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Rekik H, Arab H, Pichon L, El Khakani MA, Drogui P. Per-and polyfluoroalkyl (PFAS) eternal pollutants: Sources, environmental impacts and treatment processes. CHEMOSPHERE 2024; 358:142044. [PMID: 38648982 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2024.142044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2024] [Revised: 04/03/2024] [Accepted: 04/04/2024] [Indexed: 04/25/2024]
Abstract
Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) have become a growing environmental concern due to their tangible impacts on human health. However, due to the large number of PFAS compounds and the analytical difficulty to identify all of them, there are still some knowledge gaps not only on their impact on human health, but also on how to manage them and achieve their effective degradation. PFAS compounds originate from man-made chemicals that are resistant to degradation because of the presence of the strong carbon-fluorine bonds in their chemical structure. This review consists of two parts. In the first part, the environmental effects of fluorinated compound contamination in water are covered with the objective to highlight how their presence in the environment adversely impacts the human health. In the second part, the focus is put on the different techniques available for the degradation and/or separation of PFAS compounds in different types of waters. Examples of removal/treatment of PFAS present in either surface or ground water are presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hela Rekik
- Institut National de la Recherche Scientifique (INRS) - Centre Eau Terre Environnement (ETE), 490 Rue de la Couronne, Québec (QC), G1K 9A9, Canada
| | - Hamed Arab
- Institut National de la Recherche Scientifique (INRS) - Centre Eau Terre Environnement (ETE), 490 Rue de la Couronne, Québec (QC), G1K 9A9, Canada
| | - Loick Pichon
- Institut National de la Recherche Scientifique, Centre Énergie, Matériaux et Télécommunications, 1650, Blvd, Lionel-Boulet, Varennes, QC, J3X-1P7, Canada
| | - My Ali El Khakani
- Institut National de la Recherche Scientifique, Centre Énergie, Matériaux et Télécommunications, 1650, Blvd, Lionel-Boulet, Varennes, QC, J3X-1P7, Canada
| | - Patrick Drogui
- Institut National de la Recherche Scientifique (INRS) - Centre Eau Terre Environnement (ETE), 490 Rue de la Couronne, Québec (QC), G1K 9A9, Canada.
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Sivaram AK, Mukunthan K, Megharaj M. Effects of pyroligneous acid on acute, chronic, and cyto-genotoxicity to earthworms ( Eisenia fetida). JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND HEALTH. PART A, TOXIC/HAZARDOUS SUBSTANCES & ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING 2024; 59:125-129. [PMID: 38600781 DOI: 10.1080/10934529.2024.2339774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2023] [Accepted: 03/30/2024] [Indexed: 04/12/2024]
Abstract
The pyroligneous acid (PA), or wood vinegar, is a byproduct of wood carbonization during the slow pyrolysis process. PA is recognized globally as a safe compound for agriculture due to its various beneficial properties, such as antioxidant, antibacterial, antifungal, and termiticidal properties. However, the impact of different PA concentrations on beneficial soil organisms, such as earthworms has not been investigated. The present study aims to understand the effects of different PA concentrations on earthworm Eisenia fetida. The earthworms were exposed to nine different concentrations of PA in soils, including their control. The acute toxicity assay was performed after 14 days of exposure, and the chronic toxicity assay was performed up to 8 weeks after exposure. The results from the acute toxicity assay demonstrated no significant effect on earthworm mortality. The chronic toxicity assay showed that lower PA concentrations (0.01-0.2% of weight/weight PA in soil) promoted cocoon and juvenile production in soils, whereas higher PA concentrations (0.5 and 1%) had a negative effect. These findings highlight the potential of PA to enhance soil fertility at lower concentrations, up to 0.2%, by stimulating worm activity and subsequent manure production. The outcomes of this study have significant implications for the careful management of PA concentrations within agricultural operations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anithadevi Kenday Sivaram
- Global Centre for Environmental Remediation, College of Engineering, Science and Environment, The University of Newcastle (UoN), Callaghan, Australia
- crcCARE, Callaghan, Australia
| | | | - Mallavarapu Megharaj
- Global Centre for Environmental Remediation, College of Engineering, Science and Environment, The University of Newcastle (UoN), Callaghan, Australia
- crcCARE, Callaghan, Australia
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Wang M, Rivenbark KJ, Nikkhah H, Beykal B, Phillips TD. In vitro and in vivo remediation of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances by processed and amended clays and activated carbon in soil. APPLIED SOIL ECOLOGY : A SECTION OF AGRICULTURE, ECOSYSTEMS & ENVIRONMENT 2024; 196:105285. [PMID: 38463139 PMCID: PMC10919550 DOI: 10.1016/j.apsoil.2024.105285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/12/2024]
