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Gardiner CL, Petali JM, Chen CY, Giffard NG, Fernando S, Holsen TM, Varghese JR, Romano ME, Crawford KA. Evaluating the environmental occurrence of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) and potential exposure risk for recreational shellfish harvesters in the Great Bay Estuary, New Hampshire. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2025; 986:179747. [PMID: 40449359 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2025.179747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2025] [Revised: 05/21/2025] [Accepted: 05/22/2025] [Indexed: 06/03/2025]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Shellfish may be an important contributor to PFAS exposure from seafood consumption. Yet, shellfish consumption patterns are distinct from other seafood varieties and PFAS exposure via shellfish consumption has not been well studied, especially among recreational harvesters who may be exposed to PFAS through direct consumption of shellfish, incidental ingestion of sediment, and dermal absorption. METHODS Collocated surface water, sediment, and bivalve shellfish samples were collected in the Great Bay Estuary, a prominent estuary in New Hampshire, USA with multiple known PFAS sources. All media were analyzed for 27 PFAS compounds via UPLC-MS/MS. Human health risk of PFAS exposure from recreational shellfish harvesting was estimated for typical and high seafood consumers across multiple exposure routes using available health guidance values. RESULTS PFAS were detected in all Great Bay water, sediment, and shellfish samples. PFAS concentrations varied spatially, and profiles varied by media type, with shorter chain compounds found in water and longer chain compounds found in sediment and shellfish. For adults, PFAS exposure risk from recreational shellfish harvesting was greatest from direct consumption of shellfish (>99 % of estimated daily PFAS dose), followed by dermal absorption and incidental sediment ingestion. For children, dermal absorption and incidental ingestion were also important, contributing up to 10 % of estimated daily exposure. PFAS exposure risk from consuming razor clams exceeded the reference hazard quotient of 1 for multiple compounds among the general population that consumes typical or greater amounts of seafood, and among persons of childbearing age and young children who consume high amounts of seafood. CONCLUSIONS High frequency recreational shellfish harvesting and consumption may increase exposure to certain PFAS.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jonathan M Petali
- Environmental Health Program, New Hampshire Department of Environmental Services, Concord, NH, USA; Battelle Memorial Institute, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Celia Y Chen
- Department of Biological Sciences, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH, USA
| | - Nathan G Giffard
- Department of Biological Sciences, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH, USA
| | - Sujan Fernando
- Center for Air Resources Engineering and Science, Clarkson University, Potsdam, NY, USA
| | - Thomas M Holsen
- Center for Air Resources Engineering and Science, Clarkson University, Potsdam, NY, USA; Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Clarkson University, Potsdam, NY, USA
| | - Juby R Varghese
- Center for Air Resources Engineering and Science, Clarkson University, Potsdam, NY, USA
| | - Megan E Romano
- Department of Epidemiology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Lebanon, NH, USA
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Jones SE, Gutkowski N, Demick S, Curello M, Pavia A, Robuck AR, Li ML. Assessing Bivalves as Biomonitors of Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances in Coastal Environments. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2025; 59:5202-5213. [PMID: 40036337 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.4c11215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/06/2025]
Abstract
Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) are widely used chemicals that enter coastal ecosystems through various pathways. Despite the ecological and economic significance of coastal environments, monitoring efforts to identify PFAS in these regions are limited. Bivalves have been used as biomonitors for many pollutants, but their effectiveness in reflecting environmental PFAS contamination and the mechanisms of PFAS bioaccumulation is poorly understood. This study examined the impact of biological, chemical, and ecological variables on PFAS bioaccumulation in two bivalve species (i.e., Eastern oyster and Atlantic ribbed mussel) and developed a statistical model to predict the PFAS content in wild bivalves. Overall, the summed PFAS concentration in the bivalves closely mirrors that in water. We observed higher bioaccumulation factors for some perfluoroalkyl sulfonamides and branched PFAS isomers than for terminal PFAS of equivalent chain length. The isomer distribution and precursor-to-terminal compound ratios provide compelling evidence that the biotransformation of PFAS precursors likely drives these elevated factors. Additionally, the bioaccumulation factors of PFAS decrease with increasing organism size and age, suggesting that smaller and younger bivalves have greater bioaccumulation potential and are more susceptible to PFAS contamination. These findings provide critical information that guides the use of bivalves as biomonitors to evaluate PFAS contamination in aquatic environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shannon E Jones
