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Tai YH, Engels D, Locatelli G, Emmanouilidis I, Fecher C, Theodorou D, Müller SA, Licht-Mayer S, Kreutzfeldt M, Wagner I, de Mello NP, Gkotzamani SN, Trovò L, Kendirli A, Aljović A, Breckwoldt MO, Naumann R, Bareyre FM, Perocchi F, Mahad D, Merkler D, Lichtenthaler SF, Kerschensteiner M, Misgeld T. Targeting the TCA cycle can ameliorate widespread axonal energy deficiency in neuroinflammatory lesions. Nat Metab 2023; 5:1364-1381. [PMID: 37430025 PMCID: PMC10447243 DOI: 10.1038/s42255-023-00838-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2022] [Accepted: 06/05/2023] [Indexed: 07/12/2023]
Abstract
Inflammation in the central nervous system can impair the function of neuronal mitochondria and contributes to axon degeneration in the common neuroinflammatory disease multiple sclerosis (MS). Here we combine cell-type-specific mitochondrial proteomics with in vivo biosensor imaging to dissect how inflammation alters the molecular composition and functional capacity of neuronal mitochondria. We show that neuroinflammatory lesions in the mouse spinal cord cause widespread and persisting axonal ATP deficiency, which precedes mitochondrial oxidation and calcium overload. This axonal energy deficiency is associated with impaired electron transport chain function, but also an upstream imbalance of tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle enzymes, with several, including key rate-limiting, enzymes being depleted in neuronal mitochondria in experimental models and in MS lesions. Notably, viral overexpression of individual TCA enzymes can ameliorate the axonal energy deficits in neuroinflammatory lesions, suggesting that TCA cycle dysfunction in MS may be amendable to therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Heng Tai
- Institute of Clinical Neuroimmunology, University Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians Universität (LMU) München, Munich, Germany
- Biomedical Center (BMC), Faculty of Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians Universität München, Martinsried, Germany
- Institute of Neuronal Cell Biology, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Daniel Engels
- Institute of Clinical Neuroimmunology, University Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians Universität (LMU) München, Munich, Germany
- Biomedical Center (BMC), Faculty of Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians Universität München, Martinsried, Germany
| | - Giuseppe Locatelli
- Institute of Clinical Neuroimmunology, University Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians Universität (LMU) München, Munich, Germany
- Biomedical Center (BMC), Faculty of Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians Universität München, Martinsried, Germany
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research (NIBR), Basel, Switzerland
| | - Ioanna Emmanouilidis
- Institute of Clinical Neuroimmunology, University Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians Universität (LMU) München, Munich, Germany
- Biomedical Center (BMC), Faculty of Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians Universität München, Martinsried, Germany
- Institute of Neuronal Cell Biology, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Caroline Fecher
- Institute of Neuronal Cell Biology, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Munich, Germany
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, Washington University in St Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Delphine Theodorou
- Institute of Clinical Neuroimmunology, University Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians Universität (LMU) München, Munich, Germany
- Biomedical Center (BMC), Faculty of Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians Universität München, Martinsried, Germany
| | - Stephan A Müller
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Munich, Germany
- Neuroproteomics, School of Medicine, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Simon Licht-Mayer
- Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Mario Kreutzfeldt
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Division of Clinical Pathology, University & University Hospitals of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Ingrid Wagner
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Division of Clinical Pathology, University & University Hospitals of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | | | - Sofia-Natsouko Gkotzamani
- Institute of Clinical Neuroimmunology, University Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians Universität (LMU) München, Munich, Germany
- Biomedical Center (BMC), Faculty of Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians Universität München, Martinsried, Germany
| | - Laura Trovò
- Institute of Neuronal Cell Biology, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Arek Kendirli
- Institute of Clinical Neuroimmunology, University Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians Universität (LMU) München, Munich, Germany
- Biomedical Center (BMC), Faculty of Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians Universität München, Martinsried, Germany
| | - Almir Aljović
- Institute of Clinical Neuroimmunology, University Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians Universität (LMU) München, Munich, Germany
