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Verguet N, Mondange L, Nolent F, Depeille A, Garnier A, Neulat-Ripoll F, Gorgé O, Tournier JN. Assessment of calcium hypochlorite for Bacillus anthracis spore surface's decontamination. Res Microbiol 2023; 174:104053. [PMID: 36925026 DOI: 10.1016/j.resmic.2023.104053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2022] [Revised: 03/08/2023] [Accepted: 03/08/2023] [Indexed: 03/15/2023]
Abstract
Contamination with microorganisms occurs in laboratories but is also of high concern in the context of bioterrorism. Decontamination is a cornerstone that promotes good laboratory practices and occupational health and safety. Among the most resistant structures formed by microorganisms are spores, produced notably by Clostridium and Bacillus species. Here, we compared six products containing four different molecules (hydrogen peroxide, peracetic acid, sodium and calcium hypochlorite) on B. anthracis Sterne spores. We first selected the most efficient product based on its activity against spore suspensions using French and European standards. Four products showed sporicidal activity, of which only two did so in a time frame consistent with good laboratory practices. Then, we tested one of these two products under laboratory conditions on fully virulent B. anthracis spores, during common use and after contamination through a spill of a highly concentrated spore suspension. We, thus, robustly validated a decontaminant based on calcium hypochlorite not only on its ability to kill spores but also on its effectiveness under laboratory conditions. At the end, we were able to assure a complete disinfection in 1 min after spillover and in 2 min for common use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noémie Verguet
- Bacteriology Unit, Microbiology and Infectious Diseases Department, Institut de Recherche Biomédicale des Armées, 91220 Brétigny-sur-Orge, France; CNR-LE Charbon, Institut de Recherche Biomédicale des Armées, 91220 Brétigny-sur-Orge, France.
| | - Lou Mondange
- Bacteriology Unit, Microbiology and Infectious Diseases Department, Institut de Recherche Biomédicale des Armées, 91220 Brétigny-sur-Orge, France; Yersinia Unit, Institut Pasteur, 75015 Paris, France.
| | - Flora Nolent
- Bacteriology Unit, Microbiology and Infectious Diseases Department, Institut de Recherche Biomédicale des Armées, 91220 Brétigny-sur-Orge, France.
| | - Anne Depeille
- Bacteriology Unit, Microbiology and Infectious Diseases Department, Institut de Recherche Biomédicale des Armées, 91220 Brétigny-sur-Orge, France; CNR-LE Charbon, Institut de Recherche Biomédicale des Armées, 91220 Brétigny-sur-Orge, France.
| | - Annabelle Garnier
- Immunopathology Unit, Microbiology and Infectious Diseases Department, Institut de Recherche Biomédicale des Armées, 91220 Brétigny-sur-Orge, France.
| | - Fabienne Neulat-Ripoll
- Bacteriology Unit, Microbiology and Infectious Diseases Department, Institut de Recherche Biomédicale des Armées, 91220 Brétigny-sur-Orge, France.
| | - Olivier Gorgé
- Bacteriology Unit, Microbiology and Infectious Diseases Department, Institut de Recherche Biomédicale des Armées, 91220 Brétigny-sur-Orge, France; CNR-LE Charbon, Institut de Recherche Biomédicale des Armées, 91220 Brétigny-sur-Orge, France.
| | - Jean-Nicolas Tournier
- CNR-LE Charbon, Institut de Recherche Biomédicale des Armées, 91220 Brétigny-sur-Orge, France; Microbiology and Infectious Diseases Department, Institut de Recherche Biomédicale des Armées, 91220 Brétigny-sur-Orge, France; École du Val-de-Grâce, 75015 Paris, France.
