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Liu H, Shen M, He Y, Li B, Pu L, Xia G, Yang M, Wang G. Analysis of differentially expressed proteins after EHP-infection and characterization of caspase 3 protein in the whiteleg shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei). FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2023; 135:108698. [PMID: 36958504 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2023.108698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2023] [Revised: 03/03/2023] [Accepted: 03/17/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Whiteleg shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei) is the most important species of shrimp farmed worldwide in terms of its economic value. Enterocytozoon hepatopenaei (EHP) infects the hepatopancreas, resulting in the hepatopancreatic microsporidiosis (HPM) of the host, which causes slow growth of the shrimp and poses a threat to the farming industry. In this study, differentially expressed proteins (DEPs) between EHP-infected and uninfected shrimp were investigated through proteomics sequencing. A total of 9908 peptides and 2092 proteins were identified. A total of 69 DEPs were identified in the hepatopancreas (HP), of which, 28 were upregulated and 41 were downregulated. Our results showed that the differences among the level of multiple proteins involved in the apoptosis were significant after the EHP infection, which indicated that the apoptosis pathway was activated in whiteleg shrimp. In addition, expression leve of caspase 3 gene were identified related to the EHP infection. Furthermore, predictions of spatial structure, analysis of phylogeny and chromosome-level linearity of the caspase 3 protein were performed as well. In conclusion, a relatively complete proteomic data set of hepatopancreas tissues in whiteleg shrimp were established in this study. Findings about genes involved in the apoptosis here will provide a further understanding of the molecular mechanism of EHP infection in the internal immunity of whiteleg shrimp.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongtao Liu
- Hainan Provincial Key Laboratory of Tropical Maricultural Technologies, Hainan Academy of Ocean and Fisheries Sciences, Haikou, 571126, China
| | - Minghui Shen
- Hainan Provincial Key Laboratory of Tropical Maricultural Technologies, Hainan Academy of Ocean and Fisheries Sciences, Haikou, 571126, China
| | - Yugui He
- Hainan Provincial Key Laboratory of Tropical Maricultural Technologies, Hainan Academy of Ocean and Fisheries Sciences, Haikou, 571126, China
| | - Bingshun Li
- Hainan Provincial Key Laboratory of Tropical Maricultural Technologies, Hainan Academy of Ocean and Fisheries Sciences, Haikou, 571126, China
| | - Liyun Pu
- Hainan Provincial Key Laboratory of Tropical Maricultural Technologies, Hainan Academy of Ocean and Fisheries Sciences, Haikou, 571126, China
| | - Guangyuan Xia
- Hainan Provincial Key Laboratory of Tropical Maricultural Technologies, Hainan Academy of Ocean and Fisheries Sciences, Haikou, 571126, China
| | - Mingqiu Yang
- Hainan Provincial Key Laboratory of Tropical Maricultural Technologies, Hainan Academy of Ocean and Fisheries Sciences, Haikou, 571126, China.
| | - Guofu Wang
- Hainan Provincial Key Laboratory of Tropical Maricultural Technologies, Hainan Academy of Ocean and Fisheries Sciences, Haikou, 571126, China.
