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Hanratty J, Keenan C, O'Connor SR, Leonard R, Chi Y, Ferguson J, Axiaq A, Miller S, Bradley D, Dempster M. Psychological and psychosocial determinants of COVID Health Related Behaviours (COHeRe): An evidence and gap map. CAMPBELL SYSTEMATIC REVIEWS 2023; 19:e1336. [PMID: 37361553 PMCID: PMC10286725 DOI: 10.1002/cl2.1336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/28/2023]
Abstract
Background The COVID-19 pandemic, caused by the SARS-CoV-2 virus, has resulted in illness, deaths and societal disruption on a global scale. Societies have implemented various control measures to reduce transmission of the virus and mitigate its impact. Individual behavioural changes are crucial to the successful implementation of these measures. Common recommended measures to limit risk of infection include frequent handwashing, reducing the frequency of social interactions and the use of face coverings. It is important to identify those factors that can predict the uptake and maintenance of these protective behaviours. Objectives We aimed to identify and map the existing evidence (published and unpublished) on psychological and psychosocial factors that determine uptake and adherence to behaviours aimed at reducing the risk of infection or transmission of COVID-19. Search Methods Our extensive search included electronic databases (n = 12), web searches, conference proceedings, government reports, other repositories including both published peer reviewed, pre-prints and grey literature. The search strategy was built around three concepts of interest including (1) context (terms relating to COVID-19), (2) behaviours of interest and (3) terms related to psychological and psychosocial determinants of COVID Health-Related Behaviours and adherence or compliance with recommended behaviours, to capture both malleable and non-malleable determinants (i.e. determinants that could be changed and those that could not). Selection Criteria This Evidence and Gap Map (EGM) includes all types of studies examining determinants of common recommended behaviours aimed at mitigating human-to-human spread of COVID-19. All potential malleable and non-malleable determinants of one or more behaviours are included in the map. As part of the mapping process, categories are used to group determinants. The mapping categories were based on a previous rapid review by Hanratty 2021. These include: 'behaviour', 'cognition', 'demographics', 'disease', 'emotions', 'health status', 'information', 'intervention', and 'knowledge'. Those not suitable for categorisation in any of these groups are included in the map as 'other' determinants. Data Collection and Analysis Results were imported to a bibliographic reference manager where duplications of identical studies gathered from multiple sources were removed. Data extraction procedures were managed in EPPI-Reviewer software. Information on study type, population, behaviours measured and determinants measured were extracted. We appraised the methodological quality of systematic reviews with AMSTAR-2. We did not appraise the quality of primary studies in this map. Main Results As of 1 June 2022 the EGM includes 1034 records reporting on 860 cross-sectional, 68 longitudinal, 78 qualitative, 25 reviews, 62 interventional, and 39 other studies (e.g., mixed-methods approaches). The map includes studies that measured social distancing (n = 487), masks and face coverings (n = 382), handwashing (n = 308), physical distancing (n = 177), isolation/quarantine (n = 157), respiratory hygiene/etiquette (n = 75), cleaning surfaces (n = 59), and avoiding touching the T-zone (n = 48). There were 333 studies that assessed composite measures of two or more behaviours. The largest cluster of determinants was 'demographics' (n = 730 studies), followed by 'cognition' (n = 496 studies) and determinants categorised as 'other' (n = 447). These included factors such as 'beliefs', 'culture' and 'access to resources'. Less evidence is available for some determinants such as 'interventions' (n = 99 studies), 'information' (n = 101 studies), and 'behaviour' (149 studies). Authors' Conclusions This EGM provides a valuable resource for researchers, policy-makers and the public to access the available evidence on the determinants of various COVID-19 health-related behaviours. The map can also be used to help guide research commissioning, by evidence synthesis teams and evidence intermediaries to inform policy during the ongoing pandemic and potential future outbreaks of COVID-19 or other respiratory infections. Evidence included in the map will be explored further through a series of systematic reviews examining the strength of the associations between malleable determinants and the uptake and maintenance of individual protective behaviours.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer Hanratty
- School of PsychologyQueen's University BelfastBelfastUK
- Centre for Effective ServicesBelfastUK
| | | | | | | | - Yuan Chi
- Cochrane Global AgeingShanghaiChina
| | - Janet Ferguson
- School of PsychologyQueen's University BelfastBelfastUK
- Applied Behaviour Research ClinicUniversity of GalwayGalwayIreland
| | - Ariana Axiaq
- School of PsychologyQueen's University BelfastBelfastUK
| | - Sarah Miller
- School of Education, Social Sciences and Social WorkQueen's University BelfastBelfastUK
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Joseph K, Chan PSF, Fang Y, Chen S, Mo PKH, Wang Z. Knowledge and practice of personal protective measures against COVID-19 in Africa: a systematic review. JMIR Public Health Surveill 2023; 9:e44051. [PMID: 37058578 DOI: 10.2196/44051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2022] [Revised: 03/29/2023] [Accepted: 04/10/2023] [Indexed: 04/16/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic being a newly evolving disease, its response measures largely depend on the practice of and compliance with personal protective measures (PPMs). OBJECTIVE This systematic review aimed to examine the knowledge and practice of COVID-19 PPMs in African countries, as documented in the published literature. METHODS A systematic search was conducted on Scopus, PubMed, and Web of Science databases using appropriate keywords and predefined eligibility criteria for the selection of relevant studies. Only population-based original research studies (including qualitative, quantitative, and mixed-method studies) done in Africa, and published in the English language were included. The screening process and data extraction were performed according to a pre-registered protocol in PROSPERO (CRD42022355101) and followed the PRISMA (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses) guidelines. The quality of included studies was assessed using the Mixed-Method Appraisal Tool. Thematic analysis was used to systematically summarise the studies into four predefined domains: i) knowledge and perception about PPMs, ii) mask use, iii) social/physical distancing, and iv) hand washing/hygiene, including their respective levels and associated factors. RESULTS A total of 58 studies across 12 African countries were included, and these were published between 2019 and 2022. African communities, including various population groups, had varying levels of knowledge and practice of COVID-19 PPMs, with lack of personal protective equipment (PPE) (mainly face masks), and side effects (among health care workers) being the major reasons for poor compliance. Lower rates of handwashing/ hygiene were particularly noted in several African countries, especially among the urban poor and slum-dwellers, with the main barrier being the lack of safe and clean water. Various cognitive (knowledge and perception), socio-demographic and economic factors were associated with the practice of COVID-19 PPMs. Moreover, there were evident research inequalities on the regional level, where East Africa contributed 36.2%, West Africa 20.7%, North Africa 17.2%, Southern Africa 6.9%, and no single-country study from Central Africa. Nonetheless, the overall quality of the included studies was generally good, as they satisfied most of the quality assessment criteria. CONCLUSIONS There is a need to enhance local capacity to produce and supply PPE. Consideration of various cognitive, demographic and socioeconomic differences, with extra focus on the most vulnerable, is crucial for inclusive and more effective strategies against the pandemic. Moreover, more focus and involvement in community behavioral research are needed to fully understand and address the dynamics of the current pandemic in Africa. CLINICALTRIAL The study protocol was registered in PROSPERO (CRD42022355101).
