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Rademacher F, Scheel A, Gläser R, Schröder L, Heinemann N, Bartels J, Gerdes S, Stölzl D, Rodriguez E, Döhner K, Weidinger S, Werfel T, Harder J. Inhibition of RNase 7 by RNase inhibitor promotes inflammation and Staphylococcus aureus growth: Implications for atopic dermatitis. Allergy 2024; 79:1573-1583. [PMID: 38641894 DOI: 10.1111/all.16125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2023] [Revised: 02/14/2024] [Accepted: 03/07/2024] [Indexed: 04/21/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The antimicrobial ribonuclease RNase 7 is abundantly expressed in the epidermis of lesional skin of atopic dermatitis (AD). Host RNase inhibitor (RI) binds to RNase 7 and blocks its ribonuclease activity. This study aimed to evaluate the impact of RNase 7-RI interactions on AD. METHODS Cultured human primary keratinocytes, with siRNA-mediated downregulation of RNase 7 and RI, were stimulated with the synthetic RNA polyinosinic-polycytidylic acid (poly I:C). Induction of proinflammatory mediators was analyzed by real-time PCR and ELISA. RI expression in AD non-lesional and lesional skin biopsies and healthy controls was analyzed by real-time PCR and immunostaining. RI protein release in vivo on the AD skin surface was determined by western blot. Antimicrobial and ribonuclease assays were used to investigate the functional role of RI. RESULTS RNase 7 inhibited the RNA-induced expression of proinflammatory mediators in keratinocytes. Accordingly, downregulation of RNase 7 in keratinocytes enhanced RNA-mediated induction of proinflammatory mediators, whereas downregulation of RI had the opposite effect. RI was released by damaged keratinocytes and epidermis. In vivo expression and release of RI on the skin surface were enhanced in lesional AD skin. Rinsing solution from the surface of lesional AD skin blocked the ribonuclease activity of RNase 7. The anti-Staphylococcus aureus activity of RNase 7 was abrogated by RI. CONCLUSIONS Our data suggest a novel role of RI as a trigger factor of inflammation in AD by blocking the ribonuclease and antimicrobial activity of RNase 7, thereby enhancing RNA-mediated inflammation and S. aureus growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Franziska Rademacher
- Department of Dermatology, Quincke Research Center, Kiel University, Kiel, Germany
| | - Annika Scheel
- Department of Dermatology, Quincke Research Center, Kiel University, Kiel, Germany
| | - Regine Gläser
- Department of Dermatology, Quincke Research Center, Kiel University, Kiel, Germany
| | - Lena Schröder
- Department of Dermatology, Quincke Research Center, Kiel University, Kiel, Germany
| | - Nina Heinemann
- Department of Dermatology, Quincke Research Center, Kiel University, Kiel, Germany
| | - Joachim Bartels
- Department of Dermatology, Quincke Research Center, Kiel University, Kiel, Germany
| | - Sascha Gerdes
- Department of Dermatology, Quincke Research Center, Kiel University, Kiel, Germany
| | - Dora Stölzl
- Department of Dermatology, Quincke Research Center, Kiel University, Kiel, Germany
| | - Elke Rodriguez
- Department of Dermatology, Quincke Research Center, Kiel University, Kiel, Germany
| | - Katinka Döhner
- Department of Dermatology and Allergy, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
- Hannover Medical School, Cluster of Excellence RESIST (EXC 2155), Hannover, Germany
| | - Stephan Weidinger
- Department of Dermatology, Quincke Research Center, Kiel University, Kiel, Germany
| | - Thomas Werfel
- Department of Dermatology and Allergy, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
- Hannover Medical School, Cluster of Excellence RESIST (EXC 2155), Hannover, Germany
| | - Jürgen Harder
- Department of Dermatology, Quincke Research Center, Kiel University, Kiel, Germany
