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Zia S, Djalali-Cuevas A, Pflaum M, Hegermann J, Dipresa D, Kalozoumis P, Kouvaka A, Burgwitz K, Andriopoulou S, Repanas A, Will F, Grote K, Schrimpf C, Toumpaniari S, Mueller M, Glasmacher B, Haverich A, Morticelli L, Korossis S. Development of a dual-component infection-resistant arterial replacement for small-caliber reconstructions: A proof-of-concept study. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2023; 11:957458. [PMID: 36741762 PMCID: PMC9889865 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2023.957458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2022] [Accepted: 01/02/2023] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction: Synthetic vascular grafts perform poorly in small-caliber (<6mm) anastomoses, due to intimal hyperplasia and thrombosis, whereas homografts are associated with limited availability and immunogenicity, and bioprostheses are prone to aneurysmal degeneration and calcification. Infection is another important limitation with vascular grafting. This study developed a dual-component graft for small-caliber reconstructions, comprising a decellularized tibial artery scaffold and an antibiotic-releasing, electrospun polycaprolactone (PCL)/polyethylene glycol (PEG) blend sleeve. Methods: The study investigated the effect of nucleases, as part of the decellularization technique, and two sterilization methods (peracetic acid and γ-irradiation), on the scaffold's biological and biomechanical integrity. It also investigated the effect of different PCL/PEG ratios on the antimicrobial, biological and biomechanical properties of the sleeves. Tibial arteries were decellularized using Triton X-100 and sodium-dodecyl-sulfate. Results: The scaffolds retained the general native histoarchitecture and biomechanics but were depleted of glycosaminoglycans. Sterilization with peracetic acid depleted collagen IV and produced ultrastructural changes in the collagen and elastic fibers. The two PCL/PEG ratios used (150:50 and 100:50) demonstrated differences in the structural, biomechanical and antimicrobial properties of the sleeves. Differences in the antimicrobial activity were also found between sleeves fabricated with antibiotics supplemented in the electrospinning solution, and sleeves soaked in antibiotics. Discussion: The study demonstrated the feasibility of fabricating a dual-component small-caliber graft, comprising a scaffold with sufficient biological and biomechanical functionality, and an electrospun PCL/PEG sleeve with tailored biomechanics and antibiotic release.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonia Zia
- Lower Saxony Centre for Biomedical Engineering Implant Research and Development, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Adrian Djalali-Cuevas
- Lower Saxony Centre for Biomedical Engineering Implant Research and Development, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Michael Pflaum
- Lower Saxony Centre for Biomedical Engineering Implant Research and Development, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Jan Hegermann
- Institute of Functional and Applied Anatomy, Research Core Unit Electron Microscopy, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Daniele Dipresa
- Lower Saxony Centre for Biomedical Engineering Implant Research and Development, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Panagiotis Kalozoumis
- Lower Saxony Centre for Biomedical Engineering Implant Research and Development, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Artemis Kouvaka
- Lower Saxony Centre for Biomedical Engineering Implant Research and Development, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Karin Burgwitz
- Lower Saxony Centre for Biomedical Engineering Implant Research and Development, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Sofia Andriopoulou
- Lower Saxony Centre for Biomedical Engineering Implant Research and Development, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Alexandros Repanas
- Institute for Multiphase Processes, Leibniz University Hannover, Hannover, Germany
| | - Fabian Will
- LLS ROWIAK LaserLabSolutions GmbH, Hannover, Germany
| | - Karsten Grote
- Cardiology and Angiology, Philipps-University Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - Claudia Schrimpf
- Department of Cardiothoracic, Transplantation and Vascular Surgery, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Sotiria Toumpaniari
- Cardiopulmonary Regenerative Engineering Group (CARE), Centre for Biological Engineering, Loughborough University, Loughborough, United Kingdom,Wolfson School of Mechanical, Electrical and Manufacturing Engineering, Loughborough University, Loughborough, United Kingdom
| | - Marc Mueller
- Institute for Multiphase Processes, Leibniz University Hannover, Hannover, Germany
| | - Birgit Glasmacher
- Lower Saxony Centre for Biomedical Engineering Implant Research and Development, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany,Institute for Multiphase Processes, Leibniz University Hannover, Hannover, Germany
| | - Axel Haverich
- Lower Saxony Centre for Biomedical Engineering Implant Research and Development, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany,Department of Cardiothoracic, Transplantation and Vascular Surgery, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Lucrezia Morticelli
- Lower Saxony Centre for Biomedical Engineering Implant Research and Development, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Sotirios Korossis
- Lower Saxony Centre for Biomedical Engineering Implant Research and Development, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany,Department of Cardiothoracic, Transplantation and Vascular Surgery, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany,Cardiopulmonary Regenerative Engineering Group (CARE), Centre for Biological Engineering, Loughborough University, Loughborough, United Kingdom,Wolfson School of Mechanical, Electrical and Manufacturing Engineering, Loughborough University, Loughborough, United Kingdom,*Correspondence: Sotirios Korossis,
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2
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Harris AG, Salih T, Ghorbel MT, Caputo M, Biglino G, Carrabba M. Biological Scaffolds for Congenital Heart Disease. Bioengineering (Basel) 2023; 10. [PMID: 36671629 DOI: 10.3390/bioengineering10010057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2022] [Revised: 12/20/2022] [Accepted: 12/26/2022] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Congenital heart disease (CHD) is the most predominant birth defect and can require several invasive surgeries throughout childhood. The absence of materials with growth and remodelling potential is a limitation of currently used prosthetics in cardiovascular surgery, as well as their susceptibility to calcification. The field of tissue engineering has emerged as a regenerative medicine approach aiming to develop durable scaffolds possessing the ability to grow and remodel upon implantation into the defective hearts of babies and children with CHD. Though tissue engineering has produced several synthetic scaffolds, most of them failed to be successfully translated in this life-endangering clinical scenario, and currently, biological scaffolds are the most extensively used. This review aims to thoroughly summarise the existing biological scaffolds for the treatment of paediatric CHD, categorised as homografts and xenografts, and present the preclinical and clinical studies. Fixation as well as techniques of decellularisation will be reported, highlighting the importance of these approaches for the successful implantation of biological scaffolds that avoid prosthetic rejection. Additionally, cardiac scaffolds for paediatric CHD can be implanted as acellular prostheses, or recellularised before implantation, and cellularisation techniques will be extensively discussed.
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Mathieu PS, Fitzpatrick E, Di Luca M, Cahill PA, Lally C. Native extracellular matrix orientation determines multipotent vascular stem cell proliferation in response to cyclic uniaxial tensile strain and simulated stent indentation. Biochem Biophys Rep 2022; 29:101183. [PMID: 35005255 PMCID: PMC8715293 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrep.2021.101183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2021] [Revised: 11/17/2021] [Accepted: 12/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Cardiovascular disease is the leading cause of death worldwide, with multipotent vascular stem cells (MVSC) implicated in contributing to diseased vessels. MVSC are mechanosensitive cells which align perpendicular to cyclic uniaxial tensile strain. Within the blood vessel wall, collagen fibers constrain cells so that they are forced to align circumferentially, in the primary direction of tensile strain. In these experiments, MVSC were seeded onto the medial layer of decellularized porcine carotid arteries, then exposed to 10%, 1 Hz cyclic tensile strain for 10 days with the collagen fiber direction either parallel or perpendicular to the direction of strain. Cells aligned with the direction of the collagen fibers regardless of the orientation to strain. Cells aligned with the direction of strain showed an increased number of proliferative Ki67 positive cells, while those strained perpendicular to the direction of cell alignment showed no change in cell proliferation. A bioreactor system was designed to simulate the indentation of a single, wire stent strut. After 10 days of cyclic loading to 10% strain, MVSC showed regions of densely packed, highly proliferative cells. Therefore, MVSC may play a significant role in in-stent restenosis, and this proliferative response could potentially be controlled by controlling MVSC orientation relative to applied strain. ECM constrained MVSC align with collagen fibers when cells are strained parallel to collagen. Straining MVSC aligned parallel to the direction of strain increased cell proliferation. Simulated stent strut indentation showed increased cell density surrounding the indented wire.
