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Heberlein S, Chan WP, Hupa L, Zhao Y, Lisak G. Converting ash into reusable slag at lower carbon footprint: Vitrification of incineration bottom ash in MSW-fueled demonstration-scale slagging gasifier. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2024; 352:119967. [PMID: 38237332 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2023.119967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2023] [Revised: 12/23/2023] [Accepted: 12/24/2023] [Indexed: 02/04/2024]
Abstract
Globally waste incineration is becoming the predominant treatment method of solid waste. The largest fraction of solid residue of this process is incineration bottom ash (IBA) requiring further treatment before applications such as in the construction industry become feasible. In this study, vitrification of IBA was conducted in a demonstration-scale high-temperature slagging gasification plant fueled with MSW and biomass charcoal as a green auxiliary fuel. High IBA co-feeding rates of up to 491 kg/h (equivalent to 107% of MSW feeding rate) were achieved during the trials. A highly leaching-resistant slag immobilizing heavy metals in the glass-like amorphous structure and recyclable iron-rich metal granules were generated in the process. The heavy metal migration into the solid by-product fractions depended on the IBA feeding rates and process conditions such as cold cap temperature, charcoal-to-ash ratio, and gasifier temperature profile. Slaked lime and activated carbon powder were used in a dry flue gas treatment and stack gas emissions were kept well below Singapore's regulatory limits. Steam from the hot flue gas was generated in a boiler to drive a steam turbine. The application of biomass charcoal instead of fossil fuels or electricity lead to a lower carbon footprint compared to alternative vitrification technologies. The overall results reveal promising application of high temperature slagging gasification process for commercial-scale vitrification of IBA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephan Heberlein
- Residues and Resource Reclamation Centre, Nanyang Environment and Water Research Institute, Nanyang Technological University, 1 Cleantech Loop, CleanTech One, Singapore, 637141, Singapore; Faculty of Science and Engineering, Åbo Akademi University, 20500, Turku, Finland
| | - Wei Ping Chan
- Residues and Resource Reclamation Centre, Nanyang Environment and Water Research Institute, Nanyang Technological University, 1 Cleantech Loop, CleanTech One, Singapore, 637141, Singapore
| | - Leena Hupa
- Faculty of Science and Engineering, Åbo Akademi University, 20500, Turku, Finland
| | - Ya Zhao
- Residues and Resource Reclamation Centre, Nanyang Environment and Water Research Institute, Nanyang Technological University, 1 Cleantech Loop, CleanTech One, Singapore, 637141, Singapore
| | - Grzegorz Lisak
- Residues and Resource Reclamation Centre, Nanyang Environment and Water Research Institute, Nanyang Technological University, 1 Cleantech Loop, CleanTech One, Singapore, 637141, Singapore; School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, 639798, Singapore.
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2
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Tong W, Du X, Wang J, Yan H, Xie T, Wang Y, Zhang Y. Degradation and phosphorus immobilization treatment of organophosphate esters hazardous waste by Fe-Mn bimetallic oxide. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2023; 449:131049. [PMID: 36840987 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2023.131049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2022] [Revised: 02/02/2023] [Accepted: 02/18/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Organophosphate esters (OPEs) waste is difficult to dispose effectively because of its stability and the potential risk of P element. In this study, taking one typical organic extractant of tributyl phosphate (TBP) as an example, we proposed a strategy to treat OPEs inspired by chemical looping combustion (CLC) technology-oxygen carrier immobilization process (OCIP), aiming at efficient TBP degradation and simultaneous P immobilization. Adopting Fe-Mn bimetallic oxide (FMBO) as oxygen carrier, an almost 100% P immobilization efficiency was achieved under recommended conditions which were obtained by response surface methodology. Meanwhile, gaseous products released from TBP degradation, e.g., non-methane hydrocarbon, was lower than the maximum allowable emission concentration limit. Further characterizations implied that P-species released from reaction process were mainly immobilized as stable inorganic forms of metaphosphate, phosphate and pyrophosphate. On the basis of identifying degradation intermediates, we proposed a possible degradation pathways. FMBO as an oxygen carrier provided sufficient oxygen molecules for flameless combustion of OCIP process. Electron paramagnetic resonance measurement confirmed the existence of oxygen vacancies on FMBO surface, which contributed to the formation of •O2-. Oxidation by oxygen molecules and •O2- attack resulted in the degradation and mineralization of TBP, with simultaneously achieving P stabilization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenhua Tong
- Department of Pharmaceutical & Biological Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China
| | - Xinhang Du
- Department of Pharmaceutical & Biological Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China
| | - Jiepeng Wang
- Department of Pharmaceutical & Biological Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China
| | - Hao Yan
- Department of Pharmaceutical & Biological Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China
| | - Tonghui Xie
- Department of Pharmaceutical & Biological Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China
| | - Yabo Wang
- Department of Pharmaceutical & Biological Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China.