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Traidl S, Harries L, Kienlin P, Begemann G, Roesner LM, Werfel T. Dupilumab strengthens herpes simplex virus type 1-specific immune responses in atopic dermatitis. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2023; 152:1460-1469.e5. [PMID: 37660986 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2023.08.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2022] [Revised: 06/22/2023] [Accepted: 08/03/2023] [Indexed: 09/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Impaired virus clearance in a subgroup of atopic dermatitis (AD) patients can lead to severe herpes simplex virus (HSV) infections called eczema herpeticum (EH). We recently identified a type 2 skewed viral immune response in EH patients. Clinical data suggest a reduced incidence of EH in AD patients treated with dupilumab, although immunologic investigations of this phenomenon are still lacking. OBJECTIVE We examined the impact of dupilumab on the HSV type 1 (HSV-1) specific immune response in AD, focusing on patients with (ADEH+) and without (ADEH-) a history of EH. METHODS Sera and peripheral blood mononuclear cells were collected from ADEH+ and ADEH- patients, a subgroup of whom was receiving dupilumab treatment, and healthy controls. Serum samples were tested for IgE against HSV-1 glycoprotein D (n = 85). Peripheral blood mononuclear cells were stimulated with HSV peptides, and activated CD4+ and CD8+ cells were characterized by flow cytometry after magnetic enrichment via CD154 or CD137 (n = 60). Cytokine production of HSV-1-reactive T-cell lines (n = 33) and MHC-I tetramer+ (HSV-1-UL25) CD8+ T cells was investigated by bead assay and intracellular cytokine staining (n = 21). RESULTS We confirmed that HSV-1-specific IgE is elevated in ADEH+ patients. During dupilumab treatment, the IgE levels were significantly decreased, reaching levels of healthy controls. HSV-1-specific TC1 frequencies were elevated in ADEH- patients treated with dupilumab compared to dupilumab-negative patients. There were no changes in the frequencies of HSV-1-specific TH cells while receiving dupilumab therapy. AD patients receiving dupilumab exhibited elevated IFN-γ and reduced IL-4 production in HSV-1-UL25-epitope-specific T cells compared to dupilumab-negative patients. CONCLUSION Dupilumab may improve the HSV-1-specific immune response in AD as a result of an increased type I immune response and a reduction of HSV-1-specific IgE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephan Traidl
- Department of Dermatology and Allergy, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany; Cluster of Excellence RESIST (EXC 2155), Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany.
| | - Leonard Harries
- Department of Dermatology and Allergy, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Petra Kienlin
- Department of Dermatology and Allergy, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Gabriele Begemann
- Department of Dermatology and Allergy, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Lennart M Roesner
- Department of Dermatology and Allergy, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany; Cluster of Excellence RESIST (EXC 2155), Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Thomas Werfel
- Department of Dermatology and Allergy, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany; Cluster of Excellence RESIST (EXC 2155), Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
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de Szalay S, Wertz PW. Protective Barriers Provided by the Epidermis. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24043145. [PMID: 36834554 PMCID: PMC9961209 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24043145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2022] [Revised: 01/30/2023] [Accepted: 02/02/2023] [Indexed: 02/09/2023] Open
Abstract
The skin is the largest organ of the body and consists of an epidermis, dermis and subcutaneous adipose tissue. The skin surface area is often stated to be about 1.8 to 2 m2 and represents our interface with the environment; however, when one considers that microorganisms live in the hair follicles and can enter sweat ducts, the area that interacts with this aspect of the environment becomes about 25-30 m2. Although all layers of the skin, including the adipose tissue, participate in antimicrobial defense, this review will focus mainly on the role of the antimicrobial factors in the epidermis and at the skin surface. The outermost layer of the epidermis, the stratum corneum, is physically tough and chemically inert which protects against numerous environmental stresses. It provides a permeability barrier which is attributable to lipids in the intercellular spaces between the corneocytes. In addition to the permeability barrier, there is an innate antimicrobial barrier at the skin surface which involves antimicrobial lipids, peptides and proteins. The skin surface has a low surface pH and is poor in certain nutrients, which limits the range of microorganisms that can survive there. Melanin and trans-urocanic acid provide protection from UV radiation, and Langerhans cells in the epidermis are poised to monitor the local environment and to trigger an immune response as needed. Each of these protective barriers will be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah de Szalay