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Caro LFA, Mai HN, Schofield P, R Alenton RR. A laboratory challenge model for evaluating enyterocytozoon hepatopenaei susceptibility in selected lines of pacific whiteleg shrimp Penaeus vannamei. J Invertebr Pathol 2023; 196:107853. [PMID: 36396081 DOI: 10.1016/j.jip.2022.107853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2022] [Revised: 10/24/2022] [Accepted: 11/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Here we report for the first time a laboratory challenge model for Enterocytozoon hepatopenaei (EHP) to determine the difference of two Specific Pathogen Free (SPF) lines of Penaeus vannamei shrimp. These lines were experimentally challenged using EHP-infected fecal strings as inoculum. Real-time PCR and histopathology assays were performed to confirm EHP infection and evaluate differences in EHP susceptibility in the two genetic lines screened. Although the histopathology of the hepatopancreas tissue showed EHP lesions in both challenged groups, the histological lesions were more pronounced in one of the SPF lines. Quantitative PCR results revealed that animals displaying less hepatocellular damage have lower EHP load compared to animals displaying more pronounced pathological changes. There was no significant difference in final survival at 36 days post-infection in these lines with survival ranging between 80 and 100%. The data showed that mortality as an endpoint metric is not a suitable parameter to determine genetic susceptibility to EHP. Instead, histopathological changes in hepatopancreas, EHP load of the same tissue, and growth retardation would be better metrics to screen EHP susceptibility in P. vannamei. The results show the feasibility of screening genetic lines of P. vannamei for EHP resistance/tolerance using fecal string as an inoculum and, assessing histopathological changes, EHP load, and weight as indicators of resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis Fernando Aranguren Caro
- School of Animal and Comparative Biomedical Sciences, University of Arizona, 1117 E. Lowell Street. Tucson, AZ 85721, USA.
| | - Hung N Mai
- School of Animal and Comparative Biomedical Sciences, University of Arizona, 1117 E. Lowell Street. Tucson, AZ 85721, USA
| | - Paul Schofield
- School of Animal and Comparative Biomedical Sciences, University of Arizona, 1117 E. Lowell Street. Tucson, AZ 85721, USA
| | - Rod Russel R Alenton
- School of Animal and Comparative Biomedical Sciences, University of Arizona, 1117 E. Lowell Street. Tucson, AZ 85721, USA
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Yang L, Guo B, Wang Y, Zhao C, Zhang X, Wang Y, Tang Y, Shen H, Wang P, Gao S. Pyrococcus furiosus Argonaute Combined with Recombinase Polymerase Amplification for Rapid and Sensitive Detection of Enterocytozoon hepatopenaei. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2023; 71:944-951. [PMID: 36548210 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.2c06582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Enterocytozoon hepatopenaei (EHP) is one of the most serious pathogens in shrimp farming. This study combines recombinase polymerase amplification (RPA) with the Argonaute from Pyrococcus furiosus (PfAgo) and establishes a sensitive and reliable method for on-site detection of EHP. With careful screening of gDNA and optimization of the reaction, the method shows a good specificity and reaches a sensitivity of single copy per reaction, which is higher than the sensitivity of the currently available molecular assays. The whole procedure can be finished within 1.5 h including the sample processing time and only requires minimum laboratory support, which is user-friendly for on-site environments. This is the first application of PfAgo for the diagnosis of infectious diseases in seafood supply chains. It provides a reliable method for on-site detection of EHP in shrimp farms and establishes a groundwork for multiplex detection of important pathogens in seafood farming using PfAgo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lihong Yang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Marine Biological Resources and Environment, Co-Innovation Center of Jiangsu Marine Bio-industry Technology, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Marine Pharmaceutical Compound Screening, School of Pharmacy, Jiangsu Ocean University, Lianyungang 222005, China
| | - Bo Guo
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Marine Biological Resources and Environment, Co-Innovation Center of Jiangsu Marine Bio-industry Technology, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Marine Pharmaceutical Compound Screening, School of Pharmacy, Jiangsu Ocean University, Lianyungang 222005, China
| | - Yu Wang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Marine Biological Resources and Environment, Co-Innovation Center of Jiangsu Marine Bio-industry Technology, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Marine Pharmaceutical Compound Screening, School of Pharmacy, Jiangsu Ocean University, Lianyungang 222005, China
