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Sakurai A, Kawaguchi K, Watanabe M, Okajima S, Furukawa S, Koga K, Oh-Hashi K, Hirata Y, Furuta K, Takemori H. Melanosomal localization is required for GIF-2115/2250 to inhibit melanogenesis in B16F10 melanoma cells. Int J Cosmet Sci 2024. [PMID: 38327040 DOI: 10.1111/ics.12949] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2023] [Revised: 12/02/2023] [Accepted: 01/10/2024] [Indexed: 02/09/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Tyrosinase inhibitors suppress melanogenesis in melanocytes. During a screening for tyrosinase inhibitors, however, we noticed some discrepancies in inhibitory efficacies between melanocytes and in vitro assays. The compound (S)-N-{3-[4-(dimethylamino)phenyl]propyl}-N-methyl-indan-1-amine (GIF-2115) exerts antioxidative stress activity upon accumulation in late endosomes and lysosomes. GIF-2115 was also identified as a potent antimelanogenic reagent in B16F10 mouse melanoma cells. GIF-2115 inhibited the activity of mushroom tyrosinase and the lysates of B16F10 cells. However, structure-activity relationship studies indicated that GIF-2238, which lacks the benzene ring in the aminoindan structure of GIF-2115, inhibited tyrosinase activity in vitro but did not inhibit melanogenesis in B16F10 cells. The aim of the present study is to show the importance of the intracellular distribution of tyrosinase inhibitors in exerting their antimelanogenic activity in melanocytes. METHODS The intracellular distribution of compounds was monitored by linking with the fluorescent group of 7-nitro-2,1,3-benzoxadiazole (NBD). To mislocalize GIF-2115 to mitochondria, the mitochondria-preferring fluoroprobe ATTO565 was used. RESULTS We reconfirmed the localization of GIF-2250 (GIF-2115-NBD) not only to matured but also to early-stage melanosomes. Although GIF-2286 (GIF-2238-NBD) maintained tyrosinase inhibitory activity, it did not show specific intracellular localization. Moreover, when GIF-2115 was linked with ATTO565, the resultant compound GIF-2265 did not inhibit melanogenesis in B16F10 cells, despite its strong tyrosinase inhibitory activity. CONCLUSION These results suggest that melanosomal localization is essential for the antimelanogenic activity of GIF-2115, and GIF-2115 derivatives may be new guides for drugs to endosomes and lysosomes as well as melanosomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayumi Sakurai
- Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Science, Faculty of Engineering, Gifu University, Gifu, Japan
| | - Kyoka Kawaguchi
- Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Science, Faculty of Engineering, Gifu University, Gifu, Japan
| | - Miyu Watanabe
- Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Science, Faculty of Engineering, Gifu University, Gifu, Japan
| | - Sayaka Okajima
- Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Science, Faculty of Engineering, Gifu University, Gifu, Japan
| | - Saho Furukawa
- Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Science, Faculty of Engineering, Gifu University, Gifu, Japan
| | - Kenichi Koga
- Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Science, Faculty of Engineering, Gifu University, Gifu, Japan
| | - Kentaro Oh-Hashi
- Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Science, Faculty of Engineering, Gifu University, Gifu, Japan
- The United Graduate School of Drug Discovery and Medical Information Sciences of Gifu University, Gifu, Japan
| | - Yoko Hirata
- Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Science, Faculty of Engineering, Gifu University, Gifu, Japan
| | | | - Hiroshi Takemori
- Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Science, Faculty of Engineering, Gifu University, Gifu, Japan
- The United Graduate School of Drug Discovery and Medical Information Sciences of Gifu University, Gifu, Japan
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Xu J, Zheng Y, Cheng L, Sun H, Yu X, Gu F, Song E. GPR143 mutations in an X-linked infantile nystagmus syndrome cohort in Southeast China. Mol Vis 2023; 29:234-244. [PMID: 38222445 PMCID: PMC10784212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2022] [Accepted: 10/25/2023] [Indexed: 01/16/2024] Open
Abstract