- School of Marine Science and Policy, College of Earth, Ocean, and Environment, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716, United States
| | - Nicole Gutkowski
- School of Marine Science and Policy, College of Earth, Ocean, and Environment, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716, United States
| | - Shayna Demick
- School of Marine Science and Policy, College of Earth, Ocean, and Environment, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716, United States
| | - Max Curello
- School of Marine Science and Policy, College of Earth, Ocean, and Environment, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716, United States
| | - Ashley Pavia
- School of Marine Science and Policy, College of Earth, Ocean, and Environment, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716, United States
| | - Anna R Robuck
- Center for Environmental Measurement and Modeling, US Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Research and Development, Narragansett, Rhode Island 02882-1153, United States
| | - Mi-Ling Li
- School of Marine Science and Policy, College of Earth, Ocean, and Environment, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716, United States
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Anik AH, Basir MS, Sultan MB, Alam M, Rahman MM, Tareq SM. Unveiling the emerging concern of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) and their potential impacts on estuarine ecosystems. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2025; 212:117554. [PMID: 39837172 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2025.117554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2024] [Revised: 12/01/2024] [Accepted: 01/09/2025] [Indexed: 01/23/2025]
Abstract
Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) have become ubiquitous chemicals that pose potentially serious threats to both human health and the integrity of the ecosystem. This review compiles current knowledge on PFAS contamination in estuaries, focusing on sources, abundance, distribution, fate, and toxic mechanisms. It also addresses the health risks associated with these compounds and identifies research gaps, offering recommendations for future studies. Estuaries are essential for maintaining biodiversity and serve as protective natural buffers against pollution flowing from land to sea. However, PFAS, known for their persistence and bioaccumulation potential, are detected in estuarine waters, sediments, and biota worldwide, with varying concentrations based on geographic locations and environmental matrices. Sources of PFAS in estuaries include routine items like nonstick kitchenware, industrial emissions, landfill sites, civilian and military airfields, and runoff from firefighting activities. The fate of PFAS in estuarine ecosystems is influenced by hydrology, biogeochemical interactions, and proximity to pollution sources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amit Hasan Anik
- Department of Environmental Science, Bangladesh University of Professionals (BUP), Dhaka 1216, Bangladesh.
| | - Md Samium Basir
- Department of Environmental Science, Bangladesh University of Professionals (BUP), Dhaka 1216, Bangladesh
| | - Maisha Binte Sultan
- Department of Environmental Science, Bangladesh University of Professionals (BUP), Dhaka 1216, Bangladesh
| | - Mahbub Alam
- Department of Environmental Science, Bangladesh University of Professionals (BUP), Dhaka 1216, Bangladesh; Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Arnold School of Public Health, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, United States
| | - Md Mostafizur Rahman
- Department of Environmental Science, Bangladesh University of Professionals (BUP), Dhaka 1216, Bangladesh; Laboratory of Environmental Health and Ecotoxicology, Department of Environmental Sciences, Jahangirnagar University, Dhaka 1342, Bangladesh.
| | - Shafi M Tareq
- Department of Environmental Science, Bangladesh University of Professionals (BUP), Dhaka 1216, Bangladesh; Hydrobiogeochemistry and Pollution Control Laboratory, Department of Environmental Sciences, Jahangirnagar University, Dhaka 1342, Bangladesh.
