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Xin ZZ, Zhang XT, Zhou M, Chen JY, Zhu ZQ, Zhang JY. Differential molecular responses of hemolymph and hepatopancreas of swimming crab, Portunus trituberculatus, infected with Ameson portunus (Microsporidia). FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2024; 145:109324. [PMID: 38134977 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2023.109324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2023] [Revised: 12/17/2023] [Accepted: 12/19/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023]
Abstract
Ameson portunus (Microsporidia) has caused serious economic losses to the aquaculture industry of swimming crab, Portunus trituberculatus. The hemolymph and hepatopancreas are the main immune organs of P. trituberculatus, and the main sites of A. portunus infection. Elucidating the response characteristics of hemolymph and hepatopancreas to microsporidian infection facilitates the development of microsporidiosis prevention and control strategy. This study performed comparative transcriptomic analysis of hemolymph (PTX/PTXA) and hepatopancreas (PTG/PTGA) of P. trituberculatus uninfected and infected with A. portunus. The results showed that there were 223 and 1309 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in PTX/PTXA and PTG/PTGA, respectively. The lysosome pathway was significantly enriched after the invasion of the hemolymph by A. portunus. Also, immune-related genes were all significantly up-regulated in the hemolymph and hepatopancreas, suggesting that the invasion by A. portunus may activate host immune responses. Unlike hemolymph, antioxidant and detoxification-related genes were also significantly up-regulated in the hepatopancreas. Moreover, metabolism-related genes were significantly down-regulated in the hepatopancreas, suggesting that energy synthesis, resistance to pathogens, and regulation of oxidative stress were suppressed in the hepatopancreas. Hemolymph and hepatopancreas have similarity and tissue specificity to microsporidian infection. The differential genes and pathways identified in this study can provide references for the prevention and control of microsporidiosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhao-Zhe Xin
- The Laboratory of Aquatic Parasitology, School of Marine Science and Engineering, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, Shandong, 266237, China.
| | - Xin-Tong Zhang
- The Laboratory of Aquatic Parasitology, School of Marine Science and Engineering, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, Shandong, 266237, China.
| | - Min Zhou
- The Laboratory of Aquatic Parasitology, School of Marine Science and Engineering, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, Shandong, 266237, China.
| | - Jiu-Yang Chen
- The Laboratory of Aquatic Parasitology, School of Marine Science and Engineering, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, Shandong, 266237, China.
| | - Zhi-Qiang Zhu
- The Laboratory of Aquatic Parasitology, School of Marine Science and Engineering, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, Shandong, 266237, China.
| | - Jin-Yong Zhang
- The Laboratory of Aquatic Parasitology, School of Marine Science and Engineering, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, Shandong, 266237, China; Laboratory for Marine Biology and Biotechnology, Pilot National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology (Qingdao), Qingdao, Shandong, 266237, China.
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Suyamud B, Chen Y, Quyen DTT, Dong Z, Zhao C, Hu J. Antimicrobial resistance in aquaculture: Occurrence and strategies in Southeast Asia. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 907:167942. [PMID: 37863226 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.167942] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2023] [Revised: 10/16/2023] [Accepted: 10/17/2023] [Indexed: 10/22/2023]
Abstract
Aquaculture is a highly important and expanding industry in Southeast Asia (SEA). An upcoming problem is the emergence of antibiotic resistant pathogens due to the unchecked use of antibiotics and human clinical practices. This review focused insight into the occurrence of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) and strategies from SEA aquaculture based on the original research publication over the period 2002 to 2023. Amongst the 11 SEA countries, the most AMR report has come from Vietnam, Malaysia, and Thailand, respectively. The AMR found in SEA aquaculture were classified into 17 drug classes. The most reported AMR are aminoglycosides, beta-lactams, (fluoro)quinolones, tetracycline, sulpha group and multi-drug. Beta-lactams, tetracycline, sulpha group are reported in each country with the reported frequencies higher than 40 %. Escherichia coli, Aeromonas and Vibrio are the most widely and frequently reported ARB in SEA aquaculture. Multiple antibiotic resistance (MAR) indexes for the sample containing multiple bacterial isolates were generally low, while the medium numbers of MAR indexes for the typical bacteria species were higher than 0.2 and showed higher MAR levels than the global mean. Most of the detected ARGs are related to beta-lactams, tetracycline, sulpha group, and aminoglycosides. Amongst the beta-lactam resistance genes, blaTEM, and blaSHV are the most frequently detected. Almost all the available information of antibiotics, ARB and ARGs in SEA aquaculture was consistent with the global scale analysis. In addition, factors that contribute to the development and spread of AMR in SEA aquaculture were discussed. Moreover, the national action plan to combat AMR in SEA countries and the available technologies that already applied in the SEA aquaculture are also included in this review. Such findings underline the need for synergistic efforts from scientists, engineers, policy makers, government managers, entrepreneurs, and communities to manage and reduce the burden of AMR in aquaculture of SEA countries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bongkotrat Suyamud
- NUS Environmental Research Institute, National University of Singapore, 5A Engineering Drive 1, Singapore 117411, Singapore
| | - Yiwei Chen
- NUS Environmental Research Institute, National University of Singapore, 5A Engineering Drive 1, Singapore 117411, Singapore
| | - Do Thi Thuy Quyen
- NUS Environmental Research Institute, National University of Singapore, 5A Engineering Drive 1, Singapore 117411, Singapore
| | - Zhan Dong
- Department of Civil & Environmental Engineering, National University of Singapore, 1 Engineering Drive 2, Singapore 117576, Singapore
| | - Chendong Zhao
- Department of Civil & Environmental Engineering, National University of Singapore, 1 Engineering Drive 2, Singapore 117576, Singapore
| | - Jiangyong Hu
- NUS Environmental Research Institute, National University of Singapore, 5A Engineering Drive 1, Singapore 117411, Singapore; Department of Civil & Environmental Engineering, National University of Singapore, 1 Engineering Drive 2, Singapore 117576, Singapore.
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Govindasamy T, Bhassu S, Raju CS. Enterocytozoon hepatopenaei Infection in Shrimp: Diagnosis, Interventions, and Food Safety Guidelines. Microorganisms 2023; 12:21. [PMID: 38257848 PMCID: PMC10820212 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms12010021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2023] [Revised: 03/03/2023] [Accepted: 03/07/2023] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
The emergence of disease in shrimp has governed much concern in food safety and security among consumers with the recent reports on hepatopancreatic microsporidiosis (HPM) caused by Enterocytozoon hepatopenaei (EHP). The microsporidians present in shrimp remain a silent pathogen that prevents optimal shrimp growth. However, the biggest threat is in its food safety concerns, which is the primary focus in ensuring food biosecurity and biosafety. Hence, the objective of this review is to summarise the current knowledge of EHP and its infection in shrimp with food safety concerns. This paper provides an analysis of the diagnostic methods for detecting EHP infections in shrimp aquaculture. Interventions with current molecular biology and biotechnology would be the second approach to addressing EHP diseases. Finally, a systematic guideline for shrimp food safety using diagnostic and intervention is proposed. Thus, this review was aimed to shed light on effective methods for the diagnosis and prevention of EHP infection in shrimp. We also include information on molecular and genomics tools as well as innate immune biomolecules as future targets in the intervention strategies on the microsporidsosis life cycle in shrimp and its environment. Overall, this will result in reduced disease outbreaks in shrimp aquaculture, ensuring the shrimp food safety in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thenmoli Govindasamy
- Animal Genetics and Genome Evolutionary Laboratory (AGAGEL), Department of Genetics and Microbiology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur 50603, Malaysia
| | - Subha Bhassu
- Animal Genetics and Genome Evolutionary Laboratory (AGAGEL), Department of Genetics and Microbiology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur 50603, Malaysia
- Terra Aqua Laboratory, Centre for Research in Biotechnology for Agriculture (CEBAR), Research Management and Innovation Complex, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur 50603, Malaysia
| | - Chandramathi Samudi Raju
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur 50603, Malaysia;
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Huang Q, Chen J, Pan G, Reinke AW. Screening of the Pandemic Response Box identifies anti-microsporidia compounds. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2023; 17:e0011806. [PMID: 38064503 PMCID: PMC10732440 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0011806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2023] [Revised: 12/20/2023] [Accepted: 11/20/2023] [Indexed: 12/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Microsporidia are fungal obligate intracellular pathogens, which infect most animals and cause microsporidiosis. Despite the serious threat that microsporidia pose to humans and agricultural animals, few drugs are available for the treatment and control of microsporidia. To identify novel inhibitors, we took advantage of the model organism Caenorhabditis elegans infected with its natural microsporidian Nematocida parisii. We used this system to screen the Pandemic Response Box, a collection of 400 diverse compounds with known antimicrobial activity. After testing these compounds in a 96-well format at high (100 μM) and low (40 μM) concentrations, we identified four inhibitors that restored the ability of C. elegans to produce progeny in the presence of N. parisii. All four compounds reduced the pathogen load of both N. parisii and Pancytospora epiphaga, a C. elegans-infecting microsporidia related to human-infecting species. One of these compounds, a known inhibitor of a viral protease, MMV1006203, inhibited invasion and prevented the firing of spores. A bis-indole derivative, MMV1593539, decreased spore viability. An albendazole analog, MMV1782387, inhibited proliferation of N. parisii. We tested albendazole as well as 5 other analogs and observed that MMV1782387 was amongst the strongest inhibitors of N. parisii and displayed the least host toxicity. Our study further demonstrates the effectiveness of the C. elegans-N. parisii system for discovering microsporidia inhibitors and the compounds we identified provide potential scaffolds for anti-microsporidia drug development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingyuan Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Resource Insects, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Microsporidia Infection and Control, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Jie Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Resource Insects, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Microsporidia Infection and Control, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Guoqing Pan
- State Key Laboratory of Resource Insects, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Microsporidia Infection and Control, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Aaron W. Reinke