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Peltzer PM, Cuzziol Boccioni AP, Attademo AM, Martinuzzi CS, Colussi CL, Lajmanovich RC. Risk of chlorine dioxide as emerging contaminant during SARS-CoV-2 pandemic: enzyme, cardiac, and behavior effects on amphibian tadpoles. TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH SCIENCES 2022. [PMCID: PMC8564275 DOI: 10.1007/s13530-021-00116-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Objective The use of chlorine dioxide (ClO2) increased in the last year to prevent SARS-CoV-2 infection due to its use as disinfectant and therapeutic human treatments against viral infections. The absence of toxicological studies and sanitary regulation of this contaminant represents a serious threat to human and environmental health worldwide. The aim of this study was to evaluate the acute toxicity and sublethal effects of ClO2 on tadpoles of Trachycephalus typhonius, which is a common bioindicator species of contamination from aquatic ecosystems. Materials and methods Median lethal concentration (LC50), the lowest-observed effect concentration (LOEC), and the no-observed effect concentration (NOEC) were performed. Acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and glutathione-S-transferase (GST) activities, swimming behavior parameters, and cardiac rhythm were estimated on tadpoles of concentrations ≤ LOEC exposed at 24 and 96 h. ANOVA and Dunnett’s post-hoc comparisons were performed to define treatments significance (p ≤ 0.05). Results The LC50 of ClO2 was 4.17 mg L−1 (confidence limits: 3.73–4.66). In addition, NOEC and LOEC values were 1.56 and 3.12 mg L−1 ClO2, respectively, at 48 h. AChE and GST activities, swimming parameters, and heart rates increased in sublethal exposure of ClO2 (0.78–1.56 mg L−1) at 24 h. However, both enzyme activities and swimming parameters decreased, whereas heart rates increased at 96 h. Conclusion Overall, this study determined that sublethal concentrations of ClO2 produced alterations on antioxidant systems, neurotoxicity reflected on swimming performances, and variations in cardiac rhythm on treated tadpoles. Thus, our findings highlighted the need for urgent monitoring of this chemical in the aquatic ecosystems. Graphical abstract ![]()
Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s13530-021-00116-3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paola M. Peltzer
- Laboratorio de Ecotoxicología, Facultad de Bioquímica y Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Nacional del Litoral, Santa Fe, Argentina
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Ana P. Cuzziol Boccioni
- Laboratorio de Ecotoxicología, Facultad de Bioquímica y Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Nacional del Litoral, Santa Fe, Argentina
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Andrés M. Attademo
- Laboratorio de Ecotoxicología, Facultad de Bioquímica y Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Nacional del Litoral, Santa Fe, Argentina
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Candela S. Martinuzzi
- Laboratorio de Ecotoxicología, Facultad de Bioquímica y Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Nacional del Litoral, Santa Fe, Argentina
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Carlina L. Colussi
- Laboratorio de Ecotoxicología, Facultad de Bioquímica y Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Nacional del Litoral, Santa Fe, Argentina
| | - Rafael C. Lajmanovich
- Laboratorio de Ecotoxicología, Facultad de Bioquímica y Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Nacional del Litoral, Santa Fe, Argentina
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina
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Yim JH, Song KY, Kim H, Bae D, Chon JW, Seo KH. Effectiveness of calcium hypochlorite, quaternary ammonium compounds, and sodium hypochlorite in eliminating vegetative cells and spores of Bacillus anthracis surrogate. J Vet Sci 2021; 22:e11. [PMID: 33522163 PMCID: PMC7850788 DOI: 10.4142/jvs.2021.22.e11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2020] [Revised: 11/09/2020] [Accepted: 12/13/2020] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The spore-forming bacterium Bacillus anthracis causes anthrax, an often-fatal infection in animals. Therefore, a rapid and reliable strategy to decontaminate areas, humans, and livestock from B. anthracis is very critical. OBJECTIVES The aim of this study was performed to evaluate the efficacy of sodium hypochlorite, calcium hypochlorite, and quaternary ammonium compound (QAC) sanitizers, which are commonly used in the food industry, to inhibit spores and vegetative cells of B. anthracis surrogate. METHODS We evaluated the efficacy of sodium hypochlorite, calcium hypochlorite, and a QAC in inhibiting vegetative cells and spores of a B. anthracis surrogate. We treated a 0.1-mL vegetative cell culture or spore solution with 10 mL sanitizer. The samples were serially diluted and cultured. RESULTS We found that 50 ppm sodium hypochlorite (pH 7), 1 ppm calcium hypochlorite, and 1 ppm QAC completely eliminated the cells in vegetative state. Exposure to 3,000 ppm sodium hypochlorite (pH 7) and 300 ppm calcium hypochlorite significantly eliminated the bacterial spores; however, 50,000 ppm QAC could not eliminate all spores. CONCLUSIONS Calcium hypochlorite and QAC showed better performance than sodium hypochlorite in completely eliminating vegetative cells of B. anthracis surrogate. QAC was ineffective against spores of the B. anthracis surrogate. Among the three commercial disinfectants tested, calcium hypochlorite most effectively eliminated both B. anthracis vegetative cells and spores.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin Hyeok Yim
- KU Center for One Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Korea
| | - Kwang Young Song
- KU Center for One Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Korea
| | - Hyunsook Kim
- Department of Food Nutrition, College of Human Ecology, Hanyang University, Seoul 04763, Korea
| | - Dongryeoul Bae
- KU Center for One Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Korea
| | - Jung Whan Chon
- KU Center for One Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Korea.