Purpose Infantile nystagmus syndrome (INS), or congenital nystagmus (CN), refers to a group of ocular motor disorders characterized by rapid to-and-fro oscillations of the eyes. GPR143 is the causative gene of ocular albinism type 1 (OA1), which is a special type of INS that manifests as reduced vision, nystagmus, and iris and fundus hypopigmentation. Here, we explored the genetic spectrum of INS and the genotype-phenotype correlation. Methods A total of 98 families with INS from Southeast China were recruited for this study. A sample from each participant was subjected to PCR-based DNA direct sequencing of GPR143. Varied bioinformatics analysis was subsequently used in a mutation assessment. All participants received detailed ophthalmic examinations. Results Genetic analysis identified 11 GPR143 mutations in 11.2% (11/98) of the X-linked INS families. These included seven novel mutations (c.899 C>T, c.886-2 A>G, c.1A>G, c.633_643del CCTGTTCCAAA, c.162_198delCGCGGGCCCCGGGTCCCCCGCGACGTCCCCGCCGGCC, c.628C>A, and c.178_179insGGGTCCC) and four known mutations. Patients who carried a GPR143 mutation were found to present a typical or atypical phenotype of OA1. All patients with GPR143 mutations manifested foveal hypoplasia; thus, about 45.8% (11/24) of the families with total X-linked INS exhibited foveal hypoplasia. Conclusions We discovered seven novel mutations and four previously reported mutations of GPR143 in a cohort of families with X-linked INS and enlarged the Chinese genetic spectrum of INS. These findings offer new insights for developing genetic screening strategies and shed light on the importance of conducting genetic analysis in confirming the clinical diagnosis in unresolved patients and atypical phenotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingling Xu
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China
- Department of Ophthalmology, Lixiang Eye Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China
- Eye Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University Wenzhou China
| | - Yihan Zheng
- Eye Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University Wenzhou China
| | - Lulu Cheng
- Eye Department in People's Hospital of Longgang District, Shenzhen, China
| | - Huihui Sun
- Eye Department of Children Hosptial in Hebei Province, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Xinping Yu
- Eye Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University Wenzhou China
| | - Feng Gu
- Eye Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University Wenzhou China
| | - E Song
- Department of Ophthalmology, Lixiang Eye Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China
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3
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The retinal pigmentation pathway in human albinism: Not so black and white. Prog Retin Eye Res 2022; 91:101091. [PMID: 35729001 DOI: 10.1016/j.preteyeres.2022.101091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2022] [Revised: 05/24/2022] [Accepted: 05/26/2022] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Albinism is a pigment disorder affecting eye, skin and/or hair. Patients usually have decreased melanin in affected tissues and suffer from severe visual abnormalities, including foveal hypoplasia and chiasmal misrouting. Combining our data with those of the literature, we propose a single functional genetic retinal signalling pathway that includes all 22 currently known human albinism disease genes. We hypothesise that defects affecting the genesis or function of different intra-cellular organelles, including melanosomes, cause syndromic forms of albinism (Hermansky-Pudlak (HPS) and Chediak-Higashi syndrome (CHS)). We put forward that specific melanosome impairments cause different forms of oculocutaneous albinism (OCA1-8). Further, we incorporate GPR143 that has been implicated in ocular albinism (OA1), characterised by a phenotype limited to the eye. Finally, we include the SLC38A8-associated disorder FHONDA that causes an even more restricted "albinism-related" ocular phenotype with foveal hypoplasia and chiasmal misrouting but without pigmentation defects. We propose the following retinal pigmentation pathway, with increasingly specific genetic and cellular defects causing an increasingly specific ocular phenotype: (HPS1-11/CHS: syndromic forms of albinism)-(OCA1-8: OCA)-(GPR143: OA1)-(SLC38A8: FHONDA). Beyond disease genes involvement, we also evaluate a range of (candidate) regulatory and signalling mechanisms affecting the activity of the pathway in retinal development, retinal pigmentation and albinism. We further suggest that the proposed pigmentation pathway is also involved in other retinal disorders, such as age-related macular degeneration. The hypotheses put forward in this report provide a framework for further systematic studies in albinism and melanin pigmentation disorders.