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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Zhang L, Zhang S, Qiao Y, Cao X, Cheng J, Meng Q, Shen H. Dynamic Interplay of Metabolic and Transcriptional Responses in Shrimp during Early and Late Infection Stages of Enterocytozoon hepatopenaei (EHP). Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:16738. [PMID: 38069062 PMCID: PMC10706788 DOI: 10.3390/ijms242316738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2023] [Revised: 11/20/2023] [Accepted: 11/22/2023] [Indexed: 12/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Enterocytozoon hepatopenaei (EHP) is a microsporidian parasite that infects Litopenaeus vannamei, causing severe hepatopancreatic microsporidiosis (HPM) and resulting in significant economic losses. This study utilizes a combined analysis of transcriptomics and metabolomics to unveil the dynamic molecular interactions between EHP and its host, the Pacific white shrimp, during the early and late stages of infection. The results indicate distinct immunological, detoxification, and antioxidant responses in the early and late infection phases. During early EHP infection in shrimp, immune activation coincides with suppression of genes like Ftz-F1 and SEPs, potentially aiding parasitic evasion. In contrast, late infection shows a refined immune response with phagocytosis-enhancing down-regulation of Ftz-F1 and a resurgence in SEP expression. This phase is characterized by an up-regulated detoxification and antioxidant response, likely a defense against the accumulated effects of EHP, facilitating a stable host-pathogen relationship. In the later stages of infection, most immune responses return to baseline levels, while some immune genes remain active. The glutathione antioxidant system is suppressed early on but becomes activated in the later stages. This phenomenon could facilitate the early invasion of EHP while assisting the host in mitigating oxidative damage caused by late-stage infection. Notably, there are distinctive events in polyamine metabolism. Sustained up-regulation of spermidine synthase and concurrent reduction in spermine levels suggest a potential role of polyamines in EHP development. Throughout the infection process, significant differences in genes such as ATP synthase and hexokinase highlight the continuous influence on energy metabolism pathways. Additionally, growth-related pathways involving amino acids such as tryptophan, histidine, and taurine are disrupted early on, potentially contributing to the growth inhibition observed during the initial stages of infection. In summary, these findings elucidate the dynamic interplay between the host, Litopenaeus vannamei, and the parasite, EHP, during infection. Specific phase differences in immune responses, energy metabolism, and antioxidant processes underscore the intricate relationship between the host and the parasite. The disruption of polyamine metabolism offers a novel perspective in understanding the proliferation mechanisms of EHP. These discoveries significantly advance our comprehension of the pathogenic mechanisms of EHP and its interactions with the host.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leiting Zhang
- Jiangsu Marine Fisheries Research Institute, Nantong 226007, China
- College of Marine Science and Engineering, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Sheng Zhang
- Jiangsu Marine Fisheries Research Institute, Nantong 226007, China
- School of Marine Science and Fisheries, Jiangsu Ocean University, Lianyungang 222005, China
| | - Yi Qiao
- Jiangsu Marine Fisheries Research Institute, Nantong 226007, China
| | - Xiaohui Cao
- Jiangsu Marine Fisheries Research Institute, Nantong 226007, China
| | - Jie Cheng
- School of Marine Science and Fisheries, Jiangsu Ocean University, Lianyungang 222005, China
| | - Qingguo Meng
- College of Marine Science and Engineering, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Hui Shen
- Jiangsu Marine Fisheries Research Institute, Nantong 226007, China
- College of Marine Science and Engineering, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210023, China
- School of Marine Science and Fisheries, Jiangsu Ocean University, Lianyungang 222005, China
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Thepmanee O, Munkongwongsiri N, Prachumwat A, Saksmerprome V, Jitrakorn S, Sritunyalucksana K, Vanichviriyakit R, Chanarat S, Jaroenlak P, Itsathitphaisarn O. Molecular and cellular characterization of four putative nucleotide transporters from the shrimp microsporidian Enterocytozoon hepatopenaei (EHP). Sci Rep 2023; 13:20008. [PMID: 37974017 PMCID: PMC10654386 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-47114-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2023] [Accepted: 11/09/2023] [Indexed: 11/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Microsporidia are obligate intracellular parasites that lost several enzymes required in energy production. The expansion of transporter families in these organisms enables them to hijack ATP from hosts. In this study, nucleotide transporters of the microsporidian Enterocytozoon hepatopenaei (EHP), which causes slow growth in economically valuable Penaeus shrimp, were characterized. Analysis of the EHP genome suggested the presence of four putative nucleotide transporter genes, namely EhNTT1, EhNTT2, EhNTT3, and EhNTT4. Sequence alignment revealed four charged amino acids that are conserved in previously characterized nucleotide transporters. Phylogenetic analysis suggested that EhNTT1, 3, and 4 were derived from one horizontal gene transfer event, which was independent from that of EhNTT2. Localization of EhNTT1 and EhNTT2 using immunofluorescence analysis revealed positive signals within the envelope of developing plasmodia and on mature spores. Knockdown of EhNTT2 by double administration of sequence specific double-stranded RNA resulted in a significant reduction in EHP copy numbers, suggesting that EhNTT2 is crucial for EHP replication in shrimp. Taken together, the insight into the roles of NTTs in microsporidian proliferation can provide the biological basis for the development of alternative control strategies for microsporidian infection in shrimp.
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Affiliation(s)
- Orawan Thepmanee
- Center of Excellence for Shrimp Molecular Biology and Biotechnology (Centex Shrimp), Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Rama VI Rd., Bangkok, 10400, Thailand
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Rama VI Rd., Bangkok, 10400, Thailand
| | - Natthinee Munkongwongsiri
- National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (BIOTEC), National Science and Technology Development Agency (NSTDA), Yothi Office, Rama VI Rd., Bangkok, 10400, Thailand
| | - Anuphap Prachumwat
- Center of Excellence for Shrimp Molecular Biology and Biotechnology (Centex Shrimp), Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Rama VI Rd., Bangkok, 10400, Thailand
- National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (BIOTEC), National Science and Technology Development Agency (NSTDA), Yothi Office, Rama VI Rd., Bangkok, 10400, Thailand
| | - Vanvimon Saksmerprome
- Center of Excellence for Shrimp Molecular Biology and Biotechnology (Centex Shrimp), Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Rama VI Rd., Bangkok, 10400, Thailand
- National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (BIOTEC), National Science and Technology Development Agency (NSTDA), Thailand Science Park, Phahonyothin Rd., Pathum Thani, Klong Neung, Klong Luang, 12120, Thailand
| | - Sarocha Jitrakorn
- Center of Excellence for Shrimp Molecular Biology and Biotechnology (Centex Shrimp), Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Rama VI Rd., Bangkok, 10400, Thailand
- National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (BIOTEC), National Science and Technology Development Agency (NSTDA), Thailand Science Park, Phahonyothin Rd., Pathum Thani, Klong Neung, Klong Luang, 12120, Thailand
| | - Kallaya Sritunyalucksana
- National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (BIOTEC), National Science and Technology Development Agency (NSTDA), Yothi Office, Rama VI Rd., Bangkok, 10400, Thailand
| | - Rapeepun Vanichviriyakit
- Center of Excellence for Shrimp Molecular Biology and Biotechnology (Centex Shrimp), Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Rama VI Rd., Bangkok, 10400, Thailand
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Rama VI Rd., Bangkok, 10400, Thailand
| | - Sittinan Chanarat
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Rama VI Rd., Bangkok, 10400, Thailand
- Laboratory of Molecular Cell Biology, Center for Excellence in Protein and Enzyme Technology, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Rama VI Rd. , Bangkok, 10400, Thailand
| | - Pattana Jaroenlak
- Center of Excellence for Molecular Biology and Genomics of Shrimp, Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, Phayathai Rd., Bangkok, 10330, Thailand.
| | - Ornchuma Itsathitphaisarn
- Center of Excellence for Shrimp Molecular Biology and Biotechnology (Centex Shrimp), Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Rama VI Rd., Bangkok, 10400, Thailand.
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Rama VI Rd., Bangkok, 10400, Thailand.
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Zhang L, Liu K, Liu M, Hu J, Bao Z, Wang M. Development of a real-time enzymatic recombinase amplification assay for rapid detection of infectious hypodermal and hematopoietic necrosis virus (IHHNV) in shrimp Penaeus vannamei. J Invertebr Pathol 2023; 201:108024. [PMID: 37992986 DOI: 10.1016/j.jip.2023.108024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2023] [Revised: 11/18/2023] [Accepted: 11/18/2023] [Indexed: 11/24/2023]
Abstract
Infectious hypodermal and hematopoietic necrosis virus (IHHNV) is classified as a reportable crustacean disease by the World Organisation for Animal Health (WOAH), which causes poor growth in Penaeus vannamei. According to genome sequence alignment analysis, enzymatic recombinase amplification (ERA) primers and probe were designed based on the ORF1 region of IHHNV, and a real-time ERA assay for IHHNV detection (IHHNV-ERA) was established. The experimental results show that IHHNV-F2/IHHNV-R2 and IHHNV-Probe can effectively amplify the target gene, and the sensitivity is 1.4 × 101 copies/μL within 14.97 ± 0.19 min, while the qPCR using primers 309F/309R could reach the detection limit of 1.4 × 101 copies/μL within 21.76 ± 0.63 min, and the sensitivity results of one-step PCR could be as low as 1.4 copies/μL with expense of time and false positives. The IHHNV-ERA system can effectively amplify the target gene at 42 ℃ within 20 min, and has no cross-reaction with white spot syndrome virus (WSSV), Ecytonucleospora hepatopenaei (EHP), Vibrio parahaemolyticus causing acute hepatopancreatic necrosis disease (VpAHPND), and healthy shrimp genomic DNA. Test results of practical samples showed that the detection rate of IHHNV-ERA (18/20) was better than the industrial standard qPCR assay (17/20). Compared with the existing technology, the useful results of this detection assay are: (1) get rid of the dependence on the thermal cycle instrument in the PCR process; (2) the experimental procedure is simple, time-consuming and fast; (3) the detection sensitivity is high. This study provides an ERA based detection assay for IHHNV, which can be used not only for the rapid detection of IHHNV infection, but also for the field screening of pathogens. This assay can also be applied to clinical inspection, customs detection, enterprise quality inspection and other fields, and has obvious practical application value.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu Zhang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Marine Genetics and Breeding, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China; Key Laboratory of Tropical Aquatic Germplasm of Hainan Province, Sanya Oceanographic Institution, Ocean University of China, Sanya 572024, China
| | - Kexin Liu
- MOE Key Laboratory of Marine Genetics and Breeding, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China; Key Laboratory of Tropical Aquatic Germplasm of Hainan Province, Sanya Oceanographic Institution, Ocean University of China, Sanya 572024, China
| | - Mengran Liu
- MOE Key Laboratory of Marine Genetics and Breeding, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China; Key Laboratory of Tropical Aquatic Germplasm of Hainan Province, Sanya Oceanographic Institution, Ocean University of China, Sanya 572024, China; Hainan Yazhou Bay Seed Laboratory, Sanya 572024, China.
| | - Jingjie Hu
- MOE Key Laboratory of Marine Genetics and Breeding, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China; Key Laboratory of Tropical Aquatic Germplasm of Hainan Province, Sanya Oceanographic Institution, Ocean University of China, Sanya 572024, China; Hainan Yazhou Bay Seed Laboratory, Sanya 572024, China
| | - Zhenmin Bao
- MOE Key Laboratory of Marine Genetics and Breeding, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China; Key Laboratory of Tropical Aquatic Germplasm of Hainan Province, Sanya Oceanographic Institution, Ocean University of China, Sanya 572024, China; Hainan Yazhou Bay Seed Laboratory, Sanya 572024, China
| | - Mengqiang Wang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Marine Genetics and Breeding, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China; Key Laboratory of Tropical Aquatic Germplasm of Hainan Province, Sanya Oceanographic Institution, Ocean University of China, Sanya 572024, China; Hainan Yazhou Bay Seed Laboratory, Sanya 572024, China.
