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Orlińska K, Ramos P, Komosińska-Vassev K, Olczyk K, Stojko J, Rzepecka-Stojko A, Kiselova-Kaneva Y, Ivanova D, Olczyk P, Pilawa B. Application of electron paramagnetic resonance spectroscopy to examine free radicals formed in indapamide and torasemide storage under UV irradiation and at the higher temperatures which appear under light exposition. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2024; 242:116057. [PMID: 38422674 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2024.116057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2023] [Revised: 02/13/2024] [Accepted: 02/16/2024] [Indexed: 03/02/2024]
Abstract
Free radical formation in two diuretics: indapamide and torasemide was examined during UV irradiation and storage at higher temperatures using X-band (9.3 GHz) electron paramagnetic resonance spectroscopy (EPR). The aim of this study was to investigate the possibility of storing indapamide and torasemide under UV irradiation and at higher temperatures, which may occur during exposure to light. The diuretic samples were exposed to UVA irradiation for 15, 30 and 45 minutes, and stored at temperatures of 40 °C and 50 °C by 30 minutes. The EPR spectra were analyzed to determine the amplitudes (A), linewidths (ΔBpp), and integral intensities (I) and g factors. The concentrations of free radical (N) in the diuretic samples were also determined. The influence of microwave power on amplitudes, linewidths and the asymmetry parameter were evaluated. The result showed that the tested indapamide and torasemide samples exhibited high free radical concentrations in the range of 1018-1019 spin/g after UV irradiation and heat treatment. Therefore, due to the significant free radical formation indapamide and torasemide should not be stored under UV light and at temperatures of 40 °C and 50 °C. The complex character of free radical systems in the diuretic samples was proved as evidenced by the changes of the asymmetry parameters of the EPR lines with increasing microwave power. Fast spin-lattice relaxation processes were observed in all tested diuretic samples, regardless of the storage conditions. Electron paramagnetic resonance spectroscopy is proposed as a useful method in pharmacy to determine the appropriate storage conditions for diuretics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kinga Orlińska
- Department of Community Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences in Sosnowiec, Medical University of Silesia in Katowice, Kasztanowa 3, Sosnowiec 41-205, Poland.
| | - Paweł Ramos
- Department of Biophysics, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences in Sosnowiec, Medical University of Silesia, Katowice, Jedności 8, Sosnowiec 41-200, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Komosińska-Vassev
- Department of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Diagnostics, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences in Sosnowiec, Medical University of Silesia in Katowice, Jedności 8, Sosnowiec 41-200, Poland
| | - Krystyna Olczyk
- Department of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Diagnostics, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences in Sosnowiec, Medical University of Silesia in Katowice, Jedności 8, Sosnowiec 41-200, Poland
| | - Jerzy Stojko
- Department of Toxicology and Bioanalysis, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences in Sosnowiec, Medical University of Silesia in Katowice, Ostrogórska 30, Sosnowiec 41-200, Poland
| | - Anna Rzepecka-Stojko
- Department of Drug and Cosmetics Technology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences in Sosnowiec, Medical University of Silesia, Jedności 8, Sosnowiec 41-200, Poland
| | - Yoana Kiselova-Kaneva
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Medicine and Nutrigenomics, The Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Varna, Professor Marin Drinov 55, Varna 9002, Bulgaria
| | - Diana Ivanova
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Medicine and Nutrigenomics, The Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Varna, Professor Marin Drinov 55, Varna 9002, Bulgaria
| | - Paweł Olczyk
- Department of Community Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences in Sosnowiec, Medical University of Silesia in Katowice, Kasztanowa 3, Sosnowiec 41-205, Poland
| | - Barbara Pilawa
- Department of Biophysics, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences in Sosnowiec, Medical University of Silesia, Katowice, Jedności 8, Sosnowiec 41-200, Poland
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Ribeiro M, Sousa CA, Simões M. Harnessing microbial iron chelators to develop innovative therapeutic agents. J Adv Res 2021; 39:89-101. [PMID: 35777919 PMCID: PMC9263657 DOI: 10.1016/j.jare.2021.10.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2021] [Revised: 10/24/2021] [Accepted: 10/27/2021] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Microbial iron chelators as a new route to develop inspiring antimicrobials. Siderophore-mimicking antibiotics as a pathogen-targeted strategy. Effectiveness of iron chelators on antibiotic-resistant Gram-negative bacteria. Iron chelators and the treatment of iron overload diseases. Iron chelators as powerful tools for cancer therapy.