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Affiliation(s)
- Kawuki Joseph
- Centre for Health Behaviours Research, Jockey Club School of Public Health and Primary Care, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China, Room 508, School of Public Health, Prince of Wales Hospital,, Shatin, N.T., HK
| | - Paul Shing-Fong Chan
- Centre for Health Behaviours Research, Jockey Club School of Public Health and Primary Care, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China, Room 508, School of Public Health, Prince of Wales Hospital,, Shatin, N.T., HK
| | - Yuan Fang
- Department of Health and Physical Education, the Education University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China, New Territories, HK
| | - Siyu Chen
- Centre for Health Behaviours Research, Jockey Club School of Public Health and Primary Care, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China, Room 508, School of Public Health, Prince of Wales Hospital,, Shatin, N.T., HK
| | - Phoenix K H Mo
- Centre for Health Behaviours Research, Jockey Club School of Public Health and Primary Care, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China, Room 508, School of Public Health, Prince of Wales Hospital,, Shatin, N.T., HK
| | - Zixin Wang
- Centre for Health Behaviours Research, Jockey Club School of Public Health and Primary Care, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China, Room 508, School of Public Health, Prince of Wales Hospital,, Shatin, N.T., HK
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Hoffmann K, Michalak M, Bońka A, Bryl W, Myśliński W, Kostrzewska M, Kopciuch D, Zaprutko T, Ratajczak P, Nowakowska E, Kus K, Paczkowska A. Association between Compliance with COVID-19 Restrictions and the Risk of SARS-CoV-2 Infection in Poland. Healthcare (Basel) 2023; 11:healthcare11060914. [PMID: 36981571 PMCID: PMC10048166 DOI: 10.3390/healthcare11060914] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2023] [Revised: 03/10/2023] [Accepted: 03/20/2023] [Indexed: 03/30/2023] Open
Abstract
During the coronavirus disease 19 (COVID-19) pandemic it has become very important to comply with preventive measures. We aimed to assess compliance with applicable restrictions and to explore the links between the level of compliance and the risk of COVID-19. This cross-sectional study included Polish adults who were asked to complete a validated questionnaire. The study period was from 1 November 2020 to 31 January 2021 and a computer-assisted web interview method was chosen to perform the survey. The study involved 562 women and 539 men. COVID-19 was reported in 11.26% of participants. A good level of compliance with the sanitary restrictions was reported for 38.87% of participants, an average level of compliance for 47.96%, and a low level of compliance for 13.17%. A reduced risk of COVID-19 was associated with the following preventive measures: regular use of protective masks, social and physical distancing in public places, regular use of hand sanitizers with high ethanol content, and the use of disposable gloves in public places. Our survey revealed satisfactory public compliance with the pandemic restrictions. Sanitary and epidemiologic measures to prevent the pandemic were shown to be adequate and effective.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karolina Hoffmann
- Department of Internal Diseases, Metabolic Disorders and Arterial Hypertension, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, 60-572 Poznań, Poland
| | - Michał Michalak
- Department of Computer Science and Statistics, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, 61-701 Poznań, Poland
| | - Aleksandra Bońka
- Department of Pharmacoeconomics and Social Pharmacy, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, 61-701 Poznań, Poland
| | - Wiesław Bryl
- Department of Internal Diseases, Metabolic Disorders and Arterial Hypertension, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, 60-572 Poznań, Poland
| | - Wojciech Myśliński
- Department of Internal Disease, Medical University of Lublin, 20-059 Lublin, Poland
| | - Magdalena Kostrzewska
- Department of Pulmonology, Allergology and Pulmonological Oncology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, 61-701 Poznań, Poland
| | - Dorota Kopciuch
- Department of Computer Science and Statistics, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, 61-701 Poznań, Poland
| | - Tomasz Zaprutko
- Department of Computer Science and Statistics, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, 61-701 Poznań, Poland
| | - Piotr Ratajczak
- Department of Computer Science and Statistics, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, 61-701 Poznań, Poland
| | - Elżbieta Nowakowska
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology Institute of Health Sciences, Collegium Medicum, University of Zielona Góra, 65-417 Zielona Góra, Poland
| | - Krzysztof Kus
- Department of Computer Science and Statistics, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, 61-701 Poznań, Poland
| | - Anna Paczkowska
- Department of Computer Science and Statistics, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, 61-701 Poznań, Poland
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Wang G, Li L, Wang L, Xu Z. The Effect of Governmental Health Measures on Public Behaviour During the COVID-19 Pandemic Outbreak. Int J Health Policy Manag 2022; 11:2166-2174. [PMID: 34814663 PMCID: PMC9808271 DOI: 10.34172/ijhpm.2021.131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2021] [Accepted: 09/08/2021] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic resulted in radical changes in many aspects of life. To deal with this, each country has implemented continuous health measures from the beginning of the outbreak. Discovering how governmental actions impacted public behaviour during the outbreak stage is the purpose of this study. METHODS This study uses a hybrid large-scale data visualisation method to analyse public behaviour (epidemic concerns, self-protection, and mobility trends), using the data provided by multiple authorities. Meanwhile, a content analysis method is used to qualitatively code the health measures of three countries with severe early epidemic outbreaks from different continents, namely China, Italy, and the United States. Eight dimensions are coded to rate the mobility restrictions implemented in the above countries. RESULTS (1) Governmental measures did not immediately persuade the public to change their behaviours during the COVID-19 epidemic. Instead, the public behaviour proceeded in a three-phase rule, which is typically witnessed in an epidemic outbreak, namely the wait-and-see phase, the surge phase and the slow-release phase. (2) The strictness of the mobility restrictions of the three countries can be ranked as follows: Hubei Province in China (with an average score of 8.5 out of 10), Lombardy in Italy (7.125), and New York State in the United States (5.375). Strict mobility restrictions are more likely to cause a surge of population outflow from the epidemic area in the short term, whereas the effect of mobility restrictions is positively related to the stringency of policies in the long term. CONCLUSION The public showed generally lawful behaviour during regional epidemic outbreaks and blockades. Meanwhile public behaviour was deeply affected by the actions of local governments, rather than the global pandemic situation. The contextual differences between the various countries are important factors that influence the effects of the different governments' health measures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guoyan Wang
- School of Communication, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Li Li
- Health Inspection Institute, Health Commission of Suzhou, Suzhou, China
| | - Lingfei Wang
- School of Communication, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Zhi Xu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Culture and Tourism for Digital Twin Perception Technology in Museums, Suzhou, China
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5
