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Frasier KM, Hash MG, Pugliese A. Wearable Sensor Technology for Hyperhidrosis Management in Individuals With Prosthetic Limbs: A Narrative Review. Cureus 2025; 17:e79109. [PMID: 40109775 PMCID: PMC11920845 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.79109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2024] [Accepted: 02/16/2025] [Indexed: 03/22/2025] Open
Abstract
Wearable sensor technologies offer a cutting-edge solution for managing hyperhidrosis in individuals with prosthetic limbs, directly addressing the complex challenges posed by excessive sweating at the prosthetic-skin interface. Excessive moisture can lead to skin breakdown, increased risk of infections, and compromised prosthetic fit, all of which reduce functionality and user comfort. Advanced biosensors embedded within the system continuously monitor moisture levels and skin temperature in real time, providing precise data on sweat production and skin conditions. This data is relayed to mobile health platforms, allowing users and clinicians to make informed, immediate adjustments, such as modifying prosthetic materials, adjusting fit, or activating integrated cooling mechanisms to mitigate complications. Integrating real-time feedback into the device's function offers a personalized, noninvasive approach, enhancing both comfort and long-term prosthetic performance while surpassing traditional hyperhidrosis treatments like systemic medications, topical therapies, or invasive interventions such as botulinum toxin injections. However, limitations such as sensor calibration issues in fluctuating environmental conditions, sensor durability, and ensuring user compliance remain challenges. Future advancements may incorporate machine learning algorithms to predict and preempt hyperhidrosis episodes, offering even more precise control and adaptability. With the potential for seamless integration into telemedicine platforms, wearable sensor technologies have the potential to revolutionize the management of hyperhidrosis for prosthetic users, offering a personalized, real-time solution that addresses both medical and functional challenges.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mary Grace Hash
- Dermatology, Edward Via College of Osteopathic Medicine, Auburn, USA
| | - Andrew Pugliese
- Dermatology, Touro College of Osteopathic Medicine, Middletown, USA
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Merritt JR, Ozga M, De Chavez PJD, Boolani A, Baker LB. No effect of tattoos on local sweat concentrations of select cytokines, cortisol, glucose, blood urea nitrogen, or lactate during exercise. Sci Rep 2024; 14:12570. [PMID: 38821996 PMCID: PMC11143332 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-63057-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2024] [Accepted: 05/24/2024] [Indexed: 06/02/2024] Open
Abstract
Due to growing interest in the investigation of exercise induced sweat biomarkers to assess an individual's health and the increasing prevalence of tattoos in the world's population, investigators sought to determine whether local sweat concentrations and excretion rates of epidermal growth factor (EGF), interleukin (IL) -1α, IL-6, IL-8, cortisol, glucose, blood urea nitrogen (BUN), and lactate differ between tattooed and contralateral non-tattooed skin during exercise. Sixteen recreational exercisers [female (50%)] (age = 25-48 years) with ≥ 1 unilateral permanent tattoo [median tattoo age = 6 years, IQR = 5] on the arm/torso completed an outdoor group fitness session. There were no significant differences between tattooed and non-tattooed skin for sweat EGF, IL-1α, IL-8, cortisol, glucose, BUN, or lactate concentrations. There were no significant differences between tattooed and non-tattooed skin for sweat EGF, IL-1α, IL-8, cortisol, glucose, BUN, or lactate excretion rate. Findings suggest that permanent tattoos older than 1 year may not impact local sweat EGF, IL-1α, IL-8, cortisol, glucose, BUN, and lactate concentrations or excretion rates during exercise.Clinical trial identifier NCT04920266 was registered on June 9, 2021.
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Affiliation(s)
- James R Merritt
- Gatorade Sports Science Institute, PepsiCo R&D, Valhalla, NY, USA.