Background Aim of Review Key Scientific Concepts of Review
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3
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Shakya B, Yadav PN. Thiosemicarbazones as Potent Anticancer Agents and their Modes of Action. Mini Rev Med Chem 2020; 20:638-661. [DOI: 10.2174/1389557519666191029130310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2019] [Revised: 09/17/2019] [Accepted: 10/03/2019] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
:Thiosemicarbazones (TSCs) are a class of Schiff bases usually obtained by the condensation of thiosemicarbazide with a suitable aldehyde or ketone. TSCs have been the focus of chemists and biologists due to their wide range of pharmacological effects. One of the promising areas in which these excellent metal chelators are being developed is their use against cancer. TSCs have a wide clinical antitumor spectrum with efficacy in various tumor types such as leukemia, pancreatic cancer, breast cancer, non-small cell lung cancer, cervical cancer, prostate cancer and bladder cancer. To obtain better activity, different series of TSCs have been developed by modifying the heteroaromatic system in their molecules. These compounds possessed significant antineoplastic activity when the carbonyl attachment of the side chain was located at a position α to the ring nitrogen atom, whereas attachment of the side chain β or γ to the heterocyclic N atom resulted in inactive antitumor agents. In addition, replacement of the heterocyclic ring N with C also resulted in a biologically inactive compound suggesting that a conjugated N,N,S-tridentate donor set is essential for the biological activities of thiosemicarbazones. Several possible mechanisms have been implemented for the anticancer activity of thiosemicarbazones.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bhushan Shakya
- Amrit Campus, Tribhuvan University, Thamel, Kathmandu, Nepal
| | - Paras Nath Yadav
- Central Department of Chemistry, Tribhuvan University, Kirtipur, Kathmandu, Nepal
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Alcaraz R, Muñiz P, Cavia M, Palacios Ó, Samper KG, Gil-García R, Jiménez-Pérez A, García-Tojal J, García-Girón C. Thiosemicarbazone-metal complexes exhibiting cytotoxicity in colon cancer cell lines through oxidative stress. J Inorg Biochem 2020; 206:110993. [PMID: 32088593 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinorgbio.2020.110993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2019] [Revised: 01/03/2020] [Accepted: 01/05/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Colorectal cancer is the third most common type of cancer and has a high incidence in developed countries. At present, specific treatments are being required to allow individualized therapy depending on the molecular alteration on which the drug may act. The aim of this project is to evaluate whether HPTSC and HPTSC* thiosemicarbazones (HPTSC = pyridine-2-carbaldehyde thiosemicarbazone and HPTSC* = pyridine-2-carbaldehyde 4N-methylthiosemicarbazone), and their complexes with different transition metal ions as Cu(II), Fe(III) and Co(III), have antitumor activity in colon cancer cells (HT-29 and SW-480), that have different oncogenic characteristics. Cytotoxicity was evaluated and the involvement of oxidative stress in its mechanism of action was analyzed by quantifying the superoxide dismutase activity, redox state by quantification of the thioredoxin levels and reduced/oxidized glutathione rate and biomolecules damage. The apoptotic effect was evaluated by measurements of the levels of caspase 9 and 3 and the index of histones. All the metal-thiosemicarbazones have antitumor activity mediated by oxidative stress. The HPTSC*-Cu was the compound that showed the best antitumor and apoptotic characteristics for the cell line SW480, that is KRAS gene mutated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raquel Alcaraz
- Unidad de Investigación, Hospital Universitario de Burgos, Avd Islas Baleares, 3, 09006 Burgos, Spain.
| | - Pilar Muñiz
- Departamento de Biotecnología y Ciencia de los Alimentos, Universidad de Burgos, Plaza Misael Bañuelos s/n, 09001 Burgos, Spain.