| | - Kun Ho Seo
- KU Center for One Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Korea.
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Stawarz-Janeczek M, Kryczyk-Poprawa A, Muszyńska B, Opoka W, Pytko-Polończyk J. Disinfectants Used in Stomatology and SARS-CoV-2 Infection. Eur J Dent 2021; 15:388-400. [PMID: 33694135 PMCID: PMC8184310 DOI: 10.1055/s-0041-1724154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Effective disinfection is a basic procedure in medical facilities, including those conducting dental surgeries, where treatments for tissue discontinuity are also performed, as it is an important element of infection prevention. Disinfectants used in dentistry and dental and maxillofacial surgery include both inorganic (hydrogen peroxide, sodium chlorite-hypochlorite) and organic compounds (ethanol, isopropanol, peracetic acid, chlorhexidine, eugenol). Various mechanisms of action of disinfectants have been reported, which include destruction of the structure of bacterial and fungal cell membranes; damage of nucleic acids; denaturation of proteins, which in turn causes inhibition of enzyme activity; loss of cell membrane integrity; and decomposition of cell components. This article discusses the most important examples of substances used as disinfectants in dentistry and presents the mechanisms of their action with particular focus on severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). The search was conducted in ScienceDirect, PubMed, and Scopus databases. The interest of scientists in the use of disinfectants in dental practice is constantly growing, which results in the increasing number of publications on disinfection, sterilization, and asepsis. Many disinfectants often possess several of the abovementioned mechanisms of action. In addition, disinfectant preparations used in dental practice either contain one compound or are frequently a mixture of active compounds, which increases their range and effectiveness of antimicrobial action. Currently available information on disinfectants that can be used to prevent SARS-CoV-2 infection in dental practices was summarized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magdalena Stawarz-Janeczek
- Department of Integrated Dentistry, Faculty of Medicine, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Kraków, Poland
| | - Agata Kryczyk-Poprawa
- Department of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Kraków, Poland
| | - Bożena Muszyńska
- Department of Pharmaceutical Botany, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Kraków, Poland
| | - Włodzimierz Opoka
- Department of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Kraków, Poland
| | - Jolanta Pytko-Polończyk
- Department of Integrated Dentistry, Faculty of Medicine, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Kraków, Poland
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5
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Wood JP, Adrion AC. Review of Decontamination Techniques for the Inactivation of Bacillus anthracis and Other Spore-Forming Bacteria Associated with Building or Outdoor Materials. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2019; 53:4045-4062. [PMID: 30901213 PMCID: PMC6547374 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.8b05274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Since the intentional release of Bacillus anthracis spores through the U.S. Postal Service in the fall of 2001, research and development related to decontamination for this biological agent have increased substantially. This review synthesizes the advances made relative to B. anthracis spore decontamination science and technology since approximately 2002, referencing the open scientific literature and publicly available, well-documented scientific reports. In the process of conducting this review, scientific knowledge gaps have also been identified. This review focuses primarily on techniques that are commercially available and that could potentially be used in the large-scale decontamination of buildings and other structures, as well as outdoor environments. Since 2002, the body of scientific data related to decontamination and microbial sterilization has grown substantially, especially in terms of quantifying decontamination efficacy as a function of several factors. Specifically, progress has been made in understanding how decontaminant chemistry, the materials the microorganisms are associated with, environmental factors, and microbiological methods quantitatively impact spore inactivation. While advancement has been made in the past 15 years to further the state of the science in the inactivation of bacterial spores in a decontamination scenario, further research is warranted to close the scientific gaps that remain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph P. Wood
- United States Environmental Protection Agency, Offce of Research and Development, National Homeland Security Research Center, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina United States
- Corresponding Author: Phone: (919) 541-5029;
| | - Alden Charles Adrion
- United States Environmental Protection Agency, Offce of Research and Development, National Homeland Security Research Center, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina United States
- Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education Postdoctoral Fellow, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37830, United States
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6