- Sarah de Szalay Consulting, LLC, Wesy Milford, NJ 07480, USA
| | - Philip W. Wertz
- Dows Institute for Dental Research, College of Dentistry, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52240, USA
- Correspondence:
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Abstract
The ribonuclease A (RNase A) family is one of the best-characterized vertebrate-specific proteins. In humans, eight catalytically active RNases (numbered 1–8) have been identified and have unique tissue distributions. Apart from the digestion of dietary RNA, a broad range of biological actions, including the regulation of intra- or extra-cellular RNA metabolism as well as antiviral, antibacterial, and antifungal activities, neurotoxicity, promotion of cell proliferation, anti-apoptosis, and immunomodulatory abilities, have been recently reported for the members of this family. Based on multiple biological roles, RNases are found to participate in the pathogenic processes of many diseases, such as infection, immune dysfunction, neurodegeneration, cancer, and cardiovascular disorders. This review summarizes the available data on the human RNase A family and illustrates the significant roles of the eight canonical RNases in health and disease, for stimulating further basic research and development of ideas on the potential solutions for disease diagnosis and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Desen Sun
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Affiliated Hospital of Medical School, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315020, China,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, and Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Pathophysiology, School of Medicine, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315211, China
| | - Chenjie Han
- Institute of Environmental Medicine and Affiliated Hangzhou First People’s Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, China,Undergraduate Program in Public Health, School of Public Health, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, China
| | - Jinghao Sheng
- Institute of Environmental Medicine and Affiliated Hangzhou First People’s Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, China,Corresponding author
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Kopfnagel V, Dreyer S, Zeitvogel J, Pieper DH, Buch A, Sodeik B, Rademacher F, Harder J, Werfel T. Free human DNA attenuates the activity of antimicrobial peptides in atopic dermatitis. Allergy 2021; 76:3145-3154. [PMID: 34176149 DOI: 10.1111/all.14992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2020] [Revised: 06/01/2021] [Accepted: 06/07/2021] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The high susceptibility of AD patients to microbial skin infections has been attributed to a deficient antimicrobial peptide (AMP) expression, which is contradicted by a growing amount of recent studies clearly demonstrating that AMP expression is not impaired in lesional skin of AD patients. The reasons for the high susceptibility of AD patients to microbial infections are still unknown. METHODS The influence of self-DNA on the antimicrobial activity of RNase 7, LL-37, and hBD2 has been investigated using antibacterial and antiviral assays. The amount of self-DNA on skin has been analyzed by skin rinsings and subsequent quantification using dsDNA assays. DNA source was identified by qPCR. RESULTS Complex formation of the AMPs with self-DNA significantly impaired their antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus and their antiviral activity against HSV-1. The inhibition of the antibacterial activity was dependent on the DNA concentration but not on the length of the DNA molecules. Of note, we detected significant higher amounts of cell-free self-DNA in skin rinses taken from lesional AD skin compared to skin rinses from non-lesional skin and from normal skin of healthy donors. Consequently, rinse solution from AD lesional skin prevented antibacterial activity of LL-37. CONCLUSION Our study indicates that extracellular self-DNA is released in considerable amounts in AD skin lesions and AMP-self-DNA-complex formation leads to a significant loss of antibacterial and antiviral activity in atopic dermatitis. Studies on strategies to reduce the amount of extracellular DNA in AD are needed to identify possible methods relevant in clinical settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Verena Kopfnagel