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8
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Zhang L, Zhang S, Qiao Y, Cao X, Jiang G, Cheng J, Wan X, Meng Q, Shen H. A comparative transcriptome analysis of how shrimp endure and adapt to long-term symbiosis with Enterocytozoon hepatopenaei infection. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2023; 142:109088. [PMID: 37778737 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2023.109088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2023] [Revised: 09/06/2023] [Accepted: 09/16/2023] [Indexed: 10/03/2023]
Abstract
Enterocytozoon hepatopenaei (EHP) is a prevalent microsporidian pathogen responsible for hepatopancreatic microsporidiosis (HPM) in Litopenaeus vannamei. This infection not only leads to slowed growth in shrimp abut aslo inflicts substantial economic losses in the global aquaculture industry. However, the molecular mechanisms by which EHP influences the host during various infection stages remain unclear. This study employed comparative transcriptomics to examine the effects of EHP infection on Litopenaeus vannamei between early and late stage of infection groups. Utilizing transcriptomic approaches, we identified differentially expressed genes (DEGs) with notable biological significance through the COG, GO, KEGG, GSEA, and Mufzz time-series methodologies. The results reveal that EHP infection considerably influences host gene expression, with marked differences between early and late infection across distinct timeframes. Key processes such as detoxification, cell apoptosis, and lipid metabolism are pivotal during host-parasite interactions. Hexokinase and phosphatidic acid phosphatase emerge as key factors enabling invasion and sustained effects. Cytochrome P450 and glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase could facilitate infection progression. EHP significantly impacts growth, especially through ecdysteroids and 17β-estradiol dehydrogenase. By delineating stage-specific effects, we gain insights into interaction between EHP and Litopenaeus vannamei, showing how intracellular pathogens reprogram host defenses into mechanisms enabling long-term persistence. This study provides a deeper understanding of host-pathogen dynamics, emphasizing the interplay between detoxification, metabolism, immunity, apoptosis and growth regulation over the course of long-term symbiosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leiting Zhang
- Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, 210023, China; Jiangsu Marine Fisheries Research Institute, Nantong, 226007, China
| | - Sheng Zhang
- Jiangsu Ocean University, Lianyungang, 222005, China; Jiangsu Marine Fisheries Research Institute, Nantong, 226007, China
| | - Yi Qiao
- Jiangsu Marine Fisheries Research Institute, Nantong, 226007, China
| | - Xiaowei Cao
- Jiangsu Marine Fisheries Research Institute, Nantong, 226007, China
| | - Ge Jiang
- Jiangsu Marine Fisheries Research Institute, Nantong, 226007, China
| | - Jie Cheng
- Jiangsu Marine Fisheries Research Institute, Nantong, 226007, China
| | - Xihe Wan
- Jiangsu Marine Fisheries Research Institute, Nantong, 226007, China
| | - Qingguo Meng
- Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Hui Shen
- Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, 210023, China; Jiangsu Ocean University, Lianyungang, 222005, China; Jiangsu Marine Fisheries Research Institute, Nantong, 226007, China.
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Wang Y, Chen J, Na Y, Li XC, Zhou JF, Fang WH, Tan HX. Ecytonucleospora hepatopenaei n. gen. et comb. (Microsporidia: Enterocytozoonidae): A redescription of the Enterocytozoon hepatopenaei (Tourtip et al., 2009), a microsporidian infecting the widely cultivated shrimp Penaeus vannamei. J Invertebr Pathol 2023; 201:107988. [PMID: 37657756 DOI: 10.1016/j.jip.2023.107988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2023] [Revised: 08/16/2023] [Accepted: 08/29/2023] [Indexed: 09/03/2023]
Abstract
The microsporidian Enterocytozoon hepatopenaei from Penaeus vannamei (EHPPv) was redescribed on the basis of spore morphology, life cycle, pathology, and molecular character. Compared with the Enterocytozoon hepatopenaei isolated from Penaeus monodon (EHPPm), described by Tourtip et al. in 2009, new features were found in EHPPv. Electron microscopy demonstrated that EHPPv was closely associated with the nucleus of host cell. The merogony and sporogony phages were in direct contact with the cytoplasm of host cells, whereas some of the sporoblasts and the spores were surrounded by the interfacial envelope. Mature spores of EHPPv were oval and monokaryotic, measuring 1.65 ± 0.15 μm × 0.92 ± 0.05 μm. Spores possessed many polyribosomes around a bipartite polaroplast and the polar filament with 4-5 coils in two rows. Phylogenetic analyses showed all Enterocytozoon hepatopenaei isolates shared a common ancestor. Based on the morphological and molecular analyses, we propose the establishment of a new genus Ecytonucleospora and transferring Enterocytozoon hepatopenaei to the genus Ecytonucleospora, retaining the specific epithet hepatopenaei that Tourtip et al. proposed in recognition of their first research, as the new combination Ecytonucleospora hepatopenaei n. comb. Furthermore, it was suggested Enterospora nucleophila, Enterocytozoon sp. isolate RA19015_21, and Enterocytozoon schreckii be assigned into this new genus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Wang
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Aquaculture, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China; East China Sea Fisheries Research Institute, China Academy of Fishery Sciences, Shanghai 200090, China.
| | - Jie Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Resource Insects, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Microsporidia Infection and Control, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Ying Na
- East China Sea Fisheries Research Institute, China Academy of Fishery Sciences, Shanghai 200090, China
| | - Xin-Cang Li
- East China Sea Fisheries Research Institute, China Academy of Fishery Sciences, Shanghai 200090, China
| | - Jun-Fang Zhou
- East China Sea Fisheries Research Institute, China Academy of Fishery Sciences, Shanghai 200090, China
| | - Wen-Hong Fang
- East China Sea Fisheries Research Institute, China Academy of Fishery Sciences, Shanghai 200090, China
| | - Hong-Xin Tan
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Aquaculture, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China.
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10
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Whelan TA, Fast NM. Microsporidia. Curr Biol 2023; 33:R936-R938. [PMID: 37751700 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2023.06.076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/28/2023]
Abstract
In this Quick guide, Thomas Whelan and Naomi Fast introduce the microsporidia: obligate intracellular parasites with the most extremely reduced genomes known in eukaryotes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas A Whelan
- Biodiversity Research Centre, Department of Botany, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Naomi M Fast
- Biodiversity Research Centre, Department of Botany, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada.
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11
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Velázquez-Lizárraga AE, Sukonthamarn P, Junprung W, Nanakorn Z, Itsathitphaisarn O, Jaroenlak P, Tassanakajon A. Molecular characterization of turtle-like protein in whiteleg shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei) and its role in Enterocytozoon hepatopenaei infection. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2023; 140:108976. [PMID: 37506856 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2023.108976] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2023] [Revised: 07/22/2023] [Accepted: 07/25/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023]
Abstract
Enterocytozoon hepatopenaei (EHP) is a microsporidian parasite that infects shrimp hepatopancreas, causing growth retardation and disease susceptibility. Knowledge of the host-pathogen molecular mechanisms is essential to understanding the microsporidian pathogenesis. Turtle-like protein (TLP) is part of the immunoglobulin superfamily of proteins, which is widely distributed in the animal kingdom. TLP has multiple functions, such as cell surface receptors and cell adhesion molecules. The spore wall proteins (SWPs) of microsporidia are involved in the infection mechanisms. Some SWPs are responsible for spore adherence, which is part of the activation and host cell invasion processes. Previous studies showed that TLP from silkworms (Bombyx mori) interacted with SWP26, contributing to the infectivity of Nosema bombycis to its host. In this study, we identified and characterized for the first time, the Litopenaeus vannamei TLP gene (LvTLP), which encodes an 827-aa protein (92.4 kDa) composed of five immunoglobulin domains, two fibronectin type III domains, and a transmembrane region. The LvTLP transcript was expressed in all tested tissues and upregulated in the hepatopancreas at 1 and 7 days post-cohabitation (dpc) and at 9 dpc in hemocytes. To identify the LvTLP binding counterpart, recombinant (r)LvTLP and recombinant (r)EhSWP1 were produced in Escherichia coli. Coimmunoprecipitation and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays demonstrated that rLvTLP interacted with rEhSWP with high affinity (KD = 1.20 × 10-7 M). In EHP-infected hepatopancreases, LvTLP was clustered and co-localized with some of the developing EHP plasmodia. Furthermore, LvTLP gene silencing reduced the EHP copy numbers compared with those of the control group, suggesting the critical role of LvTLP in EHP infection. These results provide insight into the molecular mechanisms of the host-pathogen interactions during EHP infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrián E Velázquez-Lizárraga
- Center of Excellence for Molecular Biology and Genomic of Shrimp, Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, 254 Phaya Thai Rd, Wang Mai, Pathum Wan, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand
| | - Pongsakorn Sukonthamarn
- Center of Excellence for Molecular Biology and Genomic of Shrimp, Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, 254 Phaya Thai Rd, Wang Mai, Pathum Wan, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand
| | - Wisarut Junprung
- Center of Excellence for Molecular Biology and Genomic of Shrimp, Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, 254 Phaya Thai Rd, Wang Mai, Pathum Wan, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand
| | - Zittipong Nanakorn
- Center of Excellence for Molecular Biology and Genomic of Shrimp, Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, 254 Phaya Thai Rd, Wang Mai, Pathum Wan, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand
| | - Ornchuma Itsathitphaisarn
- Center of Excellence for Shrimp Molecular Biology and Biotechnology (Centex Shrimp), Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, 272 Rama VI, Road, Thung Phaya Thai, Ratchathewi, Bangkok, 10400, Thailand
| | - Pattana Jaroenlak
- Center of Excellence for Molecular Biology and Genomic of Shrimp, Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, 254 Phaya Thai Rd, Wang Mai, Pathum Wan, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand
| | - Anchalee Tassanakajon
- Center of Excellence for Molecular Biology and Genomic of Shrimp, Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, 254 Phaya Thai Rd, Wang Mai, Pathum Wan, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand.
