (NQ) undergoes photodegradation when exposed to UV-radiation. However, the mechanism of NQ photolysis is not fully understood. Earlier investigations have shown that nitrocompounds undergo to their triplet state population through crossing of electronic singlet and triplet excited state potential energy surfaces due to the nitrogroup rotation and nonplanarity under electronic excitation. Therefore, it is expected that under electronic excitation, the presence of nitrogroup in NQ would also lead to the population of electronic lowest energy triplet state. To shed a light on the degradation of NQ in alkaline solution under electronic excitation, we performed a detailed investigation of a possible degradation mechanism at the IEFPCM/B3LYP/6-311++G(d,p) level in the electronic lowest energy triplet state. We found that degradation ability of NQ in the electronic triplet state would be significantly larger than in the electronic ground singlet state. It was revealed that the photodecomposition of nitroguanidine might occur through several pathways involving N-N and C-N bond ruptures, nitrite elimination, and hydroxide ion attachment. Nitrogen of nitrogroup would be released in the form of nitrite and nitrogen (I) oxide. Computationally predicted intermediates and products of nitroguanidine photolysis such as nitrite, hydroxyguanidine, cyanamide, and urea correspond to experimentally observed species.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Liudmyla K Sviatenko
- Department of General and Biological Chemistry N2, Donetsk National Medical University, 1 Velyka Perspectyvna Str., Kropyvnytskyi, 25015, Ukraine
| | - Leonid Gorb
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Genetics, NAS of Ukraine, 150 Zabolotny Str, Kyiv, 03143, Ukraine
| | - Jerzy Leszczynski
- Interdisciplinary Nanotoxicity Center, Department of Chemistry, Physics and Atmospheric Sciences, Jackson State University, 1400 J.R. Lynch Street, Jackson, MS, 39217, USA.
| | - Danuta Leszczynska
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Interdisciplinary Center for Nanotoxicity, Jackson State University, Jackson, MS, 39217, USA
| | - Sergiy I Okovytyy
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Oles Honchar Dnipro National University, Dnipro, 49010, Ukraine
| | - Manoj K Shukla
- US Army Engineer Research and Development Center, Vicksburg, MS, 39180, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Madeira CL, Jog KV, Vanover ET, Brooks MD, Taylor DK, Sierra-Alvarez R, Waidner LA, Spain JC, Krzmarzick MJ, Field JA. Microbial Enrichment Culture Responsible for the Complete Oxidative Biodegradation of 3-Amino-1,2,4-triazol-5-one (ATO), the Reduced Daughter Product of the Insensitive Munitions Compound 3-Nitro-1,2,4-triazol-5-one (NTO). ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2019; 53:12648-12656. [PMID: 31553579 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.9b04065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
3-Nitro-1,2,4-triazol-5-one (NTO) is one of the main ingredients of many insensitive munitions, which are being used as replacements for conventional explosives. As its use becomes widespread, more research is needed to assess its environmental fate. Previous studies have shown that NTO is biologically reduced to 3-amino-1,2,4-triazol-5-one (ATO). However, the final degradation products of ATO are still unknown. We have studied the aerobic degradation of ATO by enrichment cultures derived from the soil. After multiple transfers, ATO degradation was monitored in closed bottles through measurements of inorganic carbon and nitrogen species. The results indicate that the members of the enrichment culture utilize ATO as the sole source of carbon and nitrogen. As ATO was mineralized to CO2, N2, and NH4+, microbial growth was observed in the culture. Co-substrates addition did not increase the ATO degradation rate. Quantitative polymerase chain reaction analysis revealed that the organisms that enriched using ATO as carbon and nitrogen source were Terrimonas spp., Ramlibacter-related spp., Mesorhizobium spp., Hydrogenophaga spp., Ralstonia spp., Pseudomonas spp., Ectothiorhodospiraceae, and Sphingopyxis. This is the first study to report the complete mineralization of ATO by soil microorganisms, expanding our understanding of natural attenuation and bioremediation of the explosive NTO.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Camila L Madeira
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering , University of Arizona , Tucson , Arizona 85721-0011 , United States
| | - Kalyani V Jog
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering , University of Arizona , Tucson , Arizona 85721-0011 , United States
| | - Erica T Vanover
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering , University of Arizona , Tucson , Arizona 85721-0011 , United States
| | - Matthew D Brooks
- School of Civil and Environmental Engineering , Oklahoma State University , Stillwater , Oklahoma 74078 , United States
| | - David K Taylor
- School of Civil and Environmental Engineering , Oklahoma State University , Stillwater , Oklahoma 74078 , United States
| | - Reyes Sierra-Alvarez
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering , University of Arizona , Tucson , Arizona 85721-0011 , United States
| | - Lisa A Waidner
- Center for Environmental Diagnostics & Bioremediation , University of West Florida , Pensacola , Florida 32514 , United States
| | - Jim C Spain
- School of Civil and Environmental Engineering , Georgia Institute of Technology , Atlanta , Georgia 30332-0355 , United States
- Center for Environmental Diagnostics & Bioremediation , University of West Florida , Pensacola , Florida 32514 , United States
| | - Mark J Krzmarzick
- School of Civil and Environmental Engineering , Oklahoma State University , Stillwater , Oklahoma 74078 , United States
| | - Jim A Field
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering , University of Arizona , Tucson , Arizona 85721-0011 , United States
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Li J, Yin X, Liu Z, Gu Z, Niu J. Reaction yield model of nitrocellulose alkaline hydrolysis. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2019; 371:603-608. [PMID: 30878911 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2019.03.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2018] [Revised: 03/04/2019] [Accepted: 03/09/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Military nitrocellulose waste is flammable and explosive, and thus requires safe disposal and resource utilization. The alkaline hydrolysis process is a potential treatment method for nitrocellulose waste. In this study, a reaction yield model of nitrocellulose alkaline hydrolysis reaction was studied. For this purpose, a theoretical reaction yield model of nitrocellulose alkaline hydrolysis was developed based on Fick's law and scanning electron microscopy analysis. Additionally, the reaction yield model was experimentally validated. The results revealed a linear relationship between the nitrocellulose alkaline hydrolysis rate of xNC and the reaction time of t, which is given by t/tf = xNC. The limiting step of the alkaline hydrolysis of nitrocellulose is the rate of diffusion of OH- through the large pore channels. Accordingly, the reaction rate of the nitrocellulose alkaline hydrolysis can be increased by increasing the KOH concentration, reaction temperature, and reducing the size of the nitrocellulose granules. Thus, this model provides theoretical and technical support for the safe disposal and resource utilization of nitrocellulose waste.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jin Li
- School of Human Settlement and Civil Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shannxi Province, 710049, PR China
| | - Xiaohu Yin
- School of Human Settlement and Civil Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shannxi Province, 710049, PR China
| | - Zongkuan Liu
- School of Human Settlement and Civil Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shannxi Province, 710049, PR China.