- Division of Immunodermatology and Allergy Research Department of Dermatology and Allergy Hannover Medical School Hannover Germany
- Cluster of Excellence RESIST (EXC 2155) Hannover Medical School Hannover Germany
| | - Sylvia Dreyer
- Division of Immunodermatology and Allergy Research Department of Dermatology and Allergy Hannover Medical School Hannover Germany
| | - Jana Zeitvogel
- Division of Immunodermatology and Allergy Research Department of Dermatology and Allergy Hannover Medical School Hannover Germany
- Cluster of Excellence RESIST (EXC 2155) Hannover Medical School Hannover Germany
| | - Dietmar H. Pieper
- Microbial Interactions and Processes Research Group Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research Braunschweig Germany
| | - Anna Buch
- Institute of Virology Hannover Medical School Hannover Germany
- DZIF – German Centre for Infection Research Partner site Hannover‐Braunschweig Germany
| | - Beate Sodeik
- Cluster of Excellence RESIST (EXC 2155) Hannover Medical School Hannover Germany
- Institute of Virology Hannover Medical School Hannover Germany
- DZIF – German Centre for Infection Research Partner site Hannover‐Braunschweig Germany
| | | | - Jürgen Harder
- Department of Dermatology University Hospital Schleswig‐Holstein Kiel Germany
| | - Thomas Werfel
- Division of Immunodermatology and Allergy Research Department of Dermatology and Allergy Hannover Medical School Hannover Germany
- Cluster of Excellence RESIST (EXC 2155) Hannover Medical School Hannover Germany
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Human macrophages utilize a wide range of pathogen recognition receptors to recognize Legionella pneumophila, including Toll-Like Receptor 4 engaging Legionella lipopolysaccharide and the Toll-like Receptor 3 nucleic-acid sensor. PLoS Pathog 2021; 17:e1009781. [PMID: 34280250 PMCID: PMC8321404 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1009781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2021] [Revised: 07/29/2021] [Accepted: 07/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Cytokines made by macrophages play a critical role in determining the course of Legionella pneumophila infection. Prior murine-based modeling indicated that this cytokine response is initiated upon recognition of L. pneumophila by a subset of Toll-like receptors, namely TLR2, TLR5, and TLR9. Through the use of shRNA/siRNA knockdowns and subsequently CRISPR/Cas9 knockouts (KO), we determined that TRIF, an adaptor downstream of endosomal TLR3 and TLR4, is required for full cytokine secretion by human primary and cell-line macrophages. By characterizing a further set of TLR KO's in human U937 cells, we discerned that, contrary to the viewpoint garnered from murine-based studies, TLR3 and TLR4 (along with TLR2 and TLR5) are in fact vital to the macrophage response in the early stages of L. pneumophila infection. This conclusion was bolstered by showing that i) chemical inhibitors of TLR3 and TLR4 dampen the cytokine output of primary human macrophages and ii) transfection of TLR3 and TLR4 into HEK cells conferred an ability to sense L. pneumophila. TLR3- and TLR4-dependent cytokines promoted migration of human HL-60 neutrophils across an epithelial layer, pointing to the biological importance for the newfound signaling pathway. The response of U937 cells to L. pneumophila LPS was dependent upon TLR4, a further contradiction to murine-based studies, which had concluded that TLR2 is the receptor for Legionella LPS. Given the role of TLR3 in sensing nucleic acid (i.e., dsRNA), we utilized newly-made KO U937 cells to document that DNA-sensing by cGAS-STING and DNA-PK are also needed for the response of human macrophages to L. pneumophila. Given the lack of attention given them in the bacterial field, C-type lectin receptors were similarly examined; but, they were not required. Overall, this study arguably represents the most extensive, single-characterization of Legionella-recognition receptors within human macrophages.
