1
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Pasch H, Ndiripo A, Bungu PSE. Multidimensional analytical protocols for the fractionation and analysis of complex polyolefins. JOURNAL OF POLYMER SCIENCE 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/pol.20210236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Harald Pasch
- Department of Chemistry and Polymer Science University of Stellenbosch De Beers Street Stellenbosch 7602 South Africa
| | - Anthony Ndiripo
- Department of Chemistry and Polymer Science University of Stellenbosch De Beers Street Stellenbosch 7602 South Africa
- Polymer Separation Group Leibniz‐Institut für Polymerforschung Dresden e.V Hohe Strasse 6 Dresden 01069 Germany
- Department of Applied Chemistry National University of Science and Technology Box AC939, Ascot Bulawayo Zimbabwe
| | - Paul Severin Eselem Bungu
- Department of Chemistry and Polymer Science University of Stellenbosch De Beers Street Stellenbosch 7602 South Africa
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2
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Ellis LD, Rorrer NA, Sullivan KP, Otto M, McGeehan JE, Román-Leshkov Y, Wierckx N, Beckham GT. Chemical and biological catalysis for plastics recycling and upcycling. Nat Catal 2021. [DOI: 10.1038/s41929-021-00648-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 39.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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3
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Danielsen SPO, Beech HK, Wang S, El-Zaatari BM, Wang X, Sapir L, Ouchi T, Wang Z, Johnson PN, Hu Y, Lundberg DJ, Stoychev G, Craig SL, Johnson JA, Kalow JA, Olsen BD, Rubinstein M. Molecular Characterization of Polymer Networks. Chem Rev 2021; 121:5042-5092. [PMID: 33792299 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.0c01304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Polymer networks are complex systems consisting of molecular components. Whereas the properties of the individual components are typically well understood by most chemists, translating that chemical insight into polymer networks themselves is limited by the statistical and poorly defined nature of network structures. As a result, it is challenging, if not currently impossible, to extrapolate from the molecular behavior of components to the full range of performance and properties of the entire polymer network. Polymer networks therefore present an unrealized, important, and interdisciplinary opportunity to exert molecular-level, chemical control on material macroscopic properties. A barrier to sophisticated molecular approaches to polymer networks is that the techniques for characterizing the molecular structure of networks are often unfamiliar to many scientists. Here, we present a critical overview of the current characterization techniques available to understand the relation between the molecular properties and the resulting performance and behavior of polymer networks, in the absence of added fillers. We highlight the methods available to characterize the chemistry and molecular-level properties of individual polymer strands and junctions, the gelation process by which strands form networks, the structure of the resulting network, and the dynamics and mechanics of the final material. The purpose is not to serve as a detailed manual for conducting these measurements but rather to unify the underlying principles, point out remaining challenges, and provide a concise overview by which chemists can plan characterization strategies that suit their research objectives. Because polymer networks cannot often be sufficiently characterized with a single method, strategic combinations of multiple techniques are typically required for their molecular characterization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott P O Danielsen
- Marsico Lung Institute, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| | - Haley K Beech
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Shu Wang
- Department of Chemistry, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708, United States
| | - Bassil M El-Zaatari
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Xiaodi Wang
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | | | | | - Zi Wang
- Department of Chemistry, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708, United States
| | - Patricia N Johnson
- Department of Chemistry, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708, United States
| | - Yixin Hu
- Department of Chemistry, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708, United States
| | - David J Lundberg
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Georgi Stoychev
- Marsico Lung Institute, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| | - Stephen L Craig
- Department of Chemistry, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708, United States
| | - Jeremiah A Johnson
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Julia A Kalow
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Bradley D Olsen
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Michael Rubinstein
- Marsico Lung Institute, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States.,Department of Chemistry, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708, United States.,Departments of Biomedical Engineering and Physics, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708, United States.,World Primer Institute for Chemical Reaction Design and Discovery (WPI-ICReDD), Hokkaido University, Kita 21 Nishi 10, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido 001-0021, Japan
