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Mei R, Zhao T, Zhang Y, Lin H, Zhao C, Lin L, Zou Y, Liu Y. Boron removal in seawater desalination by progressive freezing-melting. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2024; 31:14123-14134. [PMID: 38267648 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-024-32097-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2023] [Accepted: 01/16/2024] [Indexed: 01/26/2024]
Abstract
Desalination plays a crucial role in addressing water scarcity and promoting sustainable development. However, the presence of high boron content in seawater poses a significant challenge. This study introduces a progressive freezing-melting method that effectively removes boron while desalinating seawater. The experimental results indicated that salinity and boron rate of removal increased with freezing temperature and decreased with freezing duration. Among the experimental melting methods, ultrasonic melting (UM) and oscillatory melting (OM) were superior to natural melting (NM) for boron removal and desalination, with oscillatory melting proving to be the most effective. Specifically, when seawater was frozen at - 20 °C for 44 h followed by OM of 55% of the ice, salinity and boron removal rates reached 96.79% and 97.60%, respectively. The concentrations of boron and salinity in the treated seawater were only 0.777‰ and 0.149 mg/L. Moreover, the estimated theoretical energy consumption for treating 1 m3 of seawater was calculated to be 5.95 kWh. This study not only contributes to environmental sustainability but also holds significant potential due to its high efficiency in desalination and boron removal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Mei
- College of Civil Engineering, Yantai University, Yantai, 264005, China
| | - Tongguo Zhao
- Yantai Economic and Technological Development Zone Water Supply Co., Ltd, Yantai, 264000, China
| | - Yan Zhang
- College of Civil Engineering, Yantai University, Yantai, 264005, China.
| | - Hao Lin
- College of Civil Engineering, Yantai University, Yantai, 264005, China
| | - Chen Zhao
- College of Civil Engineering, Yantai University, Yantai, 264005, China
| | - Lin Lin
- Shandong Qianwei Environmental Protection Equipment Co., Ltd, Weihai, 264200, China
| | - Yihong Zou
- College of Civil Engineering, Yantai University, Yantai, 264005, China
| | - Yucan Liu
- College of Civil Engineering, Yantai University, Yantai, 264005, China
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Ali E, Orfi J, AlAnsary H, Baakeem S, Alsaadi AS, Ghaffour N. Concept and analysis of hybrid reversal multi-stage flash and membrane distillation desalination system. ENVIRONMENTAL TECHNOLOGY 2023:1-14. [PMID: 37970835 DOI: 10.1080/09593330.2023.2284688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2023] [Accepted: 10/25/2023] [Indexed: 11/19/2023]
Abstract
The concept and analysis of integrating membrane distillations (MD) with reversal once-through Multistage Flash (RV-MSF) desalination is presented. The analysis is based on numerical simulation. The MD vessels are integrated into the terminal ends of the RV-MSF system to leverage the thermal energy associated with these terminal streams. Hybridisation at the last MSF stage, i.e. by replacing the brine cooler, contributes marginally to the overall production rate which amounts to 2%. However, it is found that hybridisation at stage one, i.e. utilising the energy of the MSF reject brine can increase the overall production rate by 65%. For seawater feed temperature of 80 oC and 24 MSF stages, 5 MD vessels in series can be integrated with the RV-MSF process. This ultimate hybridisation helped improve the recovery ratio from 7 to 23%, decreasing the specific cooling water requirement from 23 to 12 kg/kg and reducing the specific energy consumption from 129 to 41 kWh/m3 with respect to the stand-alone RV-MSF system. However, this achievement incurs an additional specific area for heat transfer which increased from 29 to 65 m2/(kg/s). This is because a large number of MD modules are incorporated into the hybridisation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emad Ali
- Chemical Engineering Department, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Jamel Orfi
- Mechanical Engineering Department, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Hany AlAnsary