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Pengpid S, Peltzer K, Sathirapanya C, Thitichai P, Faria de Moura Villela E, Rodrigues Zanuzzi T, de Andrade Bandeira F, Bono SA, Siau CS, Chen WS, Hasan MT, Sessou P, Ditekemena JD, Hosseinipour MC, Dolo H, Wanyenze RK, Nelson Siewe Fodjo J, Colebunders R. Psychosocial Factors Associated With Adherence to COVID-19 Preventive Measures in Low-Middle- Income Countries, December 2020 to February 2021. Int J Public Health 2022; 67:1604398. [PMID: 35645703 PMCID: PMC9130457 DOI: 10.3389/ijph.2022.1604398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2021] [Accepted: 03/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives: To investigate psychosocial factors associated with adherence to COVID-19 preventive measures in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs). Methods: This online cross-sectional survey included 10,183 adults (median age 45 years) from nine LMICs. Participants were asked about adhering to four COVID-19 preventive measures (physical distancing, wearing a face mask, hand, and cough hygiene); a composite adherence score was calculated, ranging from 0-4 positive responses. Psychosocial measures included worry, anxiety, depression, social and demographic, and COVID-19 related factors. Results: Factors associated with adherence to more preventive measures included being a participant from Malaysia or Bangladesh, older age, higher education, belonging to the healthcare sector (either as or worker), having health personnel as a trusted source of COVID-19 information/advice, possessing correct COVID-19 knowledge, worry or fear about being (re)infected with COVID-19, and screening negative for general anxiety symptoms. Conclusion: Moderate to high adherence to COVID-19 preventive measures was found, with significant variations across countries. Psychosocial factors (worry, anxiety, knowledge, education, age, and country) seemed determinant in predicting the number of measures to which participants adhered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Supa Pengpid
- Department of Health Education and Behavioral Sciences, Faculty of Public Health Mahidol University, Ratchathewi, Thailand
- Department of Research Administration and Development, University of Limpopo, Polokwane, South Africa
| | - Karl Peltzer
- Department of Research Administration and Development, University of Limpopo, Polokwane, South Africa
- Department of Psychology, College of Medical and Health Science, Asia University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Chutarat Sathirapanya
- Department of Family and Preventive Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Prince of Songkla University, Hat Yai, Thailand
| | - Phanthanee Thitichai
- FETP Division, Department of Diseases Control, Ministry of Public Health, Nonthaburi, Thailand
| | - Edlaine Faria de Moura Villela
- Disease Control Coordination, São Paulo State Health Department, São Paulo, Brazil
- Institute of Tropical Pathology and Public Health, Federal University of Goiás, Goiânia, Brazil
| | | | | | - Suzanna A. Bono
- School of Social Science, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Gelugor, Malaysia
| | - Ching Sin Siau
- Centre for Community Health Studies (ReaCH), Faculty of Health Sciences, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Won Sun Chen
- Department of Health Science and Biostatistics, Faculty of Health, Arts and Design, Swinburne University of Technology, Hawthorn, VIC, Australia
| | - M Tasdik Hasan
- Public Health Foundation, Bangladesh (PHF, BD), Dhaka, Bangladesh
- Department of Primary Care and Mental Health, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Philippe Sessou
- Research Unit on Communicable Diseases, Polytechnic School of Abomey-Calavi, University of Abomey-Calavi, Cotonou, Benin
| | - John D. Ditekemena
- Kinshasa School of Public Health, University of Kinshasa, Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo
| | | | - Housseini Dolo
- International Center of Excellence in Research, Faculty of Medicine and Odontostomatology, University of Sciences, Techniques and Technology of Bamako, Bamako, Mali
- Lymphatic Filariasis Research Unit, International Center of Excellence in Research, Faculty of Medicine and Odontostomatology, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire du Point-G, Bamako, Mali
| | - Rhoda K. Wanyenze
- School of Public Health, College of Health Sciences, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda
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Braga F, Espinosa G, Monteiro A, Marinho B, Drummond E. Physiological Effects of Exercising at Different Intensities Wearing Surgical or Double-layer Cotton Facemasks Compared to Not Wearing a Mask. Eur J Sport Sci 2022; 23:925-935. [PMID: 35418276 DOI: 10.1080/17461391.2022.2065928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Since the beginning of the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic, the community use of facemasks has been widely recommended. However, their use during exercise has raised safety concerns. Thus, we compared the physiological differences between exercising wearing a surgical (SM) or a double-layer-cotton (DLC) facemask and not wearing a mask (NM). Sixteen volunteers underwent 4 bouts of cycling-based exercise, which consisted of two different intensities: light-to-moderate and moderate-to-high. Facemasks were used as follows: bout-1 and 4: NM; bout-2: SM or DLC and bout-3: DLC or SM. Ventilatory, metabolic, pulmonary gas exchange (PGE) and perceptual variables were collected. At both exercise intensities compared to NM, both facemasks induced similar ventilatory adaptations, increasing inspiratory time and tidal volume and decreasing breathing frequency. Effect sizes (ES) were larger for DLC than for SM. At moderate-to-high, both facemasks reduced the minute ventilation, whereas at light-to-moderate, it was only seen with DLC. End tidal and mixed CO2 pressures, as well as the difference between them, increased with both facemasks. Again, ES was larger for DLC than SM. No relevant oxygen saturation drop was observed with both facemaks and exercise intensities. A small ES increament in VO2 and VCO2 were seen with both facemasks. Effort perception increased at moderate-to-high for both exercise intensities, buth larger EF were with DLC than SM . DLC increased facial temperature during both exercise intensities. In conclusion, ventilatory adjustments imposed during facemask exercise influenced PGE and metabolic and perceptual changes. Larger ES were mostly seen for DLC than SM.Novelty Bullets Facemasks affect the breathing pattern by changing the frequency and amplitude of pulmonary ventilation.The augmented ventilatory work increases VO2, VCO2, and RPE and promotes nonconcerning drops in SpO2 and CO2 retention.Increased inspiratory and expiratory pressure can account for the reduction in pulmonary physiological dead space.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabrício Braga
- Human Performance Laboratory; Rio de Janeiro; Brazil.,Casa de Saúde São José; Rio de Janeiro; Brazil
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Motallebi S, Cheung RCY, Mohit B, Shahabi S, Alishahi Tabriz A, Moattari S. Modeling COVID-19 Mortality Across 44 Countries: Face Covering May Reduce Deaths. Am J Prev Med 2022; 62:483-491. [PMID: 35305777 PMCID: PMC8580811 DOI: 10.1016/j.amepre.2021.09.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2021] [Revised: 09/07/2021] [Accepted: 09/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Despite ongoing efforts to vaccinate communities against COVID-19, the necessity of face mask use in controlling the pandemic remains subject to debate. Several studies have investigated face masks and COVID-19, covering smaller and less diverse populations than this study's sample. This study examines a hypothesized association of face-covering mandates with COVID-19 mortality decline across 44 countries in 2 continents. METHODS In a retrospective cohort study, changes in COVID-19‒related daily mortality rate per million population from February 15 to May 31, 2020 were compared between 27 countries with and 17 countries without face mask mandates in nearly 1 billion (911,446,220 total) people. Longitudinal mixed effect modeling was applied and adjusted for over 10 relevant demographic, social, clinical, and time-dependent confounders. RESULTS Average COVID-19 mortality per million was 288.54 in countries without face mask policies and 48.40 in countries with face mask policies. In no mask countries, adjusted average daily increase was 0.1553 - 0.0017 X (days since the first case) log deaths per million, compared with 0.0900 - 0.0009 X (days since the first case) log deaths per million in the countries with a mandate. A total of 60 days into the pandemic, countries without face mask mandates had an average daily increase of 0.0533 deaths per million, compared with the average daily increase of 0.0360 deaths per million for countries with face mask mandates. CONCLUSIONS This study's significant results show that face mask mandates were associated with lower COVID-19 deaths rates than the rates in countries without mandates. These findings support the use of face masks to prevent excess COVID-19 deaths and should be advised during airborne disease epidemics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sahar Motallebi
- Department of Social Medicine and Global Health, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Rex C Y Cheung
- Department of Decision Sciences, San Francisco State University, San Francisco, California
| | - Babak Mohit
- Sleep Disorders Center, University of Maryland Medical Center, Baltimore, Maryland.