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12
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Bunduruș IA, Balta I, Butucel E, Callaway T, Popescu CA, Iancu T, Pet I, Stef L, Corcionivoschi N. Natural Antimicrobials Block the Host NF-κB Pathway and Reduce Enterocytozoon hepatopenaei Infection Both In Vitro and In Vivo. Pharmaceutics 2023; 15:1994. [PMID: 37514180 PMCID: PMC10383616 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics15071994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2023] [Revised: 07/15/2023] [Accepted: 07/19/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
The objective of this work was to investigate, for the first time, the antioxidant effect of a mixture of natural antimicrobials in an Enterocytozoon hepatopenaei (EHP) shrimp-gut model of infection and the biological mechanisms involved in their way of action. The study approach included investigations, firstly, in vitro, on shrimp-gut primary (SGP) epithelial cells and in vivo by using EHP-challenged shrimp. Our results show that exposure of EHP spores to 0.1%, 0.5%, 1%, and 2% AuraAqua (Aq) significantly reduced spore activity at all concentrations but was more pronounced after exposure to 0.5% Aq. The Aq was able to reduce EHP infection of SGP cells regardless of cells being pretreated or cocultured during infection with Aq. The survivability of SGP cells infected with EHP spores was significantly increased in both scenarios; however, a more noticeable effect was observed when the infected cells were pre-exposed to Aq. Our data show that infection of SGP cells by EHP activates the host NADPH oxidases and the release of H2O2 produced. When Aq was used during infection, a significant reduction in H2O2 was observed concomitant with a significant increase in the levels of CAT and SOD enzymes. Moreover, in the presence of 0.5% Aq, the overproduction of CAT and SOD was correlated with the inactivation of the NF-κB pathway, which, otherwise, as we show, is activated upon EHP infection of SGP cells. In a challenge test, Aq was able to significantly reduce mortality in EHP-infected shrimp and increase the levels of CAT and SOD in the gut tissue. Conclusively, these results show, for the first time, that a mixture of natural antimicrobials (Aq) can reduce the EHP-spore activity, improve the survival rates of primary gut-shrimp epithelial cells and reduce the oxidative damage caused by EHP infection. Moreover, we show that Aq was able to stop the H2O2 activation of the NF-κB pathway of Crustins, Penaeidins, and the lysozyme, and the CAT and SOD activity both in vitro and in a shrimp challenge test.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iulia Adelina Bunduruș
- Faculty of Bioengineering of Animal Resources, University of Life Sciences King Mihai I from Timisoara, 300645 Timisoara, Romania
| | - Igori Balta
- Faculty of Bioengineering of Animal Resources, University of Life Sciences King Mihai I from Timisoara, 300645 Timisoara, Romania
| | - Eugenia Butucel
- Faculty of Bioengineering of Animal Resources, University of Life Sciences King Mihai I from Timisoara, 300645 Timisoara, Romania
- Bacteriology Branch, Veterinary Sciences Division, Agri-Food and Biosciences Institute, Belfast BT4 3SD, UK
| | - Todd Callaway
- Department of Animal and Dairy Science, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - Cosmin Alin Popescu
- Faculty of Agriculture, University of Life Sciences King Mihai I from Timisoara, 300645 Timisoara, Romania
| | - Tiberiu Iancu
- Faculty of Management and Rural Tourism, University of Life Sciences King Mihai I from Timisoara, 300645 Timisoara, Romania
| | - Ioan Pet
- Faculty of Bioengineering of Animal Resources, University of Life Sciences King Mihai I from Timisoara, 300645 Timisoara, Romania
| | - Lavinia Stef
- Faculty of Bioengineering of Animal Resources, University of Life Sciences King Mihai I from Timisoara, 300645 Timisoara, Romania
| | - Nicolae Corcionivoschi
- Faculty of Bioengineering of Animal Resources, University of Life Sciences King Mihai I from Timisoara, 300645 Timisoara, Romania
- Bacteriology Branch, Veterinary Sciences Division, Agri-Food and Biosciences Institute, Belfast BT4 3SD, UK
- Academy of Romanian Scientists, Ilfov Street, No. 3, 050044 Bucharest, Romania
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13
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Xintong Z, Zaozhe X, Sijia X, Shaolin T, Zhang J. First report of Ameson portunus (microsporidia) infection in earthen pond-cultured mud crab, Scylla paramamosain (Decapoda: Portunidae) in China, causing mass morbidity. JOURNAL OF FISH DISEASES 2023; 46:715-721. [PMID: 36848401 DOI: 10.1111/jfd.13771] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2022] [Revised: 02/10/2023] [Accepted: 02/13/2023] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Zhang Xintong
- Laboratory of Aquatic Parasitology and Microbial Bioresources, School of Marine Science and Engineering, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, China
| | - Xin Zaozhe
- Laboratory of Aquatic Parasitology and Microbial Bioresources, School of Marine Science and Engineering, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, China
| | - Xue Sijia
- Laboratory of Aquatic Parasitology and Microbial Bioresources, School of Marine Science and Engineering, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, China
| | | | - Jinyong Zhang
- Laboratory of Aquatic Parasitology and Microbial Bioresources, School of Marine Science and Engineering, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, China
- Laboratory for Marine Biology and Biotechnology, Pilot National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, China
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14
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Moser RJ, Firestone SM, Franz LM, Genz B, Sellars MJ. Shrimp MultiPath™ multiplexed PCR white spot syndrome virus detection in penaeid shrimp. DISEASES OF AQUATIC ORGANISMS 2023; 153:95-105. [PMID: 37073799 DOI: 10.3354/dao03725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
White spot syndrome virus (WSSV), which causes white spot disease, is one of the notoriously feared infectious agents in the shrimp industry, inflicting estimated production losses world-wide of up to US$1 billion annually. Cost-effective accessible surveillance testing and targeted diagnosis are key to alerting shrimp industries and authorities worldwide early about WSSV carrier status in targeted shrimp populations. Here we present key validation pathway metrics for the Shrimp MultiPathTM (SMP) WSSV assay as part of the multi-pathogen detection platform. With superior throughput, fast turn-around time, and extremely low cost per test, the SMP WSSV assay achieves a high level of analytical sensitivity (~2.9 copies), perfect analytical specificity (~100%), and good intra- and inter-run repeatability (coefficient of variation <5%). The diagnostic metrics were estimated using Bayesian latent class analysis on data from 3 experimental shrimp populations from Latin America with distinct WSSV prevalence and yielded a diagnostic sensitivity of 95% and diagnostic specificity of 99% for SMP WSSV, which was higher than these parameters for the TaqMan quantitative PCR (qPCR) assays currently recommended by the World Organisation for Animal Health and the Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation. This paper additionally presents compelling data for the use of synthetic double-stranded DNA analyte spiked into pathogen-naïve shrimp tissue homogenate as a means to substitute clinical samples for assay validation pathways targeting rare pathogens. SMP WSSV shows analytical and diagnostic metrics comparable to qPCR-based assays and demonstrates fit-for-purpose performance for detection of WSSV in clinically diseased and apparently healthy animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- R J Moser
- Genics Pty Ltd., Level 5, 60 Research Road, St Lucia, Qld 4067, Australia
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15
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Li J, Wang Y, Hu J, Bao Z, Wang M. An isothermal enzymatic recombinase amplification (ERA) assay for rapid and accurate detection of Enterocytozoon hepatopenaei infection in shrimp. J Invertebr Pathol 2023; 197:107895. [PMID: 36754116 DOI: 10.1016/j.jip.2023.107895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2022] [Revised: 02/01/2023] [Accepted: 02/02/2023] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Enterocytozoon hepatopenaei (EHP) is a kind of microsporidian parasite belonging to fungi, and poses a serious threat to prawn farmers. Due to the lack of effective treatments for EHP, the establishment of a rapid and sensitive detection method would be beneficial to the control and prevention of this prawn parasitic disease. In this study, an isothermal enzymatic recombinase amplification (EHP-ERA) assay that could diagnose EHP within 20 min at 42 °C was developed and evaluated. The determined final concentrations of primers and probe in the reaction system were 400 nM and 120 nM, respectively. EHP-ERA was carried out within 13 min (24.31 ± 0.37 Ct) with a detection limit of 10 copies/μL. The results of specificity test showed that EHP-ERA had no cross-reactivity with white spot syndrome virus (WSSV), Vibrio parahaemolyticus strain causing acute hepatopancreatic necrosis disease (VpAHPND), and infectious hypodermal and hematopoietic necrosis virus (IHHNV) and specific pathogen free (SPF) shrimp. Using 32 clinical samples, the practical diagnostic results of EHP-ERA was consistent with nested PCR and real-time PCR (qPCR) under the premise of less time-consuming and simpler operation. In summary, we established a simple, rapid, and effective ERA assay for the detection of EHP, which had great potential to be widely used in both lab and practical usage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiaobing Li
- MOE Key Laboratory of Marine Genetics and Breeding (Qingdao 266003), and Key Laboratory of Tropical Aquatic Germplasm of Hainan Province of Sanya Oceanographic Institution (Sanya 572024), Ocean University of China, China
| | - Yan Wang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Marine Genetics and Breeding (Qingdao 266003), and Key Laboratory of Tropical Aquatic Germplasm of Hainan Province of Sanya Oceanographic Institution (Sanya 572024), Ocean University of China, China; Hainan Yazhou Bay Seed Laboratory, Sanya 572024, China.
| | - Jingjie Hu
- MOE Key Laboratory of Marine Genetics and Breeding (Qingdao 266003), and Key Laboratory of Tropical Aquatic Germplasm of Hainan Province of Sanya Oceanographic Institution (Sanya 572024), Ocean University of China, China; Laboratory for Marine Fisheries Science and Food Production Processes, and Center for Marine Molecular Biotechnology, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266237, China; Hainan Yazhou Bay Seed Laboratory, Sanya 572024, China
| | - Zhenmin Bao
- MOE Key Laboratory of Marine Genetics and Breeding (Qingdao 266003), and Key Laboratory of Tropical Aquatic Germplasm of Hainan Province of Sanya Oceanographic Institution (Sanya 572024), Ocean University of China, China; Laboratory for Marine Fisheries Science and Food Production Processes, and Center for Marine Molecular Biotechnology, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266237, China; Hainan Yazhou Bay Seed Laboratory, Sanya 572024, China
| | - Mengqiang Wang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Marine Genetics and Breeding (Qingdao 266003), and Key Laboratory of Tropical Aquatic Germplasm of Hainan Province of Sanya Oceanographic Institution (Sanya 572024), Ocean University of China, China; Laboratory for Marine Fisheries Science and Food Production Processes, and Center for Marine Molecular Biotechnology, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266237, China; Hainan Yazhou Bay Seed Laboratory, Sanya 572024, China.