| | - Zhaolin Gu
- School of Human Settlement and Civil Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shannxi Province, 710049, PR China
| | - Jiaxin Niu
- School of Human Settlement and Civil Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shannxi Province, 710049, PR China
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Rylott EL, Bruce NC. Right on target: using plants and microbes to remediate explosives. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOREMEDIATION 2019; 21:1051-1064. [PMID: 31056922 DOI: 10.1080/15226514.2019.1606783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
While the immediate effect of explosives in armed conflicts is frequently in the public eye, until recently, the insidious, longer-term corollaries of these toxic compounds in the environment have gone largely unnoticed. Now, increased public awareness and concern are factors behind calls for more effective remediation solutions to these global pollutants. Scientists have been working on bioremediation projects in this area for several decades, characterizing genes, biochemical detoxification pathways, and field-applicable plant species. This review covers the progress made in understanding the fundamental biochemistry behind the detoxification of explosives, including new shock-insensitive explosive compounds; how field-relevant plant species have been characterized and genetically engineered; and the major roles that endophytic and rhizospheric microorganisms play in the detoxification of organic pollutants such as explosives.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth L Rylott
- Centre for Novel Agricultural Products, Department of Biology, University of York , York , UK
| | - Neil C Bruce
- Centre for Novel Agricultural Products, Department of Biology, University of York , York , UK
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Wang J, Shukla M. Thermochemical Processes During the Degradation of Nitroguanidine in Water: A Density Functional Theory Investigation. J Phys Chem A 2019; 123:2272-2280. [PMID: 30794411 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.9b00749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
In the present study, thermochemical mechanisms are proposed for the decomposition of nitroguanidine (NQ) in aqueous solution. Minnesota density functional M06-2X was employed for depicting the pathways for the NQ decomposition with a conductor-like polarizable continuum model (CPCM) approach to consider the effect of bulk water solution. Followed by the formation of hydroxyguanidine and/or guanidine along with nitrite by eliminating the nitro group from NQ through photolysis, two main degradation steps through the thermochemical process were investigated. These thermochemical degradation steps include the formation of cyanamide from hydroxyguanidine and/or guanidine along with ammonia, and the formation of cyanoguanidine from the dimerization of cyanamide. Further, degradations of the fragments of cyanamide, cyanoguanidine, guanidine, and hydroxyguandine were also explored. The results show that melamine and urea may exist as degradation fragments while cyanide and nitrosoguanidine are unlikely to form through usual thermochemical processes due to the presence of high energy barriers. Water and hydroxide ions play important roles in the degradation process; in particular, hydroxide ions significantly lower the energy barriers demonstrating that the proposed pathway is energetically viable.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jing Wang
- HX5 LLC , Vicksburg , Mississippi 39180 , United States
| | - Manoj Shukla
- Environmental Laboratory , US Army Engineer Research and Development Center , Vicksburg , Mississippi 39180 , United States
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Panja S, Sarkar D, Datta R. Vetiver grass (Chrysopogon zizanioides) is capable of removing insensitive high explosives from munition industry wastewater. CHEMOSPHERE 2018; 209:920-927. [PMID: 30114741 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2018.06.155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2018] [Revised: 05/18/2018] [Accepted: 06/25/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Synthetic organic explosive compounds in the wastewater stream of industrial munition facilities are subject to regulatory permits and require pretreatment prior to discharge. Munition industries are currently focused on developing insensitive high explosives (IHEs) such as dinitroanisole (DNAN), nitroguanidine (NQ), and 1,2,4-triazol-3-one (NTO), to replace conventional munitions such as trinitrotoluene (TNT) and hexahydro-1,3,5-trinitro-1,3,5-triazine (RDX). IHEs are typically more soluble than conventional explosives, and their production generates waste streams with high nitrate (N) concentrations. Several chemical remediation studies have attempted to degrade the explosive compounds within waste streams with limited success. Phytoremediation is a relatively new application for the remediation of munition industry wastewater, which is both environmentally and economically sustainable. Vetiver grass (Chrysopogon zizanioides), with its massive and dense root system and ability to grow in harsh environments, has been observed to remove many chemicals from soil and water, including nutrients and TNT. The objective of this study was to evaluate the phytoremediation potential of vetiver in removing explosive compounds and N from wastewater effluents generated in an industrial munition facility. Results show that the removal efficiency of vetiver was a factor of the initial concentration. Successive batches of vetiver removed DNAN, NQ, and RDX by 96, 79 and 100%, respectively. More than 95% of N was removed by four successive batches of vetiver grass. A major portion of NQ and RDX was translocated from root to shoot. LC-MS analysis showed the presence of transformation products of RDX, HMX (1,3,5,7-Tetranitro-1,3,5,7-tetrazocane) and DNAN in vetiver root and shoot.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Saumik Panja
- Department of Civil, Environmental and Ocean Engineering, Stevens Institute of Technology, Hoboken, NJ, USA
| | - Dibyendu Sarkar
- Department of Civil, Environmental and Ocean Engineering, Stevens Institute of Technology, Hoboken, NJ, USA.