| | - Shahram Shahabi
- Southwest College of Naturopathic Medicine & Health Sciences, Tempe, Arizona
| | - Amir Alishahi Tabriz
- Department of Health Outcomes and Behavior, Moffitt Cancer Center, Tampa, Florida
| | - Syamak Moattari
- Health Sciences Department, Worcester State University, Worcester, Massachusetts
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Kearney PM, Spillane M, Humphries R, Gannon A, Stamenic D, Bhuachalla CN, Hoevel P, Arensman E, O’Riordain M, Troya MI, Khashan AS, O’Reilly E, Buckley C, O’Connor L, Perry IJ. Compliance with local travel restrictions and face masks during first phase of COVID-19 pandemic in Ireland: a national survey. J Public Health (Oxf) 2022:6548106. [PMID: 35285931 PMCID: PMC8992341 DOI: 10.1093/pubmed/fdac017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Background This study examines compliance with local travel restrictions and assesses early uptake of mask wearing, during the initial phase of the coronavirus disease of 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic in Ireland, to inform the ongoing outbreak response. Methods A series of four nationally representative telephone surveys were developed. Information was collected at a household level and from primary respondents. Multivariable logistic regression estimated the association between sociodemographic characteristics and compliance with the local travel restriction and with mask use in primary respondents. Results Household compliance with local travel restrictions was similar by region, household size and social position. 73.4% of all household members complied, with high levels maintained over time. Higher proportions reported travelling for non-permitted reasons with time. Older age, female gender and attending higher education were independently associated with compliance to local travel restrictions. Among primary respondents, no factors were independently associated with mask use. Conclusion High compliance with local travel restrictions during the early stages of the pandemic demonstrates the engagement of the population with public health guidance. Although high compliance with local travel restrictions was generally maintained over time, non-permitted activities increased. Early adoption of mask use before required by national policy or legislation provides further evidence of the responsiveness of the population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia M Kearney
- School of Public Health, University College Cork, National University of Ireland, Cork T12 XF62, Ireland
| | - Mary Spillane
- School of Mathematical Sciences, University College Cork, Cork T12 XF64, Ireland
| | - Rory Humphries
- School of Mathematical Sciences, University College Cork, Cork T12 XF64, Ireland
| | - Alannah Gannon
- School of Public Health, University College Cork, National University of Ireland, Cork T12 XF62, Ireland
| | - Danko Stamenic
- School of Public Health, University College Cork, National University of Ireland, Cork T12 XF62, Ireland
| | | | - Philipp Hoevel
- Department of Surgery, Mercy University Hospital, Cork T12 WE28, Ireland
| | - Ella Arensman
- School of Public Health, University College Cork, National University of Ireland, Cork T12 XF62, Ireland
- National Suicide Research Foundation, University College Cork, Cork T12 XF62, Ireland
- Australian Institute for Suicide Research and Prevention, School of Applied Psychology, Griffith University, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Micheal O’Riordain
- Department of Surgery, Mercy University Hospital, Cork T12 WE28, Ireland
| | - M Isabela Troya
- School of Public Health, University College Cork, National University of Ireland, Cork T12 XF62, Ireland
- National Suicide Research Foundation, University College Cork, Cork T12 XF62, Ireland
| | - Ali S Khashan
- School of Public Health, University College Cork, National University of Ireland, Cork T12 XF62, Ireland
| | - Eilis O’Reilly
- School of Public Health, University College Cork, National University of Ireland, Cork T12 XF62, Ireland
| | - Claire Buckley
- School of Public Health, University College Cork, National University of Ireland, Cork T12 XF62, Ireland
| | - Lois O’Connor
- HSE- Health Protection Surveillance Centre, Dublin, D01 A4A3, Ireland
| | - Ivan J Perry
- School of Public Health, University College Cork, National University of Ireland, Cork T12 XF62, Ireland
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Mezones-Holguin E, Al-Kassab-Córdova A, Herrera-Añazco P, Benites-Zapata VA, Toro-Huamanchumo CJ, Flores-Gavino A, Muñoz Del Carpio-Toia A, Rodríguez-Morales AJ. Frequency of Correct Mask Use Among Pedestrians in High-Flow Indoor Public Spaces: A Multicenter Analysis in the First and Second Waves of the COVID-19 Pandemic in Peru. J Prim Care Community Health 2022; 13:21501319221134851. [PMID: 36348573 PMCID: PMC9647236 DOI: 10.1177/21501319221134851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Our study aimed to describe the variation in the frequency of correct mask
use among pedestrians in the first and second waves of the COVID-19 pandemic
in high-flow indoor public spaces from different geographic and social
settings in Peru. Methods: We carried out a cross-sectional exploratory study among pedestrians in Lima
(the capital city) and other coastal and highland cities in Peru.
Pedestrians were directly observed by trained medical students in 2
high-flow indoor areas at different times in November 2020 (first wave) and
October 2021 (second wave). Primary outcomes included the frequencies of
mask use and correct use. We applied multinomial logistic models and
estimated crude and adjusted relative prevalence ratios for sex, age,
obesity, and location. Additionally, we used binomial generalized linear
models to estimate prevalence ratios in crude and adjusted models. Results: We included 1996 participants. The frequency of mask use was similar in both
years: 96.9% in 2020 and 95.5% in 2021. However, the frequency of correct
mask use significantly decreased from 81.9% (95% CI, 79.4-84.3) in 2020 to
60.3% (95% CI, 57.2-67.3) in 2021. In 2020, we observed an increase in the
probability of misuse in the cities of Lima (aRP: 1.42;
P = .021) and Chiclayo (aPR: 1.62,
P = .001), whereas, in 2021, we noted an increase in the
probability of misuse in the cities of Lima (aRP: 1.72;
P < .001) and Piura (aPR: 1.44;
P < .001). Conclusions: The correct mask use decreased during the second wave, although no
significant overall variations were observed in mask use in pedestrians
between both periods. Also, we found regional differences in correct mask
use in both periods.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Percy Herrera-Añazco
- Universidad San Juan Bautista, Lima, Peru.,Instituto de Evaluación de Tecnologías en Salud e Investigación (IETSI), EsSalud, Lima, Peru
| | | | | | | | | | - Alfonso J Rodríguez-Morales
- Latin American Network of COVID-19 Research (LANCOVID), Pereira, Risaralda, Colombia.,Fundación Universitaria Autónoma de las Américas, Pereira, Risaralda, Colombia
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10
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Burger R, Christian C, English R, Maughan-Brown B, Rossouw L. Predictors of mask-wearing during the advent of the COVID-19 pandemic: Evidence from South Africa. Transl Behav Med 2021; 12:6448738. [PMID: 34865174 PMCID: PMC8690224 DOI: 10.1093/tbm/ibab132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background In the absence of a vaccine, the global spread of COVID-19 during 2020 has necessitated non-pharmaceutical interventions to curb the rise of cases. Purpose The article uses the health belief model and a novel rapid mobile survey to examine correlates of reported mask-wearing as a non-pharmaceutical intervention in South Africa between May and August 2020. Methods Two-way tabulations and multivariable analysis via logistic regression modeling describe correlations between reported mask-wearing and factors of interest among a sample of 7074 adults in a two-period national longitudinal survey, the National Income Dynamics Study-Coronavirus Rapid Mobile Survey (NIDS-CRAM). Results In line with the health belief model, results showed that self-efficacy, the prevalence of others’ mask-wearing in the same district, and affluence were positively associated with reported mask-wearing. Those who reported staying at home were significantly less likely to report wearing a mask. There was little evidence that the expected severity of the disease if contracted, affects these decisions. Hypertension, obesity, or being overweight (measured three years earlier) did not have a significant association with mask-wearing. The prevalence of mask-wearing increased significantly from May to August 2020 as COVID-19 cases increased and lockdown restrictions were eased. Contrary to the health belief model, we found that despite having a higher mortality risk, the elderly had significantly lower odds of mask-wearing. Conclusion In South Africa, the mask-wearing adherence has increased rapidly. It is concerning that the elderly had lower odds of mask-wearing. This should be examined further in future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ronelle Burger