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Dagher F, Jiang J, Tijssen P, Laliberté JF. Antiviral activity of a novel composition of peracetic acid disinfectant on parvoviruses. CANADIAN JOURNAL OF VETERINARY RESEARCH = REVUE CANADIENNE DE RECHERCHE VETERINAIRE 2017; 81:33-36. [PMID: 28154460 PMCID: PMC5220593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2016] [Accepted: 08/19/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Porcine parvoviruses (PPV) are known to be particularly resistant to many disinfectants used to control other non-enveloped viruses. However, effective disinfectants used against PPV are harsh and corrosive to animal health facilities and the environment. We propose a noncorrosive "green" disinfectant that generates peracetic acid in-situ and is capable of inactivating PPV completely at a 1% concentration for a 10-minute contact time.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Jean-François Laliberté
- Address all correspondence to Dr. Jean-François Laliberté; telephone: (450) 687-5010, ext 4445; e-mail:
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7
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Shirasaki Y, Matsuura A, Uekusa M, Ito Y, Hayashi T. A study of the properties of chlorine dioxide gas as a fumigant. Exp Anim 2016; 65:303-10. [PMID: 27041456 PMCID: PMC4976244 DOI: 10.1538/expanim.15-0092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Chlorine dioxide (ClO2) is a strong oxidant that possesses an antimicrobial activity. We demonstrated here that ClO2 gas is easily generated by mixing 3.35% sodium chlorite solution (Purogene) and 85% phosphoric acid at a 10:1 volume ratio without using an expensive machine. In a test room (87 m(3)), experiments were carried out using various amounts of sodium chlorite solution (0.25 ml/m(3) to 20.0 ml/m(3)). The gas concentration increased in a sodium chlorite volume-dependent manner and reached peak values of from 0.8 ppm to 40.8 ppm at 2 h-3 h, and then gradually decreased. No differences in gas concentrations were observed between 0.1 and 2.5 m above the floor, indicating that the gas was evenly distributed. Under high-humidity (approximately 80% relative humidity), colony formation of both Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli was completely inhibited by ClO2 gas exposure at 1.0 ml/m(3) sodium chlorite solution (mean maximal concentration of 3.0 ppm). Exposure at 4.0 ml/m(3) sodium chlorite solution (mean maximal concentration of 10.6 ppm) achieved complete inactivation of Bacillus atrophaeus spores. In contrast, without humidification, the efficacy of ClO2 gas was apparently attenuated, suggesting that the atmospheric moisture is indispensable. Delicate electronic devices (computer, camera, etc.) operated normally, even after being subjected to more than 20 times of fumigation. Considering that our method for gas generation is simple, reproducible, and highly effective at decontaminating microbes, our approach is expected to serve as an inexpensive alternative method for cleaning and disinfecting animal facilities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasufumi Shirasaki
- Biological Research Department, Daiichi Sankyo RD Novare Co., Ltd., 1-16-13 Kita-Kasai, Edogawa-ku, Tokyo 134-8630, Japan
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8
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Campagna MV, Faure-Kumar E, Treger JA, Cushman JD, Grogan TR, Kasahara N, Lawson GW. Factors in the Selection of Surface Disinfectants for Use in a Laboratory Animal Setting. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN ASSOCIATION FOR LABORATORY ANIMAL SCIENCE : JAALAS 2016; 55:175-188. [PMID: 27025810 PMCID: PMC4783637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2015] [Revised: 06/22/2015] [Accepted: 07/23/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Because surface disinfectants are an important means of pathogen control within laboratory animal facilities, these products must have an appropriate spectrum of antimicrobial activity. However, many other factors must also be considered, including effects on human health, environmental safety, and animal behavior. Aqueous solutions of sodium hypochlorite often are considered to be the 'gold standard' for surface disinfection, but these products can be corrosive, caustic, and aversive in odor. This study was designed to identify disinfectants that are as effective as hypochlorite solutions but more acceptable for use in a laboratory animal setting. An antiviral disinfectant-efficacy assay was developed by using viral vectors that expressed green fluorescence protein as surrogates for wild-type viruses of concern in laboratory animals. Efficacy testing revealed that most of the products were highly effective when used against viral vectors in suspension. However, when the disinfectants were challenged by buffering virus in protein or drying virus on nonporous surfaces, the hypochlorite and peroxymonosulfate products performed the best. Review of safety data sheets for the agents indicated that a peroxide-based product was considerably safer than the other products tested and that the pH of most products was not conducive to disposal down a drain. Behavioral testing of Swiss Webster, C57Bl/6, and BALB/c mice showed that the hypochlorite- and peroxide-based products were clearly aversive, given that the mice consistently avoided these products. All of these factors must be considered when choosing the appropriate disinfectant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael V Campagna
- Division of Laboratory Animal Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, California, USA.