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4
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Malz F, Arndt JH, Balko J, Barton B, Büsse T, Imhof D, Pfaendner R, Rode K, Brüll R. Analysis of the molecular heterogeneity of poly(lactic acid)/poly(butylene succinate-co-adipate) blends by hyphenating size exclusion chromatography with nuclear magnetic resonance and infrared spectroscopy. J Chromatogr A 2020; 1638:461819. [PMID: 33465585 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2020.461819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2020] [Revised: 12/04/2020] [Accepted: 12/15/2020] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
The compositional and stereochemical heterogeneity of copolymers are key molecular metrics, and their knowledge is of pivotal importance for evidence based material development. Yet, while it is state of the art to determine these parameters for many petroleum based polymers, little insight exists in that regard for bio-based materials. Towards this end, size exclusion chromatography (SEC) was hyphenated with nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (NMR) in an offline manner and a blend of poly(lactic acid) (PLA) and poly(butylene succinate-co-adipate) (PBSA) investigated. Thus, the microstructural heterogeneity could be shown with regard to tacticity of the PLA and regioregularity of the PBSA component. The results show, that the highest molar mass fraction differs in stereochemical composition from the others. It may be assumed that this is the result of misinsertions with regard to stereochemistry occurring during the catalytic polymerization of the lactide. While the content of both constituent polymers along the molar mass axis could be well studied using a univariate analysis of the infrared (IR) spectra, this method failed to profile the adipate and succinate content individually. For this purpose, SEC was coupled to IR spectroscopy in online mode and the spectra were evaluated by a multivariate protocol. Thus, the content of each monomer along the molar mass distribution could be mapped with high chromatographic resolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frank Malz
- Fraunhofer Institute for Structural Durability and System Reliability LBF, Division Plastics, Schlossgartenstr. 6, 64289 Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Jan-Hendrik Arndt
- Fraunhofer Institute for Structural Durability and System Reliability LBF, Division Plastics, Schlossgartenstr. 6, 64289 Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Jens Balko
- Fraunhofer Institute for Applied Polymer Research IAP, Division Biopolymers, Schipkauer Str. 1, BASF A754, 01987 Schwarzheide, Germany
| | - Bastian Barton
- Fraunhofer Institute for Structural Durability and System Reliability LBF, Division Plastics, Schlossgartenstr. 6, 64289 Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Thomas Büsse
- Fraunhofer Institute for Applied Polymer Research IAP, Division Biopolymers, Schipkauer Str. 1, BASF A754, 01987 Schwarzheide, Germany
| | - Dennis Imhof
- Fraunhofer Institute for Structural Durability and System Reliability LBF, Division Plastics, Schlossgartenstr. 6, 64289 Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Rudolf Pfaendner
- Fraunhofer Institute for Structural Durability and System Reliability LBF, Division Plastics, Schlossgartenstr. 6, 64289 Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Karsten Rode
- Fraunhofer Institute for Structural Durability and System Reliability LBF, Division Plastics, Schlossgartenstr. 6, 64289 Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Robert Brüll
- Fraunhofer Institute for Structural Durability and System Reliability LBF, Division Plastics, Schlossgartenstr. 6, 64289 Darmstadt, Germany.
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5
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Knol WC, Pirok BWJ, Peters RAH. Detection challenges in quantitative polymer analysis by liquid chromatography. J Sep Sci 2020; 44:63-87. [PMID: 32935906 PMCID: PMC7821191 DOI: 10.1002/jssc.202000768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2020] [Revised: 09/14/2020] [Accepted: 09/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Accurate quantification of polymer distributions is one of the main challenges in polymer analysis by liquid chromatography. The response of contemporary detectors is typically influenced by compositional features such as molecular weight, chain composition, end groups, and branching. This renders the accurate quantification of complex polymers of which there are no standards available, extremely challenging. Moreover, any (programmed) change in mobile-phase composition may further limit the applicability of detection techniques. Current methods often rely on refractive index detection, which is not accurate when dealing with complex samples as the refractive-index increment is often unknown. We review current and emerging detection methods in liquid chromatography with the aim of identifying detectors, which can be applied to the quantitative analysis of complex polymers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wouter C Knol
- Analytical Chemistry Group, van't Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences (HIMS), Faculty of Science, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Centre for Analytical Sciences Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Bob W J Pirok