| | - Chenjie Zhao
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Marine Biological Resources and Environment, Co-Innovation Center of Jiangsu Marine Bio-industry Technology, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Marine Pharmaceutical Compound Screening, School of Pharmacy, Jiangsu Ocean University, Lianyungang 222005, China
| | - Xue Zhang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Marine Biological Resources and Environment, Co-Innovation Center of Jiangsu Marine Bio-industry Technology, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Marine Pharmaceutical Compound Screening, School of Pharmacy, Jiangsu Ocean University, Lianyungang 222005, China
| | - Yue Wang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Marine Biological Resources and Environment, Co-Innovation Center of Jiangsu Marine Bio-industry Technology, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Marine Pharmaceutical Compound Screening, School of Pharmacy, Jiangsu Ocean University, Lianyungang 222005, China
- School of Food Science and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Yixin Tang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Marine Biological Resources and Environment, Co-Innovation Center of Jiangsu Marine Bio-industry Technology, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Marine Pharmaceutical Compound Screening, School of Pharmacy, Jiangsu Ocean University, Lianyungang 222005, China
- School of Food Science and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Hui Shen
- Jiangsu Institute of Oceanology and Marine Fisheries, Nantong 226007, China
| | - Pei Wang
- School of Food Science and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Song Gao
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Marine Biological Resources and Environment, Co-Innovation Center of Jiangsu Marine Bio-industry Technology, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Marine Pharmaceutical Compound Screening, School of Pharmacy, Jiangsu Ocean University, Lianyungang 222005, China
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Wang R, Li Q, Liu F, Dang X, Sun Q, Sheng X, Hu M, Bao J, Chen J, Pan G, Zhou Z. Maturation of subtilisin-like protease NbSLP1 from microsporidia Nosema bombycis. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2022; 12:897509. [PMID: 36046739 PMCID: PMC9421246 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2022.897509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2022] [Accepted: 07/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Microsporidia are obligate intracellular parasites and possess a unique way of invading hosts, namely germination. Microsporidia are able to infect almost all animal cells by germination. During the process, the polar tube extrudes from the spores within, thus injecting infectious sporoplasm into the host cells. Previous studies indicated that subtilisin-like protease 1 (NbSLP1) of microsporidia Nosema bombycis were located at the polar cap of germinated spores where the polar tube extrusion. We hypothesized that NbSLP1 is an essential player in the germination process. Normally, SLP need to be activated by autoproteolysis under conditions. In this study, we found that the signal peptide of NbSLP1 affected the activation of protease, two self-cleavage sites were involved in NbSLP1 maturation between Ala104Asp105 and Ala124Asp125 respectively. Mutants at catalytic triad of NbSLP1 confirmed the decreasing of autoproteolysis. This study demonstrates that intramolecular proteolysis is required for NbSLP1 maturation. The protease undergoes a series of sequential N-terminal cleavage events to generate the mature enzyme. Like other subtilisin-like enzymes, catalytic triad of NbSLP1 are significant for the self-activation of NbSLP1. In conclusion, clarifying the maturation of NbSLP1 will be valuable for understanding the polar tube ejection mechanism of germination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rong Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Microsporidia Infection and Control, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Qingyan Li
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Microsporidia Infection and Control, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Fangyan Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Microsporidia Infection and Control, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Xiaoqun Dang
- College of Life Sciences, Chongqing Normal University, Chongqing, China
| | - Quan Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Microsporidia Infection and Control, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Xiaotian Sheng
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Microsporidia Infection and Control, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Mingyu Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Microsporidia Infection and Control, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Jialing Bao