| | - Michal Ozga
- Gatorade Sports Science Institute, PepsiCo R&D, Valhalla, NY, USA
| | | | - Ali Boolani
- Gatorade Sports Science Institute, PepsiCo R&D, Valhalla, NY, USA
| | - Lindsay B Baker
- Gatorade Sports Science Institute, PepsiCo R&D, Valhalla, NY, USA
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3
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King MA, Brown SD, Barnes KA, De Chavez PJD, Baker LB. Regional and time course differences in sweat cortisol, glucose, and select cytokine concentrations during exercise. Eur J Appl Physiol 2023; 123:1727-1738. [PMID: 37005963 PMCID: PMC10363073 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-023-05187-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2023] [Accepted: 03/20/2023] [Indexed: 04/04/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The use of sweat as a biofluid for non-invasive sampling and diagnostics is a popular area of research. However, concentrations of cortisol, glucose, and cytokines have not been described across anatomical regions or as time progresses throughout exercise. PURPOSE To determine regional and time course differences in sweat cortisol, glucose, and select cytokines (EGF, IFN-γ, IL-1β, IL-1α, IL-1ra, TNF-α, IL-6, IL-8, and IL-10). METHODS Sweat was collected with absorbent patches from eight subjects (24-44 y; 80.2 ± 10.2 kg) on the forehead (FH), right dorsal forearm (RDF), right scapula (RS), and right triceps (RT) at 0-25 min, 30-55 min, and 60-85 min during 90 min of cycling (~ 82% HRmax) in a heated chamber (32 °C, 50% rh). ANOVA was used to determine the effect of site and time on outcomes. Data are reported as LS means ± SE. RESULTS There was a significant effect of location on sweat analyte concentrations with FH having higher values than most other regions for cortisol (FH: 1.15 ± 0.08 ng/mL > RDF: 0.62 ± 0.09 ng/mL and RT: 0.65 ± 0.12 ng/mL, P = 0.02), IL-1ra (P < 0.0001), and IL-8 (P < 0.0001), but lower concentrations for glucose (P = 0.01), IL-1α (P < 0.0001), and IL-10 (P = 0.02). Sweat IL-1β concentration was higher on the RS than RT (P < 0.0001). Sweat cortisol concentration increased (25 min: 0.34 ± 0.10 ng/mL < 55 min: 0.89 ± 0.07 ng/mL < 85 min: 1.27 ± 0.07 ng/mL; P < 0.0001), while EGF (P < 0.0001), IL-1ra (P < 0.0001), and IL-6 (P = 0.02) concentrations decreased over time. CONCLUSION Sweat analyte concentrations varied with time of sampling and anatomical region, which is essential information to consider when conducting future work in this area. CLINICAL TRIAL IDENTIFIER NCT04240951 registered January 27, 2020.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle A King
- Gatorade Sports Science Institute, PepsiCo R&D Life Sciences, Barrington, IL, USA
| | - Shyretha D Brown
- Gatorade Sports Science Institute, PepsiCo R&D Life Sciences, Barrington, IL, USA
| | - Kelly A Barnes
- Gatorade Sports Science Institute, PepsiCo R&D Life Sciences, Barrington, IL, USA
| | | | - Lindsay B Baker
- Gatorade Sports Science Institute, PepsiCo R&D Life Sciences, Barrington, IL, USA.
- Gatorade Sports Science Institute, PepsiCo R&D Life Sciences, Valhalla, NY, USA.
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Wu CH, Ma HJH, Baessler P, Balanay RK, Ray TR. Skin-interfaced microfluidic systems with spatially engineered 3D fluidics for sweat capture and analysis. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2023; 9:eadg4272. [PMID: 37134158 PMCID: PMC10881187 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.adg4272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2022] [Accepted: 03/22/2023] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Skin-interfaced wearable systems with integrated microfluidic structures and sensing capabilities offer powerful platforms for monitoring the signals arising from natural physiological processes. This paper introduces a set of strategies, processing approaches, and microfluidic designs that harness recent advances in additive manufacturing [three-dimensional (3D) printing] to establish a unique class of epidermal microfluidic ("epifluidic") devices. A 3D printed epifluidic platform, called a "sweatainer," demonstrates the potential of a true 3D design space for microfluidics through the fabrication of fluidic components with previously inaccessible complex architectures. These concepts support integration of colorimetric assays to facilitate in situ biomarker analysis operating in a mode analogous to traditional epifluidic systems. The sweatainer system enables a new mode of sweat collection, termed multidraw, which facilitates the collection of multiple, independent sweat samples for either on-body or external analysis. Field studies of the sweatainer system demonstrate the practical potential of these concepts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chung-Han Wu
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Hawaiʻi at Mānoa, Honolulu, HI 96822, USA
| | - Howin Jian Hing Ma
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Hawaiʻi at Mānoa, Honolulu, HI 96822, USA
| | - Paul Baessler
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Hawaiʻi at Mānoa, Honolulu, HI 96822, USA
| | - Roxanne Kate Balanay
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Hawaiʻi at Mānoa, Honolulu, HI 96822, USA
| | - Tyler R. Ray
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Hawaiʻi at Mānoa, Honolulu, HI 96822, USA
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, John A. Burns School of Medicine, University of Hawaiʻi at Mānoa, Honolulu, HI 96813, USA
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5