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16
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Islam SI, Ahmed SS, Sanjida S, Mou MJ, Mahfuj S, Habib N, Ferdous MA, Rahman MDH, Noor MHM. Towards characterizing of Enterocytozoon hepatopenaei (EHP) spore wall proteins with feature identification and analogy modeling. INFORMATICS IN MEDICINE UNLOCKED 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.imu.2023.101215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/12/2023] Open
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17
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Wang C, Zhang H, Zhu J, Liu H, Yang Y, Sun B, Wu T, Zhang Y, Yao D. The transcription factor CEBP homolog of Penaeus vannamei contributes to WSSV replication. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2023; 134:108571. [PMID: 36736844 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2023.108571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2022] [Revised: 01/19/2023] [Accepted: 01/26/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
The cellular transcription factors are known to play important roles in virus infection. The present study cloned and characterized a transcription factor CCAAT/Enhancer-binding protein homolog from the shrimp Penaeus vannamei (designates as PvCEBP), and explored its potential functions in white spot syndrome virus (WSSV) infection. PvCEBP has an open reading frame (ORF) of 864 bp encoding a putative protein of 287 amino acids, which contained a highly C-terminal conserved bZIP domain. Phylogenetic tree analysis showed that PvCEBP was evolutionarily clustered with invertebrate CEBPs and closely related to the CEBP of Homarus americanus. Quantitative real-time PCR (qPCR) analysis revealed that PvCEBP was expressed in all examined shrimp tissues, with transcript levels increased in shrimp hemocytes and gill upon WSSV challenge. Furthermore, knockdown of PvCEBP mediated by RNA interference significantly decreased the expression of WSSV genes and viral loads, while enhanced the shrimp survival rate under WSSV challenge. In silico prediction and reporter gene assays demonstrated that PvCEBP could activate the promoter activity of the viral immediate-early gene ie1. Collectively, our findings suggest that PvCEBP is annexed by WSSV to promote its propagation by enhancing the expression of viral immediate-early genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chuanqi Wang
- Institute of Marine Sciences and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology, Shantou University, Shantou, 515063, China
| | - Huimin Zhang
- Institute of Marine Sciences and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology, Shantou University, Shantou, 515063, China
| | - Jinghua Zhu
- Institute of Marine Sciences and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology, Shantou University, Shantou, 515063, China
| | - Haiping Liu
- Institute of Marine Sciences and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology, Shantou University, Shantou, 515063, China
| | - Yiqing Yang
- Institute of Marine Sciences and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology, Shantou University, Shantou, 515063, China
| | - Bingbing Sun
- Institute of Marine Sciences and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology, Shantou University, Shantou, 515063, China
| | - Tingchu Wu
- Institute of Marine Sciences and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology, Shantou University, Shantou, 515063, China
| | - Yueling Zhang
- Institute of Marine Sciences and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology, Shantou University, Shantou, 515063, China; STU-UMT Joint Shellfish Research Laboratory, Shantou University, Shantou, 515063, China
| | - Defu Yao
- Institute of Marine Sciences and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology, Shantou University, Shantou, 515063, China; STU-UMT Joint Shellfish Research Laboratory, Shantou University, Shantou, 515063, China.
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18
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Yang L, Guo B, Wang Y, Zhao C, Zhang X, Wang Y, Tang Y, Shen H, Wang P, Gao S. Pyrococcus furiosus Argonaute Combined with Recombinase Polymerase Amplification for Rapid and Sensitive Detection of Enterocytozoon hepatopenaei. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2023; 71:944-951. [PMID: 36548210 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.2c06582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Enterocytozoon hepatopenaei (EHP) is one of the most serious pathogens in shrimp farming. This study combines recombinase polymerase amplification (RPA) with the Argonaute from Pyrococcus furiosus (PfAgo) and establishes a sensitive and reliable method for on-site detection of EHP. With careful screening of gDNA and optimization of the reaction, the method shows a good specificity and reaches a sensitivity of single copy per reaction, which is higher than the sensitivity of the currently available molecular assays. The whole procedure can be finished within 1.5 h including the sample processing time and only requires minimum laboratory support, which is user-friendly for on-site environments. This is the first application of PfAgo for the diagnosis of infectious diseases in seafood supply chains. It provides a reliable method for on-site detection of EHP in shrimp farms and establishes a groundwork for multiplex detection of important pathogens in seafood farming using PfAgo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lihong Yang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Marine Biological Resources and Environment, Co-Innovation Center of Jiangsu Marine Bio-industry Technology, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Marine Pharmaceutical Compound Screening, School of Pharmacy, Jiangsu Ocean University, Lianyungang 222005, China
| | - Bo Guo
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Marine Biological Resources and Environment, Co-Innovation Center of Jiangsu Marine Bio-industry Technology, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Marine Pharmaceutical Compound Screening, School of Pharmacy, Jiangsu Ocean University, Lianyungang 222005, China
| | - Yu Wang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Marine Biological Resources and Environment, Co-Innovation Center of Jiangsu Marine Bio-industry Technology, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Marine Pharmaceutical Compound Screening, School of Pharmacy, Jiangsu Ocean University, Lianyungang 222005, China
| | - Chenjie Zhao
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Marine Biological Resources and Environment, Co-Innovation Center of Jiangsu Marine Bio-industry Technology, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Marine Pharmaceutical Compound Screening, School of Pharmacy, Jiangsu Ocean University, Lianyungang 222005, China
| | - Xue Zhang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Marine Biological Resources and Environment, Co-Innovation Center of Jiangsu Marine Bio-industry Technology, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Marine Pharmaceutical Compound Screening, School of Pharmacy, Jiangsu Ocean University, Lianyungang 222005, China
| | - Yue Wang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Marine Biological Resources and Environment, Co-Innovation Center of Jiangsu Marine Bio-industry Technology, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Marine Pharmaceutical Compound Screening, School of Pharmacy, Jiangsu Ocean University, Lianyungang 222005, China
- School of Food Science and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Yixin Tang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Marine Biological Resources and Environment, Co-Innovation Center of Jiangsu Marine Bio-industry Technology, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Marine Pharmaceutical Compound Screening, School of Pharmacy, Jiangsu Ocean University, Lianyungang 222005, China
- School of Food Science and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Hui Shen
- Jiangsu Institute of Oceanology and Marine Fisheries, Nantong 226007, China
| | - Pei Wang
- School of Food Science and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Song Gao
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Marine Biological Resources and Environment, Co-Innovation Center of Jiangsu Marine Bio-industry Technology, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Marine Pharmaceutical Compound Screening, School of Pharmacy, Jiangsu Ocean University, Lianyungang 222005, China
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19
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Down-Regulation of Lipid Metabolism in the Hepatopancreas of Shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei upon Light and Heavy Infection of Enterocytozoon hepatopenaei: A Comparative Proteomic Study. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms231911574. [PMID: 36232879 PMCID: PMC9570011 DOI: 10.3390/ijms231911574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2022] [Revised: 09/26/2022] [Accepted: 09/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Enterocytozoon hepatopenaei (EHP) is the pathogen of hepatopancreatic microsporidiosis (HPM) in shrimp. The diseased shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei exhibits a slow growth syndrome, which causes severe economic losses. Herein, 4D label-free quantitative proteomics was employed to analyze the hepatopancreas of L. vannamei with a light (EHPptp2 < 103 copies/50 ng hpDNA, L group) and heavy (EHPptp2 > 104 copies/50 ng hpDNA, H group) load of EHP to better understand the pathogenesis of HPM. Exactly 786 (L group) and 1056 (H group) differentially expressed proteins (DEPs) versus the EHP-free (C group) control were mainly clustered to lipid metabolism, amino acid metabolism, and energy production processing. Compared with the L group, the H group exhibited down-regulation significantly in lipid metabolism, especially in the elongation and degradation of fatty acid, biosynthesis of unsaturated fatty acid, metabolism of α-linolenic acid, sphingolipid, and glycerolipid, as well as juvenile hormone (JH) degradation. Expression pattern analysis showed that the degree of infection was positively correlated with metabolic change. About 479 EHP proteins were detected in infected shrimps, including 95 predicted transporters. These findings suggest that EHP infection induced the consumption of storage lipids and the entire down-regulation of lipid metabolism and the coupling energy production, in addition to the hormone metabolism disorder. These were ultimately responsible for the stunted growth.
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High-throughput small molecule screen identifies inhibitors of microsporidia invasion and proliferation in C. elegans. Nat Commun 2022; 13:5653. [PMID: 36163337 PMCID: PMC9513054 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-33400-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2021] [Accepted: 09/15/2022] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Microsporidia are a diverse group of fungal-related obligate intracellular parasites that infect most animal phyla. Despite the emerging threat that microsporidia represent to humans and agricultural animals, few reliable treatment options exist. Here, we develop a high-throughput screening method for the identification of chemical inhibitors of microsporidia infection, using liquid cultures of Caenorhabditis elegans infected with the microsporidia species Nematocida parisii. We screen a collection of 2560 FDA-approved compounds and natural products, and identify 11 candidate microsporidia inhibitors. Five compounds prevent microsporidia infection by inhibiting spore firing, whereas one compound, dexrazoxane, slows infection progression. The compounds have in vitro activity against several other microsporidia species, including those known to infect humans. Together, our results highlight the effectiveness of C. elegans as a model host for drug discovery against intracellular pathogens, and provide a scalable high-throughput system for the identification and characterization of microsporidia inhibitors.