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Affiliation(s)
- P S Mathieu
- Trinity Centre for Biomedical Engineering, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland.,Department of Mechanical, Manufacturing & Biomedical Engineering, School of Engineering, Trinity College Dublin, Ireland
| | - E Fitzpatrick
- Trinity Centre for Biomedical Engineering, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland.,Department of Mechanical, Manufacturing & Biomedical Engineering, School of Engineering, Trinity College Dublin, Ireland
| | - M Di Luca
- School of Biotechnology, Vascular Biology & Therapeutics Group, Dublin City University, Glasnevin, Dublin 9, Ireland
| | - P A Cahill
- School of Biotechnology, Vascular Biology & Therapeutics Group, Dublin City University, Glasnevin, Dublin 9, Ireland
| | - C Lally
- Trinity Centre for Biomedical Engineering, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland.,Department of Mechanical, Manufacturing & Biomedical Engineering, School of Engineering, Trinity College Dublin, Ireland.,Advanced Materials and Bioengineering Research Centre (AMBER), Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland and Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
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4
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Shahid SS, Johnston RD, Smekens C, Kerskens C, Gaul R, Tornifoglio B, Stone AJ, Lally C. Exploring arterial tissue microstructural organization using non-Gaussian diffusion magnetic resonance schemes. Sci Rep 2021; 11:22247. [PMID: 34782651 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-01476-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2021] [Accepted: 10/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to characterize the alterations in microstructural organization of arterial tissue using higher-order diffusion magnetic resonance schemes. Three porcine carotid artery models namely; native, collagenase treated and decellularized, were used to estimate the contribution of collagen and smooth muscle cells (SMC) on diffusion signal attenuation using gaussian and non-gaussian schemes. The samples were imaged in a 7 T preclinical scanner. High spatial and angular resolution diffusion weighted images (DWIs) were acquired using two multi-shell (max b-value = 3000 s/mm2) acquisition protocols. The processed DWIs were fitted using monoexponential, stretched-exponential, kurtosis and bi-exponential schemes. Directionally variant and invariant microstructural parametric maps of the three artery models were obtained from the diffusion schemes. The parametric maps were used to assess the sensitivity of each diffusion scheme to collagen and SMC composition in arterial microstructural environment. The inter-model comparison showed significant differences across the considered models. The bi-exponential scheme based slow diffusion compartment (Ds) was highest in the absence of collagen, compared to native and decellularized microenvironments. In intra-model comparison, kurtosis along the radial direction was the highest. Overall, the results of this study demonstrate the efficacy of higher order dMRI schemes in mapping constituent specific alterations in arterial microstructure.
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Stone AJ, Tornifoglio B, Johnston RD, Shmueli K, Kerskens C, Lally C. Quantitative susceptibility mapping of carotid arterial tissue ex vivo: Assessing sensitivity to vessel microstructural composition. Magn Reson Med 2021; 86:2512-2527. [PMID: 34270122 DOI: 10.1002/mrm.28893] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2021] [Revised: 04/27/2021] [Accepted: 05/31/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE To characterize microstructural contributions to the magnetic susceptibility of carotid arteries. METHOD Arterial vessels were scanned using high-resolution quantitative susceptibility mapping (QSM) at 7 Tesla. Models of vessel degradation were generated using ex vivo porcine carotid arteries that were subjected to several different enzymatic digestion treatments that selectively removed microstructural components (smooth muscle cells, collagen, and elastin). Magnetic susceptibilities measured in these tissue models were compared to those in untreated (native) porcine arteries. Magnetic susceptibility measured in native porcine carotid arteries was further compared to the susceptibility of cadaveric human carotid arteries to investigate their similarity. RESULTS The magnetic susceptibility of native porcine vessels was diamagnetic (χnative = -0.1820 ppm), with higher susceptibilities in all models of vessel degradation (χelastin-degraded = -0.0163 ppm; χcollagen-degraded = -0.1158 ppm; χdecellularized = -0.1379 ppm; χfixed native = -0.2199 ppm). Magnetic susceptibility was significantly higher in collagen-degraded compared to native porcine vessels (Tukey-Kramer, P < .01) and between elastin-degraded and all other models (including native, Tukey-Kramer, P < .001). The susceptibility of fixed healthy human arterial tissue was diamagnetic, and no significant difference was found between fixed human and fixed porcine arterial tissue susceptibilities (analysis of variance, P > .05). CONCLUSIONS Magnetic susceptibility measured using QSM is sensitive to the microstructural composition of arterial vessels-most notably to collagen. The similarity of human and porcine arterial tissue susceptibility values provides a solid basis for translational studies. Because vessel microstructure becomes disrupted during the onset and progression of carotid atherosclerosis, QSM has the potential to provide a sensitive and specific marker of vessel disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alan J Stone
- Trinity Centre for Biomedical Engineering, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland.,Department of Mechanical, Manufacturing and Biomedical Engineering, School of Engineering, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Brooke Tornifoglio
- Trinity Centre for Biomedical Engineering, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland.,Department of Mechanical, Manufacturing and Biomedical Engineering, School of Engineering, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Robert D Johnston
- Trinity Centre for Biomedical Engineering, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland.,Department of Mechanical, Manufacturing and Biomedical Engineering, School of Engineering, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Karin Shmueli
- Department of Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Christian Kerskens
- Trinity College Institute of Neuroscience, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Caitríona Lally
- Trinity Centre for Biomedical Engineering, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland.,Department of Mechanical, Manufacturing and Biomedical Engineering, School of Engineering, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland.,Advanced Materials and Bioengineering Research Centre (AMBER), Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland and Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
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6
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Leal BBJ, Wakabayashi N, Oyama K, Kamiya H, Braghirolli DI, Pranke P. Vascular Tissue Engineering: Polymers and Methodologies for Small Caliber Vascular Grafts. Front Cardiovasc Med 2021; 7:592361. [PMID: 33585576 PMCID: PMC7873993 DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2020.592361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2020] [Accepted: 12/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Cardiovascular disease is the most common cause of death in the world. In severe cases, replacement or revascularization using vascular grafts are the treatment options. While several synthetic vascular grafts are clinically used with common approval for medium to large-caliber vessels, autologous vascular grafts are the only options clinically approved for small-caliber revascularizations. Autologous grafts have, however, some limitations in quantity and quality, and cause an invasiveness to patients when harvested. Therefore, the development of small-caliber synthetic vascular grafts (<5 mm) has been urged. Since small-caliber synthetic grafts made from the same materials as middle and large-caliber grafts have poor patency rates due to thrombus formation and intimal hyperplasia within the graft, newly innovative methodologies with vascular tissue engineering such as electrospinning, decellularization, lyophilization, and 3D printing, and novel polymers have been developed. This review article represents topics on the methodologies used in the development of scaffold-based vascular grafts and the polymers used in vitro and in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruna B J Leal
- Hematology and Stem Cell Laboratory, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade Federal Do Rio Grande Do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil.,Post-graduate Program in Physiology, Universidade Federal Do Rio Grande Do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Naohiro Wakabayashi
- Division of Cardiac Surgery, Department of Medicine, Asahikawa Medical University, Asahikawa, Japan
| | - Kyohei Oyama
- Division of Cardiac Surgery, Department of Medicine, Asahikawa Medical University, Asahikawa, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Kamiya
- Division of Cardiac Surgery, Department of Medicine, Asahikawa Medical University, Asahikawa, Japan
| | - Daikelly I Braghirolli
- Hematology and Stem Cell Laboratory, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade Federal Do Rio Grande Do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Patricia Pranke