- Analytical Chemistry Group, van't Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences (HIMS), Faculty of Science, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Centre for Analytical Sciences Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Ron A H Peters
- Analytical Chemistry Group, van't Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences (HIMS), Faculty of Science, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Centre for Analytical Sciences Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,DSM Resins & Functional Materials, Analytical Technology Centre, Waalwijk, The Netherlands
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6
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Botha C, Höpfner J, Mayerhöfer B, Wilhelm M. On-line SEC-MR-NMR hyphenation: optimization of sensitivity and selectivity on a 62 MHz benchtop NMR spectrometer. Polym Chem 2019. [DOI: 10.1039/c9py00140a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The development of sophisticated synthetic routes for polymeric materials and more complex formulation used in current polymers require more advanced analytical techniques. A direct correlation between molar mass distribution and chemical composition is provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlo Botha
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT)
- Institute for Chemical Technology and Polymer Chemistry
- 76131 Karlsruhe
- Germany
| | - Johannes Höpfner
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT)
- Institute for Chemical Technology and Polymer Chemistry
- 76131 Karlsruhe
- Germany
| | - Britta Mayerhöfer
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT)
- Institute for Chemical Technology and Polymer Chemistry
- 76131 Karlsruhe
- Germany
| | - Manfred Wilhelm
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT)
- Institute for Chemical Technology and Polymer Chemistry
- 76131 Karlsruhe
- Germany
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7
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Höpfner J, Ratzsch KF, Botha C, Wilhelm M. Medium Resolution 1 H-NMR at 62 MHz as a New Chemically Sensitive Online Detector for Size-Exclusion Chromatography (SEC-NMR). Macromol Rapid Commun 2018; 39:e1700766. [PMID: 29399906 DOI: 10.1002/marc.201700766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2017] [Revised: 01/08/2018] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
A state-of-the-art, medium-resolution 1 H-NMR spectrometer (62 MHz) is used as a chemically sensitive online detector for size-exclusion chromatography of polymers such as polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA) and polystyrene (PS). The method uses protonated eluents and works at typical chromatographic conditions with trace amounts of analytes (<0.5 g L-1 after separation). Strong solvent suppression, e.g., by a factor of 500, is achieved by means of T1 -filtering and mathematical subtraction methods. Substantial improvements are made with respect to previous work in terms of the sensitivity (signal-to-noise ratio up to 130:1, PMMA OCH3 ) and selectivity (peak width, full width half maximum (FWHM) 4 Hz on-flow). Typical homopolymers and a blend are investigated to deformulate their composition along the dimensions of molecular weight and NMR chemical shift. These results validate this new hyphenated chromatography method, which can greatly facilitate analysis and is much more effective than previously published results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johannes Höpfner
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Institute for Chemical Technology and Polymer Chemistry, Engesserstr. 18, 76131, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Karl-Friedrich Ratzsch
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Institute for Chemical Technology and Polymer Chemistry, Engesserstr. 18, 76131, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Carlo Botha
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Institute for Chemical Technology and Polymer Chemistry, Engesserstr. 18, 76131, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Manfred Wilhelm
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Institute for Chemical Technology and Polymer Chemistry, Engesserstr. 18, 76131, Karlsruhe, Germany
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8
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Liu Y, Phiri MJ, Ndiripo A, Pasch H. Chemical composition separation of a propylene–ethylene random copolymer by high temperature solvent gradient interaction chromatography. J Chromatogr A 2017; 1522:23-29. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2017.09.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2017] [Revised: 06/04/2017] [Accepted: 09/19/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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9
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Zhou Z, Janco M, Cong R, Lee D, Shan CLP, Boopalachandran P, Shi Z, Miller MD, Winniford B, Huang T, Herceg E, Salazar I, Pangburn T, Sandlin A, Fan L, Wu J. Simultaneous measurement of the molecular weight distribution and 5-ethylidene-2-norbornene content across the molecular weight distribution of ethylene-propylene-diene terpolymer via a new size exclusion chromatography-ultraviolet-refractive index method. J Appl Polym Sci 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/app.43911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Z. Zhou
- Dow Chemical Company; Freeport Texas 77541
| | - M. Janco
- Dow Chemical Company; Collegeville Pennsylvania 19426
| | - R. Cong
- Dow Chemical Company; Freeport Texas 77541
| | - D. Lee