- Biomedical Center (BMC), Faculty of Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians Universität München, Martinsried, Germany
| | - Michael O Breckwoldt
- Institute of Clinical Neuroimmunology, University Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians Universität (LMU) München, Munich, Germany
- Biomedical Center (BMC), Faculty of Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians Universität München, Martinsried, Germany
- Institute of Neuronal Cell Biology, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
- Department of Neuroradiology, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Ronald Naumann
- Transgenic Core Facility, Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics, Dresden, Germany
| | - Florence M Bareyre
- Institute of Clinical Neuroimmunology, University Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians Universität (LMU) München, Munich, Germany
- Biomedical Center (BMC), Faculty of Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians Universität München, Martinsried, Germany
- Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology (SyNergy), Munich, Germany
| | - Fabiana Perocchi
- Institute of Neuronal Cell Biology, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
- Institute for Diabetes and Obesity, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Munich, Germany
- Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology (SyNergy), Munich, Germany
| | - Don Mahad
- Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Doron Merkler
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Division of Clinical Pathology, University & University Hospitals of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Stefan F Lichtenthaler
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Munich, Germany
- Neuroproteomics, School of Medicine, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
- Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology (SyNergy), Munich, Germany
| | - Martin Kerschensteiner
- Institute of Clinical Neuroimmunology, University Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians Universität (LMU) München, Munich, Germany.
- Biomedical Center (BMC), Faculty of Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians Universität München, Martinsried, Germany.
- Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology (SyNergy), Munich, Germany.
| | - Thomas Misgeld
- Institute of Neuronal Cell Biology, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany.
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Munich, Germany.
- Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology (SyNergy), Munich, Germany.
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2
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Smith LA, Chen C, Lax NZ, Taylor RW, Erskine D, McFarland R. Astrocytic pathology in Alpers' syndrome. Acta Neuropathol Commun 2023; 11:86. [PMID: 37259148 DOI: 10.1186/s40478-023-01579-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2023] [Accepted: 05/11/2023] [Indexed: 06/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Refractory epilepsy is the main neurological manifestation of Alpers' syndrome, a severe childhood-onset mitochondrial disease caused by bi-allelic pathogenic variants in the mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) polymerase gamma gene (POLG). The pathophysiological mechanisms underpinning neuronal hyperexcitabilty leading to seizures in Alpers' syndrome remain unknown. However, pathological changes to reactive astrocytes are hypothesised to exacerbate neural dysfunction and seizure-associated cortical activity in POLG-related disease. Therefore, we sought to phenotypically characterise astrocytic pathology in Alpers' syndrome. We performed a detailed quantitative investigation of reactive astrocytes in post-mortem neocortical tissues from thirteen patients with Alpers' syndrome, eight neurologically normal controls and five sudden unexpected death in epilepsy (SUDEP) patients, to control for generalised epilepsy-associated astrocytic pathology. Immunohistochemistry to identify glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP)-reactive astrocytes revealed striking reactive astrogliosis localised to the primary visual cortex of Alpers' syndrome tissues, characterised by abnormal-appearing hypertrophic astrocytes. Phenotypic characterisation of individual GFAP-reactive astrocytes demonstrated decreased abundance of mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) proteins and altered expression of key astrocytic proteins including Kir4.1 (subunit of the inwardly rectifying K+ ion channel), AQP4 (astrocytic water channel) and glutamine synthetase (enzyme that metabolises glutamate). These phenotypic astrocytic changes were typically different from the pathology observed in SUDEP tissues, suggesting alternative mechanisms of astrocytic dysfunction between these epilepsies. Crucially, our findings provide further evidence of occipital lobe involvement in Alpers' syndrome and support the involvement of reactive astrocytes in the pathogenesis of POLG-related disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura A Smith
- Wellcome Centre for Mitochondrial Research, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE2 4HH, UK.
- Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE2 4HH, UK.
| | - Chun Chen
- Wellcome Centre for Mitochondrial Research, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE2 4HH, UK
- Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE2 4HH, UK
| | - Nichola Z Lax
- Wellcome Centre for Mitochondrial Research, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE2 4HH, UK
- Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE2 4HH, UK
| | - Robert W Taylor
- Wellcome Centre for Mitochondrial Research, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE2 4HH, UK
- Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE2 4HH, UK
- NHS Highly Specialised Service for Rare Mitochondrial Disorders of Adults and Children, Newcastle University, Newcastle Upon Tyne, Newcastle, NE2 4HH, UK
| | - Daniel Erskine
- Wellcome Centre for Mitochondrial Research, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE2 4HH, UK
- Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE2 4HH, UK
| | - Robert McFarland
- Wellcome Centre for Mitochondrial Research, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE2 4HH, UK.
- Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE2 4HH, UK.
- NHS Highly Specialised Service for Rare Mitochondrial Disorders of Adults and Children, Newcastle University, Newcastle Upon Tyne, Newcastle, NE2 4HH, UK.
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Licht‐Mayer S, Campbell GR, Mehta AR, McGill K, Symonds A, Al‐Azki S, Pryce G, Zandee S, Zhao C, Kipp M, Smith KJ, Baker D, Altmann D, Anderton SM, Kap YS, Laman JD, 't Hart BA, Rodriguez M, Franklin RJM, Chandran S, Lassmann H, Trapp BD, Mahad DJ. Axonal response of mitochondria to demyelination and complex IV activity within demyelinated axons in experimental models of multiple sclerosis. Neuropathol Appl Neurobiol 2023; 49:e12851. [PMID: 36181265 PMCID: PMC10092519 DOI: 10.1111/nan.12851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2021] [Revised: 07/26/2022] [Accepted: 08/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
AIMS Axonal injury in multiple sclerosis (MS) and experimental models is most frequently detected in acutely demyelinating lesions. We recently reported a compensatory neuronal response, where mitochondria move to the acutely demyelinated axon and increase the mitochondrial content following lysolecithin-induced demyelination. We termed this homeostatic phenomenon, which is also evident in MS, the axonal response of mitochondria to demyelination (ARMD). The aim of this study is to determine whether ARMD is consistently evident in experimental demyelination and how its perturbation relates to axonal injury. METHODS In the present study, we assessed axonal mitochondrial content as well as axonal mitochondrial respiratory chain complex IV activity (cytochrome c oxidase or COX) of axons and related these to axonal injury in nine different experimental disease models. We used immunofluorescent histochemistry as well as sequential COX histochemistry followed by immunofluorescent labelling of mitochondria and axons. RESULTS We found ARMD a consistent and robust phenomenon in all experimental disease models. The increase in mitochondrial content within demyelinated axons, however, was not always accompanied by a proportionate increase in complex IV activity, particularly in highly inflammatory models such as experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE). Axonal complex IV activity inversely correlated with the extent of axonal injury in experimental disease models. CONCLUSIONS Our findings indicate that ARMD is a consistent and prominent feature and emphasise the importance of complex IV activity in the context of ARMD, especially in autoimmune inflammatory demyelination, paving the way for the development of novel neuroprotective therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon Licht‐Mayer
- Centre for Clinical Brain SciencesUniversity of EdinburghEdinburghUK
| | | | - Arpan R. Mehta
- Centre for Clinical Brain SciencesUniversity of EdinburghEdinburghUK
- UK Dementia Research InstituteUniversity of EdinburghEdinburghUK
| | - Katie McGill
- Centre for Clinical Brain SciencesUniversity of EdinburghEdinburghUK
| | - Alex Symonds
- Centre for Clinical Brain SciencesUniversity of EdinburghEdinburghUK
| | - Sarah Al‐Azki
- Blizard Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and DentistryQueen Mary University of LondonLondonUK
| | - Gareth Pryce
- Blizard Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and DentistryQueen Mary University of LondonLondonUK
| | - Stephanie Zandee
- Centre for Inflammation ResearchUniversity of EdinburghEdinburghUK
| | - Chao Zhao
- Wellcome Trust‐MRC Cambridge Stem Cell Institute, Jeffrey Cheah Biomedical CentreUniversity of Cambridge, Cambridge Biomedical CampusCambridgeUK
| | - Markus Kipp
- Institute of AnatomyRostock University Medical CenterRostockGermany
| | - Kenneth J. Smith
- Department of Neuroinflammation, The UCL Queen Square Institute of NeurologyUniversity College LondonLondonUK
| | - David Baker
- Blizard Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and DentistryQueen Mary University of LondonLondonUK
| | - Daniel Altmann
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of MedicineHammersmith CampusLondonUK
| | | | - Yolanda S. Kap