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Identification of a 5-Gene-Based Scoring System by WGCNA and LASSO to Predict Prognosis for Rectal Cancer Patients. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2021; 2021:6697407. [PMID: 33833937 PMCID: PMC8012151 DOI: 10.1155/2021/6697407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2020] [Revised: 01/29/2021] [Accepted: 02/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Background Although accumulating evidence suggested that a molecular signature panel may be more effective for the prognosis prediction than routine clinical characteristics, current studies mainly focused on colorectal or colon cancers. No reports specifically focused on the signature panel for rectal cancers (RC). Our present study was aimed at developing a novel prognostic signature panel for RC. Methods Sequencing (or microarray) data and clinicopathological details of patients with RC were retrieved from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA-READ) or the Gene Expression Omnibus (GSE123390, GSE56699) database. A weighted gene coexpression network was used to identify RC-related modules. The least absolute shrinkage and selection operator analysis was performed to screen the prognostic signature panel. The prognostic performance of the risk score was evaluated by survival curve analyses. Functions of prognostic genes were predicted based on the interaction proteins and the correlation with tumor-infiltrating immune cells. The Human Protein Atlas (HPA) tool was utilized to validate the protein expression levels. Results A total of 247 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were commonly identified using TCGA and GSE123390 datasets. Brown and yellow modules (including 77 DEGs) were identified to be preserved for RC. Five DEGs (ASB2, GPR15, PRPH, RNASE7, and TCL1A) in these two modules constituted the optimal prognosis signature panel. Kaplan-Meier curve analysis showed that patients in the high-risk group had a poorer prognosis than those in the low-risk group. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis demonstrated that this risk score had high predictive accuracy for unfavorable prognosis, with the area under the ROC curve of 0.915 and 0.827 for TCGA and GSE56699 datasets, respectively. This five-mRNA classifier was an independent prognostic factor. Its predictive accuracy was also higher than all clinical factor models. A prognostic nomogram was developed by integrating the risk score and clinical factors, which showed the highest prognostic power. ASB2, PRPH, and GPR15/TCL1A were predicted to function by interacting with CASQ2/PDK4/EPHA67, PTN, and CXCL12, respectively. TCL1A and GPR15 influenced the infiltration levels of B cells and dendritic cells, while the expression of PRPH was positively associated with the abundance of macrophages. HPA analysis supported the downregulation of PRPH, RNASE7, CASQ2, EPHA6, and PDK4 in RC compared with normal controls. Conclusion Our immune-related signature panel may be a promising prognostic indicator for RC.
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Antimicrobial peptides in patients with anorexia nervosa: comparison with healthy controls and the impact of weight gain. Sci Rep 2020; 10:22223. [PMID: 33335229 PMCID: PMC7746688 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-79302-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2020] [Accepted: 12/07/2020] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Clinical observations show that patients with anorexia nervosa (AN) are surprisingly free from infectious diseases. There is evidence from studies in Drosophila melanogaster that starvation leads to an increased expression of antimicrobial peptides (AMPs). AMPs are part of the innate immune system and protect human surfaces from colonization with pathogenic bacteria, viruses and fungi. We compared the expression of AMPs between patients with AN and healthy controls (HC) and investigated the influence of weight gain. Using a standardized skin rinsing method, quantitative determination of the AMPs psoriasin and RNase 7 was carried out by ELISA. Even though non-significant, effect sizes revealed slightly higher AMP concentrations in HC. After a mean weight gain of 2.0 body mass index points, the concentration of psoriasin on the forehead of patients with AN increased significantly. We could not confirm our hypotheses of higher AMP concentrations in patients with AN that decrease after weight gain. On the contrary, weight gain seems to be associated with increasing AMP concentrations.
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Antimicrobial peptides: bridging innate and adaptive immunity in the pathogenesis of psoriasis. Chin Med J (Engl) 2020; 133:2966-2975. [PMID: 33237697 PMCID: PMC7752697 DOI: 10.1097/cm9.0000000000001240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) are small molecules produced by a myriad of cells and play important roles not only in protecting against infections and sustaining skin barrier homeostasis but also in contributing to immune dysregulation under pathological conditions. Recently, increasing evidence has indicated that AMPs, including cathelicidin (LL-37), human β-defensins, S100 proteins, lipocalin 2, and RNase 7, are highly expressed in psoriatic skin lesions. These peptides broadly regulate immunity by interacting with various immune cells and linking innate and adaptive immune responses during the progression of psoriasis. In this review, we summarize the recent findings regarding AMPs in the pathogenesis of psoriasis with a main focus on their immunomodulatory abilities.