- Hematology and Stem Cell Laboratory, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade Federal Do Rio Grande Do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil.,Post-graduate Program in Physiology, Universidade Federal Do Rio Grande Do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil.,Stem Cell Research Institute, Porto Alegre, Brazil
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7
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Tornifoglio B, Stone AJ, Johnston RD, Shahid SS, Kerskens C, Lally C. Diffusion tensor imaging and arterial tissue: establishing the influence of arterial tissue microstructure on fractional anisotropy, mean diffusivity and tractography. Sci Rep 2020; 10:20718. [PMID: 33244026 PMCID: PMC7693170 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-77675-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2020] [Accepted: 10/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
This study investigates diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) for providing microstructural insight into changes in arterial tissue by exploring how cell, collagen and elastin content effect fractional anisotropy (FA), mean diffusivity (MD) and tractography. Five ex vivo porcine carotid artery models (n = 6 each) were compared-native, fixed native, collagen degraded, elastin degraded and decellularised. Vessels were imaged at 7 T using a DTI protocol with b = 0 and 800 s/mm2 and 10 isotopically distributed directions. FA and MD were evaluated in the vessel media and compared across models. FA values measured in native (p < 0.0001), fixed native (p < 0.0001) and collagen degraded (p = 0.0018, p = 0.0016, respectively) were significantly higher than those in elastin degraded and decellularised arteries. Native and fixed native had significantly lower MD values than elastin degraded (p < 0.0001) and decellularised tissue (p = 0.0032, p = 0.0003, respectively). Significantly lower MD was measured in collagen degraded compared with the elastin degraded model (p = 0.0001). Tractography yielded helically arranged tracts for native and collagen degraded vessels only. FA, MD and tractography were found to be highly sensitive to changes in the microstructural composition of arterial tissue, specifically pointing to cell, not collagen, content as the dominant source of the measured anisotropy in the vessel wall.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Tornifoglio
- Trinity Centre for Biomedical Engineering, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
- Department of Mechanical, Manufacturing and Biomedical Engineering, School of Engineering, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - A J Stone
- Trinity Centre for Biomedical Engineering, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
- Department of Mechanical, Manufacturing and Biomedical Engineering, School of Engineering, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - R D Johnston
- Trinity Centre for Biomedical Engineering, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
- Department of Mechanical, Manufacturing and Biomedical Engineering, School of Engineering, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - S S Shahid
- Department of Radiology and Imaging Sciences, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - C Kerskens
- Trinity Centre for Biomedical Engineering, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
- Trinity College Institute of Neuroscience, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - C Lally
- Trinity Centre for Biomedical Engineering, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland.
- Department of Mechanical, Manufacturing and Biomedical Engineering, School of Engineering, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland.
- Advanced Materials and Bioengineering Research Centre (AMBER), Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland and Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland.
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8
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Cheng J, Li J, Cai Z, Xing Y, Wang C, Guo L, Gu Y. Decellularization of porcine carotid arteries using low-concentration sodium dodecyl sulfate. Int J Artif Organs 2020; 44:497-508. [PMID: 33222583 DOI: 10.1177/0391398820975420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The decellularized scaffold is a promising material for producing tissue-engineered vascular grafts (TEVGs) because of its complex, native-like three-dimensional structure and mechanical properties. Sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS), one of the most commonly used decellularization reagents, appears to be more effective than other detergents for removing cells from dense tissues. The concentrations of SDS used in previous studies and their effects on decellularization are not consistent. METHODS In this study, porcine carotid arteries were decellularized using detergent-based protocols using Triton X-100 followed by SDS at different concentrations and exposing time. Cell removal efficiency and composition were evaluated by histological analysis, and DNA and collagen quantification. Ultrastructure, mechanical properties, pore size distribution, and in vivo biocompatibility of decellularized arteries were also evaluated. RESULTS The DNA content of decellularized scaffolds treated with 0.3% SDS for 72 h or 0.5% SDS for 48 h was significantly less than that treated with 1% SDS for 30 h. There was a significant loss of soluble collagen after treatment with 1% SDS relative to native arteries. The extensive loss of elastin and glycosaminoglycans was observed in decellularized arteries treated with 0.5% SDS or 1% SDS. The basement membrane and biomechanics were also damaged by these two protocols. Moreover, decellularized scaffolds became more porous with many large pores after treatment with 0.3% SDS. CONCLUSION Low-concentration SDS could be a suitable choice for artery decellularization. Decellularized porcine carotid arteries, prepared using Triton X-100 followed by 0.3% SDS, may be a promising biological scaffold for TEVGs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin Cheng
- Department of Vascular Surgery, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Ji Li
- Department of Vascular Surgery, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Zhiwen Cai
- Department of Vascular Surgery, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Yuehao Xing
- Department of Vascular Surgery, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Cong Wang
- Department of Vascular Surgery, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Lianrui Guo
- Department of Vascular Surgery, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Yongquan Gu
- Department of Vascular Surgery, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, P.R. China
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Lopera Higuita M, Griffiths LG. Antigen removal process preserves function of small diameter venous valved conduits, whereas SDS-decellularization results in significant valvular insufficiency. Acta Biomater 2020; 107:115-128. [PMID: 32151701 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2020.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2019] [Revised: 02/28/2020] [Accepted: 03/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Chronic venous disease (CVD) is the most common reported chronic condition in the United States, affecting more than 25 million Americans. Regardless of its high occurrence, current therapeutic options are far from ideal due to their palliative nature. For best treatment outcomes, challenging cases of chronic venous insufficiency (CVI) are treated by repair or replacement of venous valves. Regrettably, the success of venous valve transplant is dependent on the availability of autologous venous valves and hindered by the possibility of donor site complications and increased patient morbidity. Therefore, the use of alternative tissue sources to provide off-the-shelf venous valve replacements has potential to be extremely beneficial to the field of CVI. This manuscript demonstrates the capability of producing off-the-shelf fully functional venous valved extracellular matrix (ECM) scaffold conduits from bovine saphenous vein (SV), using an antigen removal (AR) method. AR ECM scaffolds maintained native SV structure-function relationships and associated venous valves function. Conversely, SDS decellularization caused significant changes to the collagen and elastin macromolecular structures, resulting in collagen fibril merging, elimination of fibril crimp, amalgaming collagen fibers and fragmentation of the inner elastic lamina. ECM changes induced by SDS decellularization resulted in significant venous valve dysfunction. Venous valved conduits generated using the AR approach have potential to serve as off-the-shelf venous valve replacements for CVI. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE: Retention of the structure and composition of extracellular matrix (ECM) proteins within xenogeneic scaffolds for tissue engineering is of crucial importance, due to the undeniable effect ECM proteins can impose on repopulating cells and function of the resultant biomaterial. This manuscript demonstrates that alteration or elimination of ECM proteins via commonly utilized decellularization approach results in complete disruption of venous valve function. Conversely, retention of the delicate ECM structure and composition of native venous tissue, using an antigen removal tissue processing method, results in preservation of native venous valve function.