- Economics Department, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, South Africa
| | - Carmen Christian
- Economics Department, University of the Western Cape, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Rene English
- Division of Health Systems and Public Health, Global Health Department, Stellenbosch University, Tygerberg campus, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Brendan Maughan-Brown
- The Southern Africa Labour and Development Research Unit, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Laura Rossouw
- School of Economics and Finance, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
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11
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Powdthavee N, Riyanto YE, Wong ECL, Yeo JXW, Chan QY. When face masks signal social identity: Explaining the deep face-mask divide during the COVID-19 pandemic. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0253195. [PMID: 34111233 PMCID: PMC8191909 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0253195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2021] [Accepted: 05/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
With the COVID-19 pandemic still raging and the vaccination program still rolling out, there continues to be an immediate need for public health officials to better understand the mechanisms behind the deep and perpetual divide over face masks in America. Using a random sample of Americans (N = 615), following a pre-registered experimental design and analysis plan, we first demonstrated that mask wearers were not innately more cooperative as individuals than non-mask wearers in the Prisoners' Dilemma (PD) game when information about their own and the other person's mask usage was not salient. However, we found strong evidence of in-group favouritism among both mask and non-mask wearers when information about the other partner's mask usage was known. Non-mask wearers were 23 percentage points less likely to cooperate than mask wearers when facing a mask-wearing partner, and 26 percentage points more likely to cooperate than mask wearers when facing a non-mask-wearing partner. Our analysis suggests social identity effects as the primary reason behind people's decision whether to wear face masks during the pandemic.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Qi Yu Chan
- Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
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12
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Arias Uribe JI. Impacto de la introducción del cubrebocas contra el COVID-19: una revisión narrativa. Rev Salud Publica (Bogota) 2021. [DOI: 10.15446/rsap.v23n3.92258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
El objetivo de este trabajo fue identificar el impacto de la introducción del cubrebocas contra el COVID-19: qué características tiene y cómo se ha introducido alrededor del mundo. Para ello, se realizó una revisión de la literatura disponible en una base de datos especializada, PUBMED, la cual se ajustó a las directrices enmarcadas en la metodología PRISMA . Se definieron ecuaciones de búsqueda bajo los términos MeSH: humans, COVID-19, severe acute respiratory síndrome coronavirus 2, masks y equipment design, utilizando el carácter booleano AND. Con estas ecuaciones se buscaron artículos publicados en 2020, recuperando 676 registros en total, eligiendo 82 que abordan el tema de interés e incluyendo en la revisión final 49 artículos que cumplían con todos los criterios de inclusión y exclusión definidos. Los resultados sugieren que la introducción de mascarillas tuvo un impacto positivo para reducir el riesgo de COVID-19 y el uso inadecuado del cubrebocas es un factor de riesgo.
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13
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Sessou P, Fodjo JNS, Jérôme CS, Farougou S, Colebunders R. Assessment of adherence to public health measures and their impact on the COVID-19 outbreak in Benin Republic, West Africa. Pan Afr Med J 2021; 38:293. [PMID: 34178212 PMCID: PMC8197054 DOI: 10.11604/pamj.2021.38.293.26843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2020] [Accepted: 03/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction following the global COVID-19 outbreak, the government of Benin implemented preventive measures to stall viral transmission. We sought to evaluate adherence of the Beninese people to these preventive measures, in order to identify predictors of poor adherence and adapt the national response to COVID-19. Methods two consecutive online surveys were conducted between May and August 2020. Four hundred and sixty two and 507 adult participants aged 18 years and above responded to the first and second survey respectively, with >70% being males Results more than 98% of respondents reported wearing face masks. A five-point adherence score was constituted by scoring observance to key preventive measures (mask use, physical distancing, hand hygiene, coughing hygiene and avoiding to touch one´s face). We observed that the mean adherence scores were fairly stable over time, respectively 4.08 and 4.03 during the first and second survey (p=0.439). Increasing age (aOR=1.043, 95% CI: 1.026 - 1.061; p<0.001) and obtaining COVID-19 information from official sources (aOR=1.628, 95% CI: 1.275 - 2.081; p<0.001) were significantly associated with higher adherence scores in a multivariable model. Conclusion these findings suggest that a wide dissemination of adequate information about COVID-19 would increase adherence, and that targeted efforts should be directed towards increasing the compliance to preventive measures among the younger age groups
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Affiliation(s)
- Philippe Sessou
- Research Unit of Communicable Diseases, Polytechnic School of Abomey-Calavi, University of Abomey-Calavi, 01 BP 2009, Cotonou, Benin Republic
| | | | - Charles Sossa Jérôme
- Division of Health Promotion, Regional Institute of Public Health, Ouidah, Benin
| | - Souaïbou Farougou
- Research Unit of Communicable Diseases, Polytechnic School of Abomey-Calavi, University of Abomey-Calavi, 01 BP 2009, Cotonou, Benin Republic
| | - Robert Colebunders
- Global Health Institute, University of Antwerp, Doornstraat 331, 2610 Antwerp, Belgium
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14
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Abstract
Purpose: The aim of the current study was to investigate the prevalence of face mask wearing among different groups of people in south Iran. We also investigated the associations between mask wearing hesitancy and various factors. Methods: We surveyed a sample (convenience sampling) of 5 groups of people: general population, people with epilepsy, people with diabetes mellitus (DM), people with cardiac problems, and people with psychiatric problems. The survey included 4 general questions (age, sex, education, and medical/psychiatric problem) and 4 coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19)-specific questions (contracting COVID-19, relatives with COVID-19, wearing a face mask while in crowded places, and the frequency of daily hand washings). Results: A total of 582 people (153 people with epilepsy, 127 patients with DM, 98 people with cardiac problems, 96 patients with psychiatric disorders, and 108 healthy individuals) participated. Twenty-eight (4.8%) people expressed that they do not wear a face mask when at crowded places. A lower education and less frequent daily hand washings had associations with mask wearing hesitancy. Conclusions: Mask wearing hesitancy is a concern during a respiratory viral disease pandemic. Paying attention to personal variables, especially if they are modifiable (eg, education and hygiene), is probably productive and practical in promoting mask wearing culture.