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The clinical impact of cross-reactions between allergens on allergic skin diseases. Curr Opin Allergy Clin Immunol 2020; 20:374-380. [PMID: 32590506 DOI: 10.1097/aci.0000000000000650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW The route of allergen sensing via the skin appears to influence the immune system towards mounting a type 2 response, especially in genetically predisposed individuals. Allergens recognized this way may derive from microbial, animal, food, or other plant sources and trigger atopic dermatitis. Allergens can be grouped into families depending on their structure and function, harboring significant structural and sequence similarities. Cross-reactivity between allergens is believed to arise as a consequence, and to underlie the development of further atopic diseases. RECENT FINDINGS Especially for the plant allergens of the families of PR10-related proteins and profilins, immune cross-reactions have been described. Actual studies support that food and pollen allergens can aggravate skin lesions in patients suffering from atopic dermatitis. Further on, allergens derived from air-borne or skin-borne fungi belong to common allergen families and bear cross-reactivity potential. Cross-reactivity to human homologous proteins, so-called autoallergens, is discussed to contribute to the chronification of atopic dermatitis. SUMMARY Due to high evolutionary conservation, allergic reactions can be triggered by highly homologous members of allergen families on the humoral as well as on the cellular level.
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Chessa C, Bodet C, Jousselin C, Wehbe M, Lévêque N, Garcia M. Antiviral and Immunomodulatory Properties of Antimicrobial Peptides Produced by Human Keratinocytes. Front Microbiol 2020; 11:1155. [PMID: 32582097 PMCID: PMC7283518 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.01155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2019] [Accepted: 05/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Keratinocytes, the main cells of the epidermis, are the first site of replication as well as the first line of defense against many viruses such as arboviruses, enteroviruses, herpes viruses, human papillomaviruses, or vaccinia virus. During viral replication, these cells can sense virus associated molecular patterns leading to the initiation of an innate immune response composed of pro-inflammatory cytokines, chemokines, and antimicrobial peptides. Human keratinocytes produce and secrete at least nine antimicrobial peptides: human cathelicidin LL-37, types 1–4 human β-defensins, S100 peptides such as psoriasin (S100A7), calprotectin (S100A8/9) and koebnerisin (S100A15), and RNase 7. These peptides can exert direct antiviral effects on the viral particle or its replication cycle, and indirect antiviral activity, by modulating the host immune response. The purpose of this review is to summarize current knowledge of antiviral and immunomodulatory properties of human keratinocyte antimicrobial peptides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Céline Chessa
- Laboratoire de Virologie et Mycobactériologie, CHU de Poitiers, Poitiers, France.,Laboratoire Inflammation, Tissus Epithéliaux et Cytokines, LITEC EA 4331, Université de Poitiers, Poitiers, France
| | - Charles Bodet
- Laboratoire Inflammation, Tissus Epithéliaux et Cytokines, LITEC EA 4331, Université de Poitiers, Poitiers, France
| | - Clément Jousselin
- Laboratoire de Virologie et Mycobactériologie, CHU de Poitiers, Poitiers, France.,Laboratoire Inflammation, Tissus Epithéliaux et Cytokines, LITEC EA 4331, Université de Poitiers, Poitiers, France
| | - Michel Wehbe
- Laboratoire Inflammation, Tissus Epithéliaux et Cytokines, LITEC EA 4331, Université de Poitiers, Poitiers, France
| | - Nicolas Lévêque
- Laboratoire de Virologie et Mycobactériologie, CHU de Poitiers, Poitiers, France.,Laboratoire Inflammation, Tissus Epithéliaux et Cytokines, LITEC EA 4331, Université de Poitiers, Poitiers, France
| | - Magali Garcia
- Laboratoire de Virologie et Mycobactériologie, CHU de Poitiers, Poitiers, France.,Laboratoire Inflammation, Tissus Epithéliaux et Cytokines, LITEC EA 4331, Université de Poitiers, Poitiers, France
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