| | - Mónica Cavia
- Departamento de Biotecnología y Ciencia de los Alimentos, Universidad de Burgos, Plaza Misael Bañuelos s/n, 09001 Burgos, Spain
| | - Óscar Palacios
- Departament de Química, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, E-08193 Cerdanyola del Vallès, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Katia G Samper
- Departament de Química, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, E-08193 Cerdanyola del Vallès, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Rubén Gil-García
- Departamento de Química, Universidad de Burgos, 09001 Burgos, Spain
| | | | | | - Carlos García-Girón
- Servicio de Oncología Médica, Hospital Universitario de Burgos, Avd Islas Baleares, 3, 09006 Burgos, Spain
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5
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Plamthottam S, Sun D, Van Valkenburgh J, Valenzuela J, Ruehle B, Steele D, Poddar S, Marshalik M, Hernandez S, Radu CG, Zink JI. Activity and electrochemical properties: iron complexes of the anticancer drug triapine and its analogs. J Biol Inorg Chem 2019; 24:621-632. [PMID: 31250199 DOI: 10.1007/s00775-019-01675-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2019] [Accepted: 06/03/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Triapine (3-AP), is an iron-binding ligand and anticancer drug that is an inhibitor of human ribonucleotide reductase (RNR). Inhibition of RNR by 3-AP results in the depletion of dNTP precursors of DNA, thereby selectively starving fast-replicating cancer cells of nucleotides for survival. The redox-active form of 3-AP directly responsible for inhibition of RNR is the Fe(II)(3-AP)2 complex. In this work, we synthesize 12 analogs of 3-AP, test their inhibition of RNR in vitro, and study the electronic properties of their iron complexes. The reduction and oxidation events of 3-AP iron complexes that are crucial for the inhibition of RNR are modeled with solution studies. We monitor the pH necessary to induce reduction in iron complexes of 3-AP analogs in a reducing environment, as well as the kinetics of oxidation in an oxidizing environment. The oxidation state of the complex is monitored using UV-Vis spectroscopy. Isoquinoline analogs of 3-AP favor the maintenance of the biologically active reduced complex and possess oxidation kinetics that allow redox cycling, consistent with their effective inhibition of RNR seen in our in vitro experiments. In contrast, methylation on the thiosemicarbazone secondary amine moiety of 3-AP produces analogs that form iron complexes with much higher redox potentials, that do not redox cycle, and are inactive against RNR in vitro. The catalytic subunit of human Ribonucleotide Reductase (RNR), contains a tyrosyl radical in the enzyme active site. Fe(II) complexes of 3-AP and its analogs can quench the radical and, subsequently, inactivate RNR. The potency of RNR inhibitors is highly dependent on the redox properties of the iron complexes, which can be tuned by ligand modifications. Complexes are found to be active within a narrow redox window imposed by the cellular environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheba Plamthottam
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA.,Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Daniel Sun
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA.,Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Juno Van Valkenburgh
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA.,Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Jeffrey Valenzuela
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Bastian Ruehle
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Dalton Steele
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA.,Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Soumya Poddar
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Maxim Marshalik
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Selena Hernandez
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Caius Gabriel Radu
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Jeffrey I Zink
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA.
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6
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Assessment of the role of α-lipoic acid against the oxidative stress of induced iron overload. JOURNAL OF RADIATION RESEARCH AND APPLIED SCIENCES 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jrras.2014.10.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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7
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Heffeter P, Pape VFS, Enyedy ÉA, Keppler BK, Szakacs G, Kowol CR. Anticancer Thiosemicarbazones: Chemical Properties, Interaction with Iron Metabolism, and Resistance Development. Antioxid Redox Signal 2019; 30:1062-1082. [PMID: 29334758 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2017.7487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 123] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