| | - Emmanuelle Faure-Kumar
- Department of Medicine, Division of Digestive Diseases, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Janet A Treger
- Department of Medicine, Division of Digestive Diseases, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Jesse D Cushman
- Departments of Psychology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Tristan R Grogan
- Medicine Statistics Core, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Noriyuki Kasahara
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Miami, Miami, Florida, USA
| | - Gregory W Lawson
- Division of Laboratory Animal Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, California, USA
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Wiuff C, Murdoch H, Coia JE. Control of Clostridium difficile infection in the hospital setting. Expert Rev Anti Infect Ther 2014; 12:457-69. [PMID: 24579852 DOI: 10.1586/14787210.2014.894459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Clostridium difficile infection (CDI) has emerged as a leading challenge in the control of healthcare-associated infection (HCAI). The epidemiology of CDI has changed dramatically, this is associated with emergence of 'hypervirulent' strains, particularly PCR ribotype 027. Despite the epidemic spread of these strains, there are recent reports of decreasing incidence from healthcare facilities where multi-facetted targeted control programs have been implemented. We consider these changes in epidemiology and reflect on the tools available to control CDI in the hospital setting. The precise repertoire of measures adopted and emphasis on different interventions will vary, not only between healthcare systems, but also within different institutions within the same healthcare system. Finally, we consider both the sustainability of reductions already achieved, and the potential to reduce CDI further. This takes account of newly emerging data on more recent changes in the epidemiology of CDI, and the potential of novel interventions to decrease the burden of disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camilla Wiuff
- Health Protection Scotland, 5 Cadogan Street, Glasgow, G2 6QE, UK
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10
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Abreu AC, Tavares RR, Borges A, Mergulhão F, Simões M. Current and emergent strategies for disinfection of hospital environments. J Antimicrob Chemother 2013; 68:2718-32. [PMID: 23869049 PMCID: PMC7109789 DOI: 10.1093/jac/dkt281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
A significant number of hospital-acquired infections occur due to inefficient disinfection of hospital surfaces, instruments and rooms. The emergence and wide spread of multiresistant forms of several microorganisms has led to a situation where few compounds are able to inhibit or kill the infectious agents. Several strategies to disinfect both clinical equipment and the environment are available, often involving the use of antimicrobial chemicals. More recently, investigations into gas plasma, antimicrobial surfaces and vapour systems have gained interest as promising alternatives to conventional disinfectants. This review provides updated information on the current and emergent disinfection strategies for clinical environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana C Abreu
- LEPAE, Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, s/n, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal
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11
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Guan J, Chan M, Brooks BW, Rohonczy L. Influence of temperature and organic load on chemical disinfection of Geobacillus steareothermophilus spores, a surrogate for Bacillus anthracis. CANADIAN JOURNAL OF VETERINARY RESEARCH = REVUE CANADIENNE DE RECHERCHE VETERINAIRE 2013; 77:100-104. [PMID: 24082400 PMCID: PMC3605924] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2012] [Accepted: 06/26/2012] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