- Department of ImmunobiologyBiomedical Primate Research CentreRijswijkThe Netherlands
| | - Jon D. Laman
- Department of ImmunobiologyBiomedical Primate Research CentreRijswijkThe Netherlands
- Department Pathology and Medical Biology and MS Center Noord Nederland (MSCNN)University Groningen, University Medical Center GroningenGroningenThe Netherlands
| | - Bert A. 't Hart
- Department of ImmunobiologyBiomedical Primate Research CentreRijswijkThe Netherlands
- Department Pathology and Medical Biology and MS Center Noord Nederland (MSCNN)University Groningen, University Medical Center GroningenGroningenThe Netherlands
- Department Anatomy and NeuroscienceAmsterdam University Medical Center (VUMC)AmsterdamNetherlands
| | - Moses Rodriguez
- Department of Neurology and ImmunologyMayo College of Medicine and ScienceRochesterMinnesotaUSA
| | - Robin J. M. Franklin
- Wellcome Trust‐MRC Cambridge Stem Cell Institute, Jeffrey Cheah Biomedical CentreUniversity of Cambridge, Cambridge Biomedical CampusCambridgeUK
| | - Siddharthan Chandran
- Centre for Clinical Brain SciencesUniversity of EdinburghEdinburghUK
- UK Dementia Research InstituteUniversity of EdinburghEdinburghUK
| | - Hans Lassmann
- Department of Neuroimmunology, Center for Brain ResearchMedical University ViennaViennaAustria
| | - Bruce D. Trapp
- Department of NeuroscienceLerner Research Institute, Cleveland ClinicClevelandOhioUSA
| | - Don J. Mahad
- Centre for Clinical Brain SciencesUniversity of EdinburghEdinburghUK
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4
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Chen C, McDonald D, Blain A, Sachdeva A, Bone L, Smith ALM, Warren C, Pickett SJ, Hudson G, Filby A, Vincent AE, Turnbull DM, Reeve AK. Imaging mass cytometry reveals generalised deficiency in OXPHOS complexes in Parkinson's disease. NPJ Parkinsons Dis 2021; 7:39. [PMID: 33980828 PMCID: PMC8115071 DOI: 10.1038/s41531-021-00182-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2020] [Accepted: 03/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Here we report the application of a mass spectrometry-based technology, imaging mass cytometry, to perform in-depth proteomic profiling of mitochondrial complexes in single neurons, using metal-conjugated antibodies to label post-mortem human midbrain sections. Mitochondrial dysfunction, particularly deficiency in complex I has previously been associated with the degeneration of dopaminergic neurons in Parkinson's disease. To further our understanding of the nature of this dysfunction, and to identify Parkinson's disease specific changes, we validated a panel of antibodies targeting subunits of all five mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation complexes in dopaminergic neurons from Parkinson's disease, mitochondrial disease, and control cases. Detailed analysis of the expression profile of these proteins, highlighted heterogeneity between individuals. There is a widespread decrease in expression of all complexes in Parkinson's neurons, although more severe in mitochondrial disease neurons, however, the combination of affected complexes varies between the two groups. We also provide evidence of a potential neuronal response to mitochondrial dysfunction through a compensatory increase in mitochondrial mass. This study highlights the use of imaging mass cytometry in the assessment and analysis of expression of oxidative phosphorylation proteins, revealing the complexity of deficiencies of these proteins within individual neurons which may contribute to and drive neurodegeneration in Parkinson's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun Chen
- Wellcome Centre for Mitochondrial Research, Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - David McDonald
- Wellcome Centre for Mitochondrial Research, Biosciences Institute, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
- Flow Cytometry Core Facility, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Alasdair Blain
- Wellcome Centre for Mitochondrial Research, Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Ashwin Sachdeva
- Wellcome Centre for Mitochondrial Research, Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Laura Bone
- Wellcome Centre for Mitochondrial Research, Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Anna L M Smith
- Wellcome Centre for Mitochondrial Research, Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Charlotte Warren
- Wellcome Centre for Mitochondrial Research, Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Sarah J Pickett
- Wellcome Centre for Mitochondrial Research, Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Gavin Hudson
- Wellcome Centre for Mitochondrial Research, Biosciences Institute, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Andrew Filby
- Wellcome Centre for Mitochondrial Research, Biosciences Institute, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
- Flow Cytometry Core Facility, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Amy E Vincent
- Wellcome Centre for Mitochondrial Research, Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Doug M Turnbull
- Wellcome Centre for Mitochondrial Research, Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Amy K Reeve
- Wellcome Centre for Mitochondrial Research, Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK.