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10
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Abstract
Currently, despite the success of percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI), coronary artery bypass graft (CABG) remains among the most commonly performed cardiac surgical procedures in the United States. Unfortunately, the use of autologous grafts in CABG presents a major clinical challenge as complications due to autologous vessel harvest and limited vessel availability pose a significant setback in the success rate of CABG surgeries. Acellular extracellular matrix (ECM) scaffolds derived from xenogeneic vascular tissues have the potential to overcome these challenges, as they offer unlimited availability and sufficient length to serve as "off-the-shelf" CABGs. Unfortunately, regardless of numerous efforts to produce a fully functional small diameter xenogeneic ECM scaffold, the combination of factors required to overcome all failure mechanisms in a single graft remains elusive. This article covers the major failure mechanisms of current xenogeneic small diameter vessel ECM scaffolds, and reviews the recent advances in the field to overcome these failure mechanisms and ultimately develop a small diameter ECM xenogeneic scaffold for CABG. Impact Statement Currently, the use of autologous vessel in coronary artery bypass graft (CABG) is common practice. However, the use of autologous tissue poses significant complications due to tissue harvest and limited availability. Developing an alternative vessel for use in CABG can potentially increase the success rate of CABG surgery by eliminating complications related to the use of autologous vessel. However, this development has been hindered by an array of failure mechanisms that currently have not been overcome. This article describes the currently identified failure mechanisms of small diameter vascular xenogeneic extracellular matrix scaffolds and reviews current research targeted to overcoming these failure mechanisms toward ensuring long-term graft patency.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Leigh G Griffiths
- Department of Cardiovascular Diseases, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
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11
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Eufrásio-da-Silva T, Ruiz-Hernandez E, O'Dwyer J, Picazo-Frutos D, Duffy GP, Murphy BP. Enhancing medial layer recellularization of tissue-engineered blood vessels using radial microchannels. Regen Med 2019; 14:1013-1028. [PMID: 31746270 DOI: 10.2217/rme-2019-0011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Aim: Cell repopulation of tissue-engineered vascular grafts (TEVGs) from decellularized arterial scaffolds is limited by dense concentric tunica media layers which impede cells migrating radially between the layers. We aimed to develop and validate a new microneedle device to modify decellularized carotid arteries with radial microchannels to enhance medial layer repopulation. Material & methods: Modified decellularized porcine arteries were seeded with rat mesenchymal stem cells using either standard longitudinal injection, or a dual vacuum-perfusion bioreactor. Mechanical tests were used to assess the arterial integrity following modification. Results & conclusion: The method herein achieved radial recellularization of arteries in vitro without significant loss of mechanical integrity, Thus, we report a novel method for successful radial repopulation of decellularized carotid artery-based tissue-engineered vascular grafts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatiane Eufrásio-da-Silva
- Department of Anatomy, Tissue Engineering Research Group (TERG), Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland (RCSI), Dublin, Ireland.,Trinity Centre for Biomedical Engineering (TCBE), Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, TCD, Dublin, Ireland.,Advanced Materials & BioEngineering Research Centre (AMBER), RCSI & TCD, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Eduardo Ruiz-Hernandez
- Advanced Materials & BioEngineering Research Centre (AMBER), RCSI & TCD, Dublin, Ireland.,School of Pharmacy & Pharmaceutical Sciences, Trinity College Dublin (TCD), Dublin, Ireland
| | - Joanne O'Dwyer
- Department of Anatomy, Tissue Engineering Research Group (TERG), Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland (RCSI), Dublin, Ireland.,School of Pharmacy, RCSI, Dublin, Ireland.,Anatomy, School of Medicine, College of Medicine Nursing & Health Sciences, National University of Ireland Galway, Galway, Ireland
| | - Dolores Picazo-Frutos
- Department of Anatomy, Tissue Engineering Research Group (TERG), Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland (RCSI), Dublin, Ireland.,School of Pharmacy, RCSI, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Garry P Duffy
- Department of Anatomy, Tissue Engineering Research Group (TERG), Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland (RCSI), Dublin, Ireland.,Trinity Centre for Biomedical Engineering (TCBE), Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, TCD, Dublin, Ireland.,Advanced Materials & BioEngineering Research Centre (AMBER), RCSI & TCD, Dublin, Ireland.,Anatomy, School of Medicine, College of Medicine Nursing & Health Sciences, National University of Ireland Galway, Galway, Ireland
| | - Bruce P Murphy
- Trinity Centre for Biomedical Engineering (TCBE), Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, TCD, Dublin, Ireland.,Advanced Materials & BioEngineering Research Centre (AMBER), RCSI & TCD, Dublin, Ireland.,Department of Mechanical & Manufacturing Engineering, TCD, Dublin, Ireland
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12
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Tresoldi C, Pacheco DP, Formenti E, Pellegata AF, Mantero S, Petrini P. Shear-resistant hydrogels to control permeability of porous tubular scaffolds in vascular tissue engineering. Mater Sci Eng C Mater Biol Appl 2019; 105:110035. [PMID: 31546369 DOI: 10.1016/j.msec.2019.110035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2018] [Revised: 06/18/2019] [Accepted: 07/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Aiming to perfuse porous tubular scaffolds for vascular tissue engineering (VTE) with controlled flow rate, prevention of leakage through the scaffold lumen is required. A gel coating made of 8% w/v alginate and 6% w/v gelatin functionalized with fibronectin was produced using a custom-made bioreactor-based method. Different volumetric proportions of alginate and gelatin were tested (50/50, 70/30, and 90/10). Gel swelling and stability, and rheological, and uniaxial tensile tests reveal superior resistance to the aggressive biochemical microenvironment, and their ability to withstand physiological deformations (~10%) and wall shear stresses (5-20 dyne/cm2). These are prerequisites to maintain the physiologic phenotypes of vascular smooth muscle cells and endothelial cells (ECs), mimicking blood vessels microenvironment. Gels can induce ECs proliferation and colonization, especially in the presence of fibronectin and higher percentages of gelatin. The custom-designed bioreactor enables the development of reproducible and homogeneous tubular gel coating. The permeability tests show the effectiveness of tubular scaffolds coated with 70/30 alginate/gelatin gel to occlude wadding pores, and therefore prevent leakages. The synthesized double-layered tubular scaffolds coated with alginate/gelatin gel and fibronectin represent both promising substrate for ECs and effective leakproof scaffolds, when subjected to pulsatile perfusion, for VTE applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Tresoldi
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Materiali e Ingegneria Chimica, 'G. Natta' Politecnico di Milano, Piazza L. da Vinci, Milano, Italy
| | - Daniela P Pacheco
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Materiali e Ingegneria Chimica, 'G. Natta' Politecnico di Milano, Piazza L. da Vinci, Milano, Italy
| | - Elisa Formenti
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Materiali e Ingegneria Chimica, 'G. Natta' Politecnico di Milano, Piazza L. da Vinci, Milano, Italy
| | - Alessandro Filippo Pellegata
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Materiali e Ingegneria Chimica, 'G. Natta' Politecnico di Milano, Piazza L. da Vinci, Milano, Italy
| | - Sara Mantero
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Materiali e Ingegneria Chimica, 'G. Natta' Politecnico di Milano, Piazza L. da Vinci, Milano, Italy.