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Min J, Tu J, Xu C, Lukas H, Shin S, Yang Y, Solomon SA, Mukasa D, Gao W. Skin-Interfaced Wearable Sweat Sensors for Precision Medicine. Chem Rev 2023; 123:5049-5138. [PMID: 36971504 PMCID: PMC10406569 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.2c00823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 185] [Impact Index Per Article: 92.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/29/2023]
Abstract
Wearable sensors hold great potential in empowering personalized health monitoring, predictive analytics, and timely intervention toward personalized healthcare. Advances in flexible electronics, materials science, and electrochemistry have spurred the development of wearable sweat sensors that enable the continuous and noninvasive screening of analytes indicative of health status. Existing major challenges in wearable sensors include: improving the sweat extraction and sweat sensing capabilities, improving the form factor of the wearable device for minimal discomfort and reliable measurements when worn, and understanding the clinical value of sweat analytes toward biomarker discovery. This review provides a comprehensive review of wearable sweat sensors and outlines state-of-the-art technologies and research that strive to bridge these gaps. The physiology of sweat, materials, biosensing mechanisms and advances, and approaches for sweat induction and sampling are introduced. Additionally, design considerations for the system-level development of wearable sweat sensing devices, spanning from strategies for prolonged sweat extraction to efficient powering of wearables, are discussed. Furthermore, the applications, data analytics, commercialization efforts, challenges, and prospects of wearable sweat sensors for precision medicine are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jihong Min
- Andrew and Peggy Cherng Department of Medical Engineering, Division of Engineering and Applied Science, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California, 91125, USA
| | - Jiaobing Tu
- Andrew and Peggy Cherng Department of Medical Engineering, Division of Engineering and Applied Science, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California, 91125, USA
| | - Changhao Xu
- Andrew and Peggy Cherng Department of Medical Engineering, Division of Engineering and Applied Science, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California, 91125, USA
| | - Heather Lukas
- Andrew and Peggy Cherng Department of Medical Engineering, Division of Engineering and Applied Science, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California, 91125, USA
| | - Soyoung Shin
- Andrew and Peggy Cherng Department of Medical Engineering, Division of Engineering and Applied Science, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California, 91125, USA
| | - Yiran Yang
- Andrew and Peggy Cherng Department of Medical Engineering, Division of Engineering and Applied Science, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California, 91125, USA
| | - Samuel A. Solomon
- Andrew and Peggy Cherng Department of Medical Engineering, Division of Engineering and Applied Science, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California, 91125, USA
| | - Daniel Mukasa
- Andrew and Peggy Cherng Department of Medical Engineering, Division of Engineering and Applied Science, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California, 91125, USA
| | - Wei Gao
- Andrew and Peggy Cherng Department of Medical Engineering, Division of Engineering and Applied Science, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California, 91125, USA
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Steijlen ASM, Jansen KMB, Bastemeijer J, French PJ, Bossche A. Low-Cost Wearable Fluidic Sweat Collection Patch for Continuous Analyte Monitoring and Offline Analysis. Anal Chem 2022; 94:6893-6901. [PMID: 35486709 PMCID: PMC9096792 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.2c01052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Sweat sensors allow for new unobtrusive ways to continuously monitor an athlete's performance and health status. Significant advances have been made in the optimization of sensitivity, selectivity, and durability of electrochemical sweat sensors. However, comparing the in situ performance of these sensors in detail remains challenging because standardized sweat measurement methods to validate sweat sensors in a physiological setting do not yet exist. Current collection methods, such as the absorbent patch technique, are prone to contamination and are labor-intensive, which limits the number of samples that can be collected over time for offline reference measurements. We present an easy-to-fabricate sweat collection system that allows for continuous electrochemical monitoring, as well as chronological sampling of sweat for offline analysis. The patch consists of an analysis chamber hosting a conductivity sensor and a sequence of 5 to 10 reservoirs that contain level indicators that monitor the filling speed. After testing the performance of the patch in the laboratory, elaborate physiological validation experiments (3 patch locations, 6 participants) were executed. The continuous sweat conductivity measurements were compared with laboratory [Na+] and [Cl-] measurements of the samples, and a strong linear relationship (R2 = 0.97) was found. Furthermore, sweat rate derived from ventilated capsule measurement at the three locations was compared with patch filling speed and continuous conductivity readings. As expected from the literature, sweat conductivity was linearly related to sweat rate as well. In short, a successfully validated sweat collection patch is presented that enables sensor developers to systematically validate novel sweat sensors in a physiological setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annemarijn S M Steijlen
- Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Mathematics & Computer Science, Delft University of Technology, Mekelweg 4, Delft 2628 CD, The Netherlands
| | - Kaspar M B Jansen
- Faculty of Industrial Design Engineering, Delft University of Technology, Landbergstraat 15, Delft 2628 CE, The Netherlands
| | - Jeroen Bastemeijer
- Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Mathematics & Computer Science, Delft University of Technology, Mekelweg 4, Delft 2628 CD, The Netherlands
| | - Paddy J French
- Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Mathematics & Computer Science, Delft University of Technology, Mekelweg 4, Delft 2628 CD, The Netherlands
| | - Andre Bossche
- Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Mathematics & Computer Science, Delft University of Technology, Mekelweg 4, Delft 2628 CD, The Netherlands
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7
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Truong TA, Nguyen TK, Zhao H, Nguyen NK, Dinh T, Park Y, Nguyen T, Yamauchi Y, Nguyen NT, Phan HP. Engineering Stress in Thin Films: An Innovative Pathway Toward 3D Micro and Nanosystems. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2022; 18:e2105748. [PMID: 34874620 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202105748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2021] [Revised: 10/23/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Transformation of conventional 2D platforms into unusual 3D configurations provides exciting opportunities for sensors, electronics, optical devices, and biological systems. Engineering material properties or controlling and modulating stresses in thin films to pop-up 3D structures out of standard planar surfaces has been a highly active research topic over the last decade. Implementation of 3D micro and nanoarchitectures enables unprecedented functionalities including multiplexed, monolithic mechanical sensors, vertical integration of electronics components, and recording of neuron activities in 3D organoids. This paper provides an overview on stress engineering approaches to developing 3D functional microsystems. The paper systematically presents the origin of stresses generated in thin films and methods to transform a 2D design into an out-of-plane configuration. Different types of 3D micro and nanostructures, along with their applications in several areas are discussed. The paper concludes with current technical challenges and potential approaches and applications of this fast-growing research direction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thanh-An Truong
- Queensland Micro and Nanotechnology Centre, Griffith University, Nathan, Queensland, 4111, Australia
| | - Tuan-Khoa Nguyen
- Queensland Micro and Nanotechnology Centre, Griffith University, Nathan, Queensland, 4111, Australia
| | - Hangbo Zhao
- Department of Aerospace and Mechanical Engineering, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, 90089, USA
| | - Nhat-Khuong Nguyen
- Queensland Micro and Nanotechnology Centre, Griffith University, Nathan, Queensland, 4111, Australia
| | - Toan Dinh
- Centre for Future Materials, University of Southern Queensland, Ipswich, Queensland, 4305, Australia
| | - Yoonseok Park
- Querrey Simpson Institute for Bioelectronics, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA
| | - Thanh Nguyen
- Centre for Future Materials, University of Southern Queensland, Ipswich, Queensland, 4305, Australia
| | - Yusuke Yamauchi
- Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, 4072, Australia
| | - Nam-Trung Nguyen
- Queensland Micro and Nanotechnology Centre, Griffith University, Nathan, Queensland, 4111, Australia
| | - Hoang-Phuong Phan
- Queensland Micro and Nanotechnology Centre, Griffith University, Nathan, Queensland, 4111, Australia
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8
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Zhong B, Jiang K, Wang L, Shen G. Wearable Sweat Loss Measuring Devices: From the Role of Sweat Loss to Advanced Mechanisms and Designs. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2022; 9:e2103257. [PMID: 34713981 PMCID: PMC8728835 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202103257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2021] [Revised: 09/15/2021] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Wearable sweat sensors have received significant research interest and have become popular as sweat contains considerable health information about physiological and psychological states. However, measured biomarker concentrations vary with sweat rates, which has a significant effect on the accuracy and reliability of sweat biosensors. Wearable sweat loss measuring devices (SLMDs) have recently been proposed to overcome the limitations of biomarker tracking and reduce inter- and intraindividual variability. In addition, they offer substantial potential for monitoring human body homeostasis, because sweat loss plays an indispensable role in thermoregulation and skin hydration. Previous studies have not carried out a comprehensive and systematic review of the principles, importance, and development of wearable SLMDs. This paper reviews wearable SLMDs with a new health perspective from the role of sweat loss to advanced mechanisms and designs. Two types of sweat and their measurement significance for practical applications are highlighted. Then, a comprehensive review of advances in different wearable SLMDs based on hygrometers, absorbent materials, and microfluidics is presented by describing their respective device architectures, present situations, and future directions. Finally, concluding remarks on opportunities for future application fields and challenges for future sweat sensing are presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bowen Zhong