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5
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Duncan GJ, Simkins TJ, Emery B. Neuron-Oligodendrocyte Interactions in the Structure and Integrity of Axons. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:653101. [PMID: 33763430 PMCID: PMC7982542 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.653101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2021] [Accepted: 02/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The myelination of axons by oligodendrocytes is a highly complex cell-to-cell interaction. Oligodendrocytes and axons have a reciprocal signaling relationship in which oligodendrocytes receive cues from axons that direct their myelination, and oligodendrocytes subsequently shape axonal structure and conduction. Oligodendrocytes are necessary for the maturation of excitatory domains on the axon including nodes of Ranvier, help buffer potassium, and support neuronal energy metabolism. Disruption of the oligodendrocyte-axon unit in traumatic injuries, Alzheimer's disease and demyelinating diseases such as multiple sclerosis results in axonal dysfunction and can culminate in neurodegeneration. In this review, we discuss the mechanisms by which demyelination and loss of oligodendrocytes compromise axons. We highlight the intra-axonal cascades initiated by demyelination that can result in irreversible axonal damage. Both the restoration of oligodendrocyte myelination or neuroprotective therapies targeting these intra-axonal cascades are likely to have therapeutic potential in disorders in which oligodendrocyte support of axons is disrupted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Greg J Duncan
- Jungers Center for Neurosciences Research, Department of Neurology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, United States
| | - Tyrell J Simkins
- Jungers Center for Neurosciences Research, Department of Neurology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, United States.,Vollum Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, United States.,Department of Neurology, VA Portland Health Care System, Portland, OR, United States
| | - Ben Emery
- Jungers Center for Neurosciences Research, Department of Neurology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, United States
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6
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Affiliation(s)
- Mattia Rosso
- Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Disease, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Tanuja Chitnis
- Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Disease, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
- Partners Multiple Sclerosis Center, Department of Neurology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
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7
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Campbell G, Licht-Mayer S, Mahad D. Targeting mitochondria to protect axons in progressive MS. Neurosci Lett 2019; 710:134258. [PMID: 31082453 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2019.05.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2018] [Revised: 05/07/2019] [Accepted: 05/09/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Inflammatory demyelinating processes target the neuron, particularly axons and synapses, in multiple sclerosis (MS). There is a gathering body of evidence indicating molecular changes which converge on mitochondria within neurons in progressive forms of MS. The most reproducible changes are the increase in mitochondrial content within demyelinated axons and mitochondrial respiratory chain complex deficiency in neurons, which compromises the capacity to generate ATP. The resulting lack of ATP and the likely energy failure state and its coupling with an increase in demand for energy by the demyelinated axon, are particularly relevant to the long tracts such as corticospinal tracts with long projection axons. Recent work in our laboratory and that of our collaborators indicate the limited reflection of the mitochondrial changes within neurons in the experimental disease models. Enhancing the energy producing capacity of neurons to meet the increased energy demand of demyelinated axons is likely to be a novel neuroprotective strategy in progressive MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Graham Campbell
- The Centre for Clinical Brain Science, University of Edinburgh, Chancellor's Building, 49 Little France Crescent, Edinburgh, EH16 4SB, UK
| | - Simon Licht-Mayer
- The Centre for Clinical Brain Science, University of Edinburgh, Chancellor's Building, 49 Little France Crescent, Edinburgh, EH16 4SB, UK
| | - Don Mahad
- The Centre for Clinical Brain Science, University of Edinburgh, Chancellor's Building, 49 Little France Crescent, Edinburgh, EH16 4SB, UK.
