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Xie A, Zhao S, Liu Z, Yue X, Shao J, Li M, Li Z. Polysaccharides, proteins, and their complex as microencapsulation carriers for delivery of probiotics: A review on carrier types and encapsulation techniques. Int J Biol Macromol 2023; 242:124784. [PMID: 37172705 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.124784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2023] [Revised: 05/03/2023] [Accepted: 05/04/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Probiotics provide several benefits for humans, including restoring the balance of gut bacteria, boosting the immune system, and aiding in the management of certain conditions such as irritable bowel syndrome and lactose intolerance. However, the viability of probiotics may undergo a significant reduction during food storage and gastrointestinal transit, potentially hindering the realization of their health benefits. Microencapsulation techniques have been recognized as an effective way to improve the stability of probiotics during processing and storage and allow for their localization and slow release in intestine. Although, numerous techniques have been employed for the encapsulation of probiotics, the encapsulation techniques itself and carrier types are the main factors affecting the encapsulate effect. This work summarizes the applications of commonly used polysaccharides (alginate, starch, and chitosan), proteins (whey protein isolate, soy protein isolate, and zein) and its complex as the probiotics encapsulation materials; evaluates the evolutions in microencapsulation technologies and coating materials for probiotics, discusses their benefits and limitations, and provides directions for future research to improve targeted release of beneficial additives as well as microencapsulation techniques. This study provides a comprehensive reference for current knowledge pertaining to microencapsulation in probiotics processing and suggestions for best practices gleaned from the literature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aijun Xie
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, National University of Singapore, 119077, Singapore
| | - Shanshan Zhao
- College of Food Science, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866, China
| | - Zifei Liu
- Department of Food Science and Technology, National University of Singapore, 117542, Singapore
| | - Xiqing Yue
- College of Food Science, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866, China
| | - Junhua Shao
- College of Food Science, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866, China
| | - Mohan Li
- College of Food Science, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866, China; Department of Food Science and Technology, National University of Singapore, 117542, Singapore.
| | - Zhiwei Li
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Oil & Gas Storage and Transportation Technology, Changzhou University, 213164, Jiangsu, China.
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Coelho SC, Estevinho BN. A Brief Review on the Electrohydrodynamic Techniques Used to Build Antioxidant Delivery Systems from Natural Sources. Molecules 2023; 28:molecules28083592. [PMID: 37110823 PMCID: PMC10146503 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28083592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2023] [Revised: 04/16/2023] [Accepted: 04/17/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Extracts from plants have been one of the main sources of antioxidants, namely polyphenols. The associated drawbacks, such as instability against environmental factors, low bioavailability, and loss of activity, must be considered during microencapsulation for a better application. Electrohydrodynamic processes have been investigated as promising tools to fabricate crucial vectors to minimize these limitations. The developed microstructures present high potential to encapsulate active compounds and for controlling their release. The fabricated electrospun/electrosprayed structures present different benefits when compared with structures developed by other techniques; they present a high surface-area-to-volume ratio as well as porosity, great materials handling, and scalable production-among other advantages-which make them able to be widely applied in different fields, namely in the food industry. This review presents a summary of the electrohydrodynamic processes, main studies, and their application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sílvia Castro Coelho
- Laboratory for Process Engineering, Environment, Biotechnology and Energy (LEPABE), Chemical Engineering Department, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal
- ALiCE-Associate Laboratory in Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal
| | - Berta Nogueiro Estevinho
- Laboratory for Process Engineering, Environment, Biotechnology and Energy (LEPABE), Chemical Engineering Department, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal
- ALiCE-Associate Laboratory in Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal
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3
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Busto MD, González-temiño Y, Albillos SM, Ramos-gómez S, Pilar-izquierdo MC, Palacios D, Ortega N. Microencapsulation of a Commercial Food-Grade Protease by Spray Drying in Cross-Linked Chitosan Particles. Foods 2022; 11:2077. [PMID: 35885320 PMCID: PMC9317512 DOI: 10.3390/foods11142077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2022] [Revised: 07/06/2022] [Accepted: 07/11/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
In this study, the use of spray-drying technology for encapsulating Flavourzyme® (protease–peptidase complex) was evaluated to overcome the limitations (low encapsulation efficiency and no large-scale production) of other encapsulation processes. To the best of our knowledge, spray drying has not been applied previously for the immobilization of this enzyme. Firstly, bovine serum albumin (BSA), as a model protein, was encapsulated by spray drying in chitosan and tripolyphoshate (TPP) cross-linked-chitosan shell matrices. The results showed that the chitosan–TPP microcapsules provided a high encapsulation efficiency and better protein stability compared to the non-crosslinked chitosan microcapsules. The effect of enzyme concentration and drying temperature were tested during the spray drying of Flavourzyme®. In this regard, an activity yield of 88.0% and encapsulation efficiency of 78.6% were obtained with a concentration of 0.1% (v/v) and an inlet temperature of 130 °C. Flavourzyme®-loaded chitosan microcapsules were also characterized in terms of their size and morphology using scanning electron microscopy and laser diffractometry.