This study evaluated the influence of temperature and organic load on the effectiveness of domestic bleach (DB), Surface Decontamination Foam (SDF), and Virkon in inactivating Geobacillus stearothermophilus spores, which are a surrogate for Bacillus anthracis spores. The spores were suspended in light or heavy organic preparations and the suspension was applied to stainless steel carrier disks. The dried spore inoculum was covered with the disinfectants and the disks were then incubated at various temperatures. At -20°C, the 3 disinfectants caused less than a 2.0 log10 reduction of spores in both organic preparations during a 24-h test period. At 4°C, the DB caused a 4.4 log10 reduction of spores in light organic preparations within 2 h, which was about 3 log10 higher than what was achieved with SDF or Virkon. In heavy organic preparations, after 24 h at 4°C the SDF had reduced the spore count by 4.5 log10, which was about 2 log10 higher than for DB or Virkon. In general, the disinfectants were most effective at 23°C but a 24-h contact time was required for SDF and Virkon to reduce spore counts in both organic preparations by at least 5.5 log10. Comparable disinfecting activity with DB only occurred with the light organic load. In summary, at temperatures as low as 4°C, DB was the most effective disinfectant, inactivating spores within 2 h on surfaces with a light organic load, whereas SDF produced the greatest reduction of spores within 24 h on surfaces with a heavy organic load.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiewen Guan
- Address all correspondence to Jiewen Guan; telephone: (613) 228-6698; fax: (613) 228-6670; e-mail:
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12
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Goldenberg S, Patel A, Tucker D, French G. Lack of enhanced effect of a chlorine dioxide-based cleaning regimen on environmental contamination with Clostridium difficile spores. J Hosp Infect 2012; 82:64-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jhin.2012.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2012] [Accepted: 06/08/2012] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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13
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Li YJ, Zhu N, Jia HQ, Wu JH, Yi Y, Qi JC. Decontamination of Bacillus subtilis var. niger spores on selected surfaces by chlorine dioxide gas. J Zhejiang Univ Sci B 2012; 13:254-60. [PMID: 22467366 DOI: 10.1631/jzus.b1100289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Chlorine dioxide (CD) gas has been used as a fumigant in the disinfection of biosafety laboratories. In this study, some experiments were conducted to assess the inactivation of spores inoculated on six materials [stainless steel (SS), painted steel (PS), polyvinyl chlorid (PVC), polyurethane (PU), glass (GS), and cotton cloth (CC)] by CD gas. The main aims of the study were to determine the sporicidal efficacy of CD gas and the effect of prehumidification before decontamination on sporicidal efficacy. METHODS Material coupons (1.2 cm diameter of SS, PS, and PU; 1.0 cm×1.0 cm for PVC, GS, and CC) were contaminated with 10 μl of Bacillus subtilis var. niger (ATCC 9372) spore suspension in mixed organic burden and then dried in a biosafety cabinet for 12 h. The spores were recovered by soaking the coupons in 5 ml of extraction liquid for 1 h and then vortexing the liquid for 1 min. RESULTS The log reductions in spore numbers on inoculated test materials exposed to CD gas [0.080% (volume ratio, v/v) for 3 h] were in the range of from 1.80 to 6.64. Statistically significant differences were found in decontamination efficacies on test material coupons of SS, PS, PU, and CC between with and without a 1-h prehumidification treatment. With the extraction method, there were no statistically significant differences in the recovery ratios between the porous and non-porous materials. CONCLUSIONS The results reported from this study could provide information for developing decontamination technology based on CD gas for targeting surface microbial contamination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan-ju Li
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China.
