BioMOF@cellulose fabric composites for bioactive molecule delivery

A nickel glutamate metal biomolecule framework

This paper describes the synthesis of a MbioF (Metal-biomolecule Framework) using glutamic acid and nickel carbonate as precursors. The direct action of glutamic acid (H2Glu) on basic nickel carbonate (NiCO3·2Ni(OH)2·4H2O) initially indicated the formation of a complex, [Ni(HGlu)2], which was then treated in a Teflon-lined stainless steel autoclave at 100 °C for 24 hours, resulting in the compound {[Ni(Glu)(H2O)]·H2O}n, with a yield of 43%. The resolution of the structure of this compound by single-crystal X-ray diffraction indicated that it belongs to the orthorhombic crystal system and space group P212121, with a structure analogous to those of the compounds {[Co(Glu)(H2O)]·H2O}n, {[Cu(Glu)(H2O)]·H2O}n and {[Zn(Glu)(H2O])·H2O}n described in the literature, with a molecular formula of C5H9NO5Ni·H2O, molar mass of 239.8379 g mol-1, parameters a, b and c with values of 7.0577(2) (Å), 10.2307(3) (Å) and 11.5350(4) (Å), and a volume of 837.219 Å3. This compound, which is an intensely green crystalline solid, was characterized by electron (UV-Vis) and vibrational spectroscopy in the Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) region, powder X-ray diffractometry (PXRD) and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA/DTA). The in vivo toxicity and in vitro antimicrobial activity of the complex and the Ni-MOF were tested. The two compounds presented no toxicity at a concentration of 5000 μg mL-1, and showed inhibitory activity at 64 μg mL-1 in 24 h and at 128 μg mL-1 in 48 h against the yeast Candida albicans.

Advancements in Inkjet Printing of Metal- and Covalent-Organic Frameworks: Process Design and Ink Optimization

Metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) and covalent-organic frameworks (COFs) are highly versatile materials based on inorganic modes connected via organic linkers or purely via the connection of organic building blocks, respectively. This results in 3-D nanoporous frameworks, which, due to their combination of high porosity and variability of building blocks, can exhibit exceptional properties that make them attractive. Certain applications (e.g., in electronics and as membranes) require a thin film or even a patterned morphology on various substrates. Inkjet printing of MOFs has emerged as a simple and effective technique for the scalable production of a wide range of MOF (gradient) films and patterns on a wide range of substrates according to specific requirements. This review comprehensively reviews the achievements in inkjet printing of both MOFs and COFs. We discuss the different substrates, ink formulation, and hardware intertwined requirements needed to achieve high-resolution printing and obtain desired properties such as porosity, physical-mechanical characteristics, and uniform thickness. Crucial aspects related to ink formulation, such as colloidal stability and size control of MOFs and COFs, are discussed. Additionally, we highlight potential opportunities for furthering the development of inkjet printing of MOFs/COFs and critically assess the reporting of the printing procedures and characterization of the resultant materials. In this manner, this review aims to contribute to the advancements in understanding and optimization of inkjet printing of MOFs and COFs, as this technique holds great potential for diverse applications and functionalization of MOF/COF films and patterns.

The Role of the Functionalization of Biomedical Fabrics on Their Ability to Adsorb and Release Drugs

Biomedical cotton gauzes (C0), after a first functionalization with glycidyl methacrylate (GMA) by a Fenton's reaction (material C1), can be further modified in order to make them suitable for the adsorption and next release of drugs. Indeed, either after opening the epoxide ring through the addition of water (material C2) or after the introduction of amino groups through reaction with diamines (1,2-diaminoethane (material C3), 1,6-diaminohexane (material C4) and 1,12-diaminododecane (material C5)), the new gauzes can be uploaded with drugs. Both ibuprofen (IB), a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory, and amoxicillin (AM), a wide-spectrum β-lactam antibiotic, are efficiently adsorbed from their aqueous solutions at 20 °C onto C2-C5 (up to ≈0.8 mmol g-1 for IB and up to 0.4 mmol g-1 for AM) but not onto C0 and C1. The release of both IB and AM is affected by the ionic strength of the medium in which the release takes place. Indeed, kinetic experiments conducted with a physiological solution (NaCl (aq, 0.9% w/v) showed good release efficiencies while only modest or negligible release was observed if deionised water was the release medium. Moreover, the kind of functionalization plays an important role during both the adsorption and the release. The gauzes C3-C5 can be uploaded with a higher amount of drug relative to C2. Conversely, the drug is released quickly and in a higher amount from C2 relative to the gauzes containing the amino groups.