SIGNIFICANCE During the past decades, thiosemicarbazones were clinically developed for a variety of diseases, including tuberculosis, viral infections, malaria, and cancer. With regard to malignant diseases, the class of α-N-heterocyclic thiosemicarbazones, and here especially 3-aminopyridine-2-carboxaldehyde thiosemicarbazone (Triapine), was intensively developed in multiple clinical phase I/II trials. Recent Advances: Very recently, two new derivatives, namely COTI-2 and di-2-pyridylketone 4-cyclohexyl-4-methyl-3-thiosemicarbazone (DpC) have entered phase I evaluation. Based on the strong metal-chelating/metal-interacting properties of thiosemicarbazones, interference with the cellular iron (and copper) homeostasis is assumed to play an important role in their biological activity. CRITICAL ISSUES In this review, we summarize and analyze the data on the interaction of (α-N-heterocyclic) thiosemicarbazones with iron, with the special aim of bridging the current knowledge on their mode of action from chemistry to (cell) biology. In addition, we highlight the difference to classical iron(III) chelators such as desferrioxamine (DFO), which are used for the treatment of iron overload. FUTURE DIRECTIONS We want to emphasize that thiosemicarbazones are not solely removing iron from the cells/organism. In contrast, they should be considered as iron-interacting drugs influencing diverse biological pathways in a complex and multi-faceted mode of action. Consequently, in addition to the discussion of physicochemical properties (e.g., complex stability, redox activity), this review contains an overview on the diversity of cellular thiosemicarbazone targets and drug resistance mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Petra Heffeter
- 1 Department of Medicine I, Institute of Cancer Research, Comprehensive Cancer Center of the Medical University, Medical University of Vienna , Vienna, Austria .,2 Research Cluster "Translational Cancer Therapy Research," Vienna, Austria
| | - Veronika F S Pape
- 3 Institute of Enzymology , Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, Hungary .,4 Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Semmelweis University , Budapest, Hungary
| | - Éva A Enyedy
- 5 Department of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, University of Szeged , Szeged, Hungary
| | - Bernhard K Keppler
- 2 Research Cluster "Translational Cancer Therapy Research," Vienna, Austria .,6 Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Vienna , Vienna, Austria
| | - Gergely Szakacs
- 1 Department of Medicine I, Institute of Cancer Research, Comprehensive Cancer Center of the Medical University, Medical University of Vienna , Vienna, Austria .,3 Institute of Enzymology , Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Christian R Kowol
- 2 Research Cluster "Translational Cancer Therapy Research," Vienna, Austria .,6 Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Vienna , Vienna, Austria
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8
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Pelivan K, Miklos W, van Schoonhoven S, Koellensperger G, Gille L, Berger W, Heffeter P, Kowol CR, Keppler BK. Differences in protein binding and excretion of Triapine and its Fe(III) complex. J Inorg Biochem 2015; 160:61-9. [PMID: 26507768 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinorgbio.2015.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2015] [Revised: 09/02/2015] [Accepted: 10/05/2015] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Triapine has been investigated as anticancer drug in multiple clinical phase I/II trials. Although promising anti-leukemic activity was observed, Triapine was ineffective against solid tumors. The reasons are currently widely unknown. The biological activity of Triapine is strongly connected to its iron complex (Fe-Triapine) which is pharmacologically not investigated. Here, novel analytical tools for Triapine and Fe-Triapine were developed and applied for cell extracts and body fluids of treated mice. Triapine and its iron complex showed a completely different behavior: for Triapine, low protein binding was observed in contrast to fast protein adduct formation of Fe-Triapine. Notably, both drugs were rapidly cleared from the body (serum half-life time <1h). Remarkably, in contrast to Triapine, where (in accordance to clinical data) basically no renal excretion was found, the iron complex was effectively excreted via urine. Moreover, no Fe-Triapine was detected in serum or cytosolic extracts after Triapine treatment. Taken together, our study will help to further understand the biological behavior of Triapine and its Fe-complex and allow the development of novel thiosemicarbazones with pronounced activity against solid tumor types.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karla Pelivan
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, University of Vienna, Waehringer Strasse 42, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Walter Miklos
- Institute of Cancer Research and Comprehensive Cancer Center, Medical University of Vienna, Borschkegasse 8a, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Sushilla van Schoonhoven
- Institute of Cancer Research and Comprehensive Cancer Center, Medical University of Vienna, Borschkegasse 8a, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Gunda Koellensperger
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry, University of Vienna, Waehringer Strasse 38, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Lars Gille
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Veterinaerplatz 1, 1210 Vienna, Austria
| | - Walter Berger
- Institute of Cancer Research and Comprehensive Cancer Center, Medical University of Vienna, Borschkegasse 8a, 1090 Vienna, Austria; Research Platform "Translational Cancer Therapy Research", University of Vienna and Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Petra Heffeter
- Institute of Cancer Research and Comprehensive Cancer Center, Medical University of Vienna, Borschkegasse 8a, 1090 Vienna, Austria; Research Platform "Translational Cancer Therapy Research", University of Vienna and Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.
| | - Christian R Kowol
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, University of Vienna, Waehringer Strasse 42, 1090 Vienna, Austria; Research Platform "Translational Cancer Therapy Research", University of Vienna and Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.
