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Amin F, Mukhtar N, Ali M, Shehzad R, Ayub S, Aslam A, Sheikh AA, Sultan B, Mahmood MD, Shahid MF, Yaqub S, Aslam HB, Aziz MW, Yaqub T. Mapping Genetic Markers Associated with Antigenicity and Host Range in H9N2 Influenza A Viruses Infecting Poultry in Pakistan. Avian Dis 2024; 68:43-51. [PMID: 38687107 DOI: 10.1637/aviandiseases-d-23-00029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2023] [Accepted: 11/26/2023] [Indexed: 05/02/2024]
Abstract
The aim of the current study was to map the genetic diversity in the haemagglutinin (HA) glycoprotein of influenza A viruses (IAVs) of the H9N2 subtype. Twenty-five H9N2 IAVs were isolated from broiler chickens from March to July 2019. The HA gene was amplified, and phylogenetic analysis was performed to determine the evolutionary relationship. Important antigenic amino acid residues of HA attributed to immune escape and zoonotic potential were compared among H9N2 IAVs. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that sublineage B2 under the G1 lineage in Pakistan was found to be diversified, and newly sequenced H9N2 isolates were nested into two clades (A and B). Mutations linked to the antigenic variation and potential immune escape were observed as G72E (1/25, 4%), A180T (3/25, 12%), and A180V (1/25, 4%). A twofold significant reduction (P < 0.01) in log2 hemagglutination inhibition titers was observed with H9N2 IAV naturally harboring amino acid V180 instead of A180 in HA protein. Moreover, in the last 20 years, complete substitution at residues (T127D, D135N, and L150N) and partial substitution at residues (72, 74, 131, 148, 180, 183, 188, 216, 217, and 249, mature H9 HA numbering) associated with changes in antigenicity were observed. The presence of L216 in all H9N2 IAV isolates and T/V180 in four isolates in the receptor-binding site reveals the potential of these viruses to cross the species barrier to infect human or mammals. The current study observed the circulation of antigenically diverse H9N2 IAV variants that possess potential mutations that can escape the host immune system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Faisal Amin
- Institute of Microbiology, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore 54000, Pakistan
- Grand Parent Laboratory, Lahore 54500, Pakistan
| | - Nadia Mukhtar
- Institute of Microbiology, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore 54000, Pakistan
| | - Muzaffar Ali
- Institute of Microbiology, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore 54000, Pakistan
| | - Rehman Shehzad
- Grand Parent Laboratory, Lahore 54500, Pakistan
- School of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, University of the Punjab, Lahore 54590, Pakistan
| | - Saima Ayub
- Institute of Public Health, Lahore 54610, Pakistan
| | - Asim Aslam
- Institute of Microbiology, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore 54000, Pakistan
| | - Ali Ahmed Sheikh
- Institute of Microbiology, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore 54000, Pakistan
| | | | | | - Muhammad Furqan Shahid
- Institute of Microbiology, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore 54000, Pakistan
- Veterinary Research Institute, Lahore 54600, Pakistan
| | - Saima Yaqub
- Institute of Microbiology, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore 54000, Pakistan
| | - Hassaan Bin Aslam
- Institute of Microbiology, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore 54000, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Waqar Aziz
- Institute of Microbiology, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore 54000, Pakistan
| | - Tahir Yaqub
- Institute of Microbiology, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore 54000, Pakistan,
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Shabbir MAB, Ul-Rahman A, Iftikhar MR, Rasheed M, Maan MK, Sattar A, Ahmad M, Khan FA, Ahmad W, Riaz MI, Aslam HB. Exploring the Interplay of the CRISPR-CAS System with Antibiotic Resistance in Staphylococcus aureus: A Poultry Meat Study from Lahore, Pakistan. MEDICINA (KAUNAS, LITHUANIA) 2024; 60:130. [PMID: 38256391 PMCID: PMC10818619 DOI: 10.3390/medicina60010130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2023] [Revised: 01/02/2024] [Accepted: 01/08/2024] [Indexed: 01/24/2024]