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4
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Li J, Lu Y, Chen X, Wang L, Cao Z, Lei H, Zhang Z, Wang P, Sun B. Seasonal variation of microbial community and diversity in the Taiwan Strait sediments. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2025; 268:120809. [PMID: 39798660 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2025.120809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2024] [Revised: 12/31/2024] [Accepted: 01/08/2025] [Indexed: 01/15/2025]
Abstract
Human activities and ocean currents in the Taiwan Strait exhibit significant seasonal variation, yet the response of marine microbes to ocean changes under anthropogenic and climatic stress remains unclear. Using 16S rRNA gene amplicon sequencing, we investigated the spatiotemporal dynamics and functional variations of microbial communities in sediment samples. Our findings revealed distinct seasonal patterns in microbial diversity and composition. Proteobacteria, Desulfobacterota, and Crenarchaeota dominated at the phylum level, while Candidatus Nitrosopumilus, Woeseia, and Subgroup 10 were prevalent at the genus level. Iron concentrations, heavy metals and C/N ratio were primary factors influencing microbial communities during specific seasons, whereas sulfur content, temperature fluctuations, and heavy metals shaped the entire microbial structure and diversity. Core microbial groups, including Desulfobulbus, Subgroup 10, Unidentified Latescibacterota, and Sumerlaea, played essential roles in regulating community structure and functional transitions. Marker species, such as Aliidiomarina sanyensis, Spirulina platensis, Croceimarina litoralis and Sulfuriflexus mobilis, acted as seasonal indicators. Bacteria exhibited survival strategy akin to higher organisms, encompassing process of synthesis, growth, dormancy, and disease resistance throughout the seasonal cycle. Core microbial groups and marker species in specific seasons can serve as indicators for monitoring and assessing the health of the Taiwan Strait ecosystem.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jialong Li
- Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Coastal and Wetland Ecosystems, College of the Environment and Ecology, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China; State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science and International Institute of Sustainability Science, College of the Environment and Ecology, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China
| | - Yonglong Lu
- Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Coastal and Wetland Ecosystems, College of the Environment and Ecology, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China; State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science and International Institute of Sustainability Science, College of the Environment and Ecology, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China.
| | - Xueting Chen
- Key Laboratory of Multimedia Trusted Perception and Efficient Computing, Ministry of Education of China and the Fujian Key Laboratory of Sensing and Computing for Smart City, School of Informatics, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
| | - Lianghui Wang
- Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Coastal and Wetland Ecosystems, College of the Environment and Ecology, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China; State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science and International Institute of Sustainability Science, College of the Environment and Ecology, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China
| | - Zhiwei Cao
- Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Coastal and Wetland Ecosystems, College of the Environment and Ecology, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China; State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science and International Institute of Sustainability Science, College of the Environment and Ecology, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China
| | - Haojie Lei
- Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Coastal and Wetland Ecosystems, College of the Environment and Ecology, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China; State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science and International Institute of Sustainability Science, College of the Environment and Ecology, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China
| | - Zhenjun Zhang
- Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Coastal and Wetland Ecosystems, College of the Environment and Ecology, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China; State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science and International Institute of Sustainability Science, College of the Environment and Ecology, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China
| | - Pei Wang
- Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Coastal and Wetland Ecosystems, College of the Environment and Ecology, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China; State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science and International Institute of Sustainability Science, College of the Environment and Ecology, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China
| | - Bin Sun
- Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Coastal and Wetland Ecosystems, College of the Environment and Ecology, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China; State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science and International Institute of Sustainability Science, College of the Environment and Ecology, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China
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Tang WQ, Wang TT, Miao JW, Tan HD, Zhang HJ, Guo TQ, Chen ZB, Wu CY, Mo L, Mai BX, Wang S. Presence and sources of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) in the three major rivers on Hainan Island. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2025; 266:120590. [PMID: 39675456 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2024.120590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2024] [Revised: 11/19/2024] [Accepted: 12/08/2024] [Indexed: 12/17/2024]