| | - Paola Petrini
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Materiali e Ingegneria Chimica, 'G. Natta' Politecnico di Milano, Piazza L. da Vinci, Milano, Italy
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13
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Cheng J, Wang C, Gu Y. Combination of freeze-thaw with detergents: A promising approach to the decellularization of porcine carotid arteries. Biomed Mater Eng 2019; 30:191-205. [PMID: 30741667 DOI: 10.3233/bme-191044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jin Cheng
- Department of Vascular Surgery, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, , P.R. China
| | - Cong Wang
- Department of Vascular Surgery, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, , P.R. China
| | - Yongquan Gu
- Department of Vascular Surgery, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, , P.R. China
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14
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Ran X, Ye Z, Fu M, Wang Q, Wu H, Lin S, Yin T, Hu T, Wang G. Design, Preparation, and Performance of a Novel Bilayer Tissue-Engineered Small-Diameter Vascular Graft. Macromol Biosci 2018; 19:e1800189. [PMID: 30259649 DOI: 10.1002/mabi.201800189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2018] [Revised: 08/22/2018] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
In clinical practice, the need for small-diameter vascular grafts continues to increase. Decellularized xenografts are commonly used for vascular reconstructive procedures. Here, porcine coronary arteries are decellularized, which destroys the extracellular matrix structure, leading to the decrease of vascular strength and the increase of vascular permeability. A bilayer tissue-engineered vascular graft (BTEV) is fabricated by electrospinning poly(l-lactide-co-carprolactone)/gelatin outside of the decellularized vessels and functionalized by immobilizing heparin, which increases the biomechanical strength and anticoagulant activity of decellularized vessels. The biosafety and efficacy of the heparin-modified BTEVs (HBTEVs) are verified by implanting in rat models. HBTEVs remain patent and display no expansion or aneurism. After 4 weeks of implantation, a cell monolayer in the internal surface and a dense middle layer have formed, and the mechanical properties of regenerated vessels are similar to those of rat abdominal aorta. Therefore, HBTEVs can be used for rapid remodeling of small-diameter blood vessels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaolin Ran
- Key Laboratory for Biorheological Science and Technology of Ministry of Education, State and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Vascular Implants, Bioengineering College of Chongqing University, No. 174, Shazheng Street, Shapingba District, Chongqing, 400030, China
| | - Zhiyi Ye
- Key Laboratory for Biorheological Science and Technology of Ministry of Education, State and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Vascular Implants, Bioengineering College of Chongqing University, No. 174, Shazheng Street, Shapingba District, Chongqing, 400030, China
| | - Meiling Fu
- Key Laboratory for Biorheological Science and Technology of Ministry of Education, State and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Vascular Implants, Bioengineering College of Chongqing University, No. 174, Shazheng Street, Shapingba District, Chongqing, 400030, China
| | - Qilong Wang
- Key Laboratory for Biorheological Science and Technology of Ministry of Education, State and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Vascular Implants, Bioengineering College of Chongqing University, No. 174, Shazheng Street, Shapingba District, Chongqing, 400030, China
| | - Haide Wu
- Key Laboratory for Biorheological Science and Technology of Ministry of Education, State and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Vascular Implants, Bioengineering College of Chongqing University, No. 174, Shazheng Street, Shapingba District, Chongqing, 400030, China
| | - Song Lin
- Key Laboratory for Biorheological Science and Technology of Ministry of Education, State and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Vascular Implants, Bioengineering College of Chongqing University, No. 174, Shazheng Street, Shapingba District, Chongqing, 400030, China
| | - Tieying Yin
- Key Laboratory for Biorheological Science and Technology of Ministry of Education, State and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Vascular Implants, Bioengineering College of Chongqing University, No. 174, Shazheng Street, Shapingba District, Chongqing, 400030, China
| | - Tingzhang Hu
- Key Laboratory for Biorheological Science and Technology of Ministry of Education, State and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Vascular Implants, Bioengineering College of Chongqing University, No. 174, Shazheng Street, Shapingba District, Chongqing, 400030, China
| | - Guixue Wang
- Key Laboratory for Biorheological Science and Technology of Ministry of Education, State and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Vascular Implants, Bioengineering College of Chongqing University, No. 174, Shazheng Street, Shapingba District, Chongqing, 400030, China
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15
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Lin CH, Kao YC, Ma H, Tsay RY. An investigation on the correlation between the mechanical property change and the alterations in composition and microstructure of a porcine vascular tissue underwent trypsin-based decellularization treatment. J Mech Behav Biomed Mater 2018; 86:199-207. [PMID: 29986294 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmbbm.2018.06.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2018] [Revised: 06/14/2018] [Accepted: 06/19/2018] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE The nonlinear pseudoelastic behavior of a native/decellularized vascular tissue is closely related to the detailed composition and microstructure of the extracellular matrix and is important in maintaining the patency of a small-caliber vascular graft. A commonly used enzyme-detergent based decellularization protocol is effective in cell component removal but it also changes the microstructure and composition of the decellularized tissues. Previous studies provide limited information to correlate the mechanical property change with the alterations in composition and microstructure in a decellularization process. In this study, the correlations were studied by implementing a previously established fiber-progressive-engagement model to describe the nonlinear pseudoelastic behavior of a vascular tissue and to evaluate the effects of trypsin concentration and exposure duration on porcine coronary artery decellularization RESULTS: Results showed that tissue length and width increased and thickness and wet weight decreased with the exposure of trypsin. The effects of trypsin exposure times on the four mechanical parameters, i.e. initial strain, turning strain, initial modulus and stiffness modulus, in the longitudinal and circumferential directions were similar, but stronger in the circumferential direction. Major components of the extracellular matrix were vulnerable to the trypsin-based decellularization process. The decreases in initial and turning strain and the increase in initial modulus in circumferential direction were correlated with the significant decrease of collagen and glycosaminoglycans in the media layer. CONCLUSIONS Although trypsin-based decellularization achieved cell component removal and preservation of ultimate tensile stress, the microstructure and composition changed with alterations in the pseudoelastic behavior of the porcine coronary artery. Taken together, the current observations suggested less waviness, early engagement, or re-alignment of insoluble collagen fibers in the media layer, which resulted in turning from anisotropic into isotropic uniaxial mechanical property of porcine vascular tissue. Selecting the proper trypsin concentration (< 0.03-0.5%) and duration (< 12 h) of trypsin exposure in combination with other methods will achieve optimal porcine coronary artery decellularization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chih-Hsun Lin
- Division of Plastic Surgery, Department of Surgery, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, No. 201, Section 2, Shipai Rd., Beitou Dist., Taipei City 112, Taiwan, ROC; Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, No. 155, Section 2, Linong St., Beitou Dist., Taipei City 112, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Yun-Chu Kao
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, National Yang-Ming University, No. 155, Section 2, Linong St., Beitou Dist., Taipei City 112, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Hsu Ma
- Division of Plastic Surgery, Department of Surgery, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, No. 201, Section 2, Shipai Rd., Beitou Dist., Taipei City 112, Taiwan, ROC; Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, No. 155, Section 2, Linong St., Beitou Dist., Taipei City 112, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Ruey-Yug Tsay
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, National Yang-Ming University, No. 155, Section 2, Linong St., Beitou Dist., Taipei City 112, Taiwan, ROC; Center for Advanced Pharmaceutics and Drug Delivery Research, National Yang-Ming University, No. 155, Section 2, Linong St., Beitou Dist., Taipei City 112, Taiwan, ROC.