- State Key Laboratory for Superlattices and Microstructures, Institution of Semiconductors, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100083, China
- Center of Materials Science and Optoelectronic Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Kai Jiang
- Faculty of Hepato-Pancreato-Biliary Surgery, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Institute of Hepatobiliary Surgery of Chinese PLA, Key Laboratory of Digital Hepatobiliary Surgery, Chinese PLA, Beijing, 100853, China
| | - Lili Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Superlattices and Microstructures, Institution of Semiconductors, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100083, China
- Center of Materials Science and Optoelectronic Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Guozhen Shen
- State Key Laboratory for Superlattices and Microstructures, Institution of Semiconductors, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100083, China
- Center of Materials Science and Optoelectronic Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100029, China
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9
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Jagannath B, Lin K, Pali M, Sankhala D, Muthukumar S, Prasad S. Temporal profiling of cytokines in passively expressed sweat for detection of infection using wearable device. Bioeng Transl Med 2021; 6:e10220. [PMID: 34589597 PMCID: PMC8459593 DOI: 10.1002/btm2.10220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2020] [Revised: 03/15/2021] [Accepted: 03/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
This work presents the viability of passive eccrine sweat as a functional biofluid toward tracking the human body's inflammatory response. Cytokines are biomarkers that orchestrate the manifestation and progression of an infection/inflammatory event. Hence, noninvasive, real-time monitoring of cytokines can be pivotal in assessing the progression of infection/inflammatory event, which may be feasible through monitoring of host immune markers in eccrine sweat. This work is the first experimental proof demonstrating the ability to detect inflammation/infection such as fever, FLU directly from passively expressed sweat in human subjects using a wearable "SWEATSENSER" device. The developed SWEATSENSER device demonstrates stable, real-time monitoring of inflammatory cytokines in passive sweat. An accuracy of >90% and specificity >95% was achieved using SWEATSENSER for a panel of cytokines (interleukin-6, interleukin-8, interleukin-10, and tumor necrosis factor-α) over an analytical range of 0.2-200 pg mL-1. The SWEATSENSER demonstrated a correlation of Pearson's r > 0.98 for the study biomarkers in a cohort of 26 subjects when correlated with standard reference method. Comparable IL-8 levels (2-15 pg mL-1) between systemic circulation (serum) and eccrine sweat through clinical studies in a cohort of 15 subjects, and the ability to distinguish healthy and sick (infection) cohort using inflammatory cytokines in sweat provides pioneering evidence of the SWEATSENSER technology for noninvasive tracking of host immune response biomarkers. Such a wearable device can offer significant strides in improving prognosis and provide personalized therapeutic treatment for several inflammatory/infectious diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Kai‐Chun Lin
- Department of BioengineeringUniversity of Texas at DallasRichardsonTexasUSA
| | - Madhavi Pali
- Department of BioengineeringUniversity of Texas at DallasRichardsonTexasUSA
| | - Devangsingh Sankhala
- Department of Electrical EngineeringUniversity of Texas at DallasRichardsonTexasUSA
| | | | - Shalini Prasad
- Department of BioengineeringUniversity of Texas at DallasRichardsonTexasUSA
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Ghaffari R, Yang DS, Kim J, Mansour A, Wright JA, Model JB, Wright DE, Rogers JA, Ray TR. State of Sweat: Emerging Wearable Systems for Real-Time, Noninvasive Sweat Sensing and Analytics. ACS Sens 2021; 6:2787-2801. [PMID: 34351759 DOI: 10.1021/acssensors.1c01133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Skin-interfaced wearable systems with integrated colorimetric assays, microfluidic channels, and electrochemical sensors offer powerful capabilities for noninvasive, real-time sweat analysis. This Perspective details recent progress in the development and translation of novel wearable sensors for personalized assessment of sweat dynamics and biomarkers, with precise sampling and real-time analysis. Sensor accuracy, system ruggedness, and large-scale deployment in remote environments represent key opportunity areas, enabling broad deployment in the context of field studies, clinical trials, and recent commercialization. On-body measurements in these contexts show good agreement compared to conventional laboratory-based sweat analysis approaches. These device demonstrations highlight the utility of biochemical sensing platforms for personalized assessment of performance, wellness, and health across a broad range of applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roozbeh Ghaffari
- Querrey Simpson Institute for Bioelectronics, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60202, United States
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60202, United States
- Epicore Biosystems, Inc., Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Da Som Yang
- Querrey Simpson Institute for Bioelectronics, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60202, United States
| | - Joohee Kim
- Querrey Simpson Institute for Bioelectronics, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60202, United States