Design of nanosystems for melanoma treatment

Melanoma is a prevalent and concerning form of skin cancer affecting millions of individuals worldwide. Unfortunately, traditional treatments can be invasive and painful, prompting the need for alternative therapies with improved efficacy and patient outcomes. Nanosystems offer a promising solution to these obstacles through the rational design of nanoparticles (NPs) which are structured into nanocomposite forms, offering efficient approaches to cancer treatment procedures. A range of NPs consisting of polymeric, metallic and metal oxide, carbon-based, and virus-like NPs have been studied for their potential in treating skin cancer. This review summarizes the latest developments in functional nanosystems aimed at enhancing melanoma treatment. The fundamentals of these nanosystems, including NPs and the creation of various functional nanosystem types, facilitating melanoma treatment are introduced. Then, the advances in the applications of functional nanosystems for melanoma treatment are summarized, outlining both their benefits and the challenges encountered in implementing nanosystem therapies.

Functionalization strategy of carboxymethyl cotton gauze fabrics with zeolitic imidazolate framework-67 (ZIF-67) as a recyclable material for biomedical applications

The accumulation of uremic toxins in the human body poses a deadly risk because it causes chronic kidney disease. To increase the effectiveness of hemodialysis and raise the survival rate, these toxins must be effectively removed from the bloodstream. Developing effective materials for removing these dangerous substances requires a thorough understanding of the interactions between an adsorbent and the uremic toxins. Thankfully, metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) have shown considerable promise for the identification and treatment of kidney disorders. Herein, cotton gauze fabrics (CGF) were carboxylated using monochloroacetic acid to produce carboxymethylated cotton gauze fabrics (CM-CGF). CM-CGF was subsequently decorated in situ with zeolitic imidazolate framework-67, resulting in carboxymethylated cotton gauze fabrics-zeolitic imidazolate framework-67 (CM-CGF-ZIF). The CGF, CM-CGF, and CM-CGF-ZIF were evaluated for potential kidney applications by removing uric acid and creatinine from mimic blood. The results showed that CM-CGF-ZIF had the highest adsorption of uric acid and creatinine. The maximum adsorption capacity of uric acid and creatinine was 164 and 222 mg/g for CM-CGF-ZIF, respectively, compared to 45 and 67 mg/g for CGF. CM-CGF-ZIF showed excellent antibacterial activity, good antifungal activity, low cytotoxicity, and a satisfactory level of blood compatibility.

Recent development towards the novel applications and future prospects for cellulose-metal organic framework hybrid materials: a review

The hybrid material created by combining cellulose and MOF is highly promising and possesses a wide range of useful properties. Cellulose-based metal-organic frameworks (CelloMOFs) combine the inherent biocompatibility and sustainability of cellulose with the tunable porosity and diverse metal coordination chemistry of MOFs. Cellulose-MOF hybrids have countless applications in various fields, such as energy storage, water treatment, air filtration, gas adsorption, catalysis, and biomedicine. They are particularly remarkable as adsorbents that can eliminate pollutants from wastewater, including metals, oils, dyes, antibiotics, and drugs, and act as catalysts for oxidation and reduction reactions. Furthermore, they are highly efficient air filters, able to remove carbon dioxide, particulate matter, and volatile organic compounds. When it comes to energy storage, these hybrids have demonstrated exceptional results. They are also highly versatile in the realm of biomedicine, with applications such as antibacterial and drug delivery. This article provides an in-depth look at the fabrication methods, advanced applications of cellulose-MOF hybrids, and existing and future challenges.