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16
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Kasbekar S, Kaye SB, Williams RL, Stewart RMK, Leow-Dyke S, Rooney P. Development of decellularized conjunctiva as a substrate for the ex vivo expansion of conjunctival epithelium. J Tissue Eng Regen Med 2017; 12:e973-e982. [PMID: 28112872 DOI: 10.1002/term.2419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2016] [Revised: 01/09/2017] [Accepted: 01/16/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
This study was performed to develop a method to decellularize human conjunctiva and to characterize the tissue in terms of its deoxyribose nucleic acid (DNA) content, tensile strength, collagen denaturation, basement membrane, extracellular matrix components and its potential to support conjunctival epithelial growth. Human conjunctival tissues were subjected to a decellularization process involving hypotonic detergent and nuclease buffers. Variations in sodium dodecyl sulfate concentration (0.05-0.5%, w/v) were tested to determine the appropriate concentration of detergent buffer. DNA quantification, collagen denaturation, cytotoxicity and tensile strength were investigated. Human conjunctival cell growth by explant culture on the decellularized tissue substrate was assessed after 28 days in culture. Samples were fixed and paraffin embedded for immunohistochemistry including conjunctival epithelial cell markers and extracellular matrix proteins. Conjunctival tissue from 20 eyes of 10 donors (age range 65-92 years) was used. Decellularization of human conjunctiva was achieved to 99% or greater DNA removal (p < 0.001) with absence of nuclear staining. This was reproducible at the lowest concentration of sodium dodecyl sulfate (0.05% w/v). No collagen denaturation (p = 0.74) and no difference in tensile strength parameters was demonstrated following decellularization. No significant difference was noted in the immunolocalization of collagen IV, laminin and fibronectin, or in the appearance of periodic acid-Schiff-stained basement membranes following decellularization. The decellularized tissue did not exhibit any cytotoxicity and explant culture resulted in the growth of stratified conjunctival epithelium. Allogeneic decellularized human conjunctiva can be successfully decellularized using the described protocol. It represents a novel substrate to support the expansion of conjunctival epithelium for ocular surface cellular replacement therapies. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shivani Kasbekar
- Department of Eye and Vision Science, Institute of Ageing and Chronic Disease, University of Liverpool, Daulby Street, Liverpool, UK
| | - Stephen B Kaye
- Department of Eye and Vision Science, Institute of Ageing and Chronic Disease, University of Liverpool, Daulby Street, Liverpool, UK
| | - Rachel L Williams
- Department of Eye and Vision Science, Institute of Ageing and Chronic Disease, University of Liverpool, Daulby Street, Liverpool, UK
| | - Rosalind M K Stewart
- Department of Eye and Vision Science, Institute of Ageing and Chronic Disease, University of Liverpool, Daulby Street, Liverpool, UK
| | - Sophie Leow-Dyke
- National Health Service Blood and Transplant Tissue Services, Speke, Liverpool, UK
| | - Paul Rooney
- National Health Service Blood and Transplant Tissue Services, Speke, Liverpool, UK
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17
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Kajbafzadeh AM, Khorramirouz R, Kameli SM, Hashemi J, Bagheri A. Decellularization of Human Internal Mammary Artery: Biomechanical Properties and Histopathological Evaluation. Biores Open Access 2017; 6:74-84. [PMID: 28736690 PMCID: PMC5515095 DOI: 10.1089/biores.2016.0040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
This study undertook to create small-diameter vascular grafts and assess their structure and mechanical properties to withstand arterial implantation. Twenty samples of intact human internal mammary arteries (IMAs) were collected and decellularized using detergent-based methods. To evaluate residual cellular and extracellular matrix (ECM) components, histological analysis was performed. Moreover, collagen typing and ECM structure were analyzed by Picrosirius red and Movat's pentachrome staining. Scanning electron microscopy was also applied to assess microarchitecture of both endothelial and adventitial surfaces of native and decellularized arterial samples. Furthermore, mechanical tests were performed to evaluate the rigidity and suture strength of the arteries. Human IMAs were completely decellularized in all three segments (proximal, middle, and distal). ECM proteins such as collagen and elastic fibers were efficiently preserved and no structural distortion in intima, media, and adventitial surfaces was observed. The parameters of the mechanical tests revealed no significant differences in the mechanical properties of decellularized arteries in comparison to native arteries with considerable strength, suture retention, and stress relaxation (Young's modulus [MPa] = 0.22 ± 0.023 [native] and 0.22 ± 0.015 [acellular]; and suture strength 0.56 ± 0.19 [native] vs. 0.56 ± 0.12 [acellular], respectively). Decellularized IMA represents a potential arterial scaffold as an alternative to autologous grafts for future arterial bypass surgeries. By this technique, microarchitecture and mechanical integrity of decellularized arteries were considerably similar to native arteries. The goal of this study was to introduce an efficient method for complete decellularization of human IMA and evaluate the ECM and biomechanical properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdol-Mohammad Kajbafzadeh
- Section of Tissue Engineering and Stem Cell Therapy, Pediatric Urology and Regenerative Medicine Research Center, Children's Hospital Medical Center, Pediatric Center of Excellence, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Reza Khorramirouz
- Section of Tissue Engineering and Stem Cell Therapy, Pediatric Urology and Regenerative Medicine Research Center, Children's Hospital Medical Center, Pediatric Center of Excellence, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Seyede Maryam Kameli
- Section of Tissue Engineering and Stem Cell Therapy, Pediatric Urology and Regenerative Medicine Research Center, Children's Hospital Medical Center, Pediatric Center of Excellence, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Javad Hashemi
- Section of Tissue Engineering and Stem Cell Therapy, Pediatric Urology and Regenerative Medicine Research Center, Children's Hospital Medical Center, Pediatric Center of Excellence, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Amin Bagheri
- Section of Tissue Engineering and Stem Cell Therapy, Pediatric Urology and Regenerative Medicine Research Center, Children's Hospital Medical Center, Pediatric Center of Excellence, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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18
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Askari F, Shafieian M, Solouk A, Hashemi A. A comparison of the material properties of natural and synthetic vascular walls. J Mech Behav Biomed Mater 2017; 71:209-215. [PMID: 28347955 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmbbm.2017.03.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2016] [Revised: 03/12/2017] [Accepted: 03/22/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Characterization of the mechanical properties of native and synthetic vascular grafts is an essential task in the process of designing novel vascular constructs. The aim in this study was to compare the mechanical behavior of ovine left Subclavian artery with that of POSS-PCU (a commercial biomaterial which is currently under clinical investigation. ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT02301312). We used Delfino's strain energy potential within the framework of quasilinear viscoelasticity theory to capture the viscoelastic response of the considered materials. The material parameters of the quasilinear viscoelastic constitutive equation were determined through a combination of experimental and computational method. First, a uniaxial tensile testing device was used to perform a series of stress relaxation tests on ring samples. Then, the derived quasilinear viscoelastic models were implemented into finite element system. With the aid of mechanical experimentation and finite element simulation, the material parameters were obtained, modified and used for comparison of the mechanical properties of vascular walls. The results showed that the stiffness and the long term viscoelastic parameters of POSS-PCU may lead to different stress responses of the vascular walls. These two factors can be improved by modifications in manufacturing parameters of the synthetic vessel.