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15
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Ditekemena JD, Mavoko HM, Obimpeh M, Van Hees S, Siewe Fodjo JN, Nkamba DM, Tshefu A, Van Damme W, Muyembe JJ, Colebunders R. Adherence to COVID-19 Prevention Measures in the Democratic Republic of the Congo, Results of Two Consecutive Online Surveys. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:ijerph18052525. [PMID: 33806286 PMCID: PMC7967309 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18052525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2021] [Revised: 02/24/2021] [Accepted: 03/01/2021] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Adherence to preventive measures is essential to reduce the risk of COVID-19 transmission. Two online surveys were conducted in the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC) from 23 April to 8 June 2020, and from August 24th to September 8th, respectively. A total of 3268 (round 1) and 4160 (round 2) participants were included. In both surveys, there was a moderate level of adherence to regular handwashing (85% and 77%, respectively), wearing of facemasks (41.4% and 69%, respectively), and respecting physical distancing (58% and 43.4%, respectively). The second survey found that, working in private (OR = 2.31, CI: 1.66-3.22; p < 0.001) and public organizations (OR = 1.61, CI: 1.04-2.49; p = 0.032) and being a healthcare worker (OR = 2.19, CI: 1.57-3.05; p < 0.001) significantly increased the odds for better adherence. However, a unit increase in age (OR = 0.99, CI: 0.98-0.99; p < 0.026), having attained lower education levels (OR = 0.60, CI: 0.46-0.78; p < 0.001), living in a room (OR = 0.36, CI: 0.15-0.89; p = 0.027), living in a studio (OR = 0.26, CI: 0.11-0.61; p = 0.002) and apartment (OR = 0.29, CI: 0.10-0.82; p = 0.019) significantly decreased the odds for better adherence. We recommend a multi-sectorial approach to monitor and respond to the pandemic threat. While physical distancing may be difficult in Africa, it should be possible to increase the use of facemasks.
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Affiliation(s)
- John D. Ditekemena
- Kinshasa School of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of Kinshasa, Kinshasa 834, Democratic Republic of the Congo; (D.M.N.); (A.T.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Hypolite M. Mavoko
- Department of Tropical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Kinshasa, Kinshasa 834, Democratic Republic of the Congo;
| | - Michael Obimpeh
- Global Health Institute, University of Antwerp, 2610 Antwerp, Belgium; (M.O.); (S.V.H.); (J.N.S.F.); (R.C.)
| | - Stijn Van Hees
- Global Health Institute, University of Antwerp, 2610 Antwerp, Belgium; (M.O.); (S.V.H.); (J.N.S.F.); (R.C.)
| | - Joseph Nelson Siewe Fodjo
- Global Health Institute, University of Antwerp, 2610 Antwerp, Belgium; (M.O.); (S.V.H.); (J.N.S.F.); (R.C.)
| | - Dalau M. Nkamba
- Kinshasa School of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of Kinshasa, Kinshasa 834, Democratic Republic of the Congo; (D.M.N.); (A.T.)
- Pôle d’Épidémiologie et Biostatistique, Université Catholique de Louvain (UCLouvain), Institut de Recherche Expérimentale et Clinique (IREC), 1348 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Antoinette Tshefu
- Kinshasa School of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of Kinshasa, Kinshasa 834, Democratic Republic of the Congo; (D.M.N.); (A.T.)
| | - Wim Van Damme
- Department of Public Health, Institute of Tropical Medicine, 2600 Antwerp, Belgium;
| | - Jean Jacques Muyembe
- Institut National de Recherche Biomédicale and Faculty of Medicine, University of Kinshasa, Kinshasa 834, Democratic Republic of the Congo;
| | - Robert Colebunders
- Global Health Institute, University of Antwerp, 2610 Antwerp, Belgium; (M.O.); (S.V.H.); (J.N.S.F.); (R.C.)
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Júnior A, Dula J, Mahumane S, Koole O, Enosse S, Fodjo JNS, Colebunders R. Adherence to COVID-19 Preventive Measures in Mozambique: Two Consecutive Online Surveys. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:ijerph18031091. [PMID: 33530538 PMCID: PMC7908406 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18031091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2020] [Accepted: 12/23/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
We assessed adherence to government recommendations implemented shortly after the introduction of COVID-19 in Mozambique in March 2020, through two online cross-sectional surveys in April and June 2020. We quantified adherence to preventive measures by a composite score comprising of five measures: physical distancing, face mask use, hand hygiene, cough hygiene, and avoidance of touching the face. 3770 and 1115 persons participated in the first and second round respectively. Wearing face masks, regular handwashing and cough hygiene all reached compliance rates of over 90% while physical distancing and avoiding to touch the face reached a compliance rate of 80–90%. A multivariable model investigating factors associated with adherence found that being older, more educated, and belonging to the healthcare sector increased the odds for higher adherence. Private workers and retired people, respondents receiving COVID-19 information through social media, and those who reported flu-like symptoms were less likely to adhere. 6% of respondents reported flu-like symptoms which aligned with the WHO clinical definition of COVID-19, suggesting low level community transmission. In conclusion, most respondents in this online survey in Mozambique complied well with strategies to prevent COVID-19. Whether the good preventive behaviour explains the low grade COVID-19 transmission requires further study.
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Affiliation(s)
- António Júnior
- Direcção de Pesquisa em Saúde e Bem-Estar, Instituto Nacional de Saúde, 1120 Maputo, Mozambique; (J.D.); (S.M.); (S.E.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +258-87-386-1820
| | - Janeth Dula
- Direcção de Pesquisa em Saúde e Bem-Estar, Instituto Nacional de Saúde, 1120 Maputo, Mozambique; (J.D.); (S.M.); (S.E.)
| | - Sérgio Mahumane
- Direcção de Pesquisa em Saúde e Bem-Estar, Instituto Nacional de Saúde, 1120 Maputo, Mozambique; (J.D.); (S.M.); (S.E.)
| | - Olivier Koole
- International Center for AIDS Care and Treatment Programs (ICAP) at Columbia University, 1101 Maputo, Mozambique;
| | - Sónia Enosse
- Direcção de Pesquisa em Saúde e Bem-Estar, Instituto Nacional de Saúde, 1120 Maputo, Mozambique; (J.D.); (S.M.); (S.E.)
| | | | - Robert Colebunders
- Global Health Institute, University of Antwerp, 2000 Antwerp, Belgium; (J.N.S.F.); (R.C.)
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17
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Ditekemena JD, Nkamba DM, Muhindo HM, Siewe JNF, Luhata C, Van den Bergh R, Tshefu Kitoto A, Van Damme W, Muyembe JJ, Colebunders R. Factors associated with adherence to COVID-19 prevention measures in the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC): results of an online survey. BMJ Open 2021; 11:e043356. [PMID: 33462101 PMCID: PMC7813390 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2020-043356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2020] [Revised: 11/23/2020] [Accepted: 11/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES We aimed to assess the level of adherence to COVID-19 preventive measures in the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC) and to identify factors associated with non-adherence. DESIGN A cross-sectional population-based online survey. SETTINGS The study was conducted in 22 provinces of the DRC. Five provinces with a satisfactory number of respondents were included in the analysis: Haut Katanga, Kasaï-Central, Kasaï-Oriental, Kinshasa and North Kivu. PARTICIPANTS The participants were people aged ≥18 years, living in the DRC. A total of 3268 participants were included in the study analysis. INTERVENTIONS Both convenience sampling (surveyors themselves contacted potential participants in different districts) and snowball sampling (the participants were requested to share the link of the questionnaire with their contacts) methods were used. PRIMARY AND SECONDARY OUTCOME MEASURES We computed adherence scores using responses to 10 questions concerning COVID-19 preventive measures recommended by the WHO and the DRC Ministry of Health. We used logistic regression analysis with generalised estimating equations to identify factors of poor adherence. We also asked about the presence or absence of flu-like symptoms during the preceding 14 days, whether a COVID-19 test was done and the test result. RESULTS Data from 3268 participants were analysed. Face masks were not used by 1789 (54.7%) participants. Non-adherence to physical distancing was reported by 1364 (41.7%) participants. 501 (15.3%) participants did not observe regular handwashing. Five variables were associated with poor adherence: lower education level, living with other people at home, being jobless/students, living with a partner and not being a healthcare worker. CONCLUSION Despite compulsory restrictions imposed by the government, only about half of the respondents adhered to COVID-19 preventive measures in the DRC. Disparities across the provinces are remarkable. There is an urgent need to further explore the reasons for these disparities and factors associated with non-adherence.