| | - Rupali Datta
- Department of Biological Sciences, Michigan Technological University, Houghton, MI, USA
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Khatiwada R, Abrell L, Li G, Root RA, Sierra-Alvarez R, Field JA, Chorover J. Adsorption and oxidation of 3-nitro-1,2,4-triazole-5-one (NTO) and its transformation product (3-amino-1,2,4-triazole-5-one, ATO) at ferrihydrite and birnessite surfaces. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2018; 240:200-208. [PMID: 29738948 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2018.04.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2017] [Revised: 04/05/2018] [Accepted: 04/06/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The emerging insensitive munitions compound (IMC) 3-nitro-1,2,4-triazole-5-one (NTO) is currently being used to replace conventional explosives such as 1,3,5-trinitro-1,3,5-triazacyclohexane (RDX), but the environmental fate of this increasingly widespread IMC remains poorly understood. Upon release from unexploded solid phase ordinances, NTO exhibits high aqueous solubility and, hence, potential mobilization to groundwater. Adsorption and abiotic transformation at metal oxide surfaces are possible mechanisms for natural attenuation. Here, the reactions at ferrihydrite and birnessite surfaces of NTO and its biotransformation product, 3-amino-1, 2, 4-triazol-5-one (ATO), were studied in stirred batch reactor systems at controlled pH (7.0). The study was carried out at metal oxide solid to solution ratios (SSR) of 0.15, 1.5 and 15 g kg-1. The samples were collected at various time intervals up to 3 h after reaction initiation, and analyzed using HPLC with photodiode array and mass spectrometric detection. We found no detectable adsorption or transformation of NTO upon reaction with birnessite, whereas ATO was highly susceptible to oxidation by the same mineral, showing nearly complete transformation within 5 min at 15 g kg-1 SSR to urea, CO2(g) and N2(g). The mean surface-area-normalized pseudo-first order rate constant (k) for ATO oxidation by birnessite across all SSRs was 0.05 ± 0.022 h-1 m-2, and oxidation kinetics were independent of dissolved O2 concentration. Both NTO and ATO were resistant to oxidation by ferrihydrite. However, NTO showed partial removal from solution upon reaction with ferrihydrite at 0.15 and 1.5 g kg-1 SSR and complete loss at 15 g kg-1 SSR due to strong adsorption. Conversely, ATO adsorption to ferrihydrite was much weaker than that measured for NTO.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Raju Khatiwada
- Department of Soil, Water and Environmental Science, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Leif Abrell
- Department of Soil, Water and Environmental Science, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA; Arizona Laboratory for Emerging Contaminants, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Guangbin Li
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Robert A Root
- Department of Soil, Water and Environmental Science, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Reyes Sierra-Alvarez
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - James A Field
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Jon Chorover
- Department of Soil, Water and Environmental Science, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA; Arizona Laboratory for Emerging Contaminants, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Temple T, Ladyman M, Mai N, Galante E, Ricamora M, Shirazi R, Coulon F. Investigation into the environmental fate of the combined Insensitive High Explosive constituents 2,4-dinitroanisole (DNAN), 1-nitroguanidine (NQ) and nitrotriazolone (NTO) in soil. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2018; 625:1264-1271. [PMID: 29996423 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.12.264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2017] [Revised: 11/28/2017] [Accepted: 12/21/2017] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Contamination of military ranges by the use of explosives can lead to irreversible environmental damage, specifically to soil and groundwater. The fate and effects of traditional explosive residues are well understood, while less is known about the impact of Insensitive High Explosives (IHEs) that are currently being brought into military service. Current research has focussed on the investigation of individual constituents of IHE formulations, which may not be representative of real-world scenarios when explosive residues will be deposited together. Therefore, this study investigated the fate and transport of the combined IHE constituents 2,4-dinitroanisole (DNAN), 1-nitroguanidine (NQ) and 3-nitro-1,2,4-triazol-5-one (NTO) in two UK soil types. Static experiments ran for 9weeks to determine the fate of the combined explosive constituents in soil by monitoring the rate of degradation. Transport was examined by running soil column experiments for 5weeks, with a watering regime equivalent to the average yearly UK rainfall. Both static and soil column experiments confirmed that DNAN and NTO started to degrade within twenty-four hours in soil with high organic content, and were both completely degraded within sixty days. NQ was more stable, with 80% of the original material recovered after sixty days. The major degradation product of DNAN in the test soils was 2-amino-4-nitroanisole (2-ANAN), with trace amounts of 4-amino-2-nitroanisole. NTO was rapidly degraded in soil with high organic content, although no degradation products were identified. Results supported work from literature on the individual constituents DNAN, NQ and NTO suggesting that the three explosives in combination did not interact with each other when in soil. This study should provide a useful insight into the behaviour of three combined Insensitive High Explosive constituents for the predication of soil and water contamination during military training.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- T Temple
- Cranfield University, Centre for Defence Chemistry, Defence Academy of the United Kingdom, Shrivenham SN6 7LA, UK.
| | - M Ladyman
- Cranfield University, Centre for Defence Chemistry, Defence Academy of the United Kingdom, Shrivenham SN6 7LA, UK
| | - N Mai
- Cranfield University, Centre for Defence Chemistry, Defence Academy of the United Kingdom, Shrivenham SN6 7LA, UK
| | - E Galante
- Cranfield University, Centre for Defence Chemistry, Defence Academy of the United Kingdom, Shrivenham SN6 7LA, UK
| | - M Ricamora
- Cranfield University, Centre for Defence Chemistry, Defence Academy of the United Kingdom, Shrivenham SN6 7LA, UK
| | - R Shirazi
- Cranfield University, Centre for Defence Chemistry, Defence Academy of the United Kingdom, Shrivenham SN6 7LA, UK
| | - F Coulon
- Cranfield University, School of Water, Energy and Environment, Cranfield MK43 0AL, UK
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Halasz A, Hawari J, Perreault NN. New Insights into the Photochemical Degradation of the Insensitive Munition Formulation IMX-101 in Water. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2018; 52:589-596. [PMID: 29244492 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.7b04878] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
This study describes photolysis of the insensitive munition formulation IMX-101 [2,4-dinitroanisole (DNAN), NQ (nitroguanidine), and 3-nitro-1,2,4-triazol-5-one (NTO)] in aqueous solutions using a solar simulating photoreactor. Due to a large variance in the water solubility of the three constituents DNAN (276 mg L-1), NQ (5,000 mg L-1), and NTO (16,642 mg L-1), two solutions of IMX-101 were prepared: one with low concentration (109.3 mg L-1) and another with high concentration (2831 mg L-1). The degradation rate constants of DNAN, NQ, and NTO (0.137, 0.075, and 0.202 d-1, respectively) in the low concentration solution were lower than those of the individually photolyzed components (0.262, 1.181, and 0.349 d-1, respectively). In the high concentration solution, the molar loss of NTO was 4.3 times higher than that of NQ after 7 days of irradiation, although NQ was two times more concentrated and that NQ alone degraded faster than NTO. In addition to the known degradation products, DNAN removal in IMX-101 was accompanied by multiple productions of methoxydinitrophenols, which were not observed during photolysis of DNAN alone. One route for the formation of methoxydinitrophenols was suggested to involve photonitration of the DNAN photoproduct methoxynitrophenol during simultaneous photodenitration of NQ and NTO in IMX-101. Indeed, when DNAN was photolyzed in the presence of 15NO2-labeled explosive CL-20, we detected methoxydinitrophenols with an increase of 1 mass unit, indicating that denitration of DNAN and renitration of products simultaneously occurred. As was the case with DNAN, we found that guanidine, a primary degradation product of NQ, also underwent renitration in the presence of NTO and the photocatalyst TiO2. We concluded that the three constituents of IMX-101 can be photodegraded in surface water and that fate and primary degradation products of IMX-101 can be influenced by the interactions between the formulation ingredients and their degradation products.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Annamaria Halasz
- National Research Council Canada , 6100 Royalmount Avenue, Montreal, Quebec H4P 2R2, Canada
| | - Jalal Hawari
- National Research Council Canada , 6100 Royalmount Avenue, Montreal, Quebec H4P 2R2, Canada
| | - Nancy N Perreault
- National Research Council Canada , 6100 Royalmount Avenue, Montreal, Quebec H4P 2R2, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Olivares CI, Madeira CL, Sierra-Alvarez R, Kadoya W, Abrell L, Chorover J, Field JA. Environmental Fate of 14C Radiolabeled 2,4-Dinitroanisole in Soil Microcosms. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2017; 51:13327-13334. [PMID: 29072907 PMCID: PMC5772931 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.7b03699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