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Bueschbell B, Manga P, Schiedel AC. The Many Faces of G Protein-Coupled Receptor 143, an Atypical Intracellular Receptor. Front Mol Biosci 2022; 9:873777. [PMID: 35495622 PMCID: PMC9039016 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2022.873777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2022] [Accepted: 03/10/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
GPCRs transform extracellular stimuli into a physiological response by activating an intracellular signaling cascade initiated via binding to G proteins. Orphan G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) hold the potential to pave the way for development of new, innovative therapeutic strategies. In this review we will introduce G protein-coupled receptor 143 (GPR143), an enigmatic receptor in terms of classification within the GPCR superfamily and localization. GPR143 has not been assigned to any of the GPCR families due to the lack of common structural motifs. Hence we will describe the most important motifs of classes A and B and compare them to the protein sequence of GPR143. While a precise function for the receptor has yet to be determined, the protein is expressed abundantly in pigment producing cells. Many GPR143 mutations cause X-linked Ocular Albinism Type 1 (OA1, Nettleship-Falls OA), which results in hypopigmentation of the eyes and loss of visual acuity due to disrupted visual system development and function. In pigment cells of the skin, loss of functional GPR143 results in abnormally large melanosomes (organelles in which pigment is produced). Studies have shown that the receptor is localized internally, including at the melanosomal membrane, where it may function to regulate melanosome size and/or facilitate protein trafficking to the melanosome through the endolysosomal system. Numerous additional roles have been proposed for GPR143 in determining cancer predisposition, regulation of blood pressure, development of macular degeneration and signaling in the brain, which we will briefly describe as well as potential ligands that have been identified. Furthermore, GPR143 is a promiscuous receptor that has been shown to interact with multiple other melanosomal proteins and GPCRs, which strongly suggests that this orphan receptor is likely involved in many different physiological actions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beatriz Bueschbell
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry, Pharmaceutical Institute, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Prashiela Manga
- Ronald O. Perelman Department of Dermatology, Grossman School of Medicine, New York University, New York City, NY, United States
| | - Anke C. Schiedel
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry, Pharmaceutical Institute, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
- *Correspondence: Anke C. Schiedel,
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Rubenstein DR, Corvelo A, MacManes MD, Maia R, Narzisi G, Rousaki A, Vandenabeele P, Shawkey MD, Solomon J. Feather Gene Expression Elucidates the Developmental Basis of Plumage Iridescence in African Starlings. J Hered 2021; 112:417-429. [PMID: 33885791 DOI: 10.1093/jhered/esab014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2020] [Accepted: 03/19/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Iridescence is widespread in the living world, occurring in organisms as diverse as bacteria, plants, and animals. Yet, compared to pigment-based forms of coloration, we know surprisingly little about the developmental and molecular bases of the structural colors that give rise to iridescence. Birds display a rich diversity of iridescent structural colors that are produced in feathers by the arrangement of melanin-containing organelles called melanosomes into nanoscale configurations, but how these often unusually shaped melanosomes form, or how they are arranged into highly organized nanostructures, remains largely unknown. Here, we use functional genomics to explore the developmental basis of iridescent plumage using superb starlings (Lamprotornis superbus), which produce both iridescent blue and non-iridescent red feathers. Through morphological and chemical analyses, we confirm that hollow, flattened melanosomes in iridescent feathers are eumelanin-based, whereas melanosomes in non-iridescent feathers are solid and amorphous, suggesting that high pheomelanin content underlies red coloration. Intriguingly, the nanoscale arrangement of melanosomes within the barbules was surprisingly similar between feather types. After creating a new genome assembly, we use transcriptomics to show that non-iridescent feather development is associated with genes related to pigmentation, metabolism, and mitochondrial function, suggesting non-iridescent feathers are more energetically expensive to produce than iridescent feathers. However, iridescent feather development is associated with genes related to structural and cellular organization, suggesting that, while nanostructures themselves may passively assemble, barbules and melanosomes may require active organization to give them their shape. Together, our analyses suggest that iridescent feathers form through a combination of passive self-assembly and active processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dustin R Rubenstein
- Department of Ecology, Evolution and Environmental Biology, Columbia University, New York, NY
- Center for Integrative Animal Behavior, Columbia University, New York, NY
| | | | - Matthew D MacManes