| | - Bernhard K Keppler
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, University of Vienna, Waehringer Strasse 42, 1090 Vienna, Austria; Research Platform "Translational Cancer Therapy Research", University of Vienna and Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
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9
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Lobana TS. Activation of C–H bonds of thiosemicarbazones by transition metals: synthesis, structures and importance of cyclometallated compounds. RSC Adv 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/c5ra03333k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Transition metals (PdII, PtII, RuII, RhIIIand IrIII) have induced activation of C–H bonds of thiosemicarbazones and yielded mono-, di-, tri- and tetra-nuclear complexes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tarlok S. Lobana
- Department of Chemistry
- Center of Advanced Studies
- Guru Nanak Dev University
- Amritsar 143005
- India
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10
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Ibragimova MI, Chushnikov AI, Cherepnev GV, Petukhov VY, Zheglov EP. EPR study of iron status in human body during intensive physical activity. Biophysics (Nagoya-shi) 2014. [DOI: 10.1134/s0006350914030087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
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11
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Myers JM, Cheng Q, Antholine WE, Kalyanaraman B, Filipovska A, Arnér ESJ, Myers CR. Redox activation of Fe(III)-thiosemicarbazones and Fe(III)-bleomycin by thioredoxin reductase: specificity of enzymatic redox centers and analysis of reactive species formation by ESR spin trapping. Free Radic Biol Med 2013; 60:183-94. [PMID: 23485585 PMCID: PMC3654041 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2013.02.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2012] [Revised: 01/30/2013] [Accepted: 02/15/2013] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Thiosemicarbazones such as Triapine (Tp) and Dp44mT are tridentate iron (Fe) chelators that have well-documented antineoplastic activity. Although Fe-thiosemicarbazones can undergo redox cycling to generate reactive species that may have important roles in their cytotoxicity, there is only limited insight into specific cellular agents that can rapidly reduce Fe(III)-thiosemicarbazones and thereby promote their redox activity. Here we report that thioredoxin reductase-1 (TrxR1) and glutathione reductase (GR) have this activity and that there is considerable specificity to the interactions between specific redox centers in these enzymes and various Fe(III) complexes. Site-directed variants of TrxR1 demonstrate that the selenocysteine (Sec) of the enzyme is not required, whereas the C59 residue and the flavin have important roles. Although TrxR1 and GR have analogous C59/flavin motifs, TrxR is considerably faster than GR. For both enzymes, Fe(III)(Tp)2 is reduced faster than Fe(III)(Dp44mT)2. This reduction promotes redox cycling and the generation of hydroxyl radical (HO) in a peroxide-dependent manner, even with low-micromolar levels of Fe(Tp)2. TrxR also reduces Fe(III)-bleomycin and this activity is Sec-dependent. TrxR cannot reduce Fe(III)-EDTA at significant rates. Our findings are the first to demonstrate pro-oxidant reductive activation of Fe(III)-based antitumor thiosemicarbazones by interactions with specific enzyme species. The marked elevation of TrxR1 in many tumors could contribute to the selective tumor toxicity of these drugs by enhancing the redox activation of Fe(III)-thiosemicarbazones and the generation of reactive oxygen species such as HO.
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Affiliation(s)
- Judith M Myers
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA
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12
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Chitambar CR, Antholine WE. Iron-targeting antitumor activity of gallium compounds and novel insights into triapine(®)-metal complexes. Antioxid Redox Signal 2013; 18:956-72. [PMID: 22900955 PMCID: PMC3557436 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2012.4880] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
SIGNIFICANCE Despite advances made in the treatment of cancer, a significant number of patients succumb to this disease every year. Hence, there is a great need to develop new anticancer agents. RECENT ADVANCES Emerging data show that malignant cells have a greater requirement for iron than normal cells do and that proteins involved in iron import, export, and storage may be altered in cancer cells. Therefore, strategies to perturb these iron-dependent steps in malignant cells hold promise for the treatment of cancer. Recent studies show that gallium compounds and metal-thiosemicarbazone complexes inhibit tumor cell growth by targeting iron homeostasis, including iron-dependent ribonucleotide reductase. Chemical similarities of gallium(III) with iron(III) enable the former to mimic the latter and interpose itself in critical iron-dependent steps in cellular proliferation. Newer gallium compounds have emerged with additional mechanisms of action. In clinical trials, the first-generation-compound gallium nitrate has exhibited activity against bladder cancer and non-Hodgkin's lymphoma, while the thiosemicarbazone Triapine(®) has demonstrated activity against other tumors. CRITICAL ISSUES Novel gallium compounds with greater cytotoxicity and a broader spectrum of antineoplastic activity than gallium nitrate should continue to be developed. FUTURE DIRECTIONS The antineoplastic activity and toxicity of the existing novel gallium compounds and thiosemicarbazone-metal complexes should be tested in animal tumor models and advanced to Phase I and II clinical trials. Future research should identify biologic markers that predict tumor sensitivity to gallium compounds. This will help direct gallium-based therapy to cancer patients who are most likely to benefit from it.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher R Chitambar
- Division of Hematology & Oncology, Department of Medicine, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53226, USA.