2,4-Dinitrosanisole (DNAN) is an insensitive munitions component replacing conventional explosives. While DNAN is known to biotransform in soils to aromatic amines and azo-dimers, it is seldom mineralized by indigenous soil bacteria. Incorporation of DNAN biotransformation products into soil as humus-bound material could serve as a plausible remediation strategy. The present work studied biotransformation of DNAN in soil and sludge microcosms supplemented with uniformly ring-labeled 14C-DNAN to quantify the distribution of label in soil, aqueous, and gaseous phases. Electron donor amendments, different redox conditions (anaerobic, aerobic, sequential anaerobic-aerobic), and the extracellular oxidoreductase enzyme horseradish peroxidase (HRP) were evaluated to maximize incorporation of DNAN biotransformation products into the nonextractable soil humus fraction, humin. Irreversible humin incorporation of 14C-DNAN occurred at higher rates in anaerobic conditions, with a moderate increase when pyruvate was added. Additionally, a single dose of HRP resulted in an instantaneous increased incorporation of 14C-DNAN into the humin fraction. 14C-DNAN incorporation to the humin fraction was strongly correlated (R2 = 0.93) by the soil organic carbon (OC) amount present (either intrinsic or amended). Globally, our results suggest that DNAN biotransformation products can be irreversibly bound to humin in soils as a remediation strategy, which can be enhanced by adding soil OC.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Christopher I. Olivares
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA 85721
| | - Camila L. Madeira
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA 85721
| | - Reyes Sierra-Alvarez
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA 85721
| | - Warren Kadoya
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA 85721
| | - Leif Abrell
- Department of Soil, Water & Environmental Science, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA 85721
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA 85721
| | - Jon Chorover
- Department of Soil, Water & Environmental Science, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA 85721
| | - Jim A. Field
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA 85721
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Whole community transcriptome of a sequencing batch reactor transforming 2,4-dinitroanisole (DNAN) and 3-nitro-1,2,4-triazol-5-one (NTO). Biodegradation 2017; 29:71-88. [DOI: 10.1007/s10532-017-9814-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2017] [Accepted: 11/13/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
|
30
|
Niedźwiecka JB, Drew SR, Schlautman MA, Millerick KA, Grubbs E, Tharayil N, Finneran KT. Iron and Electron Shuttle Mediated (Bio)degradation of 2,4-Dinitroanisole (DNAN). ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2017; 51:10729-10735. [PMID: 28849653 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.7b02433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The Department of Defense has developed explosives with the insensitive munition 2,4-dinitroanisole (DNAN), to prevent accidental detonations during training and operations. Understanding the fate and transport of DNAN is necessary to assess the risk it may represent to groundwater once the new ordnance is routinely produced and used. Experiments with ferrous iron or anthrahydroquinone-2,6-disulfonate (AH2QDS) were conducted from pH 6.0 to 9.0 with initial DNAN concentrations of 100 μM. DNAN was degraded by 1.2 mM Fe(II) at pH 7, 8, and 9, and rates increased with increasing pH. Greater than 90% of the initial 100 μM DNAN was reduced within 10 min at pH 9, and all DNAN was reduced within 1 h. AH2QDS reduced DNAN at all pH values tested. Cells of Geobacter metallireducens were added in the presence and absence of Fe(III) and/or anthraquinone-2,6-disulfonate (AQDS), and DNAN was also reduced in all cell suspensions. Cells reduced the compound directly, but both AQDS and Fe(III) increased the reaction rate, via the production of AH2QDS and/or Fe(II). DNAN was degraded via two intermediates: 2-methoxy-5-nitroaniline and 4-methoxy-3-nitroaniline, to the amine product 2,4-diaminoanisole. These data suggest that an effective strategy can be developed for DNAN attenuation based on combined biological-abiotic reactions mediated by Fe(III)-reducing microorganisms.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jolanta B Niedźwiecka
- Environmental Engineering and Earth Sciences, Clemson University , 168 Rich Laboratory, Anderson, South Carolina 29625, United States
| | - Scott R Drew
- Geosyntec Consultants, Ewing, New Jersey 08628, United States
| | - Mark A Schlautman
- Environmental Engineering and Earth Sciences, Clemson University , 168 Rich Laboratory, Anderson, South Carolina 29625, United States
| | - Kayleigh A Millerick
- Environmental Engineering and Earth Sciences, Clemson University , 168 Rich Laboratory, Anderson, South Carolina 29625, United States
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign , Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Erin Grubbs
- Environmental Engineering and Earth Sciences, Clemson University , 168 Rich Laboratory, Anderson, South Carolina 29625, United States
| | - Nishanth Tharayil
- School of Agriculture, Forestry, and Environmental Sciences, Clemson University , 218 Biosystems Research Complex, Clemson, South Carolina 29634, United States
| | - Kevin T Finneran
- Environmental Engineering and Earth Sciences, Clemson University , 168 Rich Laboratory, Anderson, South Carolina 29625, United States
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Voloshenko Rossin A, Sladkevich S, Gasser G, Melman A, Lev O. Sensitive Analysis of Nitroguanidine in Aqueous and Soil Matrices by LC-MS. Anal Chem 2017; 89:9990-9996. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.7b02364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Anna Voloshenko Rossin
- The
Casali Center, The Institute of Chemistry, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem,
Edmond J. Safra Campus, Jerusalem 91904, Israel
| | - Sergey Sladkevich
- The
Casali Center, The Institute of Chemistry, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem,
Edmond J. Safra Campus, Jerusalem 91904, Israel
| | - Guy Gasser
- The
Casali Center, The Institute of Chemistry, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem,
Edmond J. Safra Campus, Jerusalem 91904, Israel
| | - Artem Melman
- Department
of Chemistry and Biomolecular Science, Clarkson University, 8 Clarkson
Ave., Potsdam, New York 13699-5810, United States
| | - Ovadia Lev
- The
Casali Center, The Institute of Chemistry, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem,
Edmond J. Safra Campus, Jerusalem 91904, Israel
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Iron-Dependent Enzyme Catalyzes the Initial Step in Biodegradation of N-Nitroglycine by Variovorax sp. Strain JS1663. Appl Environ Microbiol 2017; 83:AEM.00457-17. [PMID: 28526789 DOI: 10.1128/aem.00457-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2017] [Accepted: 05/06/2017] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Nitramines are key constituents of most of the explosives currently in use and consequently contaminate soil and groundwater at many military facilities around the world. Toxicity from nitramine contamination poses a health risk to plants and animals. Thus, understanding how nitramines are biodegraded is critical to environmental remediation. The biodegradation of synthetic nitramine compounds such as hexahydro-1,3,5-trinitro-1,3,5-triazine (RDX) has been studied for decades, but little is known about the catabolism of naturally produced nitramine compounds. In this study, we report the isolation of a soil bacterium, Variovorax sp. strain JS1663, that degrades N-nitroglycine (NNG), a naturally produced nitramine, and the key enzyme involved in its catabolism. Variovorax sp. JS1663 is a Gram-negative, non-spore-forming motile bacterium isolated from activated sludge based on its ability to use NNG as a sole growth substrate under aerobic conditions. A single gene (nnlA) encodes an iron-dependent enzyme that releases nitrite from NNG through a proposed β-elimination reaction. Bioinformatics analysis of the amino acid sequence of NNG lyase identified a PAS (Per-Arnt-Sim) domain. PAS domains can be associated with heme cofactors and function as signal sensors in signaling proteins. This is the first instance of a PAS domain present in a denitration enzyme. The NNG biodegradation pathway should provide the basis for the identification of other enzymes that cleave the N-N bond and facilitate the development of enzymes to cleave similar bonds in RDX, nitroguanidine, and other nitramine explosives.IMPORTANCE The production of antibiotics and other allelopathic chemicals is a major aspect of chemical ecology. The biodegradation of such chemicals can play an important ecological role in mitigating or eliminating the effects of such compounds. N-Nitroglycine (NNG) is produced by the Gram-positive filamentous soil bacterium Streptomyces noursei This study reports the isolation of a Gram-negative soil bacterium, Variovorax sp. strain JS1663, that is able to use NNG as a sole growth substrate. The proposed degradation pathway occurs via a β-elimination reaction that releases nitrite from NNG. The novel NNG lyase requires iron(II) for activity. The identification of a novel enzyme and catabolic pathway provides evidence of a substantial and underappreciated flux of the antibiotic in natural ecosystems. Understanding the NNG biodegradation pathway will help identify other enzymes that cleave the N-N bond and facilitate the development of enzymes to cleave similar bonds in synthetic nitramine explosives.