Abstract
Remediation methods for soil contaminated with poly- and perfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) are needed to prevent their leaching into drinking water sources and to protect living organisms in the surrounding environment. In this study, the efficacy of processed and amended clays and carbons as soil amendments to sequester PFAS and prevent leaching was assessed using PFAS-contaminated soil and validated using sensitive ecotoxicological bioassays. Four different soil matrices including quartz sand, clay loam soil, garden soil, and compost were spiked with 4 PFAS congeners (PFOA, PFOS, GenX, and PFBS) at 0.01-0.2 μg/mL and subjected to a 3-step extraction method to quantify the leachability of PFAS from each matrix. The multistep extraction method showed that PFAS leaching from soil was aligned with the total carbon content in soil, and the recovery was dependent on concentration of the PFAS. To prevent the leaching of PFAS, several sorbents including activated carbon (AC), calcium montmorillonite (CM), acid processed montmorillonite (APM), and organoclays modified with carnitine, choline, and chlorophyll were added to the four soil matrices at 0.5-4 % w/w, and PFAS was extracted using the LEAF method. Total PFAS bioavailability was reduced by 58-97 % by all sorbents in a dose-dependent manner, with AC being the most efficient sorbent with a reduction of 73-97 %. The water leachates and soil were tested for toxicity using an aquatic plant (Lemna minor) and a soil nematode (Caenorhabditis elegans), respectively, to validate the reduction in PFAS bioavailability. Growth parameters in both ecotoxicological models showed a dose-dependent reduction in toxicity with value-added growth promotion from the organoclays due to added nutrients. The kinetic studies at varying time intervals and varying pHs simulating acidic rain, fresh water, and brackish water suggested a stable sorption of PFAS on all sorbents that fit the pseudo-second-order for up to 21 days. Contaminated soil with higher than 0.1 μg/mL PFAS may require reapplication of soil amendments every 21 days. Overall, AC showed the highest sorption percentage of total PFAS from in vitro studies, while organoclays delivered higher protection in ecotoxicological models (in vivo). This study suggests that in situ immobilization with soil amendments can reduce PFAS leachates and their bioavailability to surrounding organisms. A combination of sorbents may facilitate the most effective remediation of complex soil matrices containing mixtures of PFAS and prevent leaching and uptake into plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meichen Wang
- Department of Veterinary Physiology and Pharmacology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA
- Interdisciplinary Faculty of Toxicology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA
| | - Kelly J Rivenbark
- Department of Veterinary Physiology and Pharmacology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA
- Interdisciplinary Faculty of Toxicology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA
| | - Hasan Nikkhah
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269, USA
- Center for Clean Energy Engineering, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269, USA
| | - Burcu Beykal
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269, USA
- Center for Clean Energy Engineering, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269, USA
| | - Timothy D Phillips
- Department of Veterinary Physiology and Pharmacology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA
- Interdisciplinary Faculty of Toxicology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA
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Masinga P, Simbanegavi TT, Makuvara Z, Marumure J, Chaukura N, Gwenzi W. Emerging organic contaminants in the soil-plant-receptor continuum: transport, fate, health risks, and removal mechanisms. ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT 2024; 196:367. [PMID: 38488937 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-023-12282-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2023] [Accepted: 12/29/2023] [Indexed: 03/17/2024]
Abstract
There is a lack of comprehensive reviews tracking emerging organic contaminants (EOCs) within the soil-plant continuum using the source-pathway-receptor-impact-mitigation (SPRIM) framework. Therefore, this review examines existing literature to gain insights into the occurrence, behaviour, fate, health hazards, and strategies for mitigating EOCs within the soil-plant system. EOCs identified in the soil-plant system encompass endocrine-disrupting chemicals, surfactants, pharmaceuticals, personal care products, plasticizers, gasoline additives, flame retardants, and per- and poly-fluoroalkyl substances (PFAS). Sources of EOCs in the soil-plant system include the land application of biosolids, wastewater, and solid wastes rich in EOCs. However, less-studied sources encompass plastics and atmospheric