1
|
Pitre NN, Moses JB, Tzeng E, Abramowitch S, Velankar SS. Crimped fiber composites: mechanics of a finite-length crimped fiber embedded in a soft matrix. Biomech Model Mechanobiol 2023; 22:1083-1094. [PMID: 36862346 PMCID: PMC10656043 DOI: 10.1007/s10237-023-01702-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2022] [Accepted: 02/05/2023] [Indexed: 03/03/2023]
Abstract
Composites comprising crimped fibers of finite length embedded in a soft matrix have the potential to mimic the strain-hardening behavior of tissues containing fibrous collagen. Unlike continuous fiber composites, such chopped fiber composites would be flow-processable. Here, we study the fundamental mechanics of stress transfer between a single crimped fiber and the embedding matrix subjected to tensile strain. Finite element simulations show that fibers with large crimp amplitude and large relative modulus straighten significantly at small strain without bearing significant load. At large strain, they become taut and hence bear increasing load. Analogous to straight fiber composites, there is a region near the ends of each fiber which bears much lower stress than the midsection. We show that the stress-transfer mechanics can be captured by a shear lag model where the crimped fiber can be replaced with an equivalent straight fiber whose effective modulus is lower than that of the crimped fiber, but increases with applied strain. This allows estimating the modulus of a composite at low fiber fraction. The degree of strain hardening and the strain needed for strain hardening can be tuned by changing relative modulus of the fibers and the crimp geometry.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nandan N Pitre
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, 15261, USA
| | - J B Moses
- Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, 15261, USA
| | - Edith Tzeng
- Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, 15261, USA
| | - Steven Abramowitch
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, 15261, USA
| | - Sachin S Velankar
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, 15261, USA.
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, 15261, USA.
- Department of Mechanical Engineering and Materials Science, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, 15261, USA.
- McGowan Institute of Regenerative Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, 15261, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Tseng YT, Grace NF, Aguib H, Sarathchandra P, McCormack A, Ebeid A, Shehata N, Nagy M, El-Nashar H, Yacoub MH, Chester A, Latif N. Biocompatibility and Application of Carbon Fibers in Heart Valve Tissue Engineering. Front Cardiovasc Med 2022; 8:793898. [PMID: 35004904 PMCID: PMC8739227 DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2021.793898] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2021] [Accepted: 11/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
The success of tissue-engineered heart valves rely on a balance between polymer degradation, appropriate cell repopulation, and extracellular matrix (ECM) deposition, in order for the valves to continue their vital function. However, the process of remodeling is highly dynamic and species dependent. The carbon fibers have been well used in the construction industry for their high tensile strength and flexibility and, therefore, might be relevant to support tissue-engineered hearts valve during this transition in the mechanically demanding environment of the circulation. The aim of this study was to assess the suitability of the carbon fibers to be incorporated into tissue-engineered heart valves, with respect to optimizing their cellular interaction and mechanical flexibility during valve opening and closure. The morphology and surface oxidation of the carbon fibers were characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Their ability to interact with human adipose-derived stem cells (hADSCs) was assessed with respect to cell attachment and phenotypic changes. hADSCs attached and maintained their expression of stem cell markers with negligible differentiation to other lineages. Incorporation of the carbon fibers into a stand-alone tissue-engineered aortic root, comprised of jet-sprayed polycaprolactone aligned carbon fibers, had no negative effects on the opening and closure characteristics of the valve when simulated in a pulsatile bioreactor. In conclusion, the carbon fibers were found to be conducive to hADSC attachment and maintaining their phenotype. The carbon fibers were sufficiently flexible for full motion of valvular opening and closure. This study provides a proof-of-concept for the incorporation of the carbon fibers into tissue-engineered heart valves to continue their vital function during scaffold degradation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yuan-Tsan Tseng
- Heart Science Centre, Magdi Yacoub Institute, Harefield, United Kingdom.,Imperial College London, National Heart and Lung Institute, London, United Kingdom
| | - Nabil F Grace
- Centre for Innovative Materials Research, Lawrence Technological University, Southfield, MI, United States
| | - Heba Aguib
- Heart Science Centre, Magdi Yacoub Institute, Harefield, United Kingdom.,Imperial College London, National Heart and Lung Institute, London, United Kingdom.,Biomedical Engineering and Innovation Laboratory, Aswan Heart Centre, Aswan, Egypt
| | | | - Ann McCormack