Collapse
|
33
|
Indest KJ, Hancock DE, Crocker FH, Eberly JO, Jung CM, Blakeney GA, Brame J, Chappell MA. Biodegradation of insensitive munition formulations IMX101 and IMX104 in surface soils. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017; 44:987-995. [DOI: 10.1007/s10295-017-1930-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2016] [Accepted: 02/23/2017] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
The biodegradation potential of insensitive munition melt cast formulations IMX101 and IMX104 was investigated in two unamended training range soils under aerobic and anaerobic growth conditions. Changes in community profiles in soil microcosms were monitored via high-throughput 16S rRNA sequencing over the course of the experiments to infer key microbial phylotypes that may be linked to IMX degradation. Complete anaerobic biotransformation occurred for IMX101 and IMX104 constituents 2,4-dinitroanisole (DNAN) and 3-nitro-1,2,4-triazol-5-one during the 30-day incubation period with Camp Shelby (CS) soil. By comparison, soil from Umatilla chemical depot demonstrated incomplete DNAN degradation with reduced transformation rates for both IMX101 and IMX104. Aerobic soil microcosms for both soils demonstrated reduced transformation rates compared to anaerobic degradation for all IMX constituents with DNAN the most susceptible to biotransformation by CS soil. Overall, IMX constituents hexahydro-1,3,5-trinitro-1,3,5-triazine and 1-nitroguanidine did not undergo significant transformation. In CS soil, organisms that have been associated with explosives degradation, namely members of the Burkholderiaceae, Bacillaceae, and Paenibacillaceae phylotypes increased significantly in anaerobic treatments whereas Sphingomonadaceae increased significantly in aerobic treatments. Collectively, these data may be used to populate fate and transport models to provide more accurate estimates for assessing environmental costs associated with release of IMX101 and IMX104.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Karl J Indest
- 0000 0001 0637 9574 grid.417553.1 Environmental Laboratory U.S. Army Engineer Research and Development Center 39180 Vicksburg MS USA
| | - Dawn E Hancock
- 0000 0001 0637 9574 grid.417553.1 Environmental Laboratory U.S. Army Engineer Research and Development Center 39180 Vicksburg MS USA
| | - Fiona H Crocker
- 0000 0001 0637 9574 grid.417553.1 Environmental Laboratory U.S. Army Engineer Research and Development Center 39180 Vicksburg MS USA
| | - Jed O Eberly
- 0000 0001 0637 9574 grid.417553.1 Environmental Laboratory U.S. Army Engineer Research and Development Center 39180 Vicksburg MS USA
| | - Carina M Jung
- 0000 0001 0637 9574 grid.417553.1 Environmental Laboratory U.S. Army Engineer Research and Development Center 39180 Vicksburg MS USA
| | - Gary A Blakeney
- 0000 0001 0637 9574 grid.417553.1 Environmental Laboratory U.S. Army Engineer Research and Development Center 39180 Vicksburg MS USA
| | - Jon Brame
- 0000 0001 0637 9574 grid.417553.1 Environmental Laboratory U.S. Army Engineer Research and Development Center 39180 Vicksburg MS USA
| | - Mark A Chappell
- 0000 0001 0637 9574 grid.417553.1 Environmental Laboratory U.S. Army Engineer Research and Development Center 39180 Vicksburg MS USA
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Taylor S, Walsh ME, Becher JB, Ringelberg DB, Mannes PZ, Gribble GW. Photo-degradation of 2,4-dinitroanisole (DNAN): An emerging munitions compound. CHEMOSPHERE 2017; 167:193-203. [PMID: 27721130 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2016.09.142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2016] [Revised: 09/26/2016] [Accepted: 09/27/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The US military is developing insensitive munitions (IM) that are less sensitive to shock and high temperatures to minimize unintentional detonations. DNAN (2,4-dinitroanisole) is one of the main ingredients of these IM formulations. During live-fire training, chunks of IM formulations are scattered by partial detonations and, once on the soil, they weather and dissolve. DNAN changes color when exposed to sunlight suggesting that it photodegrades into other compounds. We investigated the photo-degradation of DNAN both as a pure solid and as part of solid IM formulations, IMX101, IMX104 and PAX21. The concentrations of degradation products found were small, <1%, relative to DNAN concentrations. We saw transient peaks in the chromatograms indicating intermediate, unstable products but we consistently found methoxy nitrophenols and methoxy nitroanilines. We also found one unknown in most of the samples and other unknowns less frequently.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Susan Taylor
- Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
35
|
Kitcher E, Braida W, Koutsospyros A, Pavlov J, Su TL. Characteristics and products of the reductive degradation of 3-nitro-1,2,4-triazol-5-one (NTO) and 2,4-dinitroanisole (DNAN) in a Fe-Cu bimetal system. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2017; 24:2744-2753. [PMID: 27837469 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-016-8053-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2016] [Accepted: 11/04/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
It has been shown previously that, under acidic conditions, 3-nitro-1,2,4-triazol-5-one (NTO) and 2,4-dinitroanisole (DNAN) degrade in the presence of iron/copper bimetal particles; the reactions can be modeled by pseudo-first-order kinetics. This study investigates the reaction mechanisms of the degradation processes under different conditions. Batch studies were conducted using laboratory-prepared solutions and an industrial insensitive munition-laden (IMX) wastewater. The influence of parameters such as initial pH of the solution, copper/iron (Fe-Cu) contact, and solid/liquid ratio were systematically investigated to assess their impact on the reaction kinetics. These parameters were subsequently incorporated into pseudo-first-order decomposition models for NTO and DNAN. The activation energies for the degradation reactions were 27.40 and 30.57 kJ mol-1, respectively. Degradation intermediates and products were identified. A nitro-to-amino pathway, which ultimately may lead to partial mineralization, is postulated. The amino intermediate, aminonitroanisole, was detected during DNAN degradation, but for NTO, aminotiazolone is suggested. Additionally, urea was identified as a degradation product of NTO.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- E Kitcher
- Center for Environmental Systems, Stevens Institute of Technology, Hoboken, NJ, 07030, USA