deposition. EOCs are transported from their sources to the soil-plant system and other receptors through human activities, wind-driven processes, and hydrological pathways. The behaviour, persistence, and fate of EOCs within the soil-plant system are discussed, including sorption, degradation, phase partitioning, (bio)transformation, biouptake, translocation, and bioaccumulation in plants. Factors governing the behaviour, persistence, and fate of EOCs in the soil-plant system include pH, redox potential, texture, temperature, and soil organic matter content. The review also discusses the environmental receptors of EOCs, including their exchange with other environmental compartments (aquatic and atmospheric), and interactions with soil organisms. The ecological health risks, human exposure via inhalation of particulate matter and consumption of contaminated food, and hazards associated with various EOCs in the soil-plant system are discussed. Various mitigation measures including removal technologies of EOCs in the soil are discussed. Finally, future research directions are presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Privilege Masinga
- Department of Soil Science and Environment, Faculty of Agriculture, Environment, and Food Systems, University of Zimbabwe, Mount Pleasant, P. O. Box MP 167, Harare, Zimbabwe
| | - Tinoziva T Simbanegavi
- Department of Soil Science and Environment, Faculty of Agriculture, Environment, and Food Systems, University of Zimbabwe, Mount Pleasant, P. O. Box MP 167, Harare, Zimbabwe
| | - Zakio Makuvara
- Department of Physics, Geography and Environmental Science, School of Natural Sciences, Great Zimbabwe University, Masvingo, Zimbabwe
- Department of Life and Consumer Sciences, School of Agriculture and Life Sciences, College of Agriculture and Environmental Sciences, University of South Africa, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Jerikias Marumure
- Department of Physics, Geography and Environmental Science, School of Natural Sciences, Great Zimbabwe University, Masvingo, Zimbabwe
- Department of Life and Consumer Sciences, School of Agriculture and Life Sciences, College of Agriculture and Environmental Sciences, University of South Africa, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Nhamo Chaukura
- Department of Physical and Earth Sciences, Sol Plaatje University, Kimberley, 8301, South Africa
| | - Willis Gwenzi
- Biosystems and Engineering Research Group, 380 New Adylin, Marlborough, Harare, Zimbabwe.
- Biosystems and Environmental Engineering Research Group, 380 New Adylin, Marlborough, Harare, Zimbabwe.
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Zhou P, Gu Q, Zhou S, Cui X. A novel montmorillonite clay-cetylpyridinium chloride material for reducing PFAS leachability and bioavailability from soils. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2024; 465:133402. [PMID: 38183937 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2023.133402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2023] [Revised: 12/23/2023] [Accepted: 12/27/2023] [Indexed: 01/08/2024]
Abstract
Soils contaminated by per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) present a significant threat to both ecological and human health. Extensive research efforts are currently underway to develop effective strategies for immobilizing these chemicals in soils. In this study, calcium montmorillonite was modified with cetylpyridinium chloride (CPC-CM) to enhance its electrostatic and hydrophobic interactions with PFAS. CPC-CM exhibited high adsorption for perfluorooctanoate acid (PFOA), perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) and 8:2 fluorotelomer sulfonic acids (8:2 FTSA) across initial concentrations of 50-1000 μg/L, outperforming both the parent CM and L-carnitine modified CM. Soil leaching tests demonstrated the superior immobilization capabilities of the CPC-CM, maintaining an average PFAS leaching rate below 7% after 120-day incubation. In the context of human exposure scenarios, the in vitro bioaccessibility and in vivo bioavailability of PFAS in soils were measured by gastrointestinal extraction and mouse assay. CPC-CM treatment effectively reduced the bioaccessibility (by up to 84%) and bioavailability (by up to 76%) of PFAS in soils. Furthermore, the safety and efficacy of CPC-CM were evaluated using enteric microorganisms of mice. CPC-CM treatment mitigated PFAS-induced changes in the abundance of Bacteroidetes and Firmicutes, thereby reducing PFAS-induced health risks for humans. Overall, CPC-CM synthesized in this study demonstrated superior adsorption performance and application safety, offering a highly promising approach for remediating PFAS-contaminated soil.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pengfei Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, People's Republic of China
| | - Qian Gu
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, People's Republic of China
| | - Shuo Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, People's Republic of China
| | - Xinyi Cui
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, People's Republic of China.