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21
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Wang Y, Zhou J, Yin M, Ying N, Xiang Y, Liu W, Ye J, Li X, Fang W, Tan H. A modification of nested PCR method for detection of Enterocytozoon hepatopenaei (EHP) in giant freshwater prawn Macrobrachium rosenbergii. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2022; 12:1013016. [PMID: 36211972 PMCID: PMC9538563 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2022.1013016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2022] [Accepted: 09/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The microsporidian Enterocytozoon hepatopenaei (EHP) has become a critical threat to the global shrimp aquaculture industry, thus necessitating early detection by screening. Development of a rapid and accurate assay is crucial both for the active surveillance and for the assessment of shrimp with EHP infection. In the present study, a distinct strain of E. hepatopenaei (EHPMr) was found in Macrobrachium rosenbergii. The SWP1 gene analysis revealed it was a new genotype that differed with the common strain isolated from the Litopenaeus vannamei (EHPLv). A nested SWP-PCR method was modified to fix the bug that the original inner primers could not recognize the EHPMr strain. The redesigned inner primers successfully amplified a product of 182 bp for both the EHPMr strain and the EHPLv strain. The new primers also had good specificity and high sensitivity, which may serve as an alternative for EHP genotyping. This study provided a method for detection of EHP in the biosecurity of Macrobrachium rosenbergii farming, and the developed protocol was proposed for the routine investigation and potential carrier screening, especially for molecular epidemiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Wang
- Key Laboratory of East China Sea Fishery Resources Exploitation, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affair, East China Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Aquaculture, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Collaborative Innovation Center for Cultivating Elite Breeds and Green-culture of Aquaculture Animals, Shanghai, China
| | - Jinyang Zhou
- Key Laboratory of East China Sea Fishery Resources Exploitation, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affair, East China Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Aquaculture, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Collaborative Innovation Center for Cultivating Elite Breeds and Green-culture of Aquaculture Animals, Shanghai, China
| | - Menghe Yin
- Key Laboratory of East China Sea Fishery Resources Exploitation, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affair, East China Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Na Ying
- Key Laboratory of East China Sea Fishery Resources Exploitation, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affair, East China Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Yang Xiang
- Key Laboratory of East China Sea Fishery Resources Exploitation, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affair, East China Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Wenchang Liu
- Key Laboratory of East China Sea Fishery Resources Exploitation, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affair, East China Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Junqiang Ye
- Fisheries Technology Promotion Station of Fengxian District, Shanghai, China
| | - Xincang Li
- Key Laboratory of East China Sea Fishery Resources Exploitation, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affair, East China Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Wenhong Fang
- Key Laboratory of East China Sea Fishery Resources Exploitation, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affair, East China Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Shanghai, China
- *Correspondence: Wenhong Fang, ; Hongxin Tan,
| | - Hongxin Tan
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Aquaculture, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Collaborative Innovation Center for Cultivating Elite Breeds and Green-culture of Aquaculture Animals, Shanghai, China
- *Correspondence: Wenhong Fang, ; Hongxin Tan,
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22
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Lee CF, Chang YC, Chiou HY, Chang HW. Concurrent infection of a novel genotype of hepatopancreatic parvovirus and Enterocytozoon hepatopenaei in Penaeus vannamei in Taiwan. JOURNAL OF FISH DISEASES 2022; 45:1201-1210. [PMID: 35612903 DOI: 10.1111/jfd.13655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2022] [Revised: 04/25/2022] [Accepted: 04/27/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Hepatopancreatic parvovirus (HPV) and Enterocytozoon hepatopenaei (EHP) are emerging and reemerging pathogens in shrimps. In the present study, a novel genotype of HPV concurrently infected with EHP in Penaeus vannamei in Taiwan leading to severe atrophy and damage of hepatopancreas were confirmed by histopathology, in situ hybridization, and PCR. The novel genotype of HPV exhibited 66%-69.5% sequence identities with all known HPVs and carried unique amino acid deletions and insertions in the VP gene. According to phylogenetic analysis, the Taiwan HPV isolates were classified as the genotype IV. The present study not only provided the histopathological and molecular proof of HPV and EHP co-infection in Taiwan, but also revealed the importance of investigating the geographical expansion of novel HPV genotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chi-Fen Lee
- Graduate Institute of Molecular and Comparative Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan ROC
| | - Yen-Chen Chang
- Graduate Institute of Molecular and Comparative Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan ROC
| | - Hue-Ying Chiou
- Graduate Institute of Veterinary Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan ROC
| | - Hui-Wen Chang
- Graduate Institute of Molecular and Comparative Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan ROC
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23
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Munkongwongsiri N, Prachumwat A, Eamsaard W, Lertsiri K, Flegel TW, Stentiford GD, Sritunyalucksana K. Propionigenium and Vibrio species identified as possible component causes of shrimp white feces syndrome (WFS) associated with the microsporidian Enterocytozoon hepatopenaei. J Invertebr Pathol 2022; 192:107784. [PMID: 35659607 DOI: 10.1016/j.jip.2022.107784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2022] [Revised: 05/26/2022] [Accepted: 05/31/2022] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
White feces syndrome (WFS) in cultivated shrimp is characterized by white shrimp midguts (intestines) and white fecal strings that float as mats on pond surfaces. The etiology of WFS is complex, but one type called EHP-WFS is associated with the microsporidian Enterocytozoon hepatopenaei (EHP). The hepatopancreas (HP), midgut and fecal strings of EHP-WFS shrimp exhibit massive quantities of EHP spores together with mixed, unidentified bacteria. In EHP-WFS ponds, some EHP-infected shrimp show white midguts (WG) and produce white feces while other EHP-infected shrimp in the same pond show grossly normal midguts (NG) and produce no white feces. We hypothesized that comparison of the microbial flora between WG and NG shrimp would reveal probable combinations of microbes significantly associated with EHP-WFS. To test this, we selected a Penaeus vannamei cultivation pond exhibiting severe WFS and used microscopic and microbial profiling analyses to compare WG and NG samples. Histologically, EHP was confirmed in the HP and midgut of both WG and NG shrimp, but EHP burdens were higher and EHP tissue damage was more severe in WG shrimp. Further, intestinal microbiomes in WG shrimp were less diverse and had higher abundance of bacteria from the genera Vibrio and Propionigenium. Propionigenium burden in the HP of WG shrimp (9364 copies/100ng DNA) was significantly higher (P = 1.1 x 10-5) than in NG shrimp (12 copies/100ng DNA). These findings supported our hypothesis by revealing two candidate bacterial genera that should be tested in combination with EHP as potential component causes of EHP-WFS in P. vannamei.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natthinee Munkongwongsiri
- Aquatic Animal Health Research Team, Integrative Aquaculture Biotechnology Research Group, National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (BIOTEC), National Science and Technology Development Agency (NSTDA), Yothi office, Rama VI Rd., Bangkok, Thailand 10400
| | - Anuphap Prachumwat
- Aquatic Animal Health Research Team, Integrative Aquaculture Biotechnology Research Group, National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (BIOTEC), National Science and Technology Development Agency (NSTDA), Yothi office, Rama VI Rd., Bangkok, Thailand 10400; Center of Excellence for Shrimp Molecular Biology and Biotechnology (Centex Shrimp), Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Rama VI Rd., Bangkok, Thailand 10400.
| | - Wiraya Eamsaard
- Aquatic Animal Health Research Team, Integrative Aquaculture Biotechnology Research Group, National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (BIOTEC), National Science and Technology Development Agency (NSTDA), Yothi office, Rama VI Rd., Bangkok, Thailand 10400; Center of Excellence for Shrimp Molecular Biology and Biotechnology (Centex Shrimp), Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Rama VI Rd., Bangkok, Thailand 10400
| | - Kanokwan Lertsiri
- Aquatic Animal Health Research Team, Integrative Aquaculture Biotechnology Research Group, National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (BIOTEC), National Science and Technology Development Agency (NSTDA), Yothi office, Rama VI Rd., Bangkok, Thailand 10400
| | - Timothy W Flegel
- Center of Excellence for Shrimp Molecular Biology and Biotechnology (Centex Shrimp), Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Rama VI Rd., Bangkok, Thailand 10400; National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (BIOTEC), National Science and Technology Development Agency (NSTDA), Klong Luang, Pathumthani, 12120, Thailand
| | - Grant D Stentiford
- International Centre of Excellence for Aquatic Animal Health, Centre for Environment Fisheries and Aquaculture Science (Cefas), Weymouth Laboratory, Weymouth, Dorset DT4 8UB, United Kingdom; Centre for Sustainable Aquaculture Futures, University of Exeter, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter EX4 4QD, United Kingdom
| | - Kallaya Sritunyalucksana
- Aquatic Animal Health Research Team, Integrative Aquaculture Biotechnology Research Group, National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (BIOTEC), National Science and Technology Development Agency (NSTDA), Yothi office, Rama VI Rd., Bangkok, Thailand 10400; Center of Excellence for Shrimp Molecular Biology and Biotechnology (Centex Shrimp), Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Rama VI Rd., Bangkok, Thailand 10400
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24
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Chen WF, Fu YW, Zeng ZY, Guo SQ, Yan YL, Tu YF, Gou TG, Zhang QZ. Establishment and application of a TaqMan probe–based qPCR for the detection of Enterocytozoon hepatopenaei in shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei. Parasitol Res 2022; 121:2263-2274. [DOI: 10.1007/s00436-022-07559-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2021] [Accepted: 05/18/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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25
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Changes in the intestinal microbiota of Pacific white shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei) with different severities of Enterocytozoon hepatopenaei infection. J Invertebr Pathol 2022; 191:107763. [PMID: 35568066 DOI: 10.1016/j.jip.2022.107763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2022] [Revised: 03/16/2022] [Accepted: 04/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The intestinal microbiota of the Pacific white shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei during Enterocytozoon hepatopenaei (EHP) infection was investigated by 16S rRNA gene-based analysis. The results showed that bacterial diversity in the intestine of L. vannamei was high, but it decreased with increasing severity of EHP infection. The relative abundances of the phyla Planctomycetes, Actinobacteria and Acidobacteria decreased significantly with a decrease in body size or EHP infection severity (P<0.05). The most abundant genera were Pseudomonas, Methylobacterium, Bradyrhizobium, Bacteroides, Vibrio, Prevotella and so on. In addition, the relative abundances of some bacteria, such as Pseudomonas, Bradyrhizobium, Bacteroides and Vibrio, increased significantly with a decrease in body size or EHP infection severity (P<0.05). These findings suggest that changes in the intestinal microbiota occur depending on the severity of EHP infection.
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26
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Moser RJ, Franz L, Firestone SM, Sellars MJ. Enterocytozoon hepatopenaei real-time and Shrimp MultiPathTM PCR assay validation for South-East Asian and Latin American strains of Penaeid shrimp. DISEASES OF AQUATIC ORGANISMS 2022; 149:11-23. [PMID: 35510817 DOI: 10.3354/dao03655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Enterocytozoon hepatopenaei (EHP) infections are a global challenge for the Penaeid shrimp industry with a sharp rise in prevalence over the last 10 yr. EHP is known to cause sub-optimal growth, large size variation and reduced survival of shrimp. Molecular methods development has mainly focussed on 18S rRNA or spore wall protein 1 (SWP1). Due to the specificity and sensitivity issues with previously designed assays for both targets, new molecular assays are needed by the global shrimp industry and regulators to help manage the risks posed by EHP. This paper describes new real-time PCR (qPCR) methods developed for the novel EHP gene targets polar tube protein 2 (PTP2) and spore wall protein 26 (SWP26), whilst also presenting performance metrics of the new Shrimp MultiPathTM technology EHP assay. qPCR assays PTP2G and SWP26G show high amplification efficiency, a limit of detection (LOD) of between 1 and 4 copies, low assay variation and high diagnostic sensitivity (DSe) and specificity (DSp) compared to imperfect reference assays. Similar performance is seen with Shrimp MultiPathTM EHP showing an LOD of 8 copies, low assay variation and high DSe and DSp. These novel molecular targets for EHP and Shrimp MultiPathTM EHP strengthen global efforts to monitor and mitigate risks of EHP infections and outbreaks. Moreover, this study presents novel data on distribution of EHP in shrimp populations from South-East Asia and Latin America, and how sequence variations need to be considered when monitoring EHP in different geographies.