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Affiliation(s)
- John Dinanga Ditekemena
- Ecole de Santé Publique, Universite de Kinshasa Faculte de Medecine, Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo
| | - Dalau Mukadi Nkamba
- Ecole de Santé Publique, Universite de Kinshasa Faculte de Medecine, Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo
- Pôle d'Épidémiologie et Biostatistique, Université catholique de Louvain (UCLouvain), Institut de Recherche Expérimentale et Clinique (IREC), Brussels, Belgium
| | - Hypolite Mavoko Muhindo
- Department of Tropical Medicine, Universite de Kinshasa Faculte de Medecine, Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo
| | | | - Christophe Luhata
- Ecole de Santé Publique, Universite de Kinshasa Faculte de Medecine, Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo
| | | | - Antoinette Tshefu Kitoto
- Ecole de Santé Publique, Universite de Kinshasa Faculte de Medecine, Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo
| | - Wim Van Damme
- Public Health, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Jean Jacques Muyembe
- Direction of the institute, Institut National de Recherche Biomédicale, Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo
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18
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Faria de Moura Villela E, López RVM, Sato APS, de Oliveira FM, Waldman EA, Van den Bergh R, Siewe Fodjo JN, Colebunders R. COVID-19 outbreak in Brazil: adherence to national preventive measures and impact on people's lives, an online survey. BMC Public Health 2021; 21:152. [PMID: 33461508 PMCID: PMC7812554 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-021-10222-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2020] [Accepted: 01/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The first case of COVID-19 infection was diagnosed in Brazil 26th February 2020. By March 16th, physical distancing and confinement measures were implemented by the Brazilian government. Little is known about how these measures were followed up by the Brazilian people and their impact on daily routine. Methods In early April 2020, using an online platform, we organized an online survey among adults living in Brazil about their COVID-19 preventive behavior and impact on their daily routine. Results Data from 23,896 respondents were analyzed (mean age: 47.4 years). Due to COVID-19 restrictions, half (51.1%) of the professionals reported working from home. Regular handwashing was practiced by 98.7% of participants; 92.6% reported adhering to the 1.5-2 m physical distancing rule, but only 45.5% wore a face mask when going outside. While 29.3% of respondents found it relatively easy to stay at home, indoor confinement was extremely difficult for 7.9% of participants. Moreover, 11% of participants were extremely worried about their health during the COVID-19 epidemic. Younger people, male, persons living in a rural area/village or popular neighbourhoods, students and workers reported less preventive behaviour. Conclusion Restrictive measures markedly affected the daily and professional routines of Brazilians. Participants showed a satisfactory level of adherence to national COVID-19 prevention guidelines. Qualitative and follow-up studies are needed to monitor the impact of COVID-19 in the Brazilian society. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12889-021-10222-z.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Ana Paula Sayuri Sato
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Eliseu Alves Waldman
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
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19
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Martinelli L, Kopilaš V, Vidmar M, Heavin C, Machado H, Todorović Z, Buzas N, Pot M, Prainsack B, Gajović S. Face Masks During the COVID-19 Pandemic: A Simple Protection Tool With Many Meanings. Front Public Health 2021; 8:606635. [PMID: 33520918 PMCID: PMC7838459 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2020.606635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2020] [Accepted: 11/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Wearing face masks is recommended as part of personal protective equipment and as a public health measure to prevent the spread of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. Their use, however, is deeply connected to social and cultural practices and has acquired a variety of personal and social meanings. This article aims to identify the diversity of sociocultural, ethical, and political meanings attributed to face masks, how they might impact public health policies, and how they should be considered in health communication. In May 2020, we involved 29 experts of an interdisciplinary research network on health and society to provide their testimonies on the use of face masks in 20 European and 2 Asian countries (China and South Korea). They reflected on regulations in the corresponding jurisdictions as well as the personal and social aspects of face mask wearing. We analyzed those testimonies thematically, employing the method of qualitative descriptive analysis. The analysis framed the four dimensions of the societal and personal practices of wearing (or not wearing) face masks: individual perceptions of infection risk, personal interpretations of responsibility and solidarity, cultural traditions and religious imprinting, and the need of expressing self-identity. Our study points to the importance for an in-depth understanding of the cultural and sociopolitical considerations around the personal and social meaning of mask wearing in different contexts as a necessary prerequisite for the assessment of the effectiveness of face masks as a public health measure. Improving the personal and collective understanding of citizens' behaviors and attitudes appears essential for designing more effective health communications about COVID-19 pandemic or other global crises in the future. To wear a face mask or not to wear a face mask? Nowadays, this question has been analogous to the famous line from Shakespeare's Hamlet: "To be or not to be, that is the question." This is a bit allegorical, but certainly not far from the current circumstances where a deadly virus is spreading amongst us... Vanja Kopilaš, Croatia.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Vanja Kopilaš
- Faculty of Croatian Studies, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
- Croatian Institute for Brain Research, University of Zagreb School of Medicine, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Matjaž Vidmar
- Institute for the Study of Science, Technology and Innovation, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Ciara Heavin
- Business Information Systems, Cork University Business School, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Helena Machado
- Communication and Society Research Centre, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal
| | - Zoran Todorović
- University Hospital Medical Center “Bežanijska kosa”, and University of Belgrade Faculty of Medicine, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Norbert Buzas
- Department of Health Economics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Mirjam Pot
- Department of Political Science, Centre for the Study of Contemporary Solidarity (CeSCoS), University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Barbara Prainsack
- Department of Political Science, Centre for the Study of Contemporary Solidarity (CeSCoS), University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
- Department of Global Health & Social Medicine, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Srećko Gajović
- Croatian Institute for Brain Research, University of Zagreb School of Medicine, Zagreb, Croatia
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20
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Song LJ, Xu S, Xu SL, Sun Z, Liu W. Psychology of wearing face masks to prevent transition of COVID-19. Gen Psychiatr 2020; 33:e100297. [PMID: 34192238 PMCID: PMC7646316 DOI: 10.1136/gpsych-2020-100297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2020] [Revised: 08/27/2020] [Accepted: 09/08/2020] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Lynda Jiwen Song
- Management Division, Leeds University Business School, Leeds, UK
| | - Shu Xu
- Department of Biostatistics, School of Global Public Health, New York University, New York City, New York, USA
| | | | - Zhuoer Sun
- Lab for Post-traumatic Stress Disorder, Faculty of Psychology and Mental Health, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Weizhi Liu
- Lab for Post-traumatic Stress Disorder, Faculty of Psychology and Mental Health, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, China.,The Emotion & Cognition Lab, Faculty of Psychology and Mental Health, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, China
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Litaize A, Heuchon Y, Perez P, Clervoy P, Lefort H. [Hygiene as a weapon in the fight against SARS-Cov-2. All experts in taking care!]. SOINS; LA REVUE DE REFERENCE INFIRMIERE 2020; 65:32-37. [PMID: 33357615 DOI: 10.1016/s0038-0814(20)30241-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
To combat SARS-Cov-2, hygiene is essential for the safety of caregivers and saves lives. In hospital as well as in everyday social and professional environments, everyone is concerned by hygiene and distancing rules. It is an opportunity for us to reinvent ourselves, protect ourselves and protect the most vulnerable. In hospital, at the heart of the crisis, the action of the infection control team, which includes the infection control nurse, is one of the cornerstones of the fight against COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aline Litaize
- Hôpital d'instruction des armées Legouest, 27 avenue de Plantières, BP 90001, 57077 Metz cedex 3, France
| | - Yannick Heuchon
- Hôpital d'instruction des armées Legouest, 27 avenue de Plantières, BP 90001, 57077 Metz cedex 3, France
| | - Pascale Perez
- Hôpital d'instruction des armées Legouest, 27 avenue de Plantières, BP 90001, 57077 Metz cedex 3, France
| | | | - Hugues Lefort
- Hôpital d'instruction des armées Legouest, 27 avenue de Plantières, BP 90001, 57077 Metz cedex 3, France.