- Dow Chemical Company; Midland Michigan 48667
| | | | | | - Z. Shi
- Dow Chemical Company; Freeport Texas 77541
| | | | | | - T. Huang
- Dow Chemical Company; Freeport Texas 77541
| | - E. Herceg
- Dow Chemical Company; Union Kentucky 41091
| | - I. Salazar
- Dow Chemical Company; Freeport Texas 77541
| | - T. Pangburn
- Dow Chemical Company; Midland Michigan 48667
| | - A. Sandlin
- Dow Chemical Company; Freeport Texas 77541
| | - L. Fan
- Dow Chemical Company; Freeport Texas 77541
| | - J. Wu
- Dow Chemical Company; Collegeville Pennsylvania 19426
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10
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Räntzsch V, Wilhelm M, Guthausen G. Hyphenated low-field NMR techniques: combining NMR with NIR, GPC/SEC and rheometry. MAGNETIC RESONANCE IN CHEMISTRY : MRC 2016; 54:494-501. [PMID: 25854997 DOI: 10.1002/mrc.4219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2014] [Revised: 12/18/2014] [Accepted: 01/19/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Hyphenated low-field NMR techniques are promising characterization methods for online process analytics and comprehensive offline studies of soft materials. By combining different analytical methods with low-field NMR, information on chemical and physical properties can be correlated with molecular dynamics and complementary chemical information. In this review, we present three hyphenated low-field NMR techniques: a combination of near-infrared spectroscopy and time-domain NMR (TD-NMR) relaxometry, online (1) H-NMR spectroscopy measured directly after size exclusion chromatographic (SEC, also known as GPC) separation and a combination of rheometry and TD-NMR relaxometry for highly viscous materials. Case studies are reviewed that underline the possibilities and challenges of the different hyphenated low-field NMR methods. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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Affiliation(s)
- Volker Räntzsch
- Institute for Chemical Technology and Polymer Chemistry, Karlsruhe Institute for Technology (KIT), Karlsruhe, 76131, Germany
| | - Manfred Wilhelm
- Institute for Chemical Technology and Polymer Chemistry, Karlsruhe Institute for Technology (KIT), Karlsruhe, 76131, Germany
| | - Gisela Guthausen
- Pro2NMR, Institute for Biological Interfaces and Institute for Mechanical Process Engineering and Mechanics, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Karlsruhe, 76131, Germany
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11
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Ölscher F, Göttker-Schnetmann I, Monteil V, Mecking S. Role of Radical Species in Salicylaldiminato Ni(II) Mediated Polymer Chain Growth: A Case Study for the Migratory Insertion Polymerization of Ethylene in the Presence of Methyl Methacrylate. J Am Chem Soc 2015; 137:14819-28. [PMID: 26571229 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.5b08612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
To date, an inconclusive and partially contradictive picture exists on the behavior of neutral Ni(II) insertion polymerization catalysts toward methyl methacrylate (MMA). We shed light on this issue by a combination of comprehensive mechanistic NMR and EPR studies, isolation of a key Ni(I) intermediate, and pressure reactor studies with ethylene and MMA, followed by detailed polymer analysis. An interlocking mechanistic picture of an insertion and a free radical polymerization is revealed. Both polymerizations run simultaneously (25 bar ethylene, neat MMA, 70 °C); however, the chain growth cycles are independent of each other, and therefore exclusively a physical mixture of homo-PE and homo-PMMA is obtained. A Ni-C bond cleavage was excluded as a free radical source. Rather a homolytic P-C bond cleavage in the labile aryl phosphine ligand and the reaction of low-valent Ni(0/I) species with specific iodo substituted N^O (Ar-I) ligands were shown to initiate radical MMA polymerizations. Several reductive elimination decomposition pathways of catalyst precursor or active intermediates were shown to form low-valent Ni species. One of those pathways is a bimolecular reductive coupling via intermediate (N^O)Ni(I) formation. These intermediate Ni(I) species can be prevented from ultimate decomposition by capturing with organic radical sources, forming insertion polymerization active [(N^O)Ni(II)-R] species and prolonging the ethylene polymerization activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Franz Ölscher
- Chair of Chemical Materials Science, Department of Chemistry, University of Konstanz , D-78464 Konstanz, Germany
| | - Inigo Göttker-Schnetmann
- Chair of Chemical Materials Science, Department of Chemistry, University of Konstanz , D-78464 Konstanz, Germany
| | - Vincent Monteil
- Université de Lyon , Univ. Lyon 1, CPE Lyon, CNRS UMR 5265 Laboratoire de Chimie Catalyse Polymères et Procédés (C2P2), LCPP team Bat 308F, 43 Bd du 11 novembre 1918, F-69616 Villeurbanne, France
| | - Stefan Mecking
- Chair of Chemical Materials Science, Department of Chemistry, University of Konstanz , D-78464 Konstanz, Germany
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12
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Chitta R, Macko T, Brüll R, Boisson C, Cossoul E, Boyron O. Characterization of the Chemical Composition Distribution of Ethylene/1-Alkene Copolymers with HPLC and CRYSTAF-Comparison of Results. MACROMOL CHEM PHYS 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/macp.201400490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Rajesh Chitta