| | - W Braida
- Center for Environmental Systems, Stevens Institute of Technology, Hoboken, NJ, 07030, USA
| | - A Koutsospyros
- University of New Haven, 300 Boston Post Road, West Haven, CT, 06516, USA
| | - J Pavlov
- Center for Environmental Systems, Stevens Institute of Technology, Hoboken, NJ, 07030, USA
| | - T-L Su
- Center for Environmental Systems, Stevens Institute of Technology, Hoboken, NJ, 07030, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
Madeira CL, Speet SA, Nieto CA, Abrell L, Chorover J, Sierra-Alvarez R, Field JA. Sequential anaerobic-aerobic biodegradation of emerging insensitive munitions compound 3-nitro-1,2,4-triazol-5-one (NTO). CHEMOSPHERE 2017; 167:478-484. [PMID: 27750172 PMCID: PMC5605804 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2016.10.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2016] [Revised: 10/07/2016] [Accepted: 10/10/2016] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Insensitive munitions, such as 3-nitro-1,2,4-triazol-5-one (NTO), are being considered by the U.S. Army as replacements for conventional explosives. Environmental emissions of NTO are expected to increase as its use becomes widespread; but only a few studies have considered the remediation of NTO-contaminated sites. In this study, sequential anaerobic-aerobic biodegradation of NTO was investigated in bioreactors using soil as inoculum. Batch bioassays confirmed microbial reduction of NTO under anaerobic conditions to 3-amino-1,2,4-triazol-5-one (ATO) using pyruvate as electron-donating cosubstrate. However, ATO biodegradation was only observed after the redox condition was switched to aerobic. This study also demonstrated that the high-rate removal of NTO in contaminated water can be attained in a continuous-flow aerated bioreactor. The reactor was first fed ATO as sole energy and nitrogen source prior to NTO addition. After few days, ATO was removed in a sustained fashion by 100%. When NTO was introduced together with electron-donor (pyruvate), NTO degradation increased progressively, reaching a removal efficiency of 93.5%. Mineralization of NTO was evidenced by the partial release of inorganic nitrogen species in the effluent, and lack of ATO accumulation. A plausible hypothesis for these findings is that NTO reduction occurred in anaerobic zones of the biofilm whereas ATO was mineralized in the bulk aerobic zones of the reactor.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Camila L Madeira
- Department of Chemical & Environmental Engineering, University of Arizona, P.O. Box 210011, Tucson, AZ 85721-0011, USA.
| | - Samuel A Speet
- Department of Chemical & Environmental Engineering, University of Arizona, P.O. Box 210011, Tucson, AZ 85721-0011, USA
| | - Cristina A Nieto
- Department of Chemical & Environmental Engineering, University of Arizona, P.O. Box 210011, Tucson, AZ 85721-0011, USA
| | - Leif Abrell
- Department of Soil, Water & Environmental Science, University of Arizona, P.O. Box 210038, Tucson, AZ 85721-0038, USA; Departments of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of Arizona, P.O. Box 210011, Tucson, AZ 85721-0041, USA
| | - Jon Chorover
- Department of Soil, Water & Environmental Science, University of Arizona, P.O. Box 210038, Tucson, AZ 85721-0038, USA
| | - Reyes Sierra-Alvarez
- Department of Chemical & Environmental Engineering, University of Arizona, P.O. Box 210011, Tucson, AZ 85721-0011, USA
| | - Jim A Field
- Department of Chemical & Environmental Engineering, University of Arizona, P.O. Box 210011, Tucson, AZ 85721-0011, USA
| |
Collapse
|
37
|
Karthikeyan S, Kurt Z, Pandey G, Spain JC. Immobilized Biocatalyst for Detection and Destruction of the Insensitive Explosive, 2,4-Dinitroanisole (DNAN). ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2016; 50:11193-11199. [PMID: 27617621 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.6b03044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Accurate and convenient detection of explosive components is vital for a wide spectrum of applications ranging from national security and demilitarization to environmental monitoring and restoration. With the increasing use of DNAN as a replacement for 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene (TNT) in insensitive explosive formulations, there has been a growing interest in strategies to minimize its release and to understand and predict its behavior in the environment. Consequently, a convenient tool for its detection and destruction could enable development of more effective decontamination and demilitarization strategies. Biosensors and biocatalysts have limited applicability to the more traditional explosives because of the inherent limitations of the relevant enzymes. Here, we report a highly specific, convenient and robust biocatalyst based on a novel ether hydrolase enzyme, DNAN demethylase (that requires no cofactors), from a Nocardioides strain that can mineralize DNAN. Biogenic silica encapsulation was used to stabilize the enzyme and enable it to be packed into a model microcolumn for application as a biosensor or as a bioreactor for continuous destruction of DNAN. The immobilized enzyme was stable and not inhibited by other insensitive munitions constituents. An alternative method for DNAN detection involved coating the encapsulated enzyme on cellulose filter paper. The hydrolase based biocatalyst could provide the basis for a wide spectrum of applications including detection, identification, destruction or inertion of explosives containing DNAN (demilitarization operations), and for environmental restorations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Smruthi Karthikeyan
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology , 311 Ferst Drive, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
| | - Zohre Kurt
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology , 311 Ferst Drive, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
- Institute of Scientific Research and High Technology Services , Calle Pullpn, Panamá, Panama
| | - Gunjan Pandey
- CSIRO Land and Water , Clunies Ross Street, Acton, Australian Capital Territory 2615, Australia
| | - Jim C Spain
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology , 311 Ferst Drive, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
- Center for Environmental Diagnostics & Bioremediation, University of West Florida , 11000 University Parkway, Pensacola, Florida 32514-5751, United States
| |
Collapse
|
38
|