- Mechanical Engineering Department, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Saleh Baakeem
- Department of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada
| | - Ahmad S Alsaadi
- Chemical Engineering Department, University of Jeddah, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Noreddine Ghaffour
- King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Water Desalination and Reuse Center (WDRC), Biological and Environmental Science and Engineering Division (BESE), Thuwal, Saudi Arabia
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Elcik H, Alpatova A, Gonzalez-Gil G, Blankert B, Farhat N, Amin NA, Vrouwenvelder JS, Ghaffour N. Elucidating biofouling over thermal and spatial gradients in seawater membrane distillation in hot climatic conditions. WATER RESEARCH 2022; 223:118983. [PMID: 35988337 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2022.118983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2022] [Revised: 08/08/2022] [Accepted: 08/13/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Biofouling is a hurdle of seawater desalination that increases water costs and energy consumption. In membrane distillation (MD), biofouling development is complicated due to the temperature effect that adversely affects microbial growth. Given the high relevance of MD to regions with abundant warm seawater, it is essential to explore the biofouling propensity of microbial communities with higher tolerance to elevated temperature conditions. This study presents a comprehensive analysis of the spatial and temporal biofilm distribution and associated membrane fouling during direct contact MD (DCMD) of the Red Sea water. We found that structure and composition of the biofilm layer played a significant role in the extent of permeate flux decline, and biofilms that built up at 45°C had lower bacterial concentration but higher extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) content as compared to biofilms that formed at 55 °C and 65°C. Pore wetting and bacterial passage to the permeate side were initially observed but slowed down as operating time increased. Intact cells in biofilms dominated over the damaged cells at any tested condition emphasizing the high adaptivity of the Red Sea microbial communities to elevated feed temperatures. A comparison of microbial abundance revealed a difference in bacterial distribution between the feed and biofilm samples. A shift in the biofilm microbial community and colonization of the membrane surface with thermophilic bacteria with the feed temperature increase was observed. The results of this study improve our understanding of biofouling propensity in MD that utilizes temperature-resilient feed waters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harun Elcik
- Water Desalination and Reuse Center (WDRC), King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), 6900, Thuwal 23955, Saudi Arabia
| | - Alla Alpatova
- Water Desalination and Reuse Center (WDRC), King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), 6900, Thuwal 23955, Saudi Arabia
| | - Graciela Gonzalez-Gil
- Water Desalination and Reuse Center (WDRC), King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), 6900, Thuwal 23955, Saudi Arabia
| | - Bastiaan Blankert
- Water Desalination and Reuse Center (WDRC), King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), 6900, Thuwal 23955, Saudi Arabia
| | - Nadia Farhat
- Water Desalination and Reuse Center (WDRC), King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), 6900, Thuwal 23955, Saudi Arabia
| | - Najat A Amin
- Water Desalination and Reuse Center (WDRC), King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), 6900, Thuwal 23955, Saudi Arabia
| | - Johannes S Vrouwenvelder
- Water Desalination and Reuse Center (WDRC), King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), 6900, Thuwal 23955, Saudi Arabia; Environmental Science and Engineering Program, Biological and Environmental Science and Engineering (BESE) Division, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), 6900, Thuwal 23955, Saudi Arabia
| | - Noreddine Ghaffour
- Water Desalination and Reuse Center (WDRC), King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), 6900, Thuwal 23955, Saudi Arabia; Environmental Science and Engineering Program, Biological and Environmental Science and Engineering (BESE) Division, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), 6900, Thuwal 23955, Saudi Arabia.