- Fraunhofer Institute for Structural Durability and System Reliability; Division Plastics; Group Material Analytics; Schlossgartenstr. 6 64289 Darmstadt Germany
| | - Tibor Macko
- Fraunhofer Institute for Structural Durability and System Reliability; Division Plastics; Group Material Analytics; Schlossgartenstr. 6 64289 Darmstadt Germany
| | - Robert Brüll
- Fraunhofer Institute for Structural Durability and System Reliability; Division Plastics; Group Material Analytics; Schlossgartenstr. 6 64289 Darmstadt Germany
| | - Christophe Boisson
- Université de Lyon, Univ. Lyon 1, CPE Lyon, CNRS; UMR 5265 Laboratoire de Chimie Catalyse Polymères et Procédés (C2P2); LCPP Team; Bat 308F, 43 Bd. du 11 novembre 1918 F-69616 Villeurbanne France
| | - Emilie Cossoul
- Université de Lyon, Univ. Lyon 1, CPE Lyon, CNRS; UMR 5265 Laboratoire de Chimie Catalyse Polymères et Procédés (C2P2); LCPP Team; Bat 308F, 43 Bd. du 11 novembre 1918 F-69616 Villeurbanne France
| | - Olivier Boyron
- Université de Lyon, Univ. Lyon 1, CPE Lyon, CNRS; UMR 5265 Laboratoire de Chimie Catalyse Polymères et Procédés (C2P2); LCPP Team; Bat 308F, 43 Bd. du 11 novembre 1918 F-69616 Villeurbanne France
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13
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Beskers TF, Hofe T, Wilhelm M. Development of a chemically sensitive online SEC detector based on FTIR spectroscopy. Polym Chem 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/c4py01043d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A new FTIR–SEC coupling method provides correlated information about the molecular weight distribution and the chemical composition and has the potential to be applied as a standard SEC detector.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timo F. Beskers
- Institute for Chemical Technology and Polymer Chemistry
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT)
- 76131 Karlsruhe
- Germany
- PSS Polymer Standards Service GmbH
| | - Thorsten Hofe
- PSS Polymer Standards Service GmbH
- 55120 Mainz
- Germany
| | - Manfred Wilhelm
- Institute for Chemical Technology and Polymer Chemistry
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT)
- 76131 Karlsruhe
- Germany
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14
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Pitkänen L, Urbas AA, Striegel AM. On the feasibility of determining polymer chemical heterogeneity by SEC with continuous off-line Raman detection. Polym Chem 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/c5py00189g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Examined here is the feasibility of employing Raman spectroscopy as a detection method in size-exclusion chromatography (SEC) and related macromolecular separations, for the purposes of determining the chemical heterogeneity of copolymers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leena Pitkänen
- Chemical Sciences Division
- National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST)
- Gaithersburg
- USA
| | - Aaron A. Urbas
- Biosystems and Biomaterials Division
- National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST)
- Gaithersburg
- USA
| | - André M. Striegel
- Chemical Sciences Division
- National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST)
- Gaithersburg
- USA
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15
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Branched polymers characterized by comprehensive two-dimensional separations with fully orthogonal mechanisms: molecular-topology fractionation×size-exclusion chromatography. J Chromatogr A 2014; 1366:54-64. [PMID: 25282310 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2014.09.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2014] [Revised: 08/29/2014] [Accepted: 09/02/2014] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Polymer separations under non-conventional conditions have been explored to obtain a separation of long-chain branched polymers from linear polymers with identical hydrodynamic size. In separation media with flow-through channels of the same order as the size of the analyte molecules in solution, the separation and the elution order of polymers are strongly affected by the flow rate. At low flow rates, the largest polymers are eluted last. At high flow rates, they are eluted first. By tuning the channel size and flow rate, conditions can be found where separation becomes independent of molar mass or size of linear polymers. Long-chain branched polymers did experience lower migration rates under these conditions and can be separated from linear polymers. This type of separation is referred to as molecular-topology fractionation (MTF) at critical conditions. Separation by comprehensive two-dimensional molecular-topology fractionation and size-exclusion chromatography (MTF×SEC) was used to study the retention characteristics of MTF. Branching selectivity was demonstrated for three- and four-arm "star" polystyrenes of 3-5×10(6)g/mol molar mass. Baseline separation could be obtained between linear polymer, Y-shaped molecules, and X-shaped molecules in a single experiment at constant flow rate. For randomly branched polymers, the branching selectivity inevitably results in an envelope of peaks, because it is not possible to fully resolve the huge numbers of different branched and linear polymers of varying molar mass. It was concluded that MTF involves partial deformation of polymer coils in solution. The increased coil density and resistance to deformation can explain the different retention behavior of branched molecules.