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Microsporidia Infection and Control, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Jie Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Microsporidia Infection and Control, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Guoqing Pan
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Microsporidia Infection and Control, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Zeyang Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Microsporidia Infection and Control, Southwest University, Chongqing, China.,College of Life Sciences, Chongqing Normal University, Chongqing, China
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The emerging pathogen Enterocytozoon hepatopenaei drives a degenerative cyclic pattern in the hepatopancreas microbiome of the shrimp (Penaeus vannamei). Sci Rep 2022; 12:14766. [PMID: 36042348 PMCID: PMC9427843 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-19127-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2022] [Accepted: 08/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The microsporidian Enterocytozoon hepatopenaei (EHP) is an emerging pathogen that causes substantial economic losses in shrimp (Penaeus spp.) aquaculture worldwide. To prevent diseases in shrimp, the manipulation of the gut microbiota has been suggested. However, prior knowledge of the host-microbiome is necessary. We assessed the modulation of the microbiome (bacteria/fungi) and its predicted functions over the course of disease progression in shrimp experimentally challenged with EHP for 30 days using high throughput 16S rRNA and ITS amplicon sequencing. Infection grade was assessed for the first time by quantitative digital histopathology. According to the infection intensity, three disease-stages (early/developmental/late) were registered. During the early-stage, EHP was not consistently detected, and a high diversity of potentially beneficial microorganisms related to nutrient assimilation were found. In the development-stage, most of the shrimp start to register a high infection intensity related to a decrease in beneficial microorganisms and an increase in opportunistic/pathogenic fungi. During late-stage, animals displayed different infection intensities, showed a displacement of beneficial microorganisms by opportunistic/pathogenic bacteria and fungi related to pathogen infection processes and depletion of energetic reserves. The degenerative cyclic pattern of EHP infection and its effects on beneficial microorganisms and beneficial functions of the shrimp hepatopancreas microbiome are discussed.
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Mani R, Raja S, Kesavan K, Vijay P, Babu VS, Dhas DS, Velu K. Experimental infection of Enterocytozoon hepatopanaei parasite (EHP) of penaeid shrimp in Indian marine crabs. Arch Microbiol 2022; 204:416. [PMID: 35737130 DOI: 10.1007/s00203-022-03025-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2021] [Revised: 05/10/2022] [Accepted: 05/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Enterocytozoon hepatopanaei parasite (EHP) is identified as an emerging pathogenic microsporidium parasite in shrimp culture industry. Though the etiology, disease pattern and sustainability of shrimp are well known, significantly less research has been carried out about the disease transmission and symptoms of infected aquatic animals. The present study aims is to determine the disease carrier status of five different species of Indian marine crabs (Scylla olivacea, Scylla serrata, Portunus pelagicus, Ocypode quadrata and Portunus sanquinolentus) using EHP. At the first instance, oral infection and intramuscular injection were performed to determine the susceptibility of the parasite at 50 days post-infection and it was observed that there was no mortality. The experimental infected crabs were confirmed by polymerase chain reaction, bioassay and histopathology. The crabs were EHP-PCR positive at 5th day post-infection (d.p.i) in gills, heart, hepatopancreas, haemolymph and muscle tissue. However, after 5th d.p.i EHP was PCR negative in all the tissue samples. There were no mortalities and histological changes in the negative group and experimental group. Therefore, marine crabs are found to be not suitable hosts for replicating EHP spores but crabs fecal matters are PCR positive till 5th d.p.i. Therefore, marine crabs are having the possibilities of acceptance as a vector for Enterocytozoon hepatopanaei in shrimp. Shrimp farmers need to take necessary action to control this deadly infection in shrimp ponds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ravi Mani
- Centre for Ocean Research, Col. Dr. Jeppiaar Ocean Research Field Facility, MoES-Earth Science & Technology Cell, Sathyabama Institute of Science and Technology, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India.