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Affiliation(s)
- Forough Askari
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Amirkabir University of Technology (Tehran Polytechnic), 424 Hafez Ave, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mehdi Shafieian
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Amirkabir University of Technology (Tehran Polytechnic), 424 Hafez Ave, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Atefeh Solouk
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Amirkabir University of Technology (Tehran Polytechnic), 424 Hafez Ave, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ata Hashemi
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Amirkabir University of Technology (Tehran Polytechnic), 424 Hafez Ave, Tehran, Iran
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19
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Pu L, Wu J, Pan X, Hou Z, Zhang J, Chen W, Na Z, Meng M, Ni H, Wang L, Li Y, Jiang L. Determining the optimal protocol for preparing an acellular scaffold of tissue engineered small-diameter blood vessels. J Biomed Mater Res B Appl Biomater 2017; 106:619-631. [PMID: 28271637 DOI: 10.1002/jbm.b.33827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2016] [Revised: 10/13/2016] [Accepted: 11/22/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Although detergent-based decellularization protocols have been widely used to obtain a natural extracellular matrix (ECM) scaffold in tissue engineering, some key challenges still exist. To achieve an optimum natural decellularized scaffold for the construction of tissue-engineered small-diameter blood vessels (TEBV), porcine carotid arteries (PCAs) were decellularized by combining sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS), sodium deoxycholate (SDC) and Triton X-100 (Triton) in different concentrations. Tissue samples were processed and their histological, biochemical and biomechanical characteristics were investigated. Results showed that only two methods 0.5% (SDS + SDC) and 1% (SDS + SDC) could completely remove of the cellular contents and preserve the native ECM architecture. Furthermore, 1% (SDS + SDC) based methods acquire preferable porosity and suitable mechanical strength. Residual Triton in the ECM scaffold holds intensive cytotoxity. In conclusion, 1%(SDS + SDC) based method can obtain a superior PCAs scaffold for the construction of TEBV. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part B: Appl Biomater, 106B: 619-631, 2018.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Pu
- Cardiovascular Surgery, Yan'an Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, Yunnan, People's Republic of China
| | - Jian Wu
- Cardiovascular Surgery, Yan'an Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, Yunnan, People's Republic of China.,Cardiovascular Surgery, Institution of Yunnan, Kunming, Yunnan, People's Republic of China
| | - Xingna Pan
- Cardiovascular Surgery, Yan'an Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, Yunnan, People's Republic of China
| | - Zongliu Hou
- Central Laboratory, Yan'an Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, Yunnan, People's Republic of China
| | - Jing Zhang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Second Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, Yunnan, People's Republic of China
| | - Wenmin Chen
- Cardiovascular Surgery, Yan'an Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, Yunnan, People's Republic of China.,Cardiovascular Surgery, Institution of Yunnan, Kunming, Yunnan, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhuhui Na
- Cardiovascular Surgery, Yan'an Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, Yunnan, People's Republic of China.,Cardiovascular Surgery, Institution of Yunnan, Kunming, Yunnan, People's Republic of China
| | - Mingyao Meng
- Central Laboratory, Yan'an Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, Yunnan, People's Republic of China
| | - Haiyan Ni
- Department of Pathology, Yan'an Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, Yunnan, People's Republic of China
| | - Liqiong Wang
- Department of Pathology, Yan'an Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, Yunnan, People's Republic of China
| | - Yaxiong Li
- Cardiovascular Surgery, Yan'an Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, Yunnan, People's Republic of China.,Cardiovascular Surgery, Institution of Yunnan, Kunming, Yunnan, People's Republic of China
| | - Lihong Jiang
- Cardiovascular Surgery, Yan'an Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, Yunnan, People's Republic of China.,Cardiovascular Surgery, Institution of Yunnan, Kunming, Yunnan, People's Republic of China
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20
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Lin CH, Kao YC, Lin YH, Ma H, Tsay RY. A fiber-progressive-engagement model to evaluate the composition, microstructure, and nonlinear pseudoelastic behavior of porcine arteries and decellularized derivatives. Acta Biomater 2016; 46:101-111. [PMID: 27667016 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2016.09.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2016] [Revised: 09/12/2016] [Accepted: 09/19/2016] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
The theoretical fiber-progressive-engagement model was proposed to describe the pseudoelastic behavior of an artery pre- and post-decellularization treatments. Native porcine arteries were harvested and decellularized with 0.05% trypsin for 12 h. The uniaxial tensile test data were fitted to the fiber-progressive-engagement model proposed herein. The effects of decellularization on the morphology, structural characteristics, and composition of vessel walls were studied. The experimental stress-strain curve was fitted to the model in the longitudinal and circumferential direction, which demonstrated the adequacy of the proposed model (R2>0.99). The initial and turning strains were similar in the longitudinal and circumferential directions in the aorta, suggesting the occurrence of collagen conjugation in both directions. Discrepancies in the initial and turning strain and initial and stiff modulus in both directions in the coronary artery revealed the anisotropic features of this vessel. Decellularization induced a decrease in the initial and turning strains, a slight change in the initial modulus, and a substantial decrease in the stiffness modulus. The decrease in the initial and turning strain can be attributed to the loss of waviness of collagen bundles because of the considerable decrease in elastin and glycosaminoglycan contents. This simple non-linear model can be used to determine the fiber modulus and waviness degree of vascular tissue. Based on these results, this mechanical test can be used as a screening tool for the selection of an optimized decellularization protocol for arterial tissues. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE Decellularized vascular graft has potential in clinical application, such as coronary artery bypass surgery, peripheral artery bypass surgery or microsurgery. An ideal decellularization protocol requires balance in cell removal efficiency and extracellular matrix preserving. Both biochemical and biomechanical properties are crucial to the success of scaffold in cell seeding and animal study. A comprehensive understanding of the composition, microstructure, and mechanical behavior of the arterial wall is the key to the development of decellularized vascular grafts. For this purpose, we proposed this "Fiber-Progressive-Engagement" model to evaluate the microstructure, composition and mechanical properties of porcine coronary artery. The model provides a new perspective regarding the non-linear behavior of arterial tissue and its decellularized derivatives. It can be widely applied to different types of tissues, as demonstrated in the aorta and coronary artery. This model has several advantages; it provides an improved fit of non-linear curves (R2>0.99), can be used to elucidate the pseudoelastic properties of porcine vascular tissues using the concept of fiber engagement, and can estimate an elastic modulus with greater accuracy (compared to the graphical estimation or calculation by simple linear fittings), as well as to plot typical stress-strain curves.