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Bui TH, Zuverza-Mena N, Dimkpa CO, Nason SL, Thomas S, White JC. PFAS remediation in soil: An evaluation of carbon-based materials for contaminant sequestration. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2024; 344:123335. [PMID: 38211874 PMCID: PMC10922530 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2024.123335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2023] [Revised: 12/19/2023] [Accepted: 01/08/2024] [Indexed: 01/13/2024]
Abstract
The presence of per- and poly-fluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) in soils is a global concern as these emerging contaminants are highly resistant to degradation and cause adverse effects on human and environmental health at very low concentrations. Sequestering PFAS in soils using carbon-based materials is a low-cost and effective strategy to minimize pollutant bioavailability and exposure, and may offer potential long-term remediation of PFAS in the environment. This paper provides a comprehensive evaluation of current insights on sequestration of PFAS in soil using carbon-based sorbents. Hydrophobic effects originating from fluorinated carbon (C-F) backbone "tail" and electrostatic interactions deriving from functional groups on the molecules' "head" are the two driving forces governing PFAS sorption. Consequently, varying C-F chain lengths and polar functional groups significantly alter PFAS availability and leachability. Furthermore, matrix parameters such as soil organic matter, inorganic minerals, and pH significantly impact PFAS sequestration by sorbent amendments. Materials such as activated carbon, biochar, carbon nanotubes, and their composites are the primary C-based materials used for PFAS adsorption. Importantly, modifying the carbon structural and surface chemistry is essential for increasing the active sorption sites and for strengthening interactions with PFAS. This review evaluates current literature, identifies knowledge gaps in current remediation technologies and addresses future strategies on the sequestration of PFAS in contaminated soil using sustainable novel C-based sorbents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Trung Huu Bui
- The Connecticut Agricultural Experiment Station, 123 Huntington Street, New Haven, CT, 06511, USA
| | - Nubia Zuverza-Mena
- The Connecticut Agricultural Experiment Station, 123 Huntington Street, New Haven, CT, 06511, USA
| | - Christian O Dimkpa
- The Connecticut Agricultural Experiment Station, 123 Huntington Street, New Haven, CT, 06511, USA
| | - Sara L Nason
- The Connecticut Agricultural Experiment Station, 123 Huntington Street, New Haven, CT, 06511, USA
| | - Sara Thomas
- The Connecticut Agricultural Experiment Station, 123 Huntington Street, New Haven, CT, 06511, USA
| | - Jason C White
- The Connecticut Agricultural Experiment Station, 123 Huntington Street, New Haven, CT, 06511, USA.
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Ma T, Pan X, Wang T, Li X, Luo Y. Toxicity of Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances to Nematodes. TOXICS 2023; 11:593. [PMID: 37505559 PMCID: PMC10385831 DOI: 10.3390/toxics11070593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2023] [Revised: 06/27/2023] [Accepted: 07/06/2023] [Indexed: 07/29/2023]
Abstract
Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) are a class of compounds that persist in the environment globally. Besides being transported to the soil and sediments, which act as their sinks, PFASs can be transferred to several species of higher organisms directly or via bacteria, eliciting a wide range of adverse effects. Caenorhabditis elegans has been widely used in toxicological studies and life science research owing to its numerous advantages over traditional vertebrate models; notably, C. elegans has 65% conserved human-disease-associated genes and does not require ethical approvals for experimental use. This review covers a range of topics, from reported accumulation characteristics and lethal concentrations of PFAS in C. elegans to the mechanisms underlying the toxicity of PFAS at different levels, including reproductive, developmental, cellular, neurologic, oxidative, metabolic, immune, and endocrine toxicities. Additionally, the toxicity levels of some PFAS substitutes are summarized. Lastly, we discuss the toxicological mechanisms of these PFAS substitutes and the importance and promising potential of nematodes as in vivo models for life science research, epidemiological studies (obesity, aging, and Alzheimer's disease research), and toxicological investigations of PFASs and other emerging pollutants compared with other soil animals or model organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tingting Ma
- Wenzhou Key Laboratory of Soil Pollution Prevention and Control, Zhejiang Industry and Trade Vocation College, Wenzhou 325002, China
- College of Resource Environment and Tourism, Hubei University of Arts and Science, Xiangyang 441053, China
- CAS Key Laboratory of Soil Environment and Pollution Remediation, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210008, China
| | - Xia Pan
- Wenzhou Key Laboratory of Soil Pollution Prevention and Control, Zhejiang Industry and Trade Vocation College, Wenzhou 325002, China
- CAS Key Laboratory of Soil Environment and Pollution Remediation, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210008, China
| | - Tiantian Wang
- College of Resource Environment and Tourism, Hubei University of Arts and Science, Xiangyang 441053, China
| | - Xiuhua Li
- CAS Key Laboratory of Soil Environment and Pollution Remediation, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210008, China
| | - Yongming Luo
- CAS Key Laboratory of Soil Environment and Pollution Remediation, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210008, China