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8
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Mancini A, Tantucci M, Mazzocchetti P, de Iure A, Durante V, Macchioni L, Giampà C, Alvino A, Gaetani L, Costa C, Tozzi A, Calabresi P, Di Filippo M. Microglial activation and the nitric oxide/cGMP/PKG pathway underlie enhanced neuronal vulnerability to mitochondrial dysfunction in experimental multiple sclerosis. Neurobiol Dis 2018; 113:97-108. [PMID: 29325869 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2018.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2017] [Revised: 12/07/2017] [Accepted: 01/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
During multiple sclerosis (MS), a close link has been demonstrated to occur between inflammation and neuro-axonal degeneration, leading to the hypothesis that immune mechanisms may promote neurodegeneration, leading to irreversible disease progression. Energy deficits and inflammation-driven mitochondrial dysfunction seem to be involved in this process. In this work we investigated, by the use of striatal electrophysiological field-potential recordings, if the inflammatory process associated with experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) is able to influence neuronal vulnerability to the blockade of mitochondrial complex IV, a crucial component for mitochondrial activity responsible of about 90% of total cellular oxygen consumption. We showed that during the acute relapsing phase of EAE, neuronal susceptibility to mitochondrial complex IV inhibition is markedly enhanced. This detrimental effect was counteracted by the pharmacological inhibition of microglia, of nitric oxide (NO) synthesis and its intracellular pathway (involving soluble guanylyl cyclase, sGC, and protein kinase G, PKG). The obtained results suggest that mitochondrial complex IV exerts an important role in maintaining neuronal energetic homeostasis during EAE. The pathological processes associated with experimental MS, and in particular the activation of microglia and of the NO pathway, lead to an increased neuronal vulnerability to mitochondrial complex IV inhibition, representing promising pharmacological targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Mancini
- Clinica Neurologica, Dipartimento di Medicina, Università degli Studi di Perugia, Ospedale Santa Maria della Misericordia, S. Andrea delle Fratte, 06132 Perugia, Italy
| | - Michela Tantucci
- Clinica Neurologica, Dipartimento di Medicina, Università degli Studi di Perugia, Ospedale Santa Maria della Misericordia, S. Andrea delle Fratte, 06132 Perugia, Italy
| | - Petra Mazzocchetti
- Clinica Neurologica, Dipartimento di Medicina, Università degli Studi di Perugia, Ospedale Santa Maria della Misericordia, S. Andrea delle Fratte, 06132 Perugia, Italy
| | - Antonio de Iure
- Clinica Neurologica, Dipartimento di Medicina, Università degli Studi di Perugia, Ospedale Santa Maria della Misericordia, S. Andrea delle Fratte, 06132 Perugia, Italy
| | - Valentina Durante
- Clinica Neurologica, Dipartimento di Medicina, Università degli Studi di Perugia, Ospedale Santa Maria della Misericordia, S. Andrea delle Fratte, 06132 Perugia, Italy
| | - Lara Macchioni
- Sezione di Fisiologia e Biochimica, Dipartimento di Medicina Sperimentale, Università degli Studi di Perugia, S. Andrea delle Fratte, 06132 Perugia, Italy
| | - Carmela Giampà
- Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Istituto di Anatomia Umana e Biologia Cellulare, Largo Francesco Vito 1, 00168 Rome, Italy
| | - Alessandra Alvino
- Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Istituto di Anatomia Umana e Biologia Cellulare, Largo Francesco Vito 1, 00168 Rome, Italy
| | - Lorenzo Gaetani
- Clinica Neurologica, Dipartimento di Medicina, Università degli Studi di Perugia, Ospedale Santa Maria della Misericordia, S. Andrea delle Fratte, 06132 Perugia, Italy
| | - Cinzia Costa
- Clinica Neurologica, Dipartimento di Medicina, Università degli Studi di Perugia, Ospedale Santa Maria della Misericordia, S. Andrea delle Fratte, 06132 Perugia, Italy