- Heart Science Centre, Magdi Yacoub Institute, Harefield, United Kingdom
| | - Ahmed Ebeid
- Biomedical Engineering and Innovation Laboratory, Aswan Heart Centre, Aswan, Egypt
| | - Nairouz Shehata
- Biomedical Engineering and Innovation Laboratory, Aswan Heart Centre, Aswan, Egypt
| | - Mohamed Nagy
- Biomedical Engineering and Innovation Laboratory, Aswan Heart Centre, Aswan, Egypt
| | - Hussam El-Nashar
- Biomedical Engineering and Innovation Laboratory, Aswan Heart Centre, Aswan, Egypt
| | - Magdi H Yacoub
- Heart Science Centre, Magdi Yacoub Institute, Harefield, United Kingdom.,Imperial College London, National Heart and Lung Institute, London, United Kingdom.,Biomedical Engineering and Innovation Laboratory, Aswan Heart Centre, Aswan, Egypt
| | - Adrian Chester
- Heart Science Centre, Magdi Yacoub Institute, Harefield, United Kingdom.,Imperial College London, National Heart and Lung Institute, London, United Kingdom
| | - Najma Latif
- Heart Science Centre, Magdi Yacoub Institute, Harefield, United Kingdom.,Imperial College London, National Heart and Lung Institute, London, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Johnson CM, Luke AS, Jacobsen C, Novak N, Dion GR. State of the Science in Tracheal Stents: A Scoping Review. Laryngoscope 2021; 132:2111-2123. [PMID: 34652817 DOI: 10.1002/lary.29904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2021] [Revised: 09/12/2021] [Accepted: 09/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/09/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Recent material science advancements are driving tracheal stent innovation. We sought to assess the state of the science regarding materials and preclinical/clinical outcomes for tracheal stents in adults with benign tracheal disease. METHODS A comprehensive literature search in April 2021 identified 556 articles related to tracheal stents. One-hundred and twenty-eight full-text articles were reviewed and 58 were included in the final analysis. Datapoints examined were stent materials, clinical applications and outcomes, and preclinical findings, including emerging technologies. RESULTS In the 58 included studies, stent materials were metals (n = 28), polymers (n = 19), coated stents (n = 19), and drug-eluting (n = 5). Metals included nitinol, steel, magnesium alloys, and elgiloy. Studies utilized 10 different polymers, the most popular included polydioxanone, poly-l-lactic acid, poly(d,l-lactide-co-glycolide), and polycaprolactone. Coated stents employed a metal or polymer framework and were coated with polyurethane, silicone, polytetrafluoroethylene, or polyester, with some polymer coatings designed specifically for drug elution. Drug-eluting stents utilized mitomycin C, arsenic trioxide, paclitaxel, rapamycin, and doxycycline. Of the 58 studies, 18 were human and 40 were animal studies (leporine = 21, canine = 9, swine = 4, rat = 3, ovine/feline/murine = 1). Noted complications included granulation tissue and/or stenosis, stent migration, death, infection, and fragmentation. CONCLUSION An increasing diversity of materials and coatings are employed for tracheal stents, growing more pronounced over the past decade. Though most studies are still preclinical, awareness of tracheal stent developments is important in contextualizing novel stent concepts and clinical trials. Laryngoscope, 2021.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Christopher M Johnson
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Naval Medical Center-San Diego, San Diego, California, U.S.A
| | - Alex S Luke
- Chicago Medical School, Rosalind Franklin University of Medicine and Science, North Chicago, Illinois, U.S.A.,Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Brooke Army Medical Center, JBSA Fort Sam Houston, San Antonio, Texas, U.S.A
| | | | - Nicholas Novak
- Chicago Medical School, Rosalind Franklin University of Medicine and Science, North Chicago, Illinois, U.S.A
| | - Gregory R Dion
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Brooke Army Medical Center, JBSA Fort Sam Houston, San Antonio, Texas, U.S.A.,Dental and Craniofacial Trauma Research Department, U.S. Army Institute of Surgical Research, JBSA Fort Sam Houston, San Antonio, Texas, U.S.A
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
A Parametric Tool for Studying a New Tracheobronchial Silicone Stent Prototype: Toward a Customized 3D Printable Prosthesis. MATHEMATICS 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/math9172118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The management of complex airway disorders is challenging, as the airway stent placement usually results in several complications. Tissue reaction to the foreign body, poor mechanical properties and inadequate fit of the stent in the airway are some of the reported problems. For this reason, the design of customized biomedical devices to improve the accuracy of the clinical results has recently gained interest. The aim of the present study is to introduce a parametric tool for the design of a new tracheo-bronchial stent that could be capable of improving some of the performances of the commercial devices. The proposed methodology is based on the computer aided design software and on the finite element modeling. The computational results are validated by a parallel experimental work that includes the production of selected stent configurations using the 3D printing technology and their compressive test.