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Huang YR, Liu SS, Zi JX, Cheng SM, Li J, Ying GG, Chen CE. In Situ Insight into the Availability and Desorption Kinetics of Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances in Soils with Diffusive Gradients in Thin Films. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2023; 57:7809-7817. [PMID: 37155686 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.2c09348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
The physicochemical exchange dynamics between the solid and solution phases of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) in soils needs to be better understood. This study employed an in situ tool, diffusive gradients in thin films (DGT), to understand the distribution and exchange kinetics of five typical PFAS in four soils. Results show a nonlinear relationship between the PFAS masses in DGT and time, implying that PFAS were partially supplied by the solid phase in all of the soils. A dynamic model DGT-induced fluxes in soils/sediments (DIFS) was used to interpret the results and derive the distribution coefficients for the labile fraction (Kdl), response time (tc), and adsorption/desorption rates (k1 and k-1). The larger labile pool size (indicated by Kdl) for the longer chain PFAS implies their higher potential availability. The shorter chain PFAS tend to have a larger tc and relatively smaller k-1, implying that the release of these PFAS in soils might be kinetically limited but not for more hydrophobic compounds, such as perfluorooctanesulfonic acid (PFOS), although soil properties might play an important role. Kdl ultimately controls the PFAS availability in soils, while the PFAS release from soils might be kinetically constrained (which may also hold for biota uptake), particularly for more hydrophilic PFAS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue-Rui Huang
- Environmental Research Institute/School of Environment, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemical Pollution and Environmental Safety & MOE Key Laboratory of Theoretical Chemistry of Environment, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510006, People's Republic of China
| | - Si-Si Liu
- Environmental Research Institute/School of Environment, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemical Pollution and Environmental Safety & MOE Key Laboratory of Theoretical Chemistry of Environment, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510006, People's Republic of China
| | - Jin-Xin Zi
- Environmental Research Institute/School of Environment, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemical Pollution and Environmental Safety & MOE Key Laboratory of Theoretical Chemistry of Environment, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510006, People's Republic of China
| | - Sheng-Ming Cheng
- Environmental Research Institute/School of Environment, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemical Pollution and Environmental Safety & MOE Key Laboratory of Theoretical Chemistry of Environment, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510006, People's Republic of China
| | - Jun Li
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry and Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Environmental Protection and Resources Utilization, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510640, People's Republic of China
| | - Guang-Guo Ying
- Environmental Research Institute/School of Environment, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemical Pollution and Environmental Safety & MOE Key Laboratory of Theoretical Chemistry of Environment, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510006, People's Republic of China
| | - Chang-Er Chen
- Environmental Research Institute/School of Environment, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemical Pollution and Environmental Safety & MOE Key Laboratory of Theoretical Chemistry of Environment, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510006, People's Republic of China
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Adu O, Ma X, Sharma VK. Bioavailability, phytotoxicity and plant uptake of per-and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS): A review. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2023; 447:130805. [PMID: 36669401 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2023.130805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2022] [Revised: 01/12/2023] [Accepted: 01/14/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) are a group of legacy and emerging contaminants containing at least one aliphatic perfluorocarbon moiety. They display rapid and extensive transport in the environment due to their generally high water-solubility and weak adsorption onto soil particles. Because of their widespread presence in the environment and known toxicity, PFAS has become a serious threat to the ecosystem and public health. Plants are an essential component of the ecosystem and their uptake and accumulation of PFAS affect the fate and transport of PFAS in the ecosystem and has strong implications for human health. It is therefore imperative to investigate the interactions of plants with PFAS. This review presents a detailed discussion on the mechanisms of the bioavailability and plant uptake of PFAS, and essential factors affecting these processes. The phytotoxic effects of PFAS at physiological, biochemical, and molecular level were also carefully reviewed. At the end, key research gaps were identified, and future research needs were proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olatunbosun Adu
- Department of Water Management and Hydrological Science, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA; Program for the Environment and Sustainability, Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, School of Public Health, Texas A&M University, 212 Adriance Lab Rd., 1266 TAMU, College Station, TX 77843, USA
| | - Xingmao Ma
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA.