| | - Alessandro Tozzi
- Sezione di Fisiologia e Biochimica, Dipartimento di Medicina Sperimentale, Università degli Studi di Perugia, S. Andrea delle Fratte, 06132 Perugia, Italy; IRCCS, Fondazione Santa Lucia, via del Fosso di Fiorano 64, 00143 Rome, Italy
| | - Paolo Calabresi
- Clinica Neurologica, Dipartimento di Medicina, Università degli Studi di Perugia, Ospedale Santa Maria della Misericordia, S. Andrea delle Fratte, 06132 Perugia, Italy; IRCCS, Fondazione Santa Lucia, via del Fosso di Fiorano 64, 00143 Rome, Italy
| | - Massimiliano Di Filippo
- Clinica Neurologica, Dipartimento di Medicina, Università degli Studi di Perugia, Ospedale Santa Maria della Misericordia, S. Andrea delle Fratte, 06132 Perugia, Italy.
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9
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Inflammation, Iron, Energy Failure, and Oxidative Stress in the Pathogenesis of Multiple Sclerosis. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2015; 2015:725370. [PMID: 26106458 PMCID: PMC4461760 DOI: 10.1155/2015/725370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2015] [Revised: 05/06/2015] [Accepted: 05/18/2015] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis is a chronic inflammatory demyelinating disease of the central nervous system. Different trigger pathologies have been suggested by the primary cytodegenerative “inside-out” and primary inflammation-driven “outside-in” hypotheses. Recent data indicate that mitochondrial injury and subsequent energy failure are key factors in the induction of demyelination and neurodegeneration. The brain weighs only a few percent of the body mass but accounts for approximately 20% of the total basal oxygen consumption of mitochondria. Oxidative stress induces mitochondrial injury in patients with multiple sclerosis and energy failure in the central nervous system of susceptible individuals. The interconnected mechanisms responsible for free radical production in patients with multiple sclerosis are as follows: (i) inflammation-induced production of free radicals by activated immune cells, (ii) liberation of iron from the myelin sheets during demyelination, and (iii) mitochondrial injury and thus energy failure-related free radical production. In the present review, the different sources of oxidative stress and their relationships to patients with multiple sclerosis considering tissue injury mechanisms and clinical aspects have been discussed.
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Court FA, Coleman MP. Mitochondria as a central sensor for axonal degenerative stimuli. Trends Neurosci 2012; 35:364-72. [PMID: 22578891 DOI: 10.1016/j.tins.2012.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 154] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2011] [Revised: 03/19/2012] [Accepted: 04/02/2012] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Axonal degeneration is a major contributor to neuronal dysfunction in many neurological conditions and has additional roles in development. It can be triggered by divergent stimuli including mechanical, metabolic, infectious, toxic, hereditary and inflammatory stresses. Axonal mitochondria are an important convergence point as regulators of bioenergetic metabolism, reactive oxygen species (ROS), Ca²⁺ homeostasis and protease activation. The challenges likely to render axonal mitochondria more vulnerable than their cellular counterparts are reviewed, including axonal transport, replenishing nuclear-encoded proteins and maintenance of quality control, fusion and fission in locations remote from the cell body. The potential for mitochondria to act as a decision node in axon loss is considered, highlighting the need to understand the biology of axonal mitochondria and their contributions to degenerative mechanisms for novel therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felipe A Court
- Millennium Nucleus for Regenerative Biology, Faculty of Biology, Catholic University of Chile, Santiago 8331150, Chile.