- Department of Molecular, Cellular and Biomedical Sciences, University of New Hampshire, Durham, NH
| | - Rafael Maia
- Department of Ecology, Evolution and Environmental Biology, Columbia University, New York, NY
| | | | - Anastasia Rousaki
- Raman Spectroscopy Research Group, Department of Chemistry, Ghent University, Krigslaan, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Peter Vandenabeele
- Raman Spectroscopy Research Group, Department of Chemistry, Ghent University, Krigslaan, Ghent, Belgium
- Archaeometry Research Group, Department of Archaeology, Ghent University, Sint-Pietersnieuwstraat, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Matthew D Shawkey
- Evolution and Optics of Nanostructures Group, Department of Biology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Joseph Solomon
- Department of Ecology, Evolution and Environmental Biology, Columbia University, New York, NY
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Bueschbell B, Manga P, Penner E, Schiedel AC. Evidence for Protein-Protein Interaction between Dopamine Receptors and the G Protein-Coupled Receptor 143. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22158328. [PMID: 34361094 PMCID: PMC8348196 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22158328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2021] [Revised: 07/28/2021] [Accepted: 07/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Protein-protein interactions between G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) can augment their functionality and increase the repertoire of signaling pathways they regulate. New therapeutics designed to modulate such interactions may allow for targeting of a specific GPCR activity, thus reducing potential for side effects. Dopamine receptor (DR) heteromers are promising candidates for targeted therapy of neurological conditions such as Parkinson's disease since current treatments can have severe side effects. To facilitate development of such therapies, it is necessary to identify the various DR binding partners. We report here a new interaction partner for DRD2 and DRD3, the orphan receptor G protein-coupled receptor 143 (GPR143), an atypical GPCR that plays multiple roles in pigment cells and is expressed in several regions of the brain. We previously demonstrated that the DRD2/ DRD3 antagonist pimozide also modulates GPR143 activity. Using confocal microscopy and two FRET methods, we observed that the DRs and GPR143 colocalize and interact at intracellular membranes. Furthermore, co-expression of wildtype GPR143 resulted in a 57% and 67% decrease in DRD2 and DRD3 activity, respectively, as determined by β-Arrestin recruitment assay. GPR143-DR dimerization may negatively modulate DR activity by changing affinity for dopamine or delaying delivery of the DRs to the plasma membrane.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beatriz Bueschbell
- Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, 3004-504 Coimbra, Portugal;
- PhD Programme in Experimental Biology and Biomedicine, Institute for Interdisciplinary Research (IIIUC), University of Coimbra, Casa Costa Alemão, 3030-789 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Prashiela Manga
- Ronald O. Perelman Department of Dermatology, Grossman School of Medicine, New York University, New York, NY 10016, USA;
| | - Erika Penner
- Department of Pharmaceutical & Medicinal Chemistry, Pharmaceutical Institute, University of Bonn, D-53121 Bonn, Germany;
| | - Anke C. Schiedel
- Department of Pharmaceutical & Medicinal Chemistry, Pharmaceutical Institute, University of Bonn, D-53121 Bonn, Germany;
- Correspondence:
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Zhao XM, Li YB, Sun P, Pu YD, Shan MJ, Zhang YM. Bioinformatics analysis of key biomarkers for retinoblastoma. J Int Med Res 2021; 49:3000605211022210. [PMID: 34187205 PMCID: PMC8371285 DOI: 10.1177/03000605211022210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective To identify key genes involved in occurrence and development of retinoblastoma. Methods The microarray dataset, GSE5222, was downloaded from the gene expression omnibus (GEO) database. Differentially expressed genes (DEGs) between unilateral and bilateral retinoblastoma were identified and functional enrichment analysis performed. The protein–protein interaction (PPI) network was constructed and analysed by STRING and Cytoscape. Results DEGs were mainly associated with activation of cysteine-type endopeptidase activity involved in apoptotic process and small molecule catabolic process. Seven genes (WAS, GNB3, PTGER1, TACR1, GPR143, NPFF and CDKN2A) were identified as HUB genes. Conclusion Our research provides more understanding of the mechanisms of the disease at a molecular level and may help in the identification of novel biomarkers for retinoblastoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin-Mei Zhao
- Ophthalmic Laboratory, The Affiliated Yantai Yuhuangding Hospital of Qingdao University, Yantai, Shandong, China
| | - Yuan-Bin Li
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Affiliated Yantai Yuhuangding Hospital of Qingdao University, Yantai, Shandong, China
| | - Peng Sun
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Affiliated Yantai Yuhuangding Hospital of Qingdao University, Yantai, Shandong, China
| | - Ya-di Pu
- Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong, China
| | - Meng-Jie Shan
- Department of Plastic Surgery, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Beijing, China.,Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Yuan-Meng Zhang