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22
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Ahmed MAM, Siewe Fodjo JN, Gele AA, Farah AA, Osman S, Guled IA, Ali AM, Colebunders R. COVID-19 in Somalia: Adherence to Preventive Measures and Evolution of the Disease Burden. Pathogens 2020; 9:pathogens9090735. [PMID: 32899931 PMCID: PMC7560173 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens9090735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2020] [Revised: 08/31/2020] [Accepted: 09/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Following the COVID-19 outbreak in Somalia, strict preventive measures were implemented by the government. We assessed adherence to the government recommendations via two consecutive online cross-sectional surveys between April and July 2020. A five-point adherence score was constructed based on self-reported observance of five preventive measures (physical distancing, face mask use, hand hygiene, mouth covering when coughing/sneezing, and avoidance of touching the face). 4124 and 4703 responses were analyzed during the first and second survey, respectively. The mean adherence score decreased from 3.54 ± 1.5 in the first survey to 3.40 ± 1.6 during the second survey; p < 0.001. More participants experienced at least one flu-like symptom during the second survey (38.2%) compared to the first (16.2%); however, the proportion of positive COVID-19 tests in the first (26.9%) and second survey (26.5%) was similar. The ordinal logistic regression model identified the following predictors for high adherence scores: female gender (odds ratio (OR) = 1.715 (1.581–1.861), p < 0.001); being a healthcare worker/student (OR = 2.180 (2.000–2.377), p < 0.001); obtaining COVID-19 information from official sources (OR = 1.460 (1.341–1.589), p < 0.001); and having postgraduate education (OR = 1.679 (1.220–2.307), p < 0.001). Conversely, obtaining COVID-19 information from social media and residing in urban settings were associated with lower adherence. Targeted and context-specific adaptations of the COVID-19 response may be required in Somalia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammed A. M. Ahmed
- Department of Paediatrics, Faculty of Medicine and Surgery, Mogadishu University, P.O. Box 004 Mogadishu, Somalia; (M.A.M.A.); (S.O.); (I.A.G.); (A.M.A.)
- Department of Paediatric cardiology, Uganda Heart Institute, P.O. Box 7051 Yusufu Lule Road, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Joseph Nelson Siewe Fodjo
- Global Health Institute, University of Antwerp, Doornstraat 331, 2610 Antwerp, Belgium;
- Correspondence:
| | - Abdi A. Gele
- Department of Health Services, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, P.O. Box 222 Skøyen, 0213 Oslo, Norway;
| | | | - Shariff Osman
- Department of Paediatrics, Faculty of Medicine and Surgery, Mogadishu University, P.O. Box 004 Mogadishu, Somalia; (M.A.M.A.); (S.O.); (I.A.G.); (A.M.A.)
| | - Ibraahim Abdullahi Guled
- Department of Paediatrics, Faculty of Medicine and Surgery, Mogadishu University, P.O. Box 004 Mogadishu, Somalia; (M.A.M.A.); (S.O.); (I.A.G.); (A.M.A.)
- Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, Mogadishu Somali-Turkey Training and Research Hospital, Mogadishu, Somalia
| | - Abdiaziz Mohamed Ali
- Department of Paediatrics, Faculty of Medicine and Surgery, Mogadishu University, P.O. Box 004 Mogadishu, Somalia; (M.A.M.A.); (S.O.); (I.A.G.); (A.M.A.)
- De Martino Hospital, Mogadishu, Somalia
| | - Robert Colebunders
- Global Health Institute, University of Antwerp, Doornstraat 331, 2610 Antwerp, Belgium;
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23
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Tamamoto KA, Rousslang ND, Ahn HJ, Better HE, Hong RA. Public Compliance with Face Mask Use in Honolulu and Regional Variation. HAWAI'I JOURNAL OF HEALTH & SOCIAL WELFARE 2020; 79:268-271. [PMID: 32914093 PMCID: PMC7477702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Infections with the SARS-CoV-2 virus are increasing in Hawai'i at alarming rates. In the absence of a SARS-CoV-2 virus vaccine, the options for control include social distancing, improved hygiene, and face mask use. There is evidence that mask use may decrease the rates of viral transmission. The rate of effective face mask use has not yet been established in Hawai'i. The authors performed an observational study at 2 locations in Honolulu and evaluated outdoor face mask use compliance in 200 people. Simultaneous observations were performed in a downtown Honolulu business area and in Waikiki, an area focusing on tourism. Overall, 77% of all subjects used face masks in an appropriate fashion, covering their nose and mouth, while 23% were either incorrectly masked or not masked. The rate of compliance with correct public mask use in downtown Honolulu (88%) was significantly higher than in Waikiki (66%) (P=.0003, Odds Ratio [95% Confidence Interval]=3.78 [1.82, 7.85]) These findings suggest that there are opportunities for improvement in rates of public face mask use and a potential decrease in the spread of COVID-19 in our population. Four proposed actions are suggested, including a reassessment of the face mask exemption requirements, enhanced mask compliance education, non-threatening communication for non-compliance, and centralization of information of the public compliance with face mask use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kasey A. Tamamoto
- John A. Burns School of Medicine, University of Hawai‘i, Honolulu, HI (KAT, NDR)
| | - Nikki D. Rousslang
- John A. Burns School of Medicine, University of Hawai‘i, Honolulu, HI (KAT, NDR)
| | - Hyeong Jun Ahn
- Department of Quantitative Health Sciences, John A. Burns School of Medicine, University of Hawai‘i, Honolulu, HI (HJA)
| | | | - Robert A. Hong
- Correspondence to: Robert A. Hong MD; Department of Medicine, John A. Burns School of Medicine, University of Hawai‘i, 1356 Lusitana St., # 724, Honolulu, HI 96813; ,
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