Abstract
Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) have attracted considerable attention because of their toxicity, persistence and bioaccumulation potential. With the construction of the Hainan Free Trade Port and the rapid development of economy, environmental pollution on Hainan Island is becoming increasingly prominent. PFASs have been detected in the seawater and sediments of mangrove ecosystems on Hainan Island. As the receiving water of wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) and industrial wastewater, rivers are inevitably contaminated by PFASs. However, few studies have focused on PFAS pollution in three large rivers (the Nandu, Changhua, and Wanquan rivers) on Hainan Island. In the present study, the pollution status, potential sources, and ecological risks of PFASs in these three major rivers were explored. Perfluorobutanonic acid (PFBA) (48.7%) was found to be the major PFASs in the surface waters, and perfluoroundecanoic acid (PFUnDA) (19.7%) was the major PFASs in the sediments of the three major rivers. The concentrations of ∑PFASs in the upper-midstream region were low due to minimal human influence and increased in the middle-lower reaches with increasing industrial activity and urbanization, whereas decreased at downstream sites near estuaries where river water was diluted with seawater. WWTP effluent, industrial wastewater discharge, the application and discharge of aqueous fire-fighting foam, storm runoff and landfill leachate were the major sources of PFASs in the three major rivers. In surface water, perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA), perfluorooctane sulfonamide (PFOSA) and perfluorooctadecanoic acid (PFODA) posed low-moderate risks at 5.71-85.6% of the sampling sites. PFASs in the sediment posed no ecological risk. This study provides key data regarding the pollution status and potential sources of PFASs in large rivers on subtropical islands.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wang-Qing Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Resource Utilization in South China Sea, Hainan University, Haikou, 570228, China
| | - Tuan-Tuan Wang
- Center for Eco-Environment Restoration Engineering of Hainan Province, Hainan University, Haikou, 570228, China; School of Ecology, Hainan University, Haikou, 570228, China
| | - Jiang-Wei Miao
- Center for Eco-Environment Restoration Engineering of Hainan Province, Hainan University, Haikou, 570228, China; School of Ecology, Hainan University, Haikou, 570228, China
| | - Hua-Dong Tan
- Institute of Environment and Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou, 571101, China
| | - Hong-Jin Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Resource Utilization in South China Sea, Hainan University, Haikou, 570228, China
| | - Tuan-Qi Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Resource Utilization in South China Sea, Hainan University, Haikou, 570228, China
| | - Zhong-Bing Chen
- Department of Applied Ecology, Faculty of Environmental Sciences, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, 16500, Praha, Suchdol, Czech Republic
| | - Chun-Yuan Wu
- Institute of Environment and Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou, 571101, China
| | - Ling Mo
- Hainan Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Haikou 571126, China
| | - Bi-Xian Mai
- Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510640, China
| | - Sai Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Resource Utilization in South China Sea, Hainan University, Haikou, 570228, China.
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Wu J, Wu K, Yang J, Chen G, Tang F, Ye Y. Ecophysiological responses of mangrove Kandelia obovata seedlings to bed-cleaning sludge from coastline shrimp ponds. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2024; 209:117070. [PMID: 39393246 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2024.117070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2024] [Revised: 09/23/2024] [Accepted: 09/27/2024] [Indexed: 10/13/2024]
Abstract
Cumulative effect of bed-cleaning sludge (BCS) from shrimp ponds on the physiology of Kandelia obovata seedling were investigated. Based on the accumulation rate of BCS discharged from shrimp ponds in mangrove forests, four types of sediment coverage thicknesses (SCT) of 0, 2, 4, and 8 cm were set up. With the increases in SCTs, photosynthetic rate, stomatal conductance, transpiration rates were lowest in SCT8; intercellular CO2 concentrations were lowest in SCT4. Leaf superoxide dismutase and peroxidase activities rose and then fell with the increases in SCTs, and Leaf malonaldehyde contents significantly increased. However, contents of leaf free proline, soluble protein and soluble sugar were lowest for SCT4. Root activity was highest for SCT4. Leaves had high N contents, while roots had high P contents. Overall, as for physiological parameters of K. obovata seedlings, SCTs <4 cm were suitable and the values up to 8 cm formed some stresses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiajia Wu
- Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Coastal and Wetland Ecosystem, College of the Environment and Ecology, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, Fujian, China
| | - Kangli Wu
- Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Coastal and Wetland Ecosystem, College of the Environment and Ecology, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, Fujian, China
| | - Jingjing Yang
- Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Coastal and Wetland Ecosystem, College of the Environment and Ecology, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, Fujian, China
| | - Guangcheng Chen
- Third Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, Xiamen, Fujian, China
| | - Feilong Tang
- Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Coastal and Wetland Ecosystem, College of the Environment and Ecology, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, Fujian, China
| | - Yong Ye
- Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Coastal and Wetland Ecosystem, College of the Environment and Ecology, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, Fujian, China.