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus is one of the major pathogens responsible for causing food poisoning worldwide. The emergence of antibiotic resistance in this bacterium is influenced by various factors. Among them, bacterial acquired defense systems described as clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR)-cas system might be involved in antibiotic resistance development in bacteria. The current study was designed to assess the prevalence of S. aureus and its antibiotic resistance profile and identify the relationship of the CRISPR-cas system with antimicrobial resistance, followed by phylogenetic analysis. Total samples (n = 188) of poultry meat were collected from the poultry bird market of Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan. We used both phenotypic (antibiotic disc diffusion) and genotypic methods (PCR) to identify multi-drug resistant (MDR) strains of S. aureus. Additionally, the role of the CRISPR-Cas system in the isolated MDR S. aureus was also assessed. In addition, real-time quantitative PCR (qRT-PCR) was used to evaluate the association of the CRISPR-cas system with antimicrobial resistance. All of the S. aureus isolates showed 100% resistance against erythromycin, 97.5% were resistant to tetracycline, and 75% were resistant to methicillin. Eleven isolates were MDR in the current study. The CRISPR system was found in all MDR isolates, and fifteen spacers were identified within the CRISPR locus. Furthermore, MDR S. aureus isolates and the standard strain showed higher expression levels of CRISPR-associated genes. The correlation of said system with MDR isolates points to foreign gene acquisition by horizontal transfer. Current knowledge could be utilized to tackle antibiotic-resistant bacteria, mainly S. aureus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Abu Bakr Shabbir
- Institute of Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore 54000, Pakistan (F.A.K.)
| | - Aziz Ul-Rahman
- Department of Pathobiology and Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Muhammad Nawaz Shareef (MNS) University of Agriculture, Multan 66000, Pakistan;
| | - Muhammad Rizwan Iftikhar
- Institute of Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore 54000, Pakistan (F.A.K.)
| | - Majeeda Rasheed
- Department of life Sciences, Khwaja Fareed University of Engineering and Information Technology, Rahim Yar Khan 64200, Pakistan;
| | - Muhammad Kashif Maan
- Department of Veterinary Surgery, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore 54000, Pakistan
| | - Adeel Sattar
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Biosciences, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore 54000, Pakistan
| | - Mehmood Ahmad
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, The Islamia University of Bahawalpur, Bahawalpur 63100, Pakistan;
| | - Farid Ahmed Khan
- Institute of Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore 54000, Pakistan (F.A.K.)
| | - Waqas Ahmad
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore 54000, Pakistan;
| | - Muhammad Ilyas Riaz
- Institute of Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore 54000, Pakistan (F.A.K.)
| | - Hassaan Bin Aslam
- Institute of Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore 54000, Pakistan (F.A.K.)
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Javaid MU, Sohail M, Bano S, Ibrahim AM. Copenhagen Psychosocial "Work Organization and Job Content" as a Higher-Order Construct in Relation to Workers' Health: The Moderating Role of Leadership Quality. Risk Manag Healthc Policy 2023; 16:1721-1730. [PMID: 37675081 PMCID: PMC10478933 DOI: 10.2147/rmhp.s419551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2023] [Accepted: 08/22/2023] [Indexed: 09/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Originality/Purpose The current study aims to investigate the novel approach of utilizing work organization and job content (WOJC) as a higher-order construct that is one of the domains of the Copenhagen Psychosocial Questionnaire (COPSOQ), examining its relationship with sleeping troubles and somatic stress, while also exploring the moderating effect of leadership quality. Sample/methods Snowball sampling technique was used to collect the data in this study, with a population consisting of 360 workers employed in hazardous work environments at poultry feed mills. The structural equation modelling technique was applied to achieve the range of outcomes. Results The results reveal that WOJC has a significant negative impact on both psychological (sleeping troubles) and physiological (somatic stress) health factors among poultry workers. Although leadership quality did not moderate the relationship between WOJC and physiological health factors, it did moderate the relationship between WOJC and psychological health factors. Conclusion/Implications This study has significant implications for researchers, poultry feed mill owners, policymakers, and regulatory bodies. Additionally, the methodological contribution of utilizing WOJC as a higher-order construct provides unique insights for researchers. Limitations Due to COVID-19 restrictions, the data was collected online from one province only; future studies should spread the sampling framework to all provinces with different domains of COPSOQ.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Marva Sohail
- Department of Psychology, Lahore Garrison University, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Sobia Bano
- Department of Management Sciences, GIFT Business School, Gujranwala, Pakistan