Collapse
|
5
|
Chiulan I, Panaitescu DM, Radu ER, Frone AN, Gabor RA, Nicolae CA, Jinescu G, Tofan V, Chinga-Carrasco G. Comprehensive characterization of silica-modified silicon rubbers. J Mech Behav Biomed Mater 2019; 101:103427. [PMID: 31539735 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmbbm.2019.103427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2019] [Revised: 09/07/2019] [Accepted: 09/09/2019] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
In this study a commercially liquid silicone rubber was filled with fumed silica particles in different concentrations and evaluated for medical applications. The thermal, morphological and mechanical properties of silicone/silica composite samples were studied before and after aging, flexural tests and immersion in saline environment. Understanding the effect of silica content, aging conditions and thickness (from 0.6 to 2 mm) of the samples on the behavior of these materials in different environments is crucial for applications as implantable devices. Before inducing any mechanical stress, tensile strength was found to increase for samples containing 3 or 5 wt% of fumed silica, depending on the thickness. A similar trend was observed after 106 flexes for tensile strength, storage modulus and hardness at room temperature, which increased with the concentration of fumed silica. Moreover, tensile strength decreased with increasing the thickness of the samples from 0.6 to 2 mm. The thermal degradation was found to start at higher temperature in the case of the composites as compared with neat silicone, however, the glass transition and melting temperatures were only slightly modified by the presence of the silica particles, regardless the mechanical aging. The MTT assay using L929 fibroblasts mouse cells showed a good short-time cytocompatibility for both silicone elastomer and the composite with 3 wt% fumed silica. Similarly, the measurement of the cytokine secretion revealed no inflammatory response.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ioana Chiulan
- ICECHIM, 202 Splaiul Independentei, 060021, Bucharest, Romania.
| | | | | | | | | | | | - George Jinescu
- Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 37 Dionisie Lupu, 020022, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Vlad Tofan
- Cantacuzino National Institute of Research and Development for Microbiology and Immunology, 103 Splaiul Independentei, 050096, Bucharest, Romania
| | | |
Collapse
|
6
|
Abstract
Stents and tubes to maintain the patency of the airways are commonly used for malignant obstruction and are occasionally employed in benign disease. Malignant airway obstruction usually results from direct involvement of bronchogenic carcinoma, or by extension of carcinomas occurring in the esophagus or the thyroid. External compression from lymph nodes or metastatic disease from other organs can also cause central airway obstruction. Most malignant airway lesions are surgically inoperable due to advanced disease stage and require multimodality palliation, including stent placement. As with any other medical device, stents have significantly evolved over the last 50 years and deserve an in-depth understanding of their true capabilities and complications. Not every silicone stent is created equal and the same holds for metallic stents. Herein, we present an overview of the topic as well as some of the more practical and controversial issues surrounding airway stents. We also try to dispel the myths surrounding stent removal and their supposed use only in central airways. At the end, we come to the long-held conclusion that stents should not be used as first line treatment of choice, but after ruling out the possibility of curative surgical resection or repair.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Erik Folch
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Section of Interventional Pulmonary, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Colleen Keyes
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Section of Interventional Pulmonary, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| |
Collapse
|