| | - Sudhakaran Raja
- Aquaculture Biotechnology Laboratory, School of Biosciences and Technology, VIT University, Vellore, 632 014, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Karthikeyan Kesavan
- Aquaculture Biotechnology Laboratory, School of Biosciences and Technology, VIT University, Vellore, 632 014, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Parameswaran Vijay
- Centre for Ocean Research, Col. Dr. Jeppiaar Ocean Research Field Facility, MoES-Earth Science & Technology Cell, Sathyabama Institute of Science and Technology, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - V Sarath Babu
- Guangdong Provincial Water Environment and Aquatic Products Security Engineering Technology Research Center, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Diseases and Waterfowl Breeding, College of Animal Sciences and Technology, Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering, Guangzhou, 510225, Guangdong, China
| | - D Stalin Dhas
- Centre for Ocean Research, Col. Dr. Jeppiaar Ocean Research Field Facility, MoES-Earth Science & Technology Cell, Sathyabama Institute of Science and Technology, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Karthick Velu
- Centre for Ocean Research, Col. Dr. Jeppiaar Ocean Research Field Facility, MoES-Earth Science & Technology Cell, Sathyabama Institute of Science and Technology, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
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Subash P, Uma A, Ahilan B. Early responses in Penaeus vannamei during experimental infection with Enterocytozoon hepatopenaei (EHP) spores by injection and oral routes. J Invertebr Pathol 2022; 190:107740. [PMID: 35257718 DOI: 10.1016/j.jip.2022.107740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2021] [Revised: 02/20/2022] [Accepted: 03/02/2022] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Hepatopancreatic microsporidiosis caused by Enterocytozoon hepatopenaei (EHP) is associated with severe production losses in Penaeus vannamei farming. Early responses in P. vannamei experimentally infected with EHP was assessed in this study by feeding infected hepatopancreatic tissue and by injecting purified EHP spores (∼1 × 105 Spores/shrimp). Immune responses to EHP infection were assessed in the haemolymph by analysing the total haemocyte count (THC), superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity, prophenoloxidase activity (proPO), respiratory burst activity (RBA), catalase activity (CAT), lysozyme activity (LYS) and Toll gene expression in hepatopancreas at 0, 6, 12, 24, 36, 48, 60 and 72 h post-infection (hpi). Experimental infection with EHP resulted in a significant (p < 0.05) reduction in the immune parameters such THC, CAT and LYS at 6, 24 and 24 hpi respectively while there was a significant increase (p < 0.05) in the levels of SOD, proPO and RBA at 6 hpi. The expression of the Toll gene was significantly upregulated (p < 0.05) after experimental infection with EHP from 6 hpi. These findings on immune responses in P. vannamei during EHP infection will assist in the development of suitable management measures to reduce the negative impacts of EHP in P. vannamei farming. This is the first report on early responses in P. vannamei during EHP infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Palaniappan Subash
- Department of Aquatic Animal Health Management, Dr. M.G.R. Fisheries College and Research Institute, Tamil Nadu Dr. J. Jayalalithaa Fisheries University, Ponneri 601204, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Arumugam Uma
- Department of Aquatic Animal Health Management, Dr. M.G.R. Fisheries College and Research Institute, Tamil Nadu Dr. J. Jayalalithaa Fisheries University, Ponneri 601204, Tamil Nadu, India; State Referral Laboratory for Aquatic Animal Health, Tamil Nadu Dr. J. Jayalalithaa Fisheries University, Madhavaram Campus, Madhavaram milk colony 600051, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India.