Karthikeyan S, Spain JC. Biodegradation of 2,4-dinitroanisole (DNAN) by Nocardioides sp. JS1661 in water, soil and bioreactors. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2016; 312:37-44. [PMID: 27015377 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2016.03.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2015] [Revised: 03/07/2016] [Accepted: 03/10/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
2,4-Dinitroanisole (DNAN), a low sensitivity replacement for TNT, is a key component of a new class of melt cast formulations designed for use in insensitive munitions. It is therefore essential that its fate and transport in the environment be assessed before its large scale implementation. Several recent studies have described reductive biotransformation pathways leading to dead-end products. Recently a Nocardioides strain, JS1661 was isolated based on its ability to mineralize DNAN via the 2,4-dinitrophenol (DNP) pathway. However, its potential for degrading DNAN under environmentally relevant conditions was not examined. Therefore we evaluated the aerobic biodegradation of DNAN by JS1661 in non-sterile soil, aqueous media and in a fluidized bed bioreactor over a wide range of DNAN concentrations. DNAN was completely degraded under all tested conditions with little or no accumulation of DNP and almost stoichiometric release of nitrite. Furthermore, when DNAN was used as the sole carbon and nitrogen source, the accumulation of nitrite was dramatically reduced. The results of the study revealed the robustness of the strain over a range of loading rates in various physical environments suggesting that it could provide the basis for waste treatment, bioremediation and bioaugmentation applications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Smruthi Karthikeyan
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, 311 Ferst Drive, Atlanta, GA 30332, USA
| | - Jim C Spain
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, 311 Ferst Drive, Atlanta, GA 30332, USA; Center for Environmental Diagnostics & Bioremediation, University of West Florida, 11000 University Parkway, Pensacola, FL 32514-5751, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
39
|
Eberly JO, Indest KJ, Hancock DE, Jung CM, Crocker FH. Metagenomic analysis of denitrifying wastewater enrichment cultures able to transform the explosive, 3-nitro-1,2,4-triazol-5-one (NTO). ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016; 43:795-805. [DOI: 10.1007/s10295-016-1755-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2015] [Accepted: 02/29/2016] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Removal of 3-nitro-1,2,4-triazol-5-one (NTO) was investigated in conjunction with heterotrophic and autotrophic denitrifying growth conditions by a microbial consortium from a wastewater treatment plant. Microcosms were supplemented with molasses, methanol, or thiosulfate. Cultures were passaged twice by transferring 10 % of the culture volume to fresh media on days 11 and 21. Rates of NTO removal were 18.71 ± 0.65, 9.04 ± 2.61, and 4.34 ± 2.72 mg/L/day while rates of nitrate removal were 20.08 ± 1.13, 21.58 ± 1.20, and 24.84 ± 1.26 mg/L/day, respectively, for molasses, methanol, or thiosulfate. Metagenomic analysis showed that Proteobacteria and Firmicutes were the major phyla in the microbial communities. In molasses supplemented cultures, the community profile at the family level changed over time with Pseudomonadaceae the most abundant (67.4 %) at day 11, Clostridiaceae (65.7 %) at day 21, and Sporolactobacillaceae (35.4 %) and Clostridiaceae (41.0 %) at day 29. Pseudomonadaceae was the dominant family in methanol and thiosulfate supplemented cultures from day 21 to 29 with 76.6 and 81.6 % relative abundance, respectively.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jed O Eberly
- grid.417553.1 0000000106379574 Environmental Laboratory U.S. Army Engineer Research and Development Center 39180 Vicksburg MS USA
| | - Karl J Indest
- grid.417553.1 0000000106379574 Environmental Laboratory U.S. Army Engineer Research and Development Center 39180 Vicksburg MS USA
| | - Dawn E Hancock
- grid.417553.1 0000000106379574 Environmental Laboratory U.S. Army Engineer Research and Development Center 39180 Vicksburg MS USA
| | - Carina M Jung
- grid.417553.1 0000000106379574 Environmental Laboratory U.S. Army Engineer Research and Development Center 39180 Vicksburg MS USA
| | - Fiona H Crocker
- grid.417553.1 0000000106379574 Environmental Laboratory U.S. Army Engineer Research and Development Center 39180 Vicksburg MS USA
| |
Collapse
|
40
|
Olivares CI, Abrell L, Khatiwada R, Chorover J, Sierra-Alvarez R, Field JA. (Bio)transformation of 2,4-dinitroanisole (DNAN) in soils. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2016; 304:214-21. [PMID: 26551225 PMCID: PMC4695256 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2015.10.059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2015] [Revised: 10/14/2015] [Accepted: 10/25/2015] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Recent studies have begun to assess the environmental fate and toxicity of 2,4-dinitroanisole (DNAN), an insensitive munition compound of interest to defense agencies. Aerobic and anaerobic DNAN biotransformation in soils was evaluated in this study. Under aerobic conditions, there was little evidence of transformation; most observed removal was attributed to adsorption and subsequent slow chemical reactions. Under anaerobic conditions, DNAN was reductively (bio)transformed and the rate of the transformation was positively correlated with soil organic carbon (OC) up to a threshold of 2.07% OC. H2 addition enhanced the nitroreduction rate compared to endogenous treatments lacking H2. Heat-killed treatments provided rates similar to the endogenous treatment, suggesting that abiotic factors play a role in DNAN reduction. Ten (bio)transformation products were detected by high-resolution mass spectrometry. The proposed transformation pathway involves reduction of DNAN to aromatic amines, with putative reactive nitroso-intermediates coupling with the amines to form azo dimers. Secondary reactions include N-alkyl substitution, O-demethylation (sometimes followed by dehydroxylation), and removal of an N-containing group. Globally, our results suggest that the main reaction DNAN undergoes in anaerobic soils is nitroreduction to 2-methoxy-5-nitroaniline (MENA) and 2,4-diaminoanisole (DAAN), followed by anaerobic coupling reactions yielding azo-dimers. The dimers were subsequently subject to further (bio)transformations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Christopher I Olivares
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, University of Arizona, P.O. Box 210011, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA.