- Department of Cardiology, The Third Medical Centre of Chinese PLA General Hospital, No. 69, Yongding Road, Hai Dian, Beijing, China
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8
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Lavinda O, Manga P, Orlow SJ, Cardozo T. Biophysical Compatibility of a Heterotrimeric Tyrosinase-TYRP1-TYRP2 Metalloenzyme Complex. Front Pharmacol 2021; 12:602206. [PMID: 33995009 PMCID: PMC8114058 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2021.602206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2020] [Accepted: 02/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Tyrosinase (TYR) is a copper-containing monooxygenase central to the function of melanocytes. Alterations in its expression or activity contribute to variations in skin, hair and eye color, and underlie a variety of pathogenic pigmentary phenotypes, including several forms of oculocutaneous albinism (OCA). Many of these phenotypes are linked to individual missense mutations causing single nucleotide variants and polymorphisms (SNVs) in TYR. We previously showed that two TYR homologues, TYRP1 and TYRP2, modulate TYR activity and stabilize the TYR protein. Accordingly, to investigate whether TYR, TYRP1, and TYRP2 are biophysically compatible with various heterocomplexes, we computationally docked a high-quality 3D model of TYR to the crystal structure of TYRP1 and to a high-quality 3D model of TYRP2. Remarkably, the resulting TYR-TYRP1 heterodimer was complementary in structure and energy with the TYR-TYRP2 heterodimer, with TYRP1 and TYRP2 docking to different adjacent surfaces on TYR that apposed a third realistic protein interface between TYRP1-TYRP2. Hence, the 3D models are compatible with a heterotrimeric TYR-TYRP1-TYRP2 complex. In addition, this heterotrimeric TYR-TYRP1-TYRP2 positioned the C-terminus of each folded enzymatic domain in an ideal position to allow their C-terminal transmembrane helices to form a putative membrane embedded three-helix bundle. Finally, pathogenic TYR mutations causing OCA1A, which also destabilize TYR biochemically, cluster on an unoccupied protein interface at the periphery of the heterotrimeric complex, suggesting that this may be a docking site for OCA2, an anion channel. Pathogenic OCA2 mutations result in similar phenotypes to those produced by OCA1A TYR mutations. While this complex may be difficult to detect in vitro, due to the complex environment of the vertebrate cellular membranous system, our results support the existence of a heterotrimeric complex in melanogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olga Lavinda
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, United States
| | - Prashiela Manga
- The Ronald O. Perelman Department of Dermatology, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, United States
| | - Seth J Orlow
- The Ronald O. Perelman Department of Dermatology, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, United States
| | - Timothy Cardozo
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, United States
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Chen T, He B, Tao J, He Y, Deng H, Wang X, Zheng Y. Application of Förster Resonance Energy Transfer (FRET) technique to elucidate intracellular and In Vivo biofate of nanomedicines. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2019; 143:177-205. [PMID: 31201837 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2019.04.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2018] [Revised: 02/25/2019] [Accepted: 04/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Extensive studies on nanomedicines have been conducted for drug delivery and disease diagnosis (especially for cancer therapy). However, the intracellular and in vivo biofate of nanomedicines, which is significantly associated with their clinical therapeutic effect, is poorly understood at present. This is because of the technical challenges to quantify the disassembly and behaviour of nanomedicines. As a fluorescence- and distance-based approach, the Förster Resonance Energy Transfer (FRET) technique is very successful to study the interaction of nanomedicines with biological systems. In this review, principles on how to select a FRET pair and construct FRET-based nanomedicines have been described first, followed by their application to study structural integrity, biodistribution, disassembly kinetics, and elimination of nanomedicines at intracellular and in vivo levels, especially with drug nanocarriers including polymeric micelles, polymeric nanoparticles, and lipid-based nanoparticles. FRET is a powerful tool to reveal changes and interaction of nanoparticles after delivery, which will be very useful to guide future developments of nanomedicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tongkai Chen
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou 510405, China
| | - Bing He
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Molecular Pharmaceutics and New Drug Delivery System, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China; State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Jingsong Tao
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Macau, China
| | - Yuan He
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Macau, China
| | - Hailiang Deng
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Molecular Pharmaceutics and New Drug Delivery System, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Xueqing Wang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Molecular Pharmaceutics and New Drug Delivery System, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China.