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Son HS, Soukane S, Lee J, Kim Y, Kim YD, Ghaffour N. Towards sustainable circular brine reclamation using seawater reverse osmosis, membrane distillation and forward osmosis hybrids: An experimental investigation. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2021; 293:112836. [PMID: 34052611 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2021.112836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2020] [Revised: 04/22/2021] [Accepted: 05/17/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Desalination and wastewater treatment technologies require an effective solution for brine management to ensure environmental sustainability, which is closely linked with efficient process operations, reduction of chemical dosages, and valorization of brines. Within the scope of desalination brine reclamation, a circular system consisting of seawater reverse osmosis (SWRO), membrane distillation (MD), and forward osmosis (FO) three-process hybrid is investigated. The proposed design increases water recovery from SWRO brine (by MD) and dilutes concentrated brine to seawater level (by FO) for SWRO feed. It ultimately reduces SWRO process brine disposal and improves crystallization efficiency for a zero-liquid discharge application. The operating range of the hybrid system is indicated by a seawater volumetric concentration factor (VCF) ranging from 1.0 to 2.2, which covers practical and sustainable operation in full-scale applications. Within the proposed VCF range, different operating conditions of the MD and FO processes were evaluated in series with concentrated seawater as well as real SWRO brine from a full-scale desalination plant. Water quality and membrane surface were analyzed before and after experiments to assess the impact of the SWRO brine. Despite their low concentration (0.13 mg/L as phosphorous), antiscalants present in SWRO brine alleviated the flux decline in MD operations by 68.3% compared to operations using seawater concentrate, while no significant influence was observed on the FO process. A full spectrum of water quality analysis of real SWRO brine and Red Sea water is made available for future SWRO brine reclamation studies. The operating conditions and experimental results have shown the potential of the SWRO-MD-FO hybrid system for a circular brine reclamation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyuk Soo Son
- King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Water Desalination and Reuse Center (WDRC), Division of Biological and Environmental Science and Engineering (BESE), Thuwal, 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
| | - Sofiane Soukane
- King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Water Desalination and Reuse Center (WDRC), Division of Biological and Environmental Science and Engineering (BESE), Thuwal, 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
| | - Junggil Lee
- Thermal & Fluid System R&D Group, Korea Institute of Industrial Technology, 89 Yangdaegiro-gil, Ipjang-myeon, Seobuk-gu, Cheonan, 331-822, Republic of Korea
| | - Youngjin Kim
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Korea University, 2511, Sejong-ro, Sejong-si, Republic of Korea
| | - Young-Deuk Kim
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Hanyang University, 55 Hanyangdaehak-ro, Sangnok-gu, Ansan, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea; BK21 FOUR ERICA-ACE Center, Hanyang University, 55 Hanyangdaehak-ro, Sangnok-gu, Ansan, Gyeonggi-do, 15588, Republic of Korea
| | - Noreddine Ghaffour
- King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Water Desalination and Reuse Center (WDRC), Division of Biological and Environmental Science and Engineering (BESE), Thuwal, 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia.
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Loo SL, Vásquez L, Zahid M, Costantino F, Athanassiou A, Fragouli D. 3D Photothermal Cryogels for Solar-Driven Desalination. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2021; 13:30542-30555. [PMID: 34156821 PMCID: PMC8289246 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.1c05087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2021] [Accepted: 06/09/2021] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
This paper reports the fabrication of photothermal cryogels for freshwater production via the solar-driven evaporation of seawater. Photothermal cryogels were prepared via in situ oxidative polymerization of pyrrole with ammonium persulfate on preformed poly(sodium acrylate) (PSA) cryogels. We found that the pyrrole concentration used in the fabrication process has a significant effect on the final PSA/PPy cryogels (PPCs), causing the as-formed polypyrrole (PPy) layer on the PPC to evolve from nanoparticles to lamellar sheets and to consolidated thin films. PPC fabricated using the lowest pyrrole concentration (i.e., PPC10) displays the best solar-evaporation efficiency compared to the other samples, which is further improved by switching the operative mode from floating to standing. Specifically, in the latter case, the apparent solar evaporation rate and solar-to-vapor conversion efficiency reach 1.41 kg m-2 h-1 and 96.9%, respectively, due to the contribution of evaporation from the exposed lateral surfaces. The distillate obtained from the condensed vapor, generated via solar evaporation of a synthetic seawater through PPC10, shows an at least 99.99% reduction of Na while all the other elements are reduced to a subppm level. We attribute the superior solar evaporation and desalination performance of PPC10 to its (i) higher photoabsorption efficiency, (ii) higher heat localization effect, (iii) open porous structure that facilitates vapor removal, (iv) rough pore surface that increases the surface area for light absorption and water evaporation, and (v) higher water-absorption capacity to ensure efficient water replenishment to the evaporative sites. It is anticipated that the gained know-how from this study would offer insightful guidelines to better designs of polymer-based 3D photothermal materials for solar evaporation as well as for other emerging solar-related applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siew-Leng Loo