| | - Yongkui Zhang
- Department of Pharmaceutical & Biological Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China.
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3
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Sanito RC, Bernuy-Zumaeta M, You SJ, Wang YF. A review on vitrification technologies of hazardous waste. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2022; 316:115243. [PMID: 35598450 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2022.115243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2021] [Revised: 04/20/2022] [Accepted: 05/05/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Vitrification technology provides a solution for the issue of safe disposal of hazardous waste containing harmful chemical composition and organic pollutants. This review discusses application of vitrification technologies to treat hazardous waste including, asbestos, fly ash, electronic sludge, nuclear waste, medical waste and radioactive waste. Vitrification processes via Joule heating, microwave heating, plasma technology, electric arc furnaces and incinerators are compared herein. Stabilization of hazardous waste can be achieved by vitrification with the addition of flux agents/additives. Furthermore, crystalline structures, containing the silicate-glass network, are formed as a result of vitrification, depending on the type of flux agents/additives used. In addition, the concentration of heavy metals can be degraded in the final residue and leaching resistance can be achieved. Moreover, energy consumption, pollution prevention and the foreground of the practical application of vitrification are discussed. Vitrification with the advantage of encapsulating pollutants from the hazardous waste is proven to be a promising approach for hazardous waste treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raynard Christianson Sanito
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Chung Yuan Christian University, No. 200 Chung Pei Road, Chung-Li, 32023, Taiwan
| | - Marcelo Bernuy-Zumaeta
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Chung Yuan Christian University, No. 200 Chung Pei Road, Chung-Li, 32023, Taiwan
| | - Sheng-Jie You
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Chung Yuan Christian University, No. 200 Chung Pei Road, Chung-Li, 32023, Taiwan; Center for Environmental Risk Management, Chung Yuan Christian University, No. 200 Chung Pei Road, Chung-Li, 32023, Taiwan
| | - Ya-Fen Wang
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Chung Yuan Christian University, No. 200 Chung Pei Road, Chung-Li, 32023, Taiwan; Center for Environmental Risk Management, Chung Yuan Christian University, No. 200 Chung Pei Road, Chung-Li, 32023, Taiwan.
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4
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Tong W, Wang J, Du X, Wang X, Wang Y, Zhang Y. Tributyl phosphate degradation and phosphorus immobilization by MnO 2: Reaction condition optimization and mechanism exploration. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2022; 432:128725. [PMID: 35338934 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2022.128725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2021] [Revised: 02/27/2022] [Accepted: 03/14/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The treatment of tributyl phosphate (TBP) extractant waste from specific industry, eg., nuclear industry, is a great challenge due to its stability and high environmental risk of phosphorus-containing species releasing. Inspired by chemical looping combustion (CLC) technology, a MnO2-assisted thermal oxidation strategy is proposed for TBP degradation and simultaneously P immobilization. Under recommended reaction conditions of 220 °C, 10 g MnO2 mL-1 TBP and 3 h reaction duration, a high P immobilization efficiency of 93.99% is achieved. Material characterization results indicate that P is mainly immobilized in the form of Mn2P2O7, which greatly reduces the environmental risk of P-containing species. TBP degradation intermediates are further identified by thermogravimetric-gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (TG-GC-MS), liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS), which facilitates understanding of reaction mechanisms as well as proposing possible pathways of TBP degradation. It is suggested that MnO2 provides essential oxygen as oxygen carrier for flameless combustion. Meantime, MnO2 reduction leads to the generation of Mn(III) species. The existence of oxygen vacancy in MnO2 also facilitates •O2- radical generation. Under flameless combustion and attacks of Mn(III) and •O2-, TBP is firstly degraded into intermediates and finally mineralized into CO2 and H2O, while P is mainly immobilized as pyrophosphate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenhua Tong
- Department of Pharmaceutical & Biological Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China
| | - Jiepeng Wang
- Department of Pharmaceutical & Biological Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China
| | - Xinhang Du
- Department of Pharmaceutical & Biological Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China
| | - Xuqian Wang
- Department of Pharmaceutical & Biological Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China
| | - Yabo Wang
- Department of Pharmaceutical & Biological Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China.
| | - Yongkui Zhang
- Department of Pharmaceutical & Biological Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China.