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Oulé MK, Quinn K, Dickman M, Bernier AM, Rondeau S, De Moissac D, Boisvert A, Diop L. Akwaton, polyhexamethylene-guanidine hydrochloride-based sporicidal disinfectant: a novel tool to fight bacterial spores and nosocomial infections. J Med Microbiol 2012; 61:1421-1427. [PMID: 22871428 DOI: 10.1099/jmm.0.047514-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Bacterial spores are of continuing interest to the food and medical industries. In efforts to eliminate bacterial spore contamination, a number of sporicidal agents have been developed. Most of these compounds must be used carefully in very specific circumstances as they are toxic to humans. The sporicidal activity of Akwaton, a polyhexamethylene-guanidine hydrochloride (PHMGH)-based disinfectant, was tested against Bacillus subtilis spores. PHMGH is a colourless, odourless, non-corrosive and non-irritating antimicrobial biocide of the guanidine family. Spores suspended in distilled water and spores placed on solid surfaces (stainless steel and glass) were used to determine the log(10) reduction after exposure to varying concentrations of Akwaton. The minimum sporostatic concentration, the minimum sporicidal concentration and the time required for sporicidal activity corresponded to 0.06% (w/v), 0.08 % (w/v) and 8.5 min, respectively. Disinfectant concentrations of 0.24 % (w/v) and 0.44 % (w/v) killed all spores suspended in distilled water within 3 min and 90 s, respectively. The sporicidal activity against suspended spores was linearly dependent with respect to the concentration of PHMGH and contact time (y(3 min) = 40x-1.6 and y(90 s) = 20x-0.8 thus y(3 min) = 2y(90 s)). Spores placed on surfaces were more resistant to the effect of the disinfectant and the positive linear correlation between the sporicidal activity and concentration was not observed. The concentration required to kill all spores placed on a surface (stainless steel or glass) corresponded to 0.52 % (w/v) for 90 s of contact and 0.36 % (w/v) for 3 min. This study demonstrated that PHMGH is an effective sporicidal disinfectant with great potential for use in hospitals, laboratories, food industries and households.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mathias K Oulé
- Department of Biological Science, Faculty of Science, Université de Saint-Boniface, 200 de la Cathédrale Avenue, Winnipeg, MB R2H 0H7, Canada
| | - Kelsi Quinn
- Department of Biological Science, Faculty of Science, Université de Saint-Boniface, 200 de la Cathédrale Avenue, Winnipeg, MB R2H 0H7, Canada
| | - Michael Dickman
- Department of Biological Science, Faculty of Science, Université de Saint-Boniface, 200 de la Cathédrale Avenue, Winnipeg, MB R2H 0H7, Canada
| | - Anne-Marie Bernier
- Department of Biological Science, Faculty of Science, Université de Saint-Boniface, 200 de la Cathédrale Avenue, Winnipeg, MB R2H 0H7, Canada
| | - Sylvie Rondeau
- Department of Biological Science, Faculty of Science, Université de Saint-Boniface, 200 de la Cathédrale Avenue, Winnipeg, MB R2H 0H7, Canada
| | - Danielle De Moissac
- Department of Biological Science, Faculty of Science, Université de Saint-Boniface, 200 de la Cathédrale Avenue, Winnipeg, MB R2H 0H7, Canada
| | - Aurèle Boisvert
- Department of Biological Science, Faculty of Science, Université de Saint-Boniface, 200 de la Cathédrale Avenue, Winnipeg, MB R2H 0H7, Canada
| | - Lamine Diop
- Department of Biological Science, Faculty of Science, Université de Saint-Boniface, 200 de la Cathédrale Avenue, Winnipeg, MB R2H 0H7, Canada
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Spread and persistence of Clostridium difficile spores during and after cleaning with sporicidal disinfectants. J Hosp Infect 2011; 79:97-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jhin.2011.06.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2011] [Accepted: 06/17/2011] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Wood JP, Choi YW, Rogers JV, Kelly TJ, Riggs KB, Willenberg ZJ. Efficacy of liquid spray decontaminants for inactivation of Bacillus anthracis spores on building and outdoor materials. J Appl Microbiol 2011; 110:1262-73. [PMID: 21332900 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2672.2011.04980.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
AIMS To obtain data on the efficacy of various liquid and foam decontamination technologies to inactivate Bacillus anthracis Ames and Bacillus subtilis spores on building and outdoor materials. METHODS AND RESULTS Spores were inoculated onto test coupons and positive control coupons of nine different materials. Six different sporicidal liquids were spray-applied to the test coupons and remained in contact for exposure times ranging from 10 to 70 min. Following decontamination, spores were recovered from the coupons and efficacy was quantified in terms of log reduction. CONCLUSIONS The hydrogen peroxide/peracetic acid products were the most effective, followed by decontaminants utilizing hypochlorous acid chemistry. Decontamination efficacy varied by material type. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY The study results may be useful in the selection of technologies to decontaminate buildings and outdoor areas in the event of contamination with B. anthracis spores. These results may also facilitate selection of decontaminant liquids for the inactivation of other spore-forming infectious disease agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- J P Wood
- United States Environmental Protection Agency, National Homeland Security Research Center, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA.
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