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Affiliation(s)
- R J Moser
- Genics Pty Ltd., Level 5, Gehrman Building, 60 Research Road, St Lucia, QLD 4067, Australia
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27
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Wang Y, Ying N, Huang Y, Zou X, Liu X, Li L, Zhou J, Zhao S, Ma R, Li X, Tan H, Fang W. Nucleospora hippocampi n. sp., an Intranuclear Microsporidian Infecting the Seahorse Hippocampus erectus From China. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2022; 12:882843. [PMID: 35601100 PMCID: PMC9114889 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2022.882843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2022] [Accepted: 04/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The life cycle, ultrastructure, and molecular phylogeny of a new intranuclear microsporidian, Nucleospora hippocampi n. sp., infecting the intestine of the Hippocampus erectus, were described. The histopathology revealed an extensive infection, mainly in the columnar epithelium of the intestinal mucosa layer. The enterocytes were the important target cell for Nucleospora hippocampi n. sp. infection. Transmission electron microscopy results showed that this microsporidian developed directly within the host cell nucleoplasm. In the intranuclear life cycle, the transformation from meront to sporogonial plasmodium was recognized by forming electron-dense disc structures, which were considered the polar tube precursors. The microsporidian showed the typical morphological characteristics of the family Enterocytozoonidae in the formation and development of spore organelles prior to the division of the sporogonial plasmodium. According to wet smear observation, eight spores were generally formed in a single host nucleus. Mature spores were elongated ovoids that were slightly bent and measured 1.93 × 0.97 μm. The isofilar polar tube was arranged in 7~8 coils in one row. Phylogenetic analysis of its small subunit ribosomal DNA sequences demonstrated that the parasite belonged to the Nucleospora group clade. The histological, ultrastructural, and molecular data support the emergence of a new species in the genus Nucleospora. This is the first report of Nucleospora species in Asia and threatened syngnathid fishes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Wang
- East China Sea Fisheries Research Institute, China Academy of Fishery Sciences, Shanghai, China
- College of Fisheries and Life Science, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China
| | - Na Ying
- East China Sea Fisheries Research Institute, China Academy of Fishery Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Yanqing Huang
- East China Sea Fisheries Research Institute, China Academy of Fishery Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiong Zou
- East China Sea Fisheries Research Institute, China Academy of Fishery Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Xin Liu
- East China Sea Fisheries Research Institute, China Academy of Fishery Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Letian Li
- East China Sea Fisheries Research Institute, China Academy of Fishery Sciences, Shanghai, China
- College of Fisheries and Life Science, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China
| | - Junfang Zhou
- East China Sea Fisheries Research Institute, China Academy of Fishery Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Shu Zhao
- East China Sea Fisheries Research Institute, China Academy of Fishery Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Rongrong Ma
- College of Marine Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
| | - Xincang Li
- East China Sea Fisheries Research Institute, China Academy of Fishery Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Hongxin Tan
- College of Fisheries and Life Science, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China
- *Correspondence: Hongxin Tan, ; Wenhong Fang,
| | - Wenhong Fang
- East China Sea Fisheries Research Institute, China Academy of Fishery Sciences, Shanghai, China
- *Correspondence: Hongxin Tan, ; Wenhong Fang,
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28
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Hong GK, Tew KS. The Advantages of Inorganic Fertilization for the Mass Production of Copepods as Food for Fish Larvae in Aquaculture. Life (Basel) 2022; 12:life12030441. [PMID: 35330192 PMCID: PMC8953909 DOI: 10.3390/life12030441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2022] [Revised: 03/14/2022] [Accepted: 03/14/2022] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Copepods are commonly used as live feed for cultured fish larvae, but the current mass production method using organic fertilizers cannot meet the market demand for copepods. We evaluated the feasibility of applying an inorganic fertilization method, which is currently in use in freshwater and marine larviculture, to the mass production of copepods. For 30 days, and with five replicates of each treatment, we made comparative daily measurements of various parameters of (1) copepod cultures fertilized with commercially available condensed fish solubles (organic fertilization) and (2) other cultures in which the concentration of inorganic phosphorus was maintained at 100 μg P L−1 and that of inorganic nitrogen at 700 μg N L−1 (inorganic fertilization). With inorganic fertilization, pH fluctuated over a smaller range and much less filamentous algae grew in the tanks. The mean production of copepod nauplii over the course of the study was similar between the two treatments, but the combined density of copepodites and adult copepods was significantly higher with inorganic fertilization. Compared to commercial zooplankton products, copepods cultured with inorganic fertilization were smaller, were mixed with fewer (almost none) non-copepod contaminants, were also pathogen-free, and could be produced at the cheapest cost per unit output. Based on these results, we conclude that the inorganic fertilization method can profitably be adopted by commercial copepod producers to meet the demand from fish farmers, especially for small-sized copepods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guo-Kai Hong
- Graduate Institute of Marine Biology, National Dong Hwa University, Pingtung 944, Taiwan;
| | - Kwee Siong Tew
- Graduate Institute of Marine Biology, National Dong Hwa University, Pingtung 944, Taiwan;
- National Museum of Marine Biology & Aquarium, Pingtung 944, Taiwan
- Institute of Marine Ecology and Conservation, National Sun Yat-sen University, Kaohsiung 80424, Taiwan
- International Graduate Program of Marine Science and Technology, National Sun Yat-sen University, Kaohsiung 80424, Taiwan
- Correspondence:
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29
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Diggles BK, Bass D, Bateman KS, Chong R, Daumich C, Hawkins KA, Hazelgrove R, Kerr R, Moody NJG, Ross S, Stentiford GD. Haplosporidium acetes n. sp. infecting the hepatopancreas of jelly prawns Acetes sibogae australis from Moreton Bay, Australia. J Invertebr Pathol 2022; 190:107751. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jip.2022.107751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2021] [Revised: 03/22/2022] [Accepted: 03/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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30
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Lin HY, Yen SC, Tsai SK, Shen F, Lin JHY, Lin HJ. Combining Direct PCR Technology and Capillary Electrophoresis for an Easy-to-Operate and Highly Sensitive Infectious Disease Detection System for Shrimp. Life (Basel) 2022; 12:life12020276. [PMID: 35207563 PMCID: PMC8879573 DOI: 10.3390/life12020276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2022] [Revised: 02/09/2022] [Accepted: 02/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Infectious diseases are considered the greatest threat to the modern high-density shrimp aquaculture industry. Specificity, rapidity, and sensitivity of molecular diagnostic methods for the detection of asymptomatic infected shrimp allows preventive measures to be taken before disease outbreaks. Routine molecular detection of pathogens in infected shrimp can be made easier with the use of a direct polymerase chain reaction (PCR). In this study, four direct PCR reagent brands were tested, and results showed that the detection signal of direct PCR in hepatopancreatic tissue was more severely affected. In addition, portable capillary electrophoresis was applied to improve sensitivity and specificity, resulting in a pathogen detection limit of 25 copies/PCR-reaction. Juvenile shrimp from five different aquaculture ponds were tested for white spot syndrome virus infection, and the results were consistent with the Organization for Animal Health’s certified standard method. Furthermore, this methodology could be used to examine single post larvae shrimp. The overall detection time was reduced by more than 58.2%. Therefore, the combination of direct PCR and capillary electrophoresis for on-site examination is valuable and has potential as a suitable tool for diagnostic, epidemiological, and pathological studies of shrimp aquaculture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hung-Yun Lin
- Center of Excellence for the Oceans, National Taiwan Ocean University, Keelung 20224, Taiwan;
| | - Shao-Chieh Yen
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, National Taiwan Ocean University, Keelung 20224, Taiwan;
- BiOptic Inc., New Taipei City 23141, Taiwan;
| | | | - Fan Shen
- Giant Bio Technology Inc., New Taipei City 22101, Taiwan;
| | - John Han-You Lin
- School of Veterinary Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, 10617, Taiwan
- Correspondence: (J.H.-Y.L.); (H.-J.L.)
| | - Han-Jia Lin
- Center of Excellence for the Oceans, National Taiwan Ocean University, Keelung 20224, Taiwan;
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, National Taiwan Ocean University, Keelung 20224, Taiwan;
- Correspondence: (J.H.-Y.L.); (H.-J.L.)
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31
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You H, Gordon CA, MacGregor SR, Cai P, McManus DP. Potential of the CRISPR-Cas system for improved parasite diagnosis: CRISPR-Cas mediated diagnosis in parasitic infections: CRISPR-Cas mediated diagnosis in parasitic infections. Bioessays 2022; 44:e2100286. [PMID: 35142378 DOI: 10.1002/bies.202100286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2021] [Revised: 01/26/2022] [Accepted: 01/27/2022] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
CRISPR-Cas technology accelerates development of fast, accurate, and portable diagnostic tools, typified by recent applications in COVID-19 diagnosis. Parasitic helminths cause devastating diseases afflicting 1.5 billion people globally, representing a significant public health and economic burden, especially in developing countries. Currently available diagnostic tests for worm infection are neither sufficiently sensitive nor field-friendly for use in low-endemic or resource-poor settings, leading to underestimation of true prevalence rates. Mass drug administration programs are unsustainable long-term, and diagnostic tools - required to be rapid, specific, sensitive, cost-effective, and user-friendly without specialized equipment and expertise - are urgently needed for rapid mapping of helminthic diseases and monitoring control programs. We describe the key features of the CRISPR-Cas12/13 system and emphasise its potential for the development of effective tools for the diagnosis of parasitic and other neglected tropical diseases (NTDs), a key recommendation of the NTDs 2021-2030 roadmap released by the World Health Organization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong You
- Immunology Department, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Queensland, Australia
| | - Catherine A Gordon
- Immunology Department, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Queensland, Australia
| | - Skye R MacGregor
- Immunology Department, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Queensland, Australia
| | - Pengfei Cai
- Immunology Department, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Queensland, Australia
| | - Donald P McManus
- Immunology Department, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Queensland, Australia
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Proteomic Analysis of Spore Surface Proteins and Characteristics of a Novel Spore Wall Protein and Biomarker, EhSWP3, from the Shrimp Microsporidium Enterocytozoon hepatopenaei (EHP). Microorganisms 2022; 10:microorganisms10020367. [PMID: 35208822 PMCID: PMC8874471 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms10020367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2021] [Revised: 01/31/2022] [Accepted: 02/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Enterocytozoon hepatopenaei, a spore-forming and obligate intracellular microsporidium, mainly infects shrimp and results in growth retardation and body length variation, causing huge economic losses to the Asian shrimp aquaculture industry. However, the lack of a full understanding of the surface proteins of spores associated with host infection has hindered the development of technologies for the detection of EHP. In this study, the surface proteins of EHP spores were extracted using the improved SDS method, and 130 proteins were identified via LC-MS/MS analysis. Bioinformatic analysis revealed that these proteins were enriched in biological processes (67), cellular components (62), and molecular functions (71) based on GO terms. KEGG pathway analysis showed that 20 pathways, including the proteasome (eight proteins) and the fatty acid metabolism (15 proteins), were enriched. Among 15 high-abundance surface proteins (HASPs), EhSWP3 was identified as a novel spore wall protein (SWP), and was localized on the endospore of the EHP spores with an indirect immunofluorescence and immunoelectron microscopy assay. Polyclonal antibodies against EhSWP3 showed strong species specificity and high sensitivity to the hepatopancreas of EHP-infected shrimp. As a specific high-abundance protein, EhSWP3 is therefore a promising target for the development of immunoassay tools for EHP detection, and may play a crucial role in the invasion of EHP into the host.