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16
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Lee D, Shan CLP, Meunier DM, Lyons JW, Cong R, deGroot AW. Toward absolute chemical composition distribution measurement of polyolefins by high-temperature liquid chromatography hyphenated with infrared absorbance and light scattering detectors. Anal Chem 2014; 86:8649-56. [PMID: 25117509 DOI: 10.1021/ac501477a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Chemical composition distribution (CCD) is a fundamental metric for representing molecular structures of copolymers in addition to molecular weight distribution (MWD). Solvent gradient interaction chromatography (SGIC) is commonly used to separate copolymers by chemical composition in order to obtain CCD. The separation of polymer in SGIC is, however, not only affected by chemical composition but also by molecular weight and architecture. The ability to measure composition and MW simultaneously after separation would be beneficial for understanding the impact of different factors and deriving true CCD. In this study, comprehensive two-dimensional chromatography (2D) was coupled with infrared absorbance (IR5) and light scattering (LS) detectors for characterization of ethylene-propylene copolymers. Polymers were first separated by SGIC as the first dimension chromatography (D1). The separated fractions were then characterized by the second dimension (D2) size exclusion chromatography (SEC) with IR5 and LS detectors. The concentrations and compositions of the separated fractions were measured online using the IR5 detector. The MWs of the fractions were measured by the ratio of LS to IR5 signals. A metric was derived from online concentration and composition data to represent CCD breadth. The metric was shown to be independent of separation gradients for an "absolute" measurement of CCD breadth. By combining online composition and MW data, the relationship of MW as a function of chemical composition was obtained. This relationship was qualitatively consistent with the results by SEC coupled to IR5, which measures chemical composition as a function of logMW. The simultaneous measurements of composition and MW give the opportunity to study the SGIC separation mechanism and derive chain architectural characteristics of polymer chains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dean Lee
- The Dow Chemical Company, Analytical Sciences R&D, 1897 Building, Midland, Michigan 48667, United States
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17
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Hiller W, Sinha P, Hehn M, Pasch H. Online LC-NMR – From an expensive toy to a powerful tool in polymer analysis. Prog Polym Sci 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.progpolymsci.2013.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Nong G, Chen S, Xu Y, Huang L, Zou Q, Li S, Mo H, Zhu P, Cen W, Wang S. Artificial photosynthesis of oxalate and oxalate-based polymer by a photovoltaic reactor. Sci Rep 2014; 4:3572. [PMID: 24389750 PMCID: PMC3880959 DOI: 10.1038/srep03572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2013] [Accepted: 12/02/2013] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
A photovoltaic reactor was designed for artificial photosynthesis, based on the reactions involved in high energy hydrogen atoms, which were produced from water electrolysis. Water and CO2, under the conditions studied, were converted to oxalate (H2C2O4) and a polymer. This was the first time that the oxalates and oxalate-based polymer were produced from the artificial photosynthesis process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guangzai Nong
- Center for Sugar Engineering and Technology Research, Guangxi University, Nanning, Guangxi, 530004, P. R. China
| | - Shan Chen
- Center for Sugar Engineering and Technology Research, Guangxi University, Nanning, Guangxi, 530004, P. R. China
| | - Yuanjin Xu
- State key laboratory for conservation and utilization of subtropical agro-bioresources, Guangxi University, Nanning, Guangxi, 530004, P. R. China
| | - Lijie Huang
- Center for Sugar Engineering and Technology Research, Guangxi University, Nanning, Guangxi, 530004, P. R. China
| | - Qingsong Zou
- Center for Sugar Engineering and Technology Research, Guangxi University, Nanning, Guangxi, 530004, P. R. China
| | - Shiqiang Li
- Institute of Light Industry and Food Engineering, Guangxi University, Nanning, Guangxi, 530004, P. R. China
| | - Haitao Mo
- Center for Sugar Engineering and Technology Research, Guangxi University, Nanning, Guangxi, 530004, P. R. China
| | - Pingchuan Zhu
- State key laboratory for conservation and utilization of subtropical agro-bioresources, Guangxi University, Nanning, Guangxi, 530004, P. R. China
| | - Weijian Cen
- State key laboratory for conservation and utilization of subtropical agro-bioresources, Guangxi University, Nanning, Guangxi, 530004, P. R. China
| | - Shuangfei Wang
- Institute of Light Industry and Food Engineering, Guangxi University, Nanning, Guangxi, 530004, P. R. China
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19
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Malik MI, Pasch H. Novel developments in the multidimensional characterization of segmented copolymers. Prog Polym Sci 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.progpolymsci.2013.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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20