| | - Ying Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Macau, China.
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Abstract
The trillions of synaptic connections within the human brain are shaped by experience and neuronal activity, both of which underlie synaptic plasticity and ultimately learning and memory. G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) play key roles in synaptic plasticity by strengthening or weakening synapses and/or shaping dendritic spines. While most studies of synaptic plasticity have focused on cell surface receptors and their downstream signaling partners, emerging data point to a critical new role for the very same receptors to signal from inside the cell. Intracellular receptors have been localized to the nucleus, endoplasmic reticulum, lysosome, and mitochondria. From these intracellular positions, such receptors may couple to different signaling systems, display unique desensitization patterns, and/or show distinct patterns of subcellular distribution. Intracellular GPCRs can be activated at the cell surface, endocytosed, and transported to an intracellular site or simply activated in situ by de novo ligand synthesis, diffusion of permeable ligands, or active transport of non-permeable ligands. Current findings reinforce the notion that intracellular GPCRs play a dynamic role in synaptic plasticity and learning and memory. As new intracellular GPCR roles are defined, the need to selectively tailor agonists and/or antagonists to both intracellular and cell surface receptors may lead to the development of more effective therapeutic tools.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuh-Jiin I. Jong
- Department of Neuroscience, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Steven K. Harmon
- Department of Neuroscience, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Karen L. O’Malley
- Department of Neuroscience, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO 63110, USA
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Broussard JA, Green KJ. Research Techniques Made Simple: Methodology and Applications of Förster Resonance Energy Transfer (FRET) Microscopy. J Invest Dermatol 2017; 137:e185-e191. [PMID: 29055415 DOI: 10.1016/j.jid.2017.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2017] [Revised: 08/23/2017] [Accepted: 09/05/2017] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Classical biochemical techniques have contributed a great deal to our understanding of the mechanisms regulating fundamental biological processes. However, these approaches are typically end-point, population-based assays and are often insufficient in examining transient molecular events. Förster resonance energy transfer (FRET) microscopy is a powerful technique capable of investigating dynamic interactions between proteins and a plethora of biochemical signaling events based on the development of specific biosensors. This technique exploits the principle that when FRET occurs, energy from a donor fluorophore is transferred to an acceptor fluorophore only when certain conditions are met. These include dependence on both distance and fluorophore orientation. In this article, applications of FRET microscopy to protein interactions and modifications are discussed, and examples are given of the types of biosensors that can be developed. There are a number of methods to measure FRET. The most common modalities and specific advantages and shortcomings for each are reviewed. Finally, general considerations and guidelines for choosing a method are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua A Broussard
- Department of Pathology, Northwestern University, Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA; Department of Dermatology, Northwestern University, Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Kathleen J Green
- Department of Pathology, Northwestern University, Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA; Department of Dermatology, Northwestern University, Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA.