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21
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Tondreau MY, Laterreur V, Gauvin R, Vallières K, Bourget JM, Lacroix D, Tremblay C, Germain L, Ruel J, Auger FA. Mechanical properties of endothelialized fibroblast-derived vascular scaffolds stimulated in a bioreactor. Acta Biomater 2015; 18:176-85. [PMID: 25749291 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2015.02.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2014] [Revised: 12/22/2014] [Accepted: 02/28/2015] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
There is an ongoing clinical need for tissue-engineered small-diameter (<6mm) vascular grafts since clinical applications are restricted by the limited availability of autologous living grafts or the lack of suitability of synthetic grafts. The present study uses our self-assembly approach to produce a fibroblast-derived decellularized vascular scaffold that can then be available off-the-shelf. Briefly, scaffolds were produced using human dermal fibroblasts sheets rolled around a mandrel, maintained in culture to allow for the formation of cohesive and three-dimensional tubular constructs, and then decellularized by immersion in deionized water. Constructs were then endothelialized and perfused for 1week in an appropriate bioreactor. Mechanical testing results showed that the decellularization process did not influence the resistance of the tissue and an increase in ultimate tensile strength was observed following the perfusion of the construct in the bioreactor. These fibroblast-derived vascular scaffolds could be stored and later used to deliver readily implantable grafts within 4weeks including an autologous endothelial cell isolation and seeding process. This technology could greatly accelerate the clinical availability of tissue-engineered blood vessels.
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Syazwani N, Azhim A, Morimoto Y, Furukawa KS, Ushida T. Decellularization of Aorta Tissue Using Sonication Treatment as Potential Scaffold for Vascular Tissue Engineering. J Med Biol Eng 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/s40846-015-0028-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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Laterreur V, Ruel J, Auger FA, Vallières K, Tremblay C, Lacroix D, Tondreau M, Bourget JM, Germain L. Comparison of the direct burst pressure and the ring tensile test methods for mechanical characterization of tissue-engineered vascular substitutes. J Mech Behav Biomed Mater 2014; 34:253-63. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jmbbm.2014.02.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2013] [Revised: 02/10/2014] [Accepted: 02/13/2014] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Jones SG, Hu Y, Xu Q, Jahangiri M. Stem cells accumulate on a decellularized arterial xenograft in vivo. Ann Thorac Surg 2014; 97:2104-10. [PMID: 24725834 DOI: 10.1016/j.athoracsur.2014.02.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2013] [Revised: 02/05/2014] [Accepted: 02/11/2014] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Surgical interest in complete arterial revascularization is expanding, but some patients lack suitable conduits for this goal. The field of stem cell biology is rapidly expanding and, together with the concepts of tissue engineering, offers the promise of growing autologous grafts in the laboratory. We aim to develop a model using human arteries as vascular grafts in a murine model and to assess the cellular accumulation on these grafts. METHODS Human arterial samples were collected and decellularized using an ionic detergent. These vessel scaffolds were then used as grafts in an in vivo mouse model, and the cellular accumulation on them was examined histologically and by cell culture with assessment of their physiologic properties. RESULTS Left internal mammary artery branches were fully decellularized and successfully implanted into a murine model. Grafts were repopulated by cells expressing stem cell markers cluster of differentiation 34 and stage-specific embryonic antigen, and subsequently expressed markers of mature endothelial and smooth muscle cells (cluster of differentiation 31, calponin, and myosin heavy chain). The migratory capacity of the cultured cells was significantly higher than that of mouse smooth muscle cells (p < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS We describe the successful use of human arteries in a murine graft model, allowing the study of repopulation. Decellularized grafts are repopulated by cells expressing stem cell markers and subsequently express smooth muscle and endothelial cell markers. This model has the potential to be used for further development of laboratory-grown vascular grafts.
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Eichhorn S, Baier D, Horst D, Schreiber U, Lahm H, Lange R, Krane M. Pressure shift freezing as potential alternative for generation of decellularized scaffolds. Int J Biomater 2013; 2013:693793. [PMID: 23818900 PMCID: PMC3683481 DOI: 10.1155/2013/693793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2013] [Accepted: 05/16/2013] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Background. Protocols using chemical reagents for scaffold decellularization can cause changes in the properties of the matrix, depending on the type of tissue and the chemical reagent. Technologies using physical techniques may be possible alternatives for the production grafts with potential superior matrix characteristics. Material and Methods. We tested four different technologies for scaffold decellularization. Group 1: high hydrostatic pressure (HHP), 1 GPa; Group 2: pressure shift freezing (PSF); Group 3: pulsed electric fields (PEF); Group 4: control group: detergent (SDS). The degree of decellularization was assessed by histological analysis and the measurement of residual DNA. Results. Tissue treated with PSF showed a decellularization with a penetration depth (PD) of 1.5 mm and residual DNA content of 24% ± 3%. HHD treatment caused a PD of 0.2 mm with a residual DNA content of 28% ± .4%. PD in PEF was 0.5 mm, and the residual DNA content was 49% ± 7%. In the SDS group, PD was found to be 5 mm, and the DNA content was determined at 5% ± 2%. Conclusion. PSF showed promising results as a possible technique for scaffold decellularization. The penetration depth of PSF has to be optimized, and the mechanical as well as the biological characteristics of decellularized grafts have to be evaluated.
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Affiliation(s)
- S. Eichhorn
- German Heart Center Munich, 80636 Munich, Germany
| | - D. Baier
- Institute for Food Biotechnology and Process Engineering, Technical University Berlin, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - D. Horst
- Institute of Pathology, LMU Munich, 80337 Munich, Germany
| | - U. Schreiber
- German Heart Center Munich, 80636 Munich, Germany
| | - H. Lahm
- German Heart Center Munich, 80636 Munich, Germany
| | - R. Lange
- German Heart Center Munich, 80636 Munich, Germany
| | - M. Krane
- German Heart Center Munich, 80636 Munich, Germany
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Diamantouros SE, Hurtado-Aguilar LG, Schmitz-Rode T, Mela P, Jockenhoevel S. Pulsatile perfusion bioreactor system for durability testing and compliance estimation of tissue engineered vascular grafts. Ann Biomed Eng 2013; 41:1979-89. [PMID: 23681651 DOI: 10.1007/s10439-013-0823-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2013] [Accepted: 05/02/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
The aim of the study was to design, construct, and test a bioreactor for the conditioning of tissue-engineered vascular grafts under physiological pressure, flow, and environmental conditions and up to supra-physiological pulse frequencies (5 Hz) as the first step towards durability testing. The system also allows the calculation of the compliance of vascular grafts as an indicator of tissue development. The system relies on the combination of a pulse-free pump and a linear magnetic actuator applying pressure pulses with controllable profile and frequency. The compliance estimation is based on the accurate measurement of the vessel's diameter by means of an optical micrometre. Software-based interface enables the control of a magnetic actuator and data acquisition to monitor the conditions of the system. Porcine carotid arteries were tested in the bioreactor for up to 4 weeks at different pulse frequencies. The tissue was analysed by means of histology and immunohistochemistry. Physiological pressures (~80 and 120 mmHg for diastolic and systolic phase, respectively) were generated in the system at frequencies between 1 and 5 Hz. The environmental conditions within the bioreactor were monitored and online determination of the compliance of the arteries was achieved under sterile conditions. Conditioning of the grafts resulted in the abundant production of ECM proteins. In conclusion, we developed a bioreactor for the conditioning of tissue engineered vascular grafts under controlled pressure conditions. The system is suitable to perform durability tests at supra-physiological pulse rates and physiological pressure levels under continuous monitoring of environmental variables (pH, pO2, pCO2, and temperature) and compliance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefanos E Diamantouros
- Department of Tissue Engineering & Textile Implants, AME-Helmholtz Institute for Biomedical Engineering, Aachen University, Pauwelsstrasse 20, 52074, Aachen, Germany
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