Concealed fluorescent anti-counterfeiting paper prepared by loading perovskite and lead-metal-organic framework on cellulose fibers

Counterfeiting has caused great concern all over the world. What's more, the fluorescent materials play an important role in technological research and development for high-security. In this work, lead-metal-organic framework (Pb-MOF) and perovskite (MAPbBr3) were used in papers to achieving fluorescence counterfeiting. Pb-MOF, as the template or precursor of MAPbBr3, were in-situ generated on the surface of cellulose fibers (CFs) to preparing into hand sheets (Pb-MOF@CFs). Through the analysis of experimental results, it was found that ligands, reaction systems, addition sequences of drugs, time, etc. would affect the deposition of Pb-MOF on the surface of CFs. Using CH3NH3Br (MABr) as the anti-counterfeiting ink to write on Pb-MOF@CFs, the orange writing leaped across the paper, which caused by Pb in Pb-MOF chemically reacting with MABr forming MAPbBr3. The orange writing displayed green fluorescence under 365 nm ultraviolet lamp excitation. The orange writing with green fluorescence could be extinguished and reconstructed, which had promise for reuse. In addition, fluorescent security papers (MAPbBr3@Pb-MOFs@CFs) were prepared by immersing Pb-MOF@CFs in MABr solution. The fluorescence of MAPbBr3@Pb-MOFs@CFs opened when the surface of it was scraped under 365 nm ultraviolet lamp. This unique fluorescence property was very important in improving the security of products. Consequently, the ongoing research on perovskite and MOFs materials is of great significance.

The green synthesis and applications of biological metal-organic frameworks for targeted drug delivery and tumor treatments

Biological metal-organic frameworks (bio-MOFs) constitute a growing subclass of MOFs composed of metals and bio-ligands derived from biology, such as nucleobases, peptides, saccharides, and amino acids. Bio-ligands are more abundant than other traditional organic ligands, providing multiple coordination sites for MOFs. However, bio-MOFs are typically prepared using hazardous or harmful solvents or reagents, as well as laborious processes that do not conform to environmentally friendly standards. To improve biocompatibility and biosafety, eco-friendly synthesis and functionalization techniques should be employed with mild conditions and safer materials, aiming to reduce or avoid the use of toxic and hazardous chemical agents. Recently, bio-MOF applications have gained importance in some research areas, including imaging, tumor therapy, and targeted drug delivery, owing to their flexibility, low steric hindrances, low toxicity, remarkable biocompatibility, surface property refining, and degradability. This has led to an exponential increase in research on these materials. This paper provides a comprehensive review of updated strategies for the synthesis of environmentally friendly bio-MOFs, as well as an examination of the current progress and accomplishments in green-synthesized bio-MOFs for drug delivery aims and tumor treatments. In conclusion, we consider the challenges of applying bio-MOFs for biomedical applications and clarify the possible research orientation that can lead to highly efficient therapeutic outcomes.

Fiber Integrated Metal-Organic Frameworks as Functional Components in Smart Textiles

Owing to high modularity and synthetic tunability, metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) on textiles are poised to contribute to the development of state-of-the-art wearable systems with multifunctional performance. While these composite materials have demonstrated promising functions in sensing, filtration, detoxification, and biomedicine, their applicability in multifunctional systems is only beginning to materialize. This review highlights the multifunctionality and versatility of MOF-integrated textile systems. It summarizes the operational goals of MOF@textile composites, encompassing sensing, filtration, detoxification, drug delivery, UV protection, and photocatalysis. Building upon these recent advances, this review concludes with an outlook on emerging opportunities for the diverse applications of MOF@textile systems in the realm of smart wearables.

Organized mineralized cellulose nanostructures for biomedical applications

Cellulose is the most abundant naturally-occurring polymer, and possesses a one-dimensional (1D) anisotropic crystalline nanostructure with outstanding mechanical robustness, biocompatibility, renewability and rich surface chemistry in the form of nanocellulose in nature. Such features make cellulose an ideal bio-template for directing the bio-inspired mineralization of inorganic components into hierarchical nanostructures that are promising in biomedical applications. In this review, we will summarize the chemistry and nanostructure characteristics of cellulose and discuss how these favorable characteristics regulate the bio-inspired mineralization process for manufacturing the desired nanostructured bio-composites. We will focus on uncovering the design and manipulation principles of local chemical compositions/constituents and structural arrangement, distribution, dimensions, nanoconfinement and alignment of bio-inspired mineralization over multiple length-scales. In the end, we will underline how these cellulose biomineralized composites benefit biomedical applications. It is expected that this deep understanding of design and fabrication principles will enable construction of outstanding structural and functional cellulose/inorganic composites for more challenging biomedical applications.