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Fathi F, Ebrahimi SN, Pereira DM, Estevinho BN, Rocha F. Preliminary studies of microencapsulation and anticancer activity of polyphenols extract from
Punica granatum
peels. CAN J CHEM ENG 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/cjce.24348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Faezeh Fathi
- Department of Phytochemistry, Medicinal Plants and Drugs Research Institute Shahid Beheshti University Tehran Iran
| | - Samad N. Ebrahimi
- Department of Phytochemistry, Medicinal Plants and Drugs Research Institute Shahid Beheshti University Tehran Iran
| | - David M. Pereira
- REQUIMTE/LAQV, Laboratório de Farmacognosia, Departamento de Química, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade do Porto, R. Jorge Viterbo Ferreira, n° 228, 4050‐313 Porto Portugal
| | - Berta N. Estevinho
- LEPABE ‐ Laboratory for Process Engineering, Environment, Biotechnology and Energy, Faculty of Engineering University of Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias Porto Portugal
| | - Fernando Rocha
- LEPABE ‐ Laboratory for Process Engineering, Environment, Biotechnology and Energy, Faculty of Engineering University of Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias Porto Portugal
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Li N, Sun C, Jiang J, Wang A, Wang C, Shen Y, Huang B, An C, Cui B, Zhao X, Wang C, Gao F, Zhan S, Guo L, Zeng Z, Zhang L, Cui H, Wang Y. Advances in Controlled-Release Pesticide Formulations with Improved Efficacy and Targetability. J Agric Food Chem 2021; 69:12579-12597. [PMID: 34672558 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.0c05431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Pesticides are commonly used in modern agriculture and are important for global food security. However, postapplication losses due to degradation, photolysis, evaporation, leaching, surface runoff, and other processes may substantially reduce their efficacy. Controlled-release formulations can achieve the permeation-regulated transfer of an active ingredient from a reservoir to a target surface. Thus, they can maintain an active ingredient at a predetermined concentration for a specified period. This can reduce degradation and dissipation and other losses and has the potential to improve efficacy. Recent developments in controlled-release technology have adapted the concepts of intelligence and precision from the pharmaceutical industry. In this review, we present recent advances in the development of controlled-release formulations and discuss details of the preparation methods, material improvements, and application technologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ningjun Li
- Institute of Environment and Sustainable Development in Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Changjiao Sun
- Institute of Environment and Sustainable Development in Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Jiajun Jiang
- Institute of Environment and Sustainable Development in Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Anqi Wang
- Institute of Environment and Sustainable Development in Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Chong Wang
- Institute of Environment and Sustainable Development in Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Yue Shen
- Institute of Environment and Sustainable Development in Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Bingna Huang
- Institute of Environment and Sustainable Development in Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Changcheng An
- Institute of Environment and Sustainable Development in Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Bo Cui
- Institute of Environment and Sustainable Development in Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Xiang Zhao
- Institute of Environment and Sustainable Development in Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Chunxin Wang
- Institute of Environment and Sustainable Development in Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Fei Gao
- Institute of Environment and Sustainable Development in Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Shenshan Zhan
- Institute of Environment and Sustainable Development in Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Liang Guo
- Institute of Environment and Sustainable Development in Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Zhanghua Zeng
- Institute of Environment and Sustainable Development in Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Liang Zhang
- Institute of Environment and Sustainable Development in Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Haixin Cui
- Institute of Environment and Sustainable Development in Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Yan Wang
- Institute of Environment and Sustainable Development in Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