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12
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Jong YJI, Harmon SK, O'Malley KL. GPCR signalling from within the cell. Br J Pharmacol 2017; 175:4026-4035. [PMID: 28872669 DOI: 10.1111/bph.14023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2017] [Revised: 08/08/2017] [Accepted: 08/17/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Traditionally, signal transduction from GPCRs is thought to emanate from the cell surface where receptor interactions with external stimuli can be transformed into a broad range of cellular responses. However, emergent data show that numerous GPCRs are also associated with various intracellular membranes where they may couple to different signalling systems, display unique desensitization patterns and/or exhibit distinct patterns of subcellular distribution. Although many GPCRs can be activated at the cell surface and subsequently endocytosed and transported to a unique intracellular site, other intracellular GPCRs can be activated in situ either via de novo ligand synthesis, diffusion of permeable ligands or active transport of nonpermeable ligands. Current findings reinforce the notion that intracellular GPCRs play a dynamic role in various biological functions including learning and memory, contractility and angiogenesis. As new intracellular GPCR roles are defined, the need to selectively tailor agonists and/or antagonists to both intracellular and cell surface receptors may lead to the development of more effective therapeutic tools. LINKED ARTICLES This article is part of a themed section on Molecular Pharmacology of GPCRs. To view the other articles in this section visit http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/bph.v175.21/issuetoc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuh-Jiin I Jong
- Department of Neuroscience, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Steven K Harmon
- Department of Neuroscience, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Karen L O'Malley
- Department of Neuroscience, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
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De Filippo E, Manga P, Schiedel AC. Author Response: Comment on "Identification of Novel G Protein-Coupled Receptor 143 Ligands as Pharmacologic Tools for Investigating X-Linked Ocular Albinism". Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2017; 58:4735-4736. [PMID: 28910827 PMCID: PMC5600133 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.17-22810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
| | - Prashiela Manga
- Ronald O. Perelman Department of Dermatology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York, United States; and the.,Department of Cell Biology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York, United States
| | - Anke C Schiedel
- Pharmaceutical Chemistry I, PharmaCenter Bonn, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
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De Filippo E, Manga P, Schiedel AC. Identification of Novel G Protein-Coupled Receptor 143 Ligands as Pharmacologic Tools for Investigating X-Linked Ocular Albinism. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2017. [PMID: 28632878 PMCID: PMC5482243 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.16-21128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose GPR143 regulates melanosome biogenesis and organelle size in pigment cells. The mechanisms underlying receptor function remain unclear. G protein–coupled receptors (GPCRs) are excellent pharmacologic targets; thus, we developed and applied a screening approach to identify potential GPR143 ligands and chemical modulators. Methods GPR143 interacts with β-arrestin; we therefore established a β-arrestin recruitment assay to screen for compounds that modulate activity. Because GPR143 is localized intracellularly, screening with the wild-type receptor would be restricted to agents absorbed by the cell. For the screen we used a mutant receptor, which shows similar basal activity as the wild type but traffics to the plasma membrane. We tested two compound libraries and investigated validated hits for their effects on melanocyte pigmentation. Results GPR143, which showed high constitutive activity in the β-arrestin assay, was inhibited by several compounds. The three validated inhibitors (pimozide, niclosamide, and ethacridine lactate) were assessed for impact on melanocytes. Pigmentation and expression of tyrosinase, a key melanogenic enzyme, were reduced by all compounds. Because GPR143 appears to be constitutively active, these compounds may turn off its activity. Conclusions X-linked ocular albinism type I, characterized by developmental eye defects, results from GPR143 mutations. Identifying pharmacologic agents that modulate GPR143 activity will contribute significantly to our understanding of its function and provide novel tools with which to study GPCRs in melanocytes and retinal pigment epithelium. Pimozide, one of three GPR143 inhibitors identified in this study, maybe be a good lead structure for development of more potent compounds and provide a platform for design of novel therapeutic agents.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Prashiela Manga
- Ronald O. Perelman Department of Dermatology and Department of Cell Biology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York, United States
| | - Anke C Schiedel
- Pharmaceutical Chemistry I, PharmaCenter Bonn, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
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