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Ahmad S, Koh KY, Yoo DS, Lee JI. Impact of inland waters on highly pathogenic avian influenza outbreaks in neighboring poultry farms in South Korea. J Vet Sci 2022; 23:e36. [PMID: 35618317 PMCID: PMC9149499 DOI: 10.4142/jvs.21278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2021] [Revised: 01/11/2022] [Accepted: 01/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Since 2003, the H5 highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) subtype has caused massive economic losses in the poultry industry in South Korea. The role of inland water bodies in avian influenza (AI) outbreaks has not been investigated. Identifying water bodies that facilitate risk pathways leading to the incursion of the HPAI virus (HPAIV) into poultry farms is essential for implementing specific precautionary measures to prevent viral transmission. Objectives This matched case-control study (1:4) examined whether inland waters were associated with a higher risk of AI outbreaks in the neighboring poultry farms. Methods Rivers, irrigation canals, lakes, and ponds were considered inland water bodies. The cases and controls were chosen based on the matching criteria. The nearest possible farms located within a radius of 3 km of the case farms were chosen as the control farms. The poultry farms were selected randomly, and two HPAI epidemics (H5N8 [2014–2016] and H5N6 [2016–2017]) were studied. Conditional logistic regression analysis was applied. Results Statistical analysis revealed that inland waters near poultry farms were significant risk factors for AI outbreaks. The study speculated that freely wandering wild waterfowl and small animals contaminate areas surrounding poultry farms. Conclusions Pet birds and animals raised alongside poultry birds on farm premises may wander easily to nearby waters, potentially increasing the risk of AI infection in poultry farms. Mechanical transmission of the AI virus occurs when poultry farm workers or visitors come into contact with infected water bodies or their surroundings. To prevent AI outbreaks in the future, poultry farms should adopt strict precautions to avoid contact with nearby water bodies and their surroundings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saleem Ahmad
- Veterinary Public Health Lab, College of Veterinary Medicine, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61216, Korea
| | - Kye-Young Koh
- Veterinary Public Health Lab, College of Veterinary Medicine, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61216, Korea
| | - Dae-Sung Yoo
- Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, Gimcheon 39660, Korea
| | - Jae-Il Lee
- Veterinary Public Health Lab, College of Veterinary Medicine, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61216, Korea
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Genetic Characterization of Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza A(H5N8) Virus in Pakistani Live Bird Markets Reveals Rapid Diversification of Clade 2.3.4.4b Viruses. Viruses 2021; 13:v13081633. [PMID: 34452498 PMCID: PMC8402709 DOI: 10.3390/v13081633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2021] [Revised: 08/06/2021] [Accepted: 08/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The highly pathogenic (HPAI) avian influenza A(H5N1) viruses have undergone reassortment with multiple non-N1-subtype neuraminidase genes since 2008, leading to the emergence of H5Nx viruses. H5Nx viruses established themselves quickly in birds and disseminated from China to Africa, the Middle East, Europe and North America. Multiple genetic clades have successively evolved through frequent mutations and reassortment, posing a continuous threat to domestic poultry and causing substantial economic losses. Live bird markets are recognized as major sources of avian-to-human infection and for the emergence of zoonotic influenza. In Pakistan, the A(H5N1) virus was first reported in domestic birds in 2007; however, avian influenza surveillance is limited and there is a lack of knowledge on the evolution and transmission of the A(H5) virus in the country. We collected oropharyngeal swabs from domestic poultry and environmental samples from six different live bird markets during 2018–2019. We detected and sequenced HPAI A(H5N8) viruses from two chickens, one quail and one environmental sample in two markets. Temporal phylogenetics indicated that all novel HPAI A(H5N8) viruses belonged to clade 2.3.4.4b, with all eight genes of Pakistan A(H5N8) viruses most closely related to 2017 Saudi Arabia A(H5N8) viruses, which were likely introduced via cross-border transmission from neighboring regions approximately three months prior to virus detection into domestic poultry. Our data further revealed that clade 2.3.4.4b viruses underwent rapid lineage expansion in 2017 and acquired significant amino acid mutations, including mutations associated with increased haemagglutinin affinity to human α-2,6 receptors, prior to the first human A(H5N8) infection in Russian poultry workers in 2020. These results highlight the need for systematic avian influenza surveillance in live bird markets in Pakistan to monitor for potential A(H5Nx) variants that may arise from poultry populations.