| | - Leif Abrell
- Department of Soil, Water & Environmental Science, University of Arizona, P.O. Box 210011, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA; Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of Arizona, P.O. Box 210011, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA
| | - Raju Khatiwada
- Department of Soil, Water & Environmental Science, University of Arizona, P.O. Box 210011, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA
| | - Jon Chorover
- Department of Soil, Water & Environmental Science, University of Arizona, P.O. Box 210011, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA
| | - Reyes Sierra-Alvarez
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, University of Arizona, P.O. Box 210011, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA
| | - Jim A Field
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, University of Arizona, P.O. Box 210011, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA
| |
Collapse
|
41
|
Mark N, Arthur J, Dontsova K, Brusseau M, Taylor S. Adsorption and attenuation behavior of 3-nitro-1,2,4-triazol-5-one (NTO) in eleven soils. CHEMOSPHERE 2016; 144:1249-1255. [PMID: 26473550 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2015.09.101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2015] [Revised: 09/16/2015] [Accepted: 09/30/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
NTO (3-nitro-1,2,4-triazol-5-one) is one of the new explosive compounds used in insensitive munitions (IM) developed to replace traditional explosives, TNT and RDX. Data on NTO fate and transport is needed to determine its environmental behavior and potential for groundwater contamination. We conducted a series of kinetic and equilibrium batch experiments to characterize the fate of NTO in soils and the effect of soil geochemical properties on NTO-soil interactions. A set of experiments was also conducted using sterilized soils to evaluate the contribution of biodegradation to NTO attenuation. Measured pH values for NTO solutions decreased from 5.98 ± 0.13 to 3.50 ± 0.06 with increase in NTO concentration from 0.78 to 100 mg L(-1). Conversely, the pH of soil suspensions was not significantly affected by NTO in this concentration range. NTO experienced minimal adsorption, with measured adsorption coefficients being less than 1 cm(3) g(-1) for all studied soils. There was a highly significant inverse relationship between the measured NTO adsorption coefficients and soil pH (P = 0.00011), indicating the role of NTO and soil charge in adsorption processes. In kinetic experiments, 1st order transformation rate constant estimates ranged between 0.0004 h(-1) and 0.0142 h(-1) (equivalent to half-lives of 72 and 2 d, respectively), and correlated positively with organic carbon in the soil. Total attenuation of NTO was higher in untreated versus sterilized samples, suggesting that NTO was being biodegraded. The information presented herein can be used to help evaluate NTO potential for natural attenuation in soils.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Noah Mark
- Dept. of Soil, Water, and Environmental Science, University of Arizona, 1177 E. Fourth St. PO Box 210038, Shantz Bldg. #38, Tucson, AZ 85721-0038, USA
| | - Jennifer Arthur
- Dept. of Soil, Water, and Environmental Science, University of Arizona, 1177 E. Fourth St. PO Box 210038, Shantz Bldg. #38, Tucson, AZ 85721-0038, USA
| | - Katerina Dontsova
- Dept. of Soil, Water, and Environmental Science, University of Arizona, 1177 E. Fourth St. PO Box 210038, Shantz Bldg. #38, Tucson, AZ 85721-0038, USA; Biosphere 2, University of Arizona, Marshall Building, Room 523, 845 N, Park Avenue, Tucson, AZ 85721-0158, USA.
| | - Mark Brusseau
- Dept. of Soil, Water, and Environmental Science, University of Arizona, 1177 E. Fourth St. PO Box 210038, Shantz Bldg. #38, Tucson, AZ 85721-0038, USA
| | - Susan Taylor
- Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory, U.S. Army Engineer Research and Development Center, 72 Lyme Road, Hanover, NH 03755-1290, USA
| |
Collapse
|
42
|
Krzmarzick MJ, Khatiwada R, Olivares CI, Abrell L, Sierra-Alvarez R, Chorover J, Field JA. Biotransformation and Degradation of the Insensitive Munitions Compound, 3-Nitro-1,2,4-triazol-5-one, by Soil Bacterial Communities. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2015; 49:5681-5688. [PMID: 25839647 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.5b00511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Insensitive munitions (IM) are a new class of explosives that are increasingly being adopted by the military. The ability of soil microbial communities to degrade IMs is relatively unknown. In this study, microbial communities from a wide range of soils were tested in microcosms for their ability to degrade the IM, 3-nitro-1,2,4-triazol-5-one (NTO). All seven soil inocula tested were able to readily reduce NTO to 3-amino-1,2,4-triazol-5-one (ATO) via 3-hydroxyamino-1,2,4-triazol-5-one (HTO), under anaerobic conditions with H2 as an electron donor. Numerous other electron donors were shown to be suitable for NTO-reducing bacteria. The addition of a small amount of yeast extract (10 mg/L) was critical to diminish lag times and increased the biotransformation rate of NTO in nearly all cases indicating yeast extract provided important nutrients for NTO-reducing bacteria. The main biotransformation product, ATO, was degradable only in aerobic conditions, as evidenced by a rise in the inorganic nitrogen species nitrite and nitrate, indicative of nitrogen-mineralization. NTO was nonbiodegradable in aerobic microcosms with all soil inocula.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mark J Krzmarzick
- †Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85721-0011, United States
| | | | - Christopher I Olivares
- †Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85721-0011, United States
| | | | - Reyes Sierra-Alvarez
- †Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85721-0011, United States
| | | | - James A Field
- †Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85721-0011, United States
| |
Collapse
|
43
|
Vijayalakshmi R, Radhakrishnan S, Shitole P, Pawar SJ, Mishra VS, Garg RK, Talawar MB, Sikder AK. Spherical 3-nitro-1,2,4-triazol-5-one (NTO) based melt-cast compositions: heralding a new era of shock insensitive energetic materials. RSC Adv 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/c5ra19010j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Spherical NTO based less hazardous, thermally stable, shock insensitive melt cast composition is developed by replacing sensitive RDX in existing composition B.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Pooja Shitole
- High Energy Materials Research Laboratory
- Pune-411 021
- India
| | - S. J. Pawar
- High Energy Materials Research Laboratory
- Pune-411 021
- India
| | - V. S. Mishra
- High Energy Materials Research Laboratory
- Pune-411 021
- India
| | - R. K. Garg
- High Energy Materials Research Laboratory
- Pune-411 021
- India
| | - M. B. Talawar
- High Energy Materials Research Laboratory
- Pune-411 021
- India
| | - A. K. Sikder
- High Energy Materials Research Laboratory
- Pune-411 021
- India
| |
Collapse
|
44
|
Aerobic biodegradation of 2,4-Dinitroanisole by Nocardioides sp. strain JS1661. Appl Environ Microbiol 2014; 80:7725-31. [PMID: 25281383 DOI: 10.1128/aem.02752-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
2,4-Dinitroanisole (DNAN) is an insensitive munition ingredient used in explosive formulations as a replacement for 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene (TNT). Little is known about the environmental behavior of DNAN. There are reports of microbial transformation to dead-end products, but no bacteria with complete biodegradation capability have been reported. Nocardioides sp. strain JS1661 was isolated from activated sludge based on its ability to grow on DNAN as the sole source of carbon and energy. Enzyme assays indicated that the first reaction involves hydrolytic release of methanol to form 2,4-dinitrophenol (2,4-DNP). Growth yield and enzyme assays indicated that 2,4-DNP underwent subsequent degradation by a previously established pathway involving formation of a hydride-Meisenheimer complex and release of nitrite. Identification of the genes encoding the key enzymes suggested recent evolution of the pathway by recruitment of a novel hydrolase to extend the well-characterized 2,4-DNP pathway.
Collapse
|