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Adams M, Li Y, Khot H, De Kock C, Smith PJ, Land K, Chibale K, Smith GS. The synthesis and antiparasitic activity of aryl- and ferrocenyl-derived thiosemicarbazone ruthenium(ii)–arene complexes. Dalton Trans 2013; 42:4677-85. [DOI: 10.1039/c3dt32740j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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14
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Aye Y, Long MJC, Stubbe J. Mechanistic studies of semicarbazone triapine targeting human ribonucleotide reductase in vitro and in mammalian cells: tyrosyl radical quenching not involving reactive oxygen species. J Biol Chem 2012; 287:35768-35778. [PMID: 22915594 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m112.396911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Triapine® (3-aminopyridine-2-carboxaldehyde thiosemicarbazone (3-AP)) is a drug in Phase II trials. One of its established cellular targets is the β(2) subunit of ribonucleotide reductase that requires a diferric-tyrosyl-radical [(Fe(III)(2)-Y·)(Fe(III)(2))] cofactor for de novo DNA biosynthesis. Several mechanisms for 3-AP inhibition of β(2) have been proposed; one involves direct iron chelation from β(2), whereas a second involves Y· destruction by reactive oxygen species formed in situ in the presence of O(2) and reductant by Fe(II)-(3-AP). Inactivation of β(2) can thus arise from cofactor destruction by loss of iron or Y·. In vitro kinetic data on the rates of (55)Fe and Y· loss from [((55)Fe(III)(2)-Y·)((55)Fe(III)(2))]-β(2) under aerobic and anaerobic conditions reveal that Y· loss alone is sufficient for rapid β(2) inactivation. Oxyblot(TM) and mass spectrometric analyses of trypsin-digested inhibited β(2), and lack of Y· loss from H(2)O(2) and O(2)(•) treatment together preclude reactive oxygen species involvement in Y· loss. Three mammalian cell lines treated with 5 μm 3-AP reveal Y· loss and β(2) inactivation within 30-min of 3-AP-exposure, analyzed by whole-cell EPR and lysate assays, respectively. Selective degradation of apo- over [(Fe(III)(2)-Y·)(Fe(III)(2))]-β(2) in lysates, similar iron-content in β(2) immunoprecipitated from 3-AP-treated and untreated [(55)Fe]-prelabeled cells, and prolonged (12 h) stability of the inhibited β(2) are most consistent with Y· loss being the predominant mode of inhibition, with β(2) remaining iron-loaded and stable. A model consistent with in vitro and cell-based biochemical studies is presented in which Fe(II)-(3-AP), which can be cycled with reductant, directly reduces Y· of the [(Fe(III)(2)-Y·)(Fe(III)(2))] cofactor of β(2).
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Affiliation(s)
- Yimon Aye
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139
| | - Marcus J C Long
- Graduate Program in Biochemistry and Biophysics, Brandeis University, Waltham, Massachusetts 02454
| | - JoAnne Stubbe
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139; Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139.