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5
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Prediction and optimization of removal performance for europium onto phosphate decorated zirconium-based metal-organic framework nanocomposites: Structure-activity relationship and mechanism evaluation. J Mol Liq 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molliq.2022.119565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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6
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Gonçalves MFS, Petraconi Filho G, Couto AA, Silva Sobrinho ASD, Miranda FS, Massi M. Evaluation of thermal plasma process for treatment disposal of solid radioactive waste. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2022; 311:114895. [PMID: 35299134 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2022.114895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2021] [Revised: 03/08/2022] [Accepted: 03/11/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The management of radioactive waste is a worldwide activity based on the guidelines of the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA), and all stages of management require scientifically proven methods for possible deployment. The management of radioactive waste is a huge challenge due to the high risk in the collection, gathering, transport, handling, and storage. In this study, a thermal plasma treatment process was evaluated for its efficiency to process solid radioactive waste. Experiments were carried out with the application of stable isotopes of Lead, Iodine, Cobalt, and Cesium. After the thermal plasma treatments, the slag and the residual gas were analyzed to verify the influence of process time and discharge power on the efficiency of the process. The treatment for 25 min and 10 kW was sufficient to reduce the mass by 50% of the slag. When the applied power was increased to 15 kW, an expressive reduction in the treatment time (10 min) was able to promote the same mass reduction. The results indicated that the treatment of radioactive waste by thermal plasma is a promising method to manage and reduce the mass and volume for the final disposal.
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Affiliation(s)
- M F S Gonçalves
- Mackenzie Presbyterian University, School of Engineering - PPGEMN, 01302-907, São Paulo, SP, Brazil.
| | - G Petraconi Filho
- Technological Institute of Aeronautics, ITA/DCTA, 12227-000, São Jose dos Campos, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - A A Couto
- Mackenzie Presbyterian University, School of Engineering - PPGEMN, 01302-907, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - A S da Silva Sobrinho
- Technological Institute of Aeronautics, ITA/DCTA, 12227-000, São Jose dos Campos, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - F S Miranda
- Technological Institute of Aeronautics, ITA/DCTA, 12227-000, São Jose dos Campos, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - M Massi
- Mackenzie Presbyterian University, School of Engineering - PPGEMN, 01302-907, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
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Tochaikul G, Phattanasub A, Khemkham P, Saengthamthawee K, Danthanavat N, Moonkum N. Radioactive waste treatment technology: a review. KERNTECHNIK 2022. [DOI: 10.1515/kern-2021-1029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Radioactive waste is generated from activities that utilize nuclear materials such as nuclear medicine or power plants. Depending on their half-life, they emit radiation continuously, ranging from seconds to millions of years. Exposure to ionizing radiation can cause serious harm to humans and the environment. Therefore, special attention is paid to the management of radioactive waste in order to deal with its large quantity and dangerous levels. Current treatment technologies are still being developed to improve efficiency in reducing the hazard level and waste volume, to minimize the impact on living organisms. Thus, the aim of this study was to provide an overview of the global radioactive waste treatment technologies that have been released in 2019–2021.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gunjanaporn Tochaikul