- Smart
Materials, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Via Morego 30, 16163 Genova, Italy
| | - Lía Vásquez
- Smart
Materials, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Via Morego 30, 16163 Genova, Italy
- Dipartimento
di Chimica e Chimica Industriale (DCCI) Università degli Studi di Genova, Via Dodecaneso 31, 16146 Genova, Italy
| | - Muhammad Zahid
- Smart
Materials, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Via Morego 30, 16163 Genova, Italy
| | - Federica Costantino
- Smart
Materials, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Via Morego 30, 16163 Genova, Italy
- Interdisciplinary
Laboratories for Advanced Materials Physics (i-LAMP) and Dipartimento
di Matematica e Fisica, Università
Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Via Musei 41, 25121 Brescia, Italy
| | | | - Despina Fragouli
- Smart
Materials, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Via Morego 30, 16163 Genova, Italy
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Organic fouling control in reverse osmosis (RO) by effective membrane cleaning using saturated CO2 solution. Sep Purif Technol 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.seppur.2021.118410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
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Power effect of ultrasonically vibrated spacers in air gap membrane distillation: Theoretical and experimental investigations. Sep Purif Technol 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.seppur.2021.118319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
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Qamar A, Kerdi S, Ali SM, Shon HK, Vrouwenvelder JS, Ghaffour N. Novel hole-pillar spacer design for improved hydrodynamics and biofouling mitigation in membrane filtration. Sci Rep 2021; 11:6979. [PMID: 33772069 PMCID: PMC7998016 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-86459-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2020] [Accepted: 03/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Feed spacers are the critical components of any spiral-wound filtration module, dictating the filtration performance. Three spacer designs, namely a non-woven commercial spacer (varying filament cross-section), a symmetric pillar spacer, and a novel hole-pillar spacer (constant filament diameter) were studied using Direct Numerical Simulations (DNS), 3-D printed and subsequently experimentally tested in a lab-scale ultrafiltration set-up with high biofouling potential feed water at various feed pressures. Independent of the applied pressure, the novel hole-pillar spacer showed initially the lowest feed channel pressure drop, the lowest shear stress, and the highest permeate flux compared to the commercial and pillar spacers. Furthermore, less biofilm thickness development on membrane surface was visualized by Optical Coherent Tomography (OCT) imaging for the proposed hole-pillar spacer. At higher feed pressure, a thicker biofilm developed on membrane surface for all spacer designs explaining the stronger decrease in permeate flux at high pressure. The findings systematically demonstrated the role of various spacer designs and applied pressure on the performance of pre-treatment process, while identifying specific shear stress distribution guidelines for engineering a new spacer design in different filtration techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adnan Qamar
- King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Water Desalination and Reuse Center (WDRC), Biological and Environmental Science and Engineering (BESE), Thuwal, 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
| | - Sarah Kerdi
- King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Water Desalination and Reuse Center (WDRC), Biological and Environmental Science and Engineering (BESE), Thuwal, 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
| | - Syed Muztuza Ali
- School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Technology, Sydney, Post Box 129, Broadway, NSW, 2007, Australia
| | - Ho Kyong Shon
- School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Technology, Sydney, Post Box 129, Broadway, NSW, 2007, Australia
| | - Johannes S Vrouwenvelder
- King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Water Desalination and Reuse Center (WDRC), Biological and Environmental Science and Engineering (BESE), Thuwal, 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
| | - Noreddine Ghaffour
- King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Water Desalination and Reuse Center (WDRC), Biological and Environmental Science and Engineering (BESE), Thuwal, 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia.