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Razavi S, Janfaza S, Tasnim N, Gibson DL, Hoorfar M. Microencapsulating polymers for probiotics delivery systems: Preparation, characterization, and applications. Food Hydrocoll 2021; 120:106882. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodhyd.2021.106882] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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Pérez-Landa I, Bonilla-Landa I, Monribot-Villanueva J, Ramírez-Vázquez M, Lasa R, Ramos-Torres W, Olivares-Romero J, Barrera-Méndez F. Photoprotection and release study of spinosad biopolymeric microparticles obtained by spray drying. POWDER TECHNOL 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.powtec.2020.08.096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Marisa Ribeiro A, Estevinho BN, Rocha F. Microencapsulation of polyphenols - The specific case of the microencapsulation of Sambucus Nigra L. extracts - A review. Trends Food Sci Technol 2020; 105:454-67. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tifs.2019.03.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Kothale D, Verma U, Dewangan N, Jana P, Jain A, Jain D. Alginate as Promising Natural Polymer for Pharmaceutical, Food, and Biomedical Applications. Curr Drug Deliv 2020; 17:755-775. [DOI: 10.2174/1567201817666200810110226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2019] [Revised: 01/10/2020] [Accepted: 03/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Alginates are biopolymers usually obtained from brown seaweed, brown algae (Ochrophyta,
Phaeophyceae), and bacteria (<i>Azatobacter vineland</i> and <i>Pseudomonas</i> species) belonging to the family
of polycationic copolymers. They are biocompatible, biodegradable, non-antigenic, and non-toxic biopolymer
with molecular mass ranges from 32,000-40,000 g/mol in commercial grades. These can be
used as edible films or coatings in food industries and also some natural or chemical additives could
be incorporated into them to modify their functional, mechanical, nutritional as well as organoleptic
properties. Due to their high viscosity and extraordinary shear-thinning effect, they can be used as
dietary fibers, thickening, gelling and stabilizing agents. Commercial alginates have vast applications
in the fields of biomedical engineering, biotechnology, environmental contaminants treatments, food
processing, and pharmaceuticals. Alginates can be used in wound dressings, bone regeneration,
neovascularization, protein delivery, cell delivery, theranostic agents, oral drug delivery, controlled
release systems, raft formulations, immobilization of biological agents and treatment of environmental
contaminants. Various carrier systems can be formulated by the use of alginates like hydrogel,
tablets, microcapsules, films, matrices, microspheres, liposomes, nanoparticles, beads, cochleate,
floating and supersaturated drug delivery systems. This review presents a broad range of promising
applications of alginates, and it can be a great interest to scientists and industries engaged in exploring
its hidden potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dhalendra Kothale
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Dr. Harisingh Gour University, Sagar (M.P.) 470 003, India
| | - Utsav Verma
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Dr. Harisingh Gour University, Sagar (M.P.) 470 003, India
| | - Nagesh Dewangan
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Dr. Harisingh Gour University, Sagar (M.P.) 470 003, India
| | - Partha Jana
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Dr. Harisingh Gour University, Sagar (M.P.) 470 003, India
| | - Ankit Jain
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Dr. Harisingh Gour University, Sagar (M.P.) 470 003, India
| | - Dharmendra Jain
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Dr. Harisingh Gour University, Sagar (M.P.) 470 003, India
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Zhu J, Chen J, Luo Z, Zhang Z, Liu M, He L. One-step microdevices for synthesizing morphology-controlled ultraviolet-curable polysiloxane shell particles. J Flow Chem 2020; 10:627-35. [DOI: 10.1007/s41981-020-00106-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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11
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Estevinho BN, Lazar R, Blaga A, Rocha F. Preliminary evaluation and studies on the preparation, characterization and in vitro release studies of different biopolymer microparticles for controlled release of folic acid. POWDER TECHNOL 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.powtec.2020.05.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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12
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Kang F, Wang C, Deng J, Yang K, Ma L, Pang Q. Flame retardancy and smoke suppression of silicone foams with microcapsulated aluminum hypophosphite and zinc borate. POLYM ADVAN TECHNOL 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/pat.4799] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Fu‐Ru Kang
- College of Safety Science and EngineeringXi'an University of Science and Technology (XUST) Xi'an China
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control of Coal FireXUST Xi'an China
| | - Cai‐Ping Wang
- College of Safety Science and EngineeringXi'an University of Science and Technology (XUST) Xi'an China
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control of Coal FireXUST Xi'an China
| | - Jun Deng
- College of Safety Science and EngineeringXi'an University of Science and Technology (XUST) Xi'an China
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control of Coal FireXUST Xi'an China
| | - Kun Yang
- College of Safety Science and EngineeringXi'an University of Science and Technology (XUST) Xi'an China
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control of Coal FireXUST Xi'an China
| | - Li Ma
- College of Safety Science and EngineeringXi'an University of Science and Technology (XUST) Xi'an China
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control of Coal FireXUST Xi'an China
| | - Qing‐Tao Pang
- College of Safety Science and EngineeringXi'an University of Science and Technology (XUST) Xi'an China