Application of bacterial nanocellulose decorated with zeolitic imidazolate framework (ZIF-L) as a platform for food freshness monitoring

Recently, the food freshness indicator (FFI) has garnered great interest from consumers and food producers. A novel FFI based on bacterial nanocellulose (BNC)/zeolitic imidazolate framework-L (ZIF-L) and grape anthocyanins was developed and characterized using field emission scanning electron microscopy, Fourier-transform infrared, X-ray diffraction, water contact angle, and BET techniques. The results confirmed that the BNC fibrils were decorated by in situ growth of ZIF-L, with a 3D flower-shaped structure and randomly multiple sharp-edged petals, and hydroxyl and oxygenated heterocycle aromatic ring functional groups on its surface. The reversibility, color stability performance, and moisture sorption of FFI were studied and its applicability in a two-layer arrangement as a visual freshness monitoring of shrimp and minced beef was evaluated. The FFI was able to distinguish (ΔE > 5) the fresh, medium fresh, and spoiled minced meat and shrimp visually during 10 and 4 days of storage at 4 °C, respectively. Also, monitoring of food chemical and microbiological parameters approved the correlation of food spoilage with the color parameters of FFI. These results confirmed the function of ZIF-L in the fabrication of highly pH-sensitive food intelligent packaging material.

Metal-Organic Frameworks as Intelligent Drug Nanocarriers for Cancer Therapy

Metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) are crystalline porous materials with periodic network structures formed by self-assembly of metal ions and organic ligands. Attributed to their tunable composition and pore size, ultrahigh surface area (1000-7000 m2/g) and pore volume (1.04-4.40 cm3/g), easy surface modification, appropriate physiological stability, etc., MOFs have been widely used in biomedical applications in the last two decades, especially for the delivery of bioactive agents. In the initial stage, MOFs were widely used to load small molecule drugs with ultra-high doses. Whereafter, more recent work has focused on the load of biomacromolecules, such as nucleic acids and proteins. Over the past years, we have devoted extensive effort to investigate the function of MOF materials for bioactive agent delivery. MOFs can be used not only as an intelligent nanocarrier to deliver or protect bioactive agents but also as an activator for their release or activation in response to the different microenvironments. Altogether, this review details the current progress of MOF materials for bioactive agent delivery and looks into their future development.

Metal-organic frameworks for advanced drug delivery

Metal-organic frameworks (MOFs), comprised of organic ligands and metal ions/metal clusters via coordinative bonds are highly porous, crystalline materials. Their tunable porosity, chemical composition, size and shape, and easy surface functionalization make this large family more and more popular for drug delivery. There is a growing interest over the last decades in the design of engineered MOFs with controlled sizes for a variety of biomedical applications. This article presents an overall review and perspectives of MOFs-based drug delivery systems (DDSs), starting with the MOFs classification adapted for DDSs based on the types of constituting metals and ligands. Then, the synthesis and characterization of MOFs for DDSs are developed, followed by the drug loading strategies, applications, biopharmaceutics and quality control. Importantly, a variety of representative applications of MOFs are detailed from a point of view of applications in pharmaceutics, diseases therapy and advanced DDSs. In particular, the biopharmaceutics and quality control of MOFs-based DDSs are summarized with critical issues to be addressed. Finally, challenges in MOFs development for DDSs are discussed, such as biostability, biosafety, biopharmaceutics and nomenclature.

Development of biological metal-organic frameworks designed for biomedical applications: from bio-sensing/bio-imaging to disease treatment

Metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) are built using various organic ligands and metal ions (or clusters). With properties of high porosity, tunable chemical composition, and potential for post-synthetic modification, they have been applied in biomedicine, especially in bio-sensing, bio-imaging, and drug delivery. Since organic ligands and metal centers (ions or clusters) in the structure of MOFs can directly influence the property, function, and performance of MOFs, strict screening of organic ligands and metal centers is necessary. Especially, to improve the application of MOFs in the field of biomedicine, biocompatible organic ligands with low toxicity are desirable. In recent years, biological metal-organic frameworks (bio-MOFs) with ideal biocompatibility and diverse functionality have attracted wide attention. Endogenous biomolecules, including nucleobases, amino acids, peptides, proteins, porphyrins and saccharides, are employed as frameworks for MOF construction. These biological ligands coordinate with diverse metal centers in different ways, leading to the structural diversity of bio-MOFs. In this review, we summarize the organic ligand selectivity in constructing different types of bio-MOFs and their influence in biomedical applications with attractive new functions.