| | - Baboonsundaram Ahilan
- Department of Aquatic Animal Health Management, Dr. M.G.R. Fisheries College and Research Institute, Tamil Nadu Dr. J. Jayalalithaa Fisheries University, Ponneri 601204, Tamil Nadu, India
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Yang LG, Wang Y, Wang Y, Fang WH, Feng GP, Ying N, Zhou JY, Li XC. Transcriptome analysis of pacific white shrimp (Penaeus vannamei) intestines and hepatopancreas in response to Enterocytozoon hepatopenaei (EHP) infection. J Invertebr Pathol 2021; 186:107665. [PMID: 34520799 DOI: 10.1016/j.jip.2021.107665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2021] [Revised: 08/19/2021] [Accepted: 09/06/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Penaeus vannamei is the most economically important species of shrimp cultured worldwide. Enterocytozoon hepatopenaei (EHP) is an emerging pathogen that severely affects the growth and development of shrimps. In this study, the transcriptome differences between EHP-infected and uninfected shrimp were investigated through next-generation sequencing. The unigenes were assembled with the reads from all the four libraries. The differentially expressed genes (DEGs) of intestines and hepatopancreas were analyzed. There were 2,884 DEGs in the intestines and 2,096 DEGs in the hepatopancreas. The GO and KEGG enrichment analysis indicated that DEGs were significantly enriched in signaling pathways associated with nutritional energy metabolism and mobilizing autoimmunity. Moreover, the results suggested the downregulation of key genes in energy synthesis pathways contributed greatly to shrimp growth retardation; the upregulation of immune-related genes enhanced the resistance of shrimp against EHP infection. This study provided identified genes and pathways associated with EHP infection revealing the molecular mechanisms of growth retardation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li-Guo Yang
- Key Laboratory of East China Sea Fishery Resources Exploitation, Ministry of Agriculture, East China Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Shanghai 200090, China
| | - Yuan Wang
- Key Laboratory of East China Sea Fishery Resources Exploitation, Ministry of Agriculture, East China Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Shanghai 200090, China
| | - Yue Wang
- Key Laboratory of East China Sea Fishery Resources Exploitation, Ministry of Agriculture, East China Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Shanghai 200090, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology, Shantou University, Shantou 515063, China
| | - Wen-Hong Fang
- Key Laboratory of East China Sea Fishery Resources Exploitation, Ministry of Agriculture, East China Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Shanghai 200090, China
| | - Guang-Peng Feng
- Key Laboratory of East China Sea Fishery Resources Exploitation, Ministry of Agriculture, East China Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Shanghai 200090, China
| | - Na Ying
- Key Laboratory of East China Sea Fishery Resources Exploitation, Ministry of Agriculture, East China Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Shanghai 200090, China
| | - Jin-Yang Zhou
- Key Laboratory of East China Sea Fishery Resources Exploitation, Ministry of Agriculture, East China Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Shanghai 200090, China
| | - Xin-Cang Li
- Key Laboratory of East China Sea Fishery Resources Exploitation, Ministry of Agriculture, East China Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Shanghai 200090, China.
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The effect of salinity on enterocytozoon hepatopenaei infection in Penaeus vannamei under experimental conditions. BMC Vet Res 2021; 17:65. [PMID: 33530991 PMCID: PMC7856814 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-021-02778-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2020] [Accepted: 01/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Enterocytozoon hepatopenaei (EHP) is an enteric pathogen that affects Penaeus vannamei and Penaeus monodon shrimp in many SE Asian countries. In the western hemisphere, EHP was reported for the first time in 2016 in farmed P. vannamei in Venezuela. Anecdotal evidence suggests that EHP is more prevalent in grow-out ponds where the salinity is high (> 15 parts per thousand (ppt)) compared to grow-out ponds with low salinities (< 5 ppt). Considering that P. vannamei is an euryhaline species, we were interested in knowing if EHP can propagate in P. vannamei in low salinities. Results In this study, we described an experimental infection using fecal strings as a source inoculum. Specific Pathogen Free (SPF) P. vannamei were maintained at three different salinities (2 ppt, 15 ppt, and 30 ppt) while continuously challenged using feces from known EHP-infected P. vannamei over a period of 3 weeks. The fecal strings, used as a source of EHP inocula in the challenges, was sufficient to elicit an infection in shrimp maintained at the three salinities. The infectivity of EHP in shrimp reared at 2 ppt, 15 ppt, and 30 ppt salinities was confirmed by PCR and histopathology. The prevalence and the severity of the EHP infection was higher at 30 ppt than at 2 ppt and 15 ppt. Conclusion The data suggests that fecal strings are a reliable source of EHP inoculum to conduct experimental challenges via the fecal-oral route. An EHP infection can occur at a salinity as low as 2 ppt, however, the prevalence and the severity of the EHP infection is higher at a salinity of 30 ppt.
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