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Hiller W, van Aswegen W, Hehn M, Pasch H. Online ThFFF–NMR: A Novel Tool for Molar Mass and Chemical Composition Analysis of Complex Macromolecules. Macromolecules 2013. [DOI: 10.1021/ma400350y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Wolf Hiller
- Faculty of Chemistry, TU Dortmund, Otto-Hahn-Strasse 6, 44227 Dortmund, Germany
| | - Werner van Aswegen
- Department of Chemistry and
Polymer Science, University of Stellenbosch, Private Bag X1, 7602 Matieland, South Africa
| | - Mathias Hehn
- Faculty of Chemistry, TU Dortmund, Otto-Hahn-Strasse 6, 44227 Dortmund, Germany
| | - Harald Pasch
- Department of Chemistry and
Polymer Science, University of Stellenbosch, Private Bag X1, 7602 Matieland, South Africa
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21
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Polyolefin Characterization: Recent Advances in Separation Techniques. POLYOLEFINS: 50 YEARS AFTER ZIEGLER AND NATTA I 2013. [DOI: 10.1007/12_2013_216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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23
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Hiller W, Hehn M, Sinha P, Raust JA, Pasch H. Online Coupling of Two-Dimensional Liquid Chromatography and NMR for the Analysis of Complex Polymers. Macromolecules 2012. [DOI: 10.1021/ma301494c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Wolf Hiller
- Faculty of Chemistry, TU Dortmund, Otto-Hahn-Straße
6, 44227 Dortmund, Germany
| | - Mathias Hehn
- Faculty of Chemistry, TU Dortmund, Otto-Hahn-Straße
6, 44227 Dortmund, Germany
| | - Pritish Sinha
- Department of Chemistry and Polymer Science, University of Stellenbosch, Private Bag X1, 7602 Matieland, South
Africa
| | | | - Harald Pasch
- Department of Chemistry and Polymer Science, University of Stellenbosch, Private Bag X1, 7602 Matieland, South
Africa
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24
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Beskers TF, Hofe T, Wilhelm M. Online Coupling of Size-Exclusion Chromatography and IR Spectroscopy to Correlate Molecular Weight with Chemical Composition. Macromol Rapid Commun 2012; 33:1747-52. [DOI: 10.1002/marc.201200403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2012] [Revised: 07/05/2012] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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25
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Cudaj M, Guthausen G, Hofe T, Wilhelm M. Online Coupling of Size-Exclusion Chromatography and Low-Field 1
H NMR Spectroscopy. MACROMOL CHEM PHYS 2012. [DOI: 10.1002/macp.201200290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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26
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Hiller W, Hehn M, Hofe T, Oleschko K, Montag P. On-line fractionated size exclusion chromatography–nuclear magnetic resonance of polymers with 1H and 2H nuclear magnetic resonance detection. J Chromatogr A 2012; 1240:77-82. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2012.03.077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2011] [Revised: 03/23/2012] [Accepted: 03/26/2012] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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27
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Hehn M, Hiller W, Wagner T, Thiel J, Pasch H. Molar Mass and Microstructure Analysis of PI-b-PMMA Copolymers by SEC-NMR. MACROMOL CHEM PHYS 2012. [DOI: 10.1002/macp.201100645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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28
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Pasch H, Malik MI, Macko T. Recent Advances in High-Temperature Fractionation of Polyolefins. POLYMER COMPOSITES – POLYOLEFIN FRACTIONATION – POLYMERIC PEPTIDOMIMETICS – COLLAGENS 2012. [DOI: 10.1007/12_2012_167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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29
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Uliyanchenko E, van der Wal S, Schoenmakers PJ. Challenges in polymer analysis by liquid chromatography. Polym Chem 2012. [DOI: 10.1039/c2py20274c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
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30
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Chitta R, Ginzburg A, van Doremaele G, Macko T, Brüll R. Separating ethylene-propylene-diene terpolymers according to the content of diene by HT-HPLC and HT 2D-LC. POLYMER 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2011.10.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/15/2022]
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31
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Macko T, Brüll R, Wang Y, Coto B, Suarez I. Characterization of ethylene-propylene copolymers with high-temperature gradient adsorption liquid chromatography and CRYSTAF. J Appl Polym Sci 2011. [DOI: 10.1002/app.34432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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32
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Cudaj M, Guthausen G, Hofe T, Wilhelm M. SEC-MR-NMR: Online Coupling of Size Exclusion Chromatography and Medium Resolution NMR Spectroscopy. Macromol Rapid Commun 2011; 32:665-70. [DOI: 10.1002/marc.201000760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2010] [Revised: 01/10/2011] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Macko T, Brüll R, Zhu Y, Wang Y. A review on the development of liquid chromatography systems for polyolefins. J Sep Sci 2010; 33:3446-54. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201000516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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34