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Chaudhry M, Rashid HB, Thrusfield M, Eisler MC, Welburn SC. Serosurvey of Avian Influenza Viruses (H5, H7, and H9) and Associated Risk Factors in Backyard Poultry Flocks of Lahore District, Pakistan. Front Vet Sci 2021; 8:631164. [PMID: 33842573 PMCID: PMC8024624 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2021.631164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2020] [Accepted: 02/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Rural poultry constitutes 56% of the total poultry population in Pakistan; however, epidemiological information about avian influenza viruses (AIVs) in backyard poultry flocks is lacking. A cross-sectional survey of villages of Lahore district was conducted from July 2009 to August 2009 using two-stage cluster sampling and probability proportional to size (PPS) sampling to estimate seroprevalence and its associated risk factors. A random selection of 35 clusters from 308 villages of Lahore were considered, and from each cluster, six chickens aged >2 months were selected. A total of 210 serum samples were collected and examined by the hemagglutination inhibition (HI) test for specific antibodies against AIV subtypes H5, H7, and H9. Overall weighted seroprevalence for AIVs was 65.2% (95% CI: 55.6–74.8%), and for subtype H5, H7 & H9 was 6.9% (95% CI: 10.8–23.0%), 0% (95% CI: 0–1.7%), and 62.0% (95% CI: 52.2–71.8%) respectively. However, none of the samples were positive for H7. The average flock size was 17.3 birds, and the main purpose of keeping poultry was for eggs/meat (70.6%, 95% CI: 59.7–81.4). A majority of them were reared in a semi-caged system (83%, 95% CI: 74.5–91.3). Backyard birds were received from different sources, that is, purchased from the market or received as a gift from friends or any NGO, and were 5.7 times more likely to become avian influenza (AI) seropositive than those that were not exposed to these sources (CI 95%: 2.0–716.0). Backyard birds which were received from different sources, that is, purchased from the market or received from friends or any NGO, were 5.7 times more likely to become AI seropositive compared to those that were not (CI 95%: 2.5–18.7). To reduce the risk of AIV in Pakistan, continuous surveillance of backyard poultry would be needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mamoona Chaudhry
- Infection Medicine, Deanery of Biomedical Sciences, Edinburgh Medical School, College of Medicine & Veterinary Medicine, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom.,Deptarment of Epidemiology and Public Health, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Hamad Bin Rashid
- Deptarment of Surgery and Pet Sciences, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Michael Thrusfield
- Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, College of Medicine and Veterinary Medicine, University of Edinburgh-Easter Bush Campus, Roslin, United Kingdom
| | - Mark C Eisler
- Bristol Veterinary School, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Susan C Welburn
- Infection Medicine, Deanery of Biomedical Sciences, Edinburgh Medical School, College of Medicine & Veterinary Medicine, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom.,Zhejiang University-University of Edinburgh Institute, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Haining, China
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Brainard J, Jones NR, Lake IR, Hooper L, Hunter PR. Community use of face masks and similar barriers to prevent respiratory illness such as COVID-19: a rapid scoping review. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2021; 25. [PMID: 33303066 PMCID: PMC7730486 DOI: 10.2807/1560-7917.es.2020.25.49.2000725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
BackgroundEvidence for face-mask wearing in the community to protect against respiratory disease is unclear.AimTo assess effectiveness of wearing face masks in the community to prevent respiratory disease, and recommend improvements to this evidence base.MethodsWe systematically searched Scopus, Embase and MEDLINE for studies evaluating respiratory disease incidence after face-mask wearing (or not). Narrative synthesis and random-effects meta-analysis of attack rates for primary and secondary prevention were performed, subgrouped by design, setting, face barrier type, and who wore the mask. Preferred outcome was influenza-like illness. Grading of Recommendations, Assessment, Development and Evaluations (GRADE) quality assessment