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Kim BS, Jang GI, Kim SM, Kim YS, Jeon YG, Oh YK, Hwang JY, Kwon MG. First Report of Enterocytozoon hepatopenaei Infection in Pacific Whiteleg Shrimp ( Litopenaeus vannamei) Cultured in Korea. Animals (Basel) 2021; 11:ani11113150. [PMID: 34827883 PMCID: PMC8614486 DOI: 10.3390/ani11113150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2021] [Revised: 11/02/2021] [Accepted: 11/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The consumption of cultured crustaceans has been steadily increasing, and Pacific whiteleg shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei) are major cultivated invertebrates worldwide. However, shrimp productivity faces a variety of challenges, mainly related to outbreaks of lethal or growth retardation-related diseases. In particular, hepatopancreatic microsporidiosis caused by the microsporidian parasite Enterocytozoon hepatopenaei (EHP) is an important disease associated with growth retardation in shrimp. Here, we report the detection of EHP through histopathological, molecular and electron microscopy methods in the hepatopancreas of Pacific whiteleg shrimp with growth disorder in a South Korean farm. Phylogenetic analysis showed a clade distinct from the previously reported EHP strains isolated in Thailand, India, China and Vietnam. An EHP infection was not associated with inflammatory responses such as hemocyte infiltration. Although EHP infection has been reported worldwide, this is the first report in the shrimp aquaculture in Korea. Therefore, an EHP infection should be managed and monitored regularly for effective disease control and prevention.
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Wang P, Ma C, Liao L, Yu J, Yi L, Qiao Y, Liu X, Gao S, Shen H, Lu Q. Simultaneous visual diagnosis of acute hepatopancreatic necrosis disease and Enterocytozoon hepatopenaei infection in shrimp with duplex recombinase polymerase amplification. JOURNAL OF FISH DISEASES 2021; 44:1753-1763. [PMID: 34237791 DOI: 10.1111/jfd.13492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2021] [Revised: 06/25/2021] [Accepted: 06/28/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Shrimp is a globally popular seafood. Shrimp farming has been challenged by various infectious diseases that lead to significant economic losses. The prevention of two important shrimp infectious diseases, the acute hepatopancreatic necrosis disease (AHPND) and the Enterocytozoon hepatopenaei (EHP) infection, is highly dependent on early and accurate diagnostic. On-site monitoring of the two diseases in shrimp farming facilities demands point-of-care-testing (POCT) type of diagnostic assays. This study established a duplex recombinase polymerase amplification (RPA) and lateral flow dipstick (LFD) combined assay that could simultaneously diagnose the two diseases. The optimized RPA-LFD assay could finish the diagnostic in 35 min with good specificity, and the sensitivity reached 101 and 102 gene copies per reaction for EHP and AHPND, respectively, which were at the same level as the currently available molecular diagnostic assays. Test results of clinical samples showed 100% agreement of this assay with the industrial standard nested polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assays, and samples with both diseases were simultaneously identified. Because of the isothermal 37℃ amplification and the visual reading of the signal on dipsticks, the dependence on equipment is minimal. This duplex RPA-LFD assay is well suited for simultaneous POCT diagnostic of the two important shrimp infectious diseases. Moreover, the principle can be applied to multiplex POCT diagnostic of other infectious diseases in aquaculture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pei Wang
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics of Ministry of Education, Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Life Science and Technology, Center for Human Genome Research, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Chao Ma
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Marine Pharmaceutical Compound Screening, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Marine Biological Resources and Environment, Co-Innovation Center of Jiangsu Marine Bio-industry Technology, School of Pharmacy, Jiangsu Ocean University, Lianyungang, China
| | - Lei Liao
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Marine Pharmaceutical Compound Screening, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Marine Biological Resources and Environment, Co-Innovation Center of Jiangsu Marine Bio-industry Technology, School of Pharmacy, Jiangsu Ocean University, Lianyungang, China
| | - Junwei Yu
- Ustar Biotechnologies (Hangzhou) Ltd, Zhejiang, China
| | - Longyu Yi
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics of Ministry of Education, Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Life Science and Technology, Center for Human Genome Research, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Yi Qiao
- Jiangsu Institute of Oceanology and Marine Fisheries, Nantong, China
| | - Xin Liu
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics of Ministry of Education, Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Life Science and Technology, Center for Human Genome Research, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Song Gao
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Marine Pharmaceutical Compound Screening, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Marine Biological Resources and Environment, Co-Innovation Center of Jiangsu Marine Bio-industry Technology, School of Pharmacy, Jiangsu Ocean University, Lianyungang, China
| | - Hui Shen
- Jiangsu Institute of Oceanology and Marine Fisheries, Nantong, China
| | - Qunwei Lu
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics of Ministry of Education, Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Life Science and Technology, Center for Human Genome Research, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
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Transcriptomic analysis of the black tiger shrimp (Penaeus monodon) reveals insights into immune development in their early life stages. Sci Rep 2021; 11:13881. [PMID: 34230553 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-93364-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2021] [Accepted: 06/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
With the rapid growth in the global demand, the shrimp industry needs integrated approaches for sustainable production. A high-quality shrimp larva is one of the crucial key requirements to maximize shrimp production. Survival and growth rates during larval development are often criteria to evaluate larval quality, however many aspects of gene regulation during shrimp larval development have not yet been identified. To further our understanding of biological processes in their early life, transcriptomic analysis of larval developmental stages (nauplius, zoea, mysis, and postlarva) were determined in the black tiger shrimp, Penaeus monodon using next-generation RNA sequencing. Gene clustering and gene enrichment analyses revealed that most of the transcripts were mainly related to metabolic processes, cell and growth development, and immune system. Interestingly, Spätzle and Toll receptors were found in nauplius stage, providing evidence that Toll pathway was a baseline immune system established in early larval stages. Genes encoding pathogen pattern-recognition proteins (LGBP, PL5-2 and c-type lectin), prophenoloxidase system (PPAE2, PPAF2 and serpin), antimicrobial peptides (crustin and antiviral protein), blood clotting system (hemolymph clottable protein) and heat shock protein (HSP70) were expressed as they developed further, suggesting that these immune defense mechanisms were established in later larval stages.
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Ma C, Fan S, Wang Y, Yang H, Qiao Y, Jiang G, Lyu M, Dong J, Shen H, Gao S. Rapid Detection of Enterocytozoon hepatopenaei Infection in Shrimp With a Real-Time Isothermal Recombinase Polymerase Amplification Assay. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2021; 11:631960. [PMID: 33718281 PMCID: PMC7947341 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2021.631960] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2020] [Accepted: 01/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Enterocytozoon hepatopenaei (EHP) infection has become a significant threat in shrimp farming industry in recent years, causing major economic losses in Asian countries. As there are a lack of effective therapeutics, prevention of the infection with rapid and reliable pathogen detection methods is fundamental. Molecular detection methods based on polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) have been developed, but improvements on detection speed and convenience are still in demand. The isothermal recombinase polymerase amplification (RPA) assay derived from the recombination-dependent DNA replication (RDR) mechanism of bacteriophage T4 is promising, but the previously developed RPA assay for EHP detection read the signal by gel electrophoresis, which restricted this application to laboratory conditions and hampered the sensitivity. The present study combined fluorescence analysis with the RPA system and developed a real-time RPA assay for the detection of EHP. The detection procedure was completed in 3–7 min at 39°C and showed good specificity. The sensitivity of 13 gene copies per reaction was comparable to the current PCR- and LAMP-based methods, and was much improved than the RPA assay analyzed by gel electrophoresis. For real clinical samples, detection results of the real-time RPA assay were 100% consistent with the industrial standard nested PCR assay. Because of the rapid detection speed and the simple procedure, the real-time RPA assay developed in this study can be easily assembled as an efficient and reliable on-site detection tool to help control EHP infection in shrimp farms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Ma
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Marine Biological Resources and Environment, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Marine Pharmaceutical Compound Screening, Co-Innovation Center of Jiangsu Marine Bio-industry Technology, School of Pharmacy, Jiangsu Ocean University, Lianyungang, China
| | - Shihui Fan
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Marine Biological Resources and Environment, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Marine Pharmaceutical Compound Screening, Co-Innovation Center of Jiangsu Marine Bio-industry Technology, School of Pharmacy, Jiangsu Ocean University, Lianyungang, China
| | - Yu Wang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Marine Biological Resources and Environment, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Marine Pharmaceutical Compound Screening, Co-Innovation Center of Jiangsu Marine Bio-industry Technology, School of Pharmacy, Jiangsu Ocean University, Lianyungang, China
| | - Haitao Yang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Marine Biological Resources and Environment, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Marine Pharmaceutical Compound Screening, Co-Innovation Center of Jiangsu Marine Bio-industry Technology, School of Pharmacy, Jiangsu Ocean University, Lianyungang, China
| | - Yi Qiao
- Jiangsu Institute of Oceanology and Marine Fisheries, Nantong, China
| | - Ge Jiang
- Jiangsu Institute of Oceanology and Marine Fisheries, Nantong, China
| | - Mingsheng Lyu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Marine Biological Resources and Environment, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Marine Pharmaceutical Compound Screening, Co-Innovation Center of Jiangsu Marine Bio-industry Technology, School of Pharmacy, Jiangsu Ocean University, Lianyungang, China
| | - Jingquan Dong
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Marine Biological Resources and Environment, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Marine Pharmaceutical Compound Screening, Co-Innovation Center of Jiangsu Marine Bio-industry Technology, School of Pharmacy, Jiangsu Ocean University, Lianyungang, China
| | - Hui Shen
- Jiangsu Institute of Oceanology and Marine Fisheries, Nantong, China
| | - Song Gao
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Marine Biological Resources and Environment, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Marine Pharmaceutical Compound Screening, Co-Innovation Center of Jiangsu Marine Bio-industry Technology, School of Pharmacy, Jiangsu Ocean University, Lianyungang, China
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