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Tulpule K, Dringen R. Formate generated by cellular oxidation of formaldehyde accelerates the glycolytic flux in cultured astrocytes. Glia 2012; 60:582-93. [PMID: 22258934 DOI: 10.1002/glia.22292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2011] [Accepted: 12/16/2011] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Formaldehyde is a neurotoxic compound that can be endogenously generated in the brain. Because astrocytes play a key role in metabolism and detoxification processes in brain, we have investigated the capacity of these cells to metabolize formaldehyde using primary astrocyte-rich cultures as a model system. Application of formaldehyde to these cultures resulted in the appearance of formate in cells and in a time-, concentration- and temperature-dependent disappearance of formaldehyde from the medium that was accompanied by a matching extracellular accumulation of formate. This formaldehyde-oxidizing capacity of astrocyte cultures is likely to be catalyzed by alcohol dehydrogenase 3 and aldehyde dehydrogenase 2, because the cells of the cultures contain the mRNAs of these formaldehyde-oxidizing enzymes. In addition, exposure to formaldehyde increased both glucose consumption and lactate production by the cells. Both the strong increase in the cellular formate content and the increase in glycolytic flux were only observed after application of formaldehyde to the cells, but not after treatment with exogenous methanol or formate. The accelerated lactate production was not additive to that obtained for azide, a known inhibitor of complex IV of the respiratory chain, and persisted after removal of formaldehyde after a formaldehyde exposure for 1.5 h. These data demonstrate that cultured astrocytes efficiently oxidize formaldehyde to formate, which subsequently enhances glycolytic flux, most likely by inhibition of mitochondrial respiration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ketki Tulpule
- Centre for Biomolecular Interactions Bremen, University of Bremen, Bremen, Germany
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Zambonin JL, Zhao C, Ohno N, Campbell GR, Engeham S, Ziabreva I, Schwarz N, Lee SE, Frischer JM, Turnbull DM, Trapp BD, Lassmann H, Franklin RJM, Mahad DJ. Increased mitochondrial content in remyelinated axons: implications for multiple sclerosis. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011; 134:1901-13. [PMID: 21705418 DOI: 10.1093/brain/awr110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Mitochondrial content within axons increases following demyelination in the central nervous system, presumably as a response to the changes in energy needs of axons imposed by redistribution of sodium channels. Myelin sheaths can be restored in demyelinated axons and remyelination in some multiple sclerosis lesions is extensive, while in others it is incomplete or absent. The effects of remyelination on axonal mitochondrial content in multiple sclerosis, particularly whether remyelination completely reverses the mitochondrial changes that follow demyelination, are currently unknown. In this study, we analysed axonal mitochondria within demyelinated, remyelinated and myelinated axons in post-mortem tissue from patients with multiple sclerosis and controls, as well as in experimental models of demyelination and remyelination, in vivo and in vitro. Immunofluorescent labelling of mitochondria (porin, a voltage-dependent anion channel expressed on all mitochondria) and axons (neurofilament), and ultrastructural imaging showed that in both multiple sclerosis and experimental demyelination, mitochondrial content within remyelinated axons was significantly less than in acutely and chronically demyelinated axons but more numerous than in myelinated axons. The greater mitochondrial content within remyelinated, compared with myelinated, axons was due to an increase in density of porin elements whereas increase in size accounted for the change observed in demyelinated axons. The increase in mitochondrial content in remyelinated axons was associated with an increase in mitochondrial respiratory chain complex IV activity. In vitro studies showed a significant increase in the number of stationary mitochondria in remyelinated compared with myelinated and demyelinated axons. The number of mobile mitochondria in remyelinated axons did not significantly differ from myelinated axons, although significantly greater than in demyelinated axons. Our neuropathological data and findings in experimental demyelination and remyelination in vivo and in vitro are consistent with a partial amelioration of the supposed increase in energy demand of demyelinated axons by remyelination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica L Zambonin
- The Mitochondrial Research Group, Institute of Ageing and Health, Newcastle University, Framlington Place, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE24HH, UK
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