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35
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Hiller W, Hehn M, Hofe T, Oleschko K. Online Size Exclusion Chromatography−NMR for the Determination of Molar Mass Distributions of Copolymers. Anal Chem 2010; 82:8244-50. [DOI: 10.1021/ac1013095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Wolf Hiller
- TU Dortmund, Faculty of Chemistry, Otto-Hahn-Strasse 6, 44227 Dortmund, Germany, and PSS Polymer Standards Service GmbH, In der Dalheimer Wiese 5, 55120 Mainz, Germany
| | - Mathias Hehn
- TU Dortmund, Faculty of Chemistry, Otto-Hahn-Strasse 6, 44227 Dortmund, Germany, and PSS Polymer Standards Service GmbH, In der Dalheimer Wiese 5, 55120 Mainz, Germany
| | - Thorsten Hofe
- TU Dortmund, Faculty of Chemistry, Otto-Hahn-Strasse 6, 44227 Dortmund, Germany, and PSS Polymer Standards Service GmbH, In der Dalheimer Wiese 5, 55120 Mainz, Germany
| | - Kirsten Oleschko
- TU Dortmund, Faculty of Chemistry, Otto-Hahn-Strasse 6, 44227 Dortmund, Germany, and PSS Polymer Standards Service GmbH, In der Dalheimer Wiese 5, 55120 Mainz, Germany
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36
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Vargas MA, Cudaj M, Hailu K, Sachsenheimer K, Guthausen G. Online Low-Field 1H NMR Spectroscopy: Monitoring of Emulsion Polymerization of Butyl Acrylate. Macromolecules 2010. [DOI: 10.1021/ma1006599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Maria A. Vargas
- Karlsruher Institut für Technologie (KIT), Institut für Mechanische Verfahrenstechnik und Mechanik (MVM), SRG10-2, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Markus Cudaj
- Karlsruher Institut für Technologie (KIT), Institut für Technische Chemie und Polymerchemie, D-76128 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Kidist Hailu
- Karlsruher Institut für Technologie (KIT), Institut für Mechanische Verfahrenstechnik und Mechanik (MVM), SRG10-2, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Kerstin Sachsenheimer
- Karlsruher Institut für Technologie (KIT), Institut für Mechanische Verfahrenstechnik und Mechanik (MVM), SRG10-2, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Gisela Guthausen
- Karlsruher Institut für Technologie (KIT), Institut für Mechanische Verfahrenstechnik und Mechanik (MVM), SRG10-2, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
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37
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Fonseca GE, Dubé MA, Penlidis A. A Critical Overview of Sensors for Monitoring Polymerizations. MACROMOL REACT ENG 2009. [DOI: 10.1002/mren.200900024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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38
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Pasch H, Albrecht A, Bruell R, Macko T, Hiller W. High Temperature Interaction Chromatography of Olefin Copolymers. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009. [DOI: 10.1002/masy.200950808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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39
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Macko T, Pasch H. Separation of Linear Polyethylene from Isotactic, Atactic, and Syndiotactic Polypropylene by High-Temperature Adsorption Liquid Chromatography. Macromolecules 2009. [DOI: 10.1021/ma900979n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tibor Macko
- German Institute for Polymers, Schlossgartenstr. 6, 64289 Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Harald Pasch
- German Institute for Polymers, Schlossgartenstr. 6, 64289 Darmstadt, Germany
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40
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Abstract
The synthesis and characterization of polyolefins continues to be one of the most important areas for academic and industrial polymer research. One consequence of the development of new "tailor-made" polyolefins is the need for new and improved analytical techniques for the analysis of polyolefins with respect to molar mass and chemical composition distribution. The present article briefly reviews different new and relevant techniques for polyolefin analysis. Crystallization analysis fractionation is a powerful new technique for the analysis of short-chain branching in linear low-density polyethylene (LLDPE) and the analysis of polyolefin blends and copolymers regarding chemical composition. For the fast analysis of the chemical composition distribution, a new high-temperature gradient high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) system has been developed. The efficiency of this system for the separation of various olefin copolymers is demonstrated. The correlation between molar mass and chemical composition can be accessed by on-line coupling of high-temperature size exclusion chromatography (HT-SEC) and 1H NMR spectroscopy. It is shown that the on-line NMR analysis of chromatographic fractions yields information on microstructure and tacticity in addition to molar mass and copolymer composition.
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