- Faculty of Radiological Technology, Rangsit University , 52/347 Lak Hok, Mueang Pathum Thani District , Pathum Thani 12000 , Thailand
| | - Archara Phattanasub
- Head of Radioactive Waste Technology and Development Section, Thailand Institute of Nuclear Technology (Public Organization) , Bangkok , Thailand
| | - Piyatida Khemkham
- Faculty of Radiological Technology, Rangsit University , 52/347 Lak Hok, Mueang Pathum Thani District , Pathum Thani 12000 , Thailand
| | - Kanjanaporn Saengthamthawee
- Faculty of Radiological Technology, Rangsit University , 52/347 Lak Hok, Mueang Pathum Thani District , Pathum Thani 12000 , Thailand
| | - Nuttapong Danthanavat
- Faculty of Radiological Technology, Rangsit University , 52/347 Lak Hok, Mueang Pathum Thani District , Pathum Thani 12000 , Thailand
| | - Nutthapong Moonkum
- Faculty of Radiological Technology, Rangsit University , 52/347 Lak Hok, Mueang Pathum Thani District , Pathum Thani 12000 , Thailand
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8
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Wan W, Zhu Y, Zhang X, Yang D, Huo Y, Xu C, Yu H, Zhao J, Huo J, Meng B. Borosilicate Glass-Ceramics Containing Zirconolite and Powellite for RE- and Mo-Rich Nuclear Waste Immobilization. MATERIALS 2021; 14:ma14195747. [PMID: 34640142 PMCID: PMC8510122 DOI: 10.3390/ma14195747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2021] [Revised: 09/25/2021] [Accepted: 09/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
In order to increase the loading of rare earth- and molybdenum-rich high-level waste in the waste forms, zirconolite- and powellite-based multi-phase borosilicate glass-ceramics were synthesized via an in-situ heat treatment method. The effects of the CTZ (CaO, TiO2 and ZrO2) content on the crystallization, microstructure and aqueous durability of the multi-phase borosilicate glass-ceramics were studied. The results indicate that the increase of CTZ content can promote crystallization. The glass-ceramics presented even structures when the CTZ content was ≥ 40 wt%. For the glass-ceramic with 40 wt% CTZ, only zirconolite and powellite crystals were detected and powellite crystals were mainly distributed around zirconolite, whereas for the glass-ceramics with 50 wt% CTZ, perovskite was detected. Furthermore, the leaching rates of Na, Ca, Mo and Nd were in the ×10-3, ×10-4, ×10-3 and ×10-5 g·m-2·d·-1 orders of magnitude on the 28th leaching day, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Wan
- Fundamental Science on Nuclear Wastes and Environmental Safety Laboratory, Southwest University of Science and Technology, Mianyang 621010, China; (W.W.); (Y.H.); (C.X.); (H.Y.); (J.Z.); (J.H.)
| | - Yongchang Zhu
- China Building Materials Academy, Beijing 100024, China; (D.Y.); (B.M.)
- Correspondence: (Y.Z.); (X.Z.); Tel./Fax: +86-65794978 (Y.Z.); +86-816-6089508 (X.Z.)
| | - Xingquan Zhang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Southwest University of Science and Technology, Mianyang 621010, China
- Correspondence: (Y.Z.); (X.Z.); Tel./Fax: +86-65794978 (Y.Z.); +86-816-6089508 (X.Z.)
| | - Debo Yang
- China Building Materials Academy, Beijing 100024, China; (D.Y.); (B.M.)
| | - Yonglin Huo
- Fundamental Science on Nuclear Wastes and Environmental Safety Laboratory, Southwest University of Science and Technology, Mianyang 621010, China; (W.W.); (Y.H.); (C.X.); (H.Y.); (J.Z.); (J.H.)
| | - Chong Xu
- Fundamental Science on Nuclear Wastes and Environmental Safety Laboratory, Southwest University of Science and Technology, Mianyang 621010, China; (W.W.); (Y.H.); (C.X.); (H.Y.); (J.Z.); (J.H.)
| | - Hongfu Yu
- Fundamental Science on Nuclear Wastes and Environmental Safety Laboratory, Southwest University of Science and Technology, Mianyang 621010, China; (W.W.); (Y.H.); (C.X.); (H.Y.); (J.Z.); (J.H.)
| | - Jian Zhao
- Fundamental Science on Nuclear Wastes and Environmental Safety Laboratory, Southwest University of Science and Technology, Mianyang 621010, China; (W.W.); (Y.H.); (C.X.); (H.Y.); (J.Z.); (J.H.)
| | - Jichuan Huo
- Fundamental Science on Nuclear Wastes and Environmental Safety Laboratory, Southwest University of Science and Technology, Mianyang 621010, China; (W.W.); (Y.H.); (C.X.); (H.Y.); (J.Z.); (J.H.)
| | - Baojian Meng
- China Building Materials Academy, Beijing 100024, China; (D.Y.); (B.M.)