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Ruan G, Wang M, An Z, Xu G, Ge Y, Zhao H. Progress and Perspectives of Desalination in China. MEMBRANES 2021; 11:membranes11030206. [PMID: 33804227 PMCID: PMC8000133 DOI: 10.3390/membranes11030206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2021] [Revised: 03/02/2021] [Accepted: 03/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
In recent decades, the ever-growing demands for clean water in households and industries have urged researchers to take every possible step to deal with the global water crisis. Seawater desalination has turned out to be the most promising and efficient way to provide clean water. Owing to the advancement of synthetic chemistries and technologies, great success has been achieved in the desalination and utilization of seawater worldwide. China, with the world’s largest population, has pushed the development of desalination and multipurpose utilization of seawater further in respect of materials, technologies and services, etc. This review reports recent progress of desalination technologies accomplished in China, from the viewpoints of facilities and equipment, collaborations, technologies, applications, research abilities, services, and standard systems. Inspired by the Fourteenth Five-year Plan, it also proposes future perspectives of desalination in China.
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Bamasag A, Alqahtani T, Sinha S, Ghaffour N, Phelan P. Solar-heated submerged vacuum membrane distillation system with agitation techniques for desalination. Sep Purif Technol 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.seppur.2020.117855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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Kerdi S, Qamar A, Vrouwenvelder JS, Ghaffour N. Effect of localized hydrodynamics on biofilm attachment and growth in a cross-flow filtration channel. WATER RESEARCH 2021; 188:116502. [PMID: 33065413 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2020.116502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2020] [Revised: 09/28/2020] [Accepted: 10/05/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Biofilm attachment and growth in membrane filtration systems are considerably influenced by the localized flow inside the feed channel. The present work aims to map the biofilm attachment/growth mechanism under varying flow conditions. Effect of varying clearance region (space between the spacer filament and membrane surface) on biofouling pattern is investigated by using three 3D-printed pillar spacers having different filament diameters of 340, 500, and 1000 µm while maintaining the same pillar orientation, diameter and height. Direct Numerical Simulations (DNS) and Optical Coherence Tomography (OCT) were carried out to accurately predict the local hydrodynamics behavior and in-situ monitor the biofilm formation. On spacer filaments, biofouling attachment is primarily observed in the regions where low and non-fluctuating shear stresses are present. Conversely, on membrane surface, highest biofouling attachment was observed under spacer filaments where high shear stresses are prevalent along with low clearance height. Furthermore, as filtration time progresses, the biofilm grows faster on the membrane in the center of spacer cells where low shear stress with steady hydrodynamics conditions are prevalent. The proposed hydrodynamics approach envisages a full spectrum of spacer design constraints that can lead to intrinsic biofilm mitigation while improving filtration performance of membranes based water treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Kerdi
- King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Water Desalination and Reuse Center (WDRC), Biological and Environmental Science and Engineering (BESE), Thuwal 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
| | - Adnan Qamar
- King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Water Desalination and Reuse Center (WDRC), Biological and Environmental Science and Engineering (BESE), Thuwal 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
| | - Johannes S Vrouwenvelder
- King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Water Desalination and Reuse Center (WDRC), Biological and Environmental Science and Engineering (BESE), Thuwal 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
| | - Noreddine Ghaffour
- King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Water Desalination and Reuse Center (WDRC), Biological and Environmental Science and Engineering (BESE), Thuwal 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia.
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Alpatova A, Qamar A, Al-Ghamdi M, Lee J, Ghaffour N. Effective membrane backwash with carbon dioxide under severe fouling and operation conditions. J Memb Sci 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.memsci.2020.118290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
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Alpatova A, Alsaadi A, Alharthi M, Lee JG, Ghaffour N. Co-axial hollow fiber module for air gap membrane distillation. J Memb Sci 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.memsci.2019.02.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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15
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Removal of copper sulfate from aqueous solution by air-gap membrane distillation process. CHEMICAL PAPERS 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s11696-018-0611-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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