| | - Virender K Sharma
- Program for the Environment and Sustainability, Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, School of Public Health, Texas A&M University, 212 Adriance Lab Rd., 1266 TAMU, College Station, TX 77843, USA.
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Roberts J, McNaughtan M, de las Heras Prieto H. Unwanted Ingredients—Highly Specific and Sensitive Method for the Extraction and Quantification of PFAS in Everyday Foods. FOOD ANAL METHOD 2023. [DOI: 10.1007/s12161-023-02451-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/29/2023]
Abstract
AbstractPerfluorinated alkyl substances (PFAS) are anthropogenic substances and can only come from polluted sources. There are many classes of PFAS which can be transformed to perfluoalkyl carboxylic acids and perfluoroalkyl sulfonic acids in the environment. Once they are in this form, they are environmentally mobile and extremely stable with half-lives of decades. These compounds are not innocuous and are implicated in causing many different diseases. In this publication, a method for the extraction and quantitation of perflurocarboxylic acids and perfluorosulfonic acids, using high-resolution liquid chromatography mass spectrometry (HRMS), is evaluated. A QuEChERS extraction method was performed on tomatoes, strawberries and milk purchased from different supermarkets on different days. Recoveries from milk and tomatoes were between 80 and 120%. Matrix effects were significant for strawberries and tomatoes and stable isotope internal standards were required to compensate. PFBA was found in all 3 food types. The total PFAS was 0.68 ng g−1 in milk, 0.20 ng g−1 in strawberries and 0.36 ng g−1 in tomatoes. This study demonstrates the importance of using a robust analytical method to investigate the PFAS content of complex food matrices and in particular the contribution of short-chain PFAS to overall dietary consumption.
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Effect of Hypoxic Stress and Levels of Mn on the Physiology and Biochemistry of Phyllostachys praecox. TOXICS 2022; 10:toxics10060290. [PMID: 35736899 PMCID: PMC9229331 DOI: 10.3390/toxics10060290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2022] [Revised: 05/24/2022] [Accepted: 05/24/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Hypoxic environments have an adverse effect on the growth and development of P. praecox, and this is accompanied by the production of reducing substances such as Fe and Mn. In this study, the effect of hypoxic stress and Mn concentrations on leaf chlorophyll contents, root morphology, root activity, element absorption, antioxidant enzymes, and respiratory enzyme system of P. praecox were evaluated in a hydroponics environment. The results revealed that application of Mn2+ during hypoxic stress enhanced leaf chlorophyll contents and boosted up the indexes of the root system. The root activity of P. praecox was reduced with stresses of hypoxia. The treatment of Mn2+ initially improved and then decreased the root activity of P. praecox, and attained its maximum with application of 300 μmol/L Mn2+ compared with control. The indexes of antioxidant enzymes of P. praecox were higher than that of 8 mg/L oxygen concentrations except for variable superoxide dismutase (SOD) in the treatment of 300 μmol/L Mn2+ with hypoxia stress. The application of Mn had inhibited the absorption of mineral elements in P. praecox. The activities of pyruvate decarboxylase (PDC), alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH), and lactic dehydrogenase (LDH) were initially improved and then diminished with hypoxia stress. It is concluded that hypoxia is a key factor affecting the growth and degradation of P. praecox, while combining it with the increase of Mn concentration enhances the damage to Phyllostachys pubescens. Our research is helpful for the sustainable management and scientific fertilization management of Phyllostachys praecox.
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