| | - Amer Mansour
- Division of Biological Sciences, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, United States
| | - John A. Wright
- Querrey Simpson Institute for Bioelectronics, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60202, United States
- Epicore Biosystems, Inc., Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Jeffrey B. Model
- Querrey Simpson Institute for Bioelectronics, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60202, United States
- Epicore Biosystems, Inc., Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Donald E. Wright
- Epicore Biosystems, Inc., Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - John A. Rogers
- Querrey Simpson Institute for Bioelectronics, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60202, United States
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60202, United States
- Epicore Biosystems, Inc., Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
- Departments of Materials Science and Engineering, Mechanical Engineering, Electrical and Computer Engineering, and Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60202, United States
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois 60611, United States
| | - Tyler R. Ray
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Hawai’i at Ma̅noa, Honolulu, Hawaii 96822, United States
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, John A. Burns School of Medicine, University of Hawai’i at Ma̅noa, Honolulu, Hawaii 96813, United States
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11
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Ghaffari R, Rogers JA, Ray TR. Recent progress, challenges, and opportunities for wearable biochemical sensors for sweat analysis. SENSORS AND ACTUATORS. B, CHEMICAL 2021; 332:129447. [PMID: 33542590 PMCID: PMC7853653 DOI: 10.1016/j.snb.2021.129447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Sweat is a promising, yet relatively unexplored biofluid containing biochemical information that offers broad insights into the underlying dynamic metabolic activity of the human body. The rich composition of electrolytes, metabolites, hormones, proteins, nucleic acids, micronutrients, and exogenous agents found in sweat dynamically vary in response to the state of health, stress, and diet. Emerging classes of skin-interfaced wearable sensors offer powerful capabilities for the real-time, continuous analysis of sweat produced by the eccrine glands in a manner suitable for use in athletics, consumer wellness, military, and healthcare industries. This perspective examines the rapid and continuous progress of wearable sweat sensors through the most advanced embodiments that address the fundamental challenges currently restricting widespread deployment. It concludes with a discussion of efforts to expand the overall utility of wearable sweat sensors and opportunities for commercialization, in which advances in biochemical sensor technologies will be critically important.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roozbeh Ghaffari
- -Querrey Simpson Institute for Bioelectronics and Department of Biomedical Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA
- -Epicore Biosystems, Inc., Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - John A. Rogers
- -Querrey Simpson Institute for Bioelectronics and Department of Biomedical Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA
- -Epicore Biosystems, Inc., Cambridge, MA, USA
- -Departments of Materials Science and Engineering, Mechanical Engineering, Electrical and Computer Engineering, Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA
- -Department of Neurological Surgery, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Tyler R. Ray
- -Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Hawai‘i at Mānoa, Honolulu, HI
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Steijlen ASM, Bastemeijer J, Groen P, Jansen KMB, French PJ, Bossche A. A wearable fluidic collection patch and ion chromatography method for sweat electrolyte monitoring during exercise. ANALYTICAL METHODS : ADVANCING METHODS AND APPLICATIONS 2020; 12:5885-5892. [PMID: 33290448 DOI: 10.1039/d0ay02014a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
This paper presents a method to continuously collect and reliably measure sweat analyte concentrations during exercise. The method can be used to validate newly developed sweat sensors and to obtain insight into intraindividual variations of sweat analytes in athletes. First, a novel design of a sweat collection system is created. The sweat collection patch, that is made from hydrophilized foil and a double-sided acrylate adhesive, consists of a reservoir array that collects samples consecutively in time. During a physiological experiment, sweat can be collected from the back of a participant and the filling speed of the collector is monitored by using a camera. After the experiment, Na+, Cl- and K+ levels are measured with ion chromatography. Sweat analyte variations are measured during exercise for an hour at three different locations on the back. The Na+ and Cl- variations show a similar trend and the absolute concentrations vary with the patch location. Na+ and Cl- concentrations increase and K+ concentrations seem to decrease during this exercise. With this new sweat collection system, sweat Na+, Cl- and K+ concentrations can be collected over time during exercise at medium to high intensity, to analyse the trend in electrolyte variations per individual.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annemarijn S M Steijlen
- Delft University of Technology, Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Mathematics & Computer Science, Mekelweg 4, Delft, 2628 CD, The Netherlands.