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Chellan P, Land KM, Shokar A, Au A, An SH, Clavel CM, Dyson PJ, Kock CD, Smith PJ, Chibale K, Smith GS. Exploring the Versatility of Cycloplatinated Thiosemicarbazones as Antitumor and Antiparasitic Agents. Organometallics 2012. [DOI: 10.1021/om300334z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Prinessa Chellan
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Cape Town, Private Bag, Rondebosch 7701, South Africa
| | - Kirkwood M. Land
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of the Pacific, Stockton, California 95211, United States
| | - Ajit Shokar
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of the Pacific, Stockton, California 95211, United States
| | - Aaron Au
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of the Pacific, Stockton, California 95211, United States
| | - Seung Hwan An
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of the Pacific, Stockton, California 95211, United States
| | - Catherine M. Clavel
- Institut des Sciences et Ingénierie Chimiques, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Paul J. Dyson
- Institut des Sciences et Ingénierie Chimiques, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Carmen de Kock
- Division of Pharmacology, Department of Medicine, University of Cape Town, K45, OMB, Groote Schuur Hospital,
Observatory, 7925, South Africa
| | - Peter J. Smith
- Division of Pharmacology, Department of Medicine, University of Cape Town, K45, OMB, Groote Schuur Hospital,
Observatory, 7925, South Africa
| | - Kelly Chibale
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Cape Town, Private Bag, Rondebosch 7701, South Africa
- Institute of Infectious Disease
and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch
7701, South Africa
| | - Gregory S. Smith
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Cape Town, Private Bag, Rondebosch 7701, South Africa
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16
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Chellan P, Stringer T, Shokar A, Dornbush PJ, Vazquez-Anaya G, Land KM, Chibale K, Smith GS. Synthesis and in vitro evaluation of palladium(II) salicylaldiminato thiosemicarbazone complexes against Trichomonas vaginalis. J Inorg Biochem 2011; 105:1562-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jinorgbio.2011.07.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2011] [Revised: 07/29/2011] [Accepted: 07/29/2011] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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17
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Krzyminiewski R, Kruczyński Z, Dobosz B, Zając A, Mackiewicz A, Leporowska E, Folwaczna S. EPR Study of Iron Ion Complexes in Human Blood. APPLIED MAGNETIC RESONANCE 2011; 40:321-330. [PMID: 21654899 PMCID: PMC3082697 DOI: 10.1007/s00723-011-0219-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2010] [Revised: 02/11/2011] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Electronic states of iron ion complexes in human blood from patients with melanoma have been investigated by electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR). The measurements were performed at liquid nitrogen temperature (77 K) on an X-band EPR spectrometer. Numerous types of iron paramagnetic centers have been identified. In several kinds of protein complexes exemplified by methemoglobin, transferrin or ferritin, various forms of trivalent iron have been found. Three groups of patients with typical EPR spectra have been individualized. These groups differed in types and concentration of paramagnetic centers in peripheral blood. A good correlation has been found between the EPR results, the total iron ion complexes concentration and transferrin saturation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryszard Krzyminiewski
- Medical Physics Division, Faculty of Physics, Adam Mickiewicz University, Umultowska 85, 61-614 Poznań, Poland
| | - Zdzisław Kruczyński
- Medical Physics Division, Faculty of Physics, Adam Mickiewicz University, Umultowska 85, 61-614 Poznań, Poland
| | - Bernadeta Dobosz
- Medical Physics Division, Faculty of Physics, Adam Mickiewicz University, Umultowska 85, 61-614 Poznań, Poland
| | - Anna Zając
- Medical Physics Division, Faculty of Physics, Adam Mickiewicz University, Umultowska 85, 61-614 Poznań, Poland
| | | | - Ewa Leporowska
- Greater Poland Cancer Centre, Garbary 15, 61-866 Poznań, Poland
| | - Sandra Folwaczna
- Medical Physics Division, Faculty of Physics, Adam Mickiewicz University, Umultowska 85, 61-614 Poznań, Poland
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Yu Y, Rahmanto YS, Hawkins CL, Richardson DR. The Potent and Novel Thiosemicarbazone Chelators Di-2-pyridylketone-4,4-dimethyl-3-thiosemicarbazone and 2-Benzoylpyridine-4,4-dimethyl-3-thiosemicarbazone Affect Crucial Thiol Systems Required for Ribonucleotide Reductase Activity. Mol Pharmacol 2011; 79:921-31. [DOI: 10.1124/mol.111.071324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