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Xie X, Lu Y, Lei H, Cheng J, An X, Wang W, Jiang X, Xie J, Xiong Y, Wu T. Bioaccumulation and trophic transfer of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances in a subtropical mangrove estuary food web. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 927:172094. [PMID: 38575036 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.172094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2024] [Revised: 03/27/2024] [Accepted: 03/28/2024] [Indexed: 04/06/2024]
Abstract
Mangrove estuaries are an important land-sea transitional ecosystem that is currently under various pollution pressures, while there is a lack of research on per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) in the organisms of mangrove estuaries. In this study, we investigated the distribution and seasonal variation of PFAS in the tissues of organisms from a mangrove estuary. The PFAS concentrations in fish tissues varied from 0.45 ng/g ww to 17.67 ng/g ww and followed the order of viscera > head > carcass > muscle, with the highest tissue burden found in the fish carcass (39.59 ng). The log BAF values of PFDoDA, PFUnDA, and PFDA in the whole fish exceeded 3.70, indicating significant bioaccumulation. The trophic transfer of PFAS in the mangrove estuary food web showed a dilution effect, which was mainly influenced by the spatial heterogeneity of PFAS distribution in the estuarine environment, and demonstrated that the gradient dilution of PFAS in the estuary habitat environment can disguise the PFAS bio-magnification in estuarine organisms, and the larger the swimming ranges of organisms, the more pronounced the bio-dilution effect. The PFOA-equivalent HRs of category A and B fish were 3.48-5.17 and 2.59-4.01, respectively, indicating that mangrove estuarine residents had a high PFAS exposure risk through the intake of estuarine fish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xingwei Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science and International Institute for Sustainability Science, College of the Environment and Ecology, Xiamen University, Fujian 361102, China; Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory for Coastal Ecology and Environmental Studies, College of the Environment and Ecology, Xiamen University, Fujian 361102, China; National Observation and Research Station for the Taiwan Strait Marine Ecosystem, Xiamen University, Fujian 361102, China
| | - Yonglong Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science and International Institute for Sustainability Science, College of the Environment and Ecology, Xiamen University, Fujian 361102, China; Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory for Coastal Ecology and Environmental Studies, College of the Environment and Ecology, Xiamen University, Fujian 361102, China; State Key Laboratory of Urban and Regional Ecology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; Key Laboratory of Coastal and Wetland Ecosystems, Ministry of Education, College of the Environment and Ecology, Xiamen University, Fujian 361102, China.
| | - Haojie Lei
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science and International Institute for Sustainability Science, College of the Environment and Ecology, Xiamen University, Fujian 361102, China; Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory for Coastal Ecology and Environmental Studies, College of the Environment and Ecology, Xiamen University, Fujian 361102, China
| | - Jianhua Cheng
- Key Laboratory of Coastal and Wetland Ecosystems, Ministry of Education, College of the Environment and Ecology, Xiamen University, Fujian 361102, China; National Observation and Research Station for the Taiwan Strait Marine Ecosystem, Xiamen University, Fujian 361102, China
| | - Xupeng An
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science and International Institute for Sustainability Science, College of the Environment and Ecology, Xiamen University, Fujian 361102, China; Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory for Coastal Ecology and Environmental Studies, College of the Environment and Ecology, Xiamen University, Fujian 361102, China
| | - Wenqing Wang
- Key Laboratory of Coastal and Wetland Ecosystems, Ministry of Education, College of the Environment and Ecology, Xiamen University, Fujian 361102, China; National Observation and Research Station for the Taiwan Strait Marine Ecosystem, Xiamen University, Fujian 361102, China
| | - Xudong Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science and International Institute for Sustainability Science, College of the Environment and Ecology, Xiamen University, Fujian 361102, China; Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory for Coastal Ecology and Environmental Studies, College of the Environment and Ecology, Xiamen University, Fujian 361102, China
| | - Jianglin Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science and International Institute for Sustainability Science, College of the Environment and Ecology, Xiamen University, Fujian 361102, China; Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory for Coastal Ecology and Environmental Studies, College of the Environment and Ecology, Xiamen University, Fujian 361102, China
| | - Yunting Xiong
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science and International Institute for Sustainability Science, College of the Environment and Ecology, Xiamen University, Fujian 361102, China; Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory for Coastal Ecology and Environmental Studies, College of the Environment and Ecology, Xiamen University, Fujian 361102, China
| | - Ting Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science and International Institute for Sustainability Science, College of the Environment and Ecology, Xiamen University, Fujian 361102, China; Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory for Coastal Ecology and Environmental Studies, College of the Environment and Ecology, Xiamen University, Fujian 361102, China
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