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El-Ramady H, Brevik EC, Elbasiouny H, Elbehiry F, Amer M, Elsakhawy T, Omara AED, Mosa AA, El-Ghamry AM, Abdalla N, Rezes S, Elboraey M, Ezzat A, Eid Y. Planning for disposal of COVID-19 pandemic wastes in developing countries: a review of current challenges. ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT 2021; 193:592. [PMID: 34424421 PMCID: PMC8380865 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-021-09350-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2021] [Accepted: 07/30/2021] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
The health sector is critical to the well-being of any country, but developing countries have several obstacles that prevent them from providing adequate health care. This became an even larger concern after the COVID-19 outbreak left millions of people dead worldwide and generated huge amounts of infected or potentially infected wastes. The management and disposal of medical wastes during and post-COVID-19 represent a major challenge in all countries, but this challenge is particularly great for developing countries that do not have robust waste disposal infrastructure. The main problems in developing countries include inefficient treatment procedures, limited capacity of healthcare facilities, and improper waste disposal procedures. The management of medical wastes in most developing countries was primitive prior to the pandemic. The improper treatment and disposal of these wastes in our current situation may further speed COVID-19 spread, creating a serious risk for workers in the medical and sanitation fields, patients, and all of society. Therefore, there is a critical need to discuss emerging challenges in handling, treating, and disposing of medical wastes in developing countries during and after the COVID-19 outbreak. There is a need to determine best disposal techniques given the conditions and limitations under which developing countries operate. Several open questions need to be investigated concerning this global issue, such as to what extent developing countries can control the expected environmental impacts of COVID-19, particularly those related to medical wastes? What are the projected management scenarios for medical wastes under the COVID-19 outbreak? And what are the major environmental risks posed by contaminated wastes related to COVID-19 treatment? Studies directed at the questions above, careful planning, the use of large capacity mobile recycling facilities, and following established guidelines for disposal of medical wastes should reduce risk of COVID-19 spread in developing countries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hassan El-Ramady
- Soil and Water Dept, Faculty of Agriculture, Kafrelsheikh University, Kafr El-Sheikh, 33516 Egypt
| | - Eric C. Brevik
- College of Agricultural, Life, and Physical Sciences, Southern Illinois University, Carbondale, IL USA
| | - Heba Elbasiouny
- Department of Environmental and Biological Sciences, Home Economy Faculty, Al-Azhar University, Tanta, 31732 Egypt
| | - Fathy Elbehiry
- Central Laboratory of Environmental Studies, Kafrelsheikh University, Kafr El-Sheikh, 33516 Egypt
| | - Megahed Amer
- Soils Improvement Dept., Soils, Water and Environment Research Institute, Sakha Station, Agricultural Research Center, Kafr El-Sheikh, 33717 Egypt
| | - Tamer Elsakhawy
- Agriculture Microbiology Department, Soil, Water and Environment Research Institute (SWERI), Agriculture Research Center, Sakha Agricultural Research Station, Kafr El-Sheikh, 33717 Egypt
| | - Alaa El-Dein Omara
- Agriculture Microbiology Department, Soil, Water and Environment Research Institute (SWERI), Agriculture Research Center, Sakha Agricultural Research Station, Kafr El-Sheikh, 33717 Egypt
| | - Ahmed A. Mosa
- Soils Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Mansoura University, Mansoura, 35516 Egypt
| | - Ayman M. El-Ghamry
- Soils Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Mansoura University, Mansoura, 35516 Egypt
| | - Neama Abdalla
- Plant Biotechnology Dept, , Genetic Engineering & Biotechnology Research Div, National Research Centre, Cairo, 12622 Egypt
| | - Szilárd Rezes
- Division of Oto-Rhyno-Laryngology, Medical and Health Science Center, Debrecen University, 4032 Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Mai Elboraey
- Division of Oto-Rhyno-Laryngology, Medical and Health Science Center, Debrecen University, 4032 Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Ahmed Ezzat
- Horticulture Dept, Faculty of Agriculture, Kafrelsheikh University, Kafr El-Sheikh, 33516 Egypt
| | - Yahya Eid
- Poultry Dept, Faculty of Agriculture, Kafrelsheikh University, Kafr El-Sheikh, 33516 Egypt
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