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Kolesar JM, Sachidanandam K, Schelman WR, Eickhoff J, Holen KD, Traynor AM, Alberti DB, Thomas JP, Chitambar CR, Wilding G, Antholine WE. Cytotoxic Evaluation of 3-Aminopyridine-2-Carboxaldehyde Thiosemicarbazone, 3-AP, in Peripheral Blood Lymphocytes of Patients with Refractory Solid Tumors using Electron Paramagnetic Resonance. Exp Ther Med 2010; 2:119-123. [PMID: 21373381 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2010.165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE: 3-AP (3-aminopyridine-2-carboxaldehyde thiosemicarbazone, 3-AP) is a metal chelator that potently inhibits the enzyme ribonucleotide reductase, RR, which plays a key role in cell division and tumor progression. A sub-unit of RR has a non-heme iron and a tyrosine free radical, which are required for the enzymatic reduction of ribonucleotides to deoxyribonucleotides. The objective of the study was to determine whether 3-AP affects its targeted action by measuring EPR signals formed either directly or indirectly from low molecular weight ferric-3-AP chelates. METHODS: Peripheral blood lymphocytes were collected from patients with refractory solid tumors at baseline and at 2, 4.5 and 22 hours after 3-AP administration. EPR spectra were used to identify signals from high-spin Fe-transferrin, high-spin heme and low-spin iron or copper ions. RESULTS: An increase in Fe-transferrin signal was observed, suggesting blockage of Fe uptake. It is hypothesized that formation of reactive oxygen species by FeT(2) or CuT damage transferrin or the transferrin receptor. An increase in heme signal was also observed, which is a probable source of cytochrome c release from the mitochondria and potential apoptosis. In addition, increased levels of Fe and Cu were identified. CONCLUSION: These results, which were consistent with our earlier study validating 3-AP-mediated signals by EPR, provide valuable insights into the in vivo mechanism of action of 3-AP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jill M Kolesar
- University of Wisconsin Paul P. Carbone Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 600 Highland Ave., Room K4/554, Madison, WI 53792-5669, United States
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Chellan P, Nasser S, Vivas L, Chibale K, Smith GS. Cyclopalladated complexes containing tridentate thiosemicarbazone ligands of biological significance: Synthesis, structure and antimalarial activity. J Organomet Chem 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jorganchem.2010.06.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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21
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Kolesar J, Brundage RC, Pomplun M, Alberti D, Holen K, Traynor A, Ivy P, Wilding G. Population pharmacokinetics of 3-aminopyridine-2-carboxaldehyde thiosemicarbazone (Triapine®) in cancer patients. Cancer Chemother Pharmacol 2010; 67:393-400. [PMID: 20440618 DOI: 10.1007/s00280-010-1331-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2009] [Accepted: 04/13/2010] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The purpose of this study was to develop a population pharmacokinetic (PK) model for 3-AP, to evaluate the effect of ABCB1 polymorphisms on the pharmacokinetic profile of 3-AP, and to assess the relationship between 3AP disposition and patient covariates. METHODS A total of 40 patients with advanced cancer from two phase 1 studies were included in the population PK model building. Patients received 3-AP 25-105 mg/m(2) IV on day 1. 3-AP plasma and erythrocyte levels were sampled at 10 timepoints over a 24-h period and measured by a validated HPLC method. Data were analyzed by a nonlinear mixed-effects modeling approach using the NONMEM system. RESULTS 3-AP pharmacokinetics were described as a 3-compartment model with first-order elimination, with one compartment representing the plasma and another representing erythrocyte concentrations. Gender was associated with volume of distribution, in which women had a lower V2. The number of cycles administered was associated with clearance; those with decreased clearance were more likely to receive less than 2 cycles before going off study. CONCLUSION This study suggests that monitoring 3-AP plasma concentrations in the first cycle and dose adjustment in those with decreased clearance may be helpful in decreasing toxicity associated with the 3-AP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jill Kolesar
- Paul P. Carbone Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Wisconsin, 600 Highland Avenue, K4/554, Madison, WI 53792, USA.
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22
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Abstract
Based on explicit definitions of biomolecular EPR spectroscopy and of the metallome, this tutorial review positions EPR in the field of metallomics as a unique method to study native, integrated systems of metallobiomolecular coordination complexes subject to external stimuli. The specific techniques of whole-system bioEPR spectroscopy are described and their historic, recent, and anticipated applications are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wilfred R Hagen
- Department of Biotechnology, Delft University of Technology, Julianalaan 67, 2628BC Delft, The Netherlands.
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