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Ohashi T, Gerrett N, Shinkawa S, Sato T, Miyake R, Kondo N, Mitsuzawa S. Fluidic Patch Device to Sample Sweat for Accurate Measurement of Sweat Rate and Chemical Composition: A Proof-of-Concept Study. Anal Chem 2020; 92:15534-15541. [PMID: 33169984 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.0c03466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Sweat sensors that can continuously sample sweat are critical for determining the time-dependent physiological responses occurring in normal daily life. Here, a new device, termed fluidic patch, for collecting human sweat samples at defined time intervals is developed, and the proof-of-concept is demonstrated. The device comprises micropumps and a disposable microfluidic patch attached to the human skin. The fluidic patch continuously collects aliquots of freshly secreted sweat accumulated in the fluidic pathway at accurately defined time windows (typically 5 min). By measuring the weight of the collected samples, the local sweat rate is calculated. The sweat sample collected can be directly subjected to a wide range of chemical analyses. For the proof-of-concept, we compared the sweat rates during passive heating in human trials using the fluidic patch and the conventional ventilated sweat capsule system. Although the sweat rate obtained using the fluidic patch highly correlated with that of the ventilated sweat capsule (R2 = 0.96, y = 1.4x - 0.05), the fluidic patch overestimated the sweat rate compared with the ventilated capsule system when the sweat rate exceeded 0.5 mg/(cm2·min). The sampled sweat was analyzed for sodium, potassium, chloride, lactate, pyruvate, and cortisol. The device could obtain the time courses of the concentrations of the abovementioned three ions; the concentrations of sodium and chloride increased linearly with the sweat rate during passive heating (R2 = 0.76 and 0.66, respectively). The device can reliably measure the sweat rate and collect sweat samples for chemical analysis. It can be utilized for real-time physiological investigations toward wider applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomoaki Ohashi
- Honda Research Institute Japan Co., Ltd., 8-1 Honcho, Wako 351-0188, Japan
| | - Nicola Gerrett
- Laboratory for Applied Human Physiology, Graduate School of Human Development and Environment, Kobe University, 3-11 Tsurukabuto, Nada-ku, Kobe 657-8501, Japan.,Faculty of Behavioural and Movement Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Van der Boechorststraat 7-9, 1081 BT Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Satoru Shinkawa
- Honda Research Institute Japan Co., Ltd., 8-1 Honcho, Wako 351-0188, Japan
| | - Tomomi Sato
- Microfluidic Integrated Circuits Research Laboratory, Graduate School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, 7-7 Shinkawasaki, Saiwai-ku, Kawasaki 212-0032, Japan
| | - Ryo Miyake
- Microfluidic Integrated Circuits Research Laboratory, Graduate School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, 7-7 Shinkawasaki, Saiwai-ku, Kawasaki 212-0032, Japan
| | - Narihiko Kondo
- Laboratory for Applied Human Physiology, Graduate School of Human Development and Environment, Kobe University, 3-11 Tsurukabuto, Nada-ku, Kobe 657-8501, Japan
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