was undertaken and evidence base deficits described.Results33 studies (12 randomised control trials (RCTs)) were included. Mask wearing reduced primary infection by 6% (odds ratio (OR): 0.94; 95% CI: 0.75-1.19 for RCTs) to 61% (OR: 0.85; 95% CI: 0.32-2.27; OR: 0.39; 95% CI: 0.18-0.84 and OR: 0.61; 95% CI: 0.45-0.85 for cohort, case-control and cross-sectional studies respectively). RCTs suggested lowest secondary attack rates when both well and ill household members wore masks (OR: 0.81; 95% CI: 0.48-1.37). While RCTs might underestimate effects due to poor compliance and controls wearing masks, observational studies likely overestimate effects, as mask wearing might be associated with other risk-averse behaviours. GRADE was low or very low quality.ConclusionWearing face masks may reduce primary respiratory infection risk, probably by 6-15%. It is important to balance evidence from RCTs and observational studies when their conclusions widely differ and both are at risk of significant bias. COVID-19-specific studies are required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julii Brainard
- The Norwich School of Medicine, University of East Anglia, Norwich, Norfolk, United Kingdom
| | - Natalia R Jones
- School of Environmental Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich, Norfolk, United Kingdom
| | - Iain R Lake
- School of Environmental Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich, Norfolk, United Kingdom
| | - Lee Hooper
- The Norwich School of Medicine, University of East Anglia, Norwich, Norfolk, United Kingdom
| | - Paul R Hunter
- The Norwich School of Medicine, University of East Anglia, Norwich, Norfolk, United Kingdom
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Brainard J, Jones NR, Lake IR, Hooper L, Hunter PR. Community use of face masks and similar barriers to prevent respiratory illness such as COVID-19: a rapid scoping review. Euro Surveill 2020; 25. [PMID: 33303066 DOI: 10.1101/2020.04.01.20049528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023] Open
Abstract
BackgroundEvidence for face-mask wearing in the community to protect against respiratory disease is unclear.AimTo assess effectiveness of wearing face masks in the community to prevent respiratory disease, and recommend improvements to this evidence base.MethodsWe systematically searched Scopus, Embase and MEDLINE for studies evaluating respiratory disease incidence after face-mask wearing (or not). Narrative synthesis and random-effects meta-analysis of attack rates for primary and secondary prevention were performed, subgrouped by design, setting, face barrier type, and who wore the mask. Preferred outcome was influenza-like illness. Grading of Recommendations, Assessment, Development and Evaluations (GRADE) quality assessment was undertaken and evidence base deficits described.Results33 studies (12 randomised control trials (RCTs)) were included. Mask wearing reduced primary infection by 6% (odds ratio (OR): 0.94; 95% CI: 0.75-1.19 for RCTs) to 61% (OR: 0.85; 95% CI: 0.32-2.27; OR: 0.39; 95% CI: 0.18-0.84 and OR: 0.61; 95% CI: 0.45-0.85 for cohort, case-control and cross-sectional studies respectively). RCTs suggested lowest secondary attack rates when both well and ill household members wore masks (OR: 0.81; 95% CI: 0.48-1.37). While RCTs might underestimate effects due to poor compliance and controls wearing masks, observational studies likely overestimate effects, as mask wearing might be associated with other risk-averse behaviours. GRADE was low or very low quality.ConclusionWearing face masks may reduce primary respiratory infection risk, probably by 6-15%. It is important to balance evidence from RCTs and observational studies when their conclusions widely differ and both are at risk of significant bias. COVID-19-specific studies are required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julii Brainard
- The Norwich School of Medicine, University of East Anglia, Norwich, Norfolk, United Kingdom
| | - Natalia R Jones
- School of Environmental Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich, Norfolk, United Kingdom
| | - Iain R Lake
- School of Environmental Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich, Norfolk, United Kingdom
| | - Lee Hooper
- The Norwich School of Medicine, University of East Anglia, Norwich, Norfolk, United Kingdom
| | - Paul R Hunter
- The Norwich School of Medicine, University of East Anglia, Norwich, Norfolk, United Kingdom
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