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control of Coal FireXUST Xi'an China
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Cardoso T, Gonçalves A, Estevinho BN, Rocha F. Potential food application of resveratrol microparticles: Characterization and controlled release studies. POWDER TECHNOL 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.powtec.2019.07.079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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14
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Gonçalves A, Estevinho BN, Rocha F. Characterization of biopolymer-based systems obtained by spray-drying for retinoic acid controlled delivery. POWDER TECHNOL 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.powtec.2019.01.062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
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Kang F, Deng J, Jiao D, He L, Wang W, Liu Z. Microfluidic fabrication of polysiloxane/dimethyl methylphosphonate flame‐retardant microcapsule and its application in silicone foams. POLYM ADVAN TECHNOL 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/pat.4560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Fu‐Ru Kang
- School of Safety Science and EngineeringXi'an University of Science and Technology Xi'an 710054 PR China
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control of Coal FireXi'an University of Science and Technology Xi'an 710054 PR China
| | - Jun Deng
- School of Safety Science and EngineeringXi'an University of Science and Technology Xi'an 710054 PR China
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control of Coal FireXi'an University of Science and Technology Xi'an 710054 PR China
| | - Dong‐Sheng Jiao
- Department of Thermal Science and Energy EngineeringUniversity of Science and Technology of China Hefei 230027 PR China
| | - Li‐Qun He
- Department of Thermal Science and Energy EngineeringUniversity of Science and Technology of China Hefei 230027 PR China
| | - Wei‐Feng Wang
- School of Safety Science and EngineeringXi'an University of Science and Technology Xi'an 710054 PR China
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control of Coal FireXi'an University of Science and Technology Xi'an 710054 PR China
| | - Zhi‐Chao Liu
- School of Safety Science and EngineeringXi'an University of Science and Technology Xi'an 710054 PR China
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control of Coal FireXi'an University of Science and Technology Xi'an 710054 PR China
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Estevinho BN, Mota R, Leite JP, Tamagnini P, Gales L, Rocha F. Application of a cyanobacterial extracellular polymeric substance in the microencapsulation of vitamin B12. POWDER TECHNOL 2019; 343:644-51. [DOI: 10.1016/j.powtec.2018.11.079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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17
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Bucurescu A, Blaga AC, Estevinho BN, Rocha F. Microencapsulation of Curcumin by a Spray-Drying Technique Using Gum Arabic as Encapsulating Agent and Release Studies. FOOD BIOPROCESS TECH 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s11947-018-2140-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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Strobel SA, Allen K, Roberts C, Jimenez D, Scher HB, Jeoh T. Industrially-Scalable Microencapsulation of Plant Beneficial Bacteria in Dry Cross-Linked Alginate Matrix. Ind Biotechnol (New Rochelle N Y) 2018; 14:138-147. [PMID: 30083082 PMCID: PMC6077766 DOI: 10.1089/ind.2017.0032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Microencapsulation of plant-beneficial bacteria, such as pink pigmented facultative methylotrophs (PPFM), may greatly extend the shelf life of these Gram-negative microorganisms and facilitate their application to crops for sustainable agriculture. A species of PPFM designated Methylobacterium radiotolerans was microencapsulated in cross-linked alginate microcapsules (CLAMs) prepared by an innovative and industrially scalable process that achieves polymer cross-linking during spray-drying. PPFM survived the spray-drying microencapsulation process with no significant loss in viable population, and the initial population of PPFM in CLAMs exceeded 1010 CFU/g powder. The PPFM population in CLAMs gradually declined by 4 to 5 log CFU/g over one year of storage. The extent of alginate cross-linking, modulated by adjusting the calcium phosphate content in the spray-dryer feed, did not influence cell viability after spray-drying, viability over storage, or dry particle size. However, particle size measurements and light microscopy of aqueous CLAMs suggest that enhanced crosslinking may limit the release of encapsulated bacteria. This work demonstrates an industrially scalable method for producing alginate-based inoculants that may be suitable for on-seed or foliar spray applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott A. Strobel
- Department of Biological and Agricultural Engineering, University of California-Davis, Davis, CA
| | | | - Christopher Roberts
- Department of Biological and Agricultural Engineering, University of California-Davis, Davis, CA
| | | | - Herbert B. Scher
- Department of Biological and Agricultural Engineering, University of California-Davis, Davis, CA
| | - Tina Jeoh
- Department of Biological and Agricultural Engineering, University of California-Davis, Davis, CA
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