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Matsumoto T, Watanabe T, Ito K, Horinouchi T, Shibata S, Kurumadani H, Sunagawa T, Mima T, Kirimoto H. Effect of transcranial static magnetic stimulation over unilateral or bilateral motor association cortex on performance of simple and choice reaction time tasks. Front Hum Neurosci 2023; 17:1298761. [PMID: 38111674 PMCID: PMC10725921 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2023.1298761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2023] [Accepted: 11/14/2023] [Indexed: 12/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Transcranial static magnetic stimulation (tSMS) is a non-invasive brain stimulation technique that place a strong neodymium magnet on scalp to reduce cortical excitability. We have recently developed a new tSMS device with three magnets placed close to each other (triple tSMS) and confirmed that this new device can produce a stronger and broader static magnetic field than the conventional single tSMS. The aim of the present study was to investigate the effect of the conventional single tSMS as well as triple tSMS over the unilateral or bilateral motor association cortex (MAC) on simple and choice reaction time (SRT and CRT) task performance. Methods There were two experiments: one involved the conventional tSMS, and the other involved the triple tSMS. In both experiments, right-handed healthy participants received each of the following stimulations for 20 min on different days: tSMS over the unilateral (left) MAC, tSMS over the bilateral MAC, and sham stimulation. The center of the stimulation device was set at the premotor cortex. The participants performed SRT and CRT tasks before, immediately after, and 15 min after the stimulation (Pre, Post 0, and Post 15). We evaluated RT, standard deviation (SD) of RT, and accuracy (error rate). Simulation was also performed to determine the spatial distribution of magnetic field induced by tSMS over the bilateral MAC. Results The spatial distribution of induced magnetic field was centered around the PMd for both tSMS systems, and the magnetic field reached multiple regions of the MAC as well as the sensorimotor cortices for triple tSMS. SD of CRT was significantly larger at Post 0 as compared to Pre when triple tSMS was applied to the bilateral MAC. No significant findings were noted for the other conditions or variables. Discussion We found that single tSMS over the unilateral or bilateral MAC did not affect performance of RT tasks, whereas triple tSMS over the bilateral MAC but not over the unilateral MAC increased variability of CRT. Our finding suggests that RT task performance can be modulated using triple tSMS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takuya Matsumoto
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Tokyo Kasei University, Saitama, Japan
| | - Tatsunori Watanabe
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Aomori University of Health and Welfare, Aomori, Japan
| | | | - Takayuki Horinouchi
- Department of Sensorimotor Neuroscience, Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
- Japan Society for the Promotion of Science, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Sumiya Shibata
- Department of Physical Therapy, Niigata University of Health and Welfare, Niigata, Japan
- Institute for Human Movement and Medical Sciences, Niigata University of Health and Welfare, Niigata, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Kurumadani
- Department of Analysis and Control of Upper Extremity Function, Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Toru Sunagawa
- Department of Analysis and Control of Upper Extremity Function, Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Tatsuya Mima
- Graduate School of Core Ethics and Frontier Sciences, Ritsumeikan University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Hikari Kirimoto
- Department of Sensorimotor Neuroscience, Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
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Peylo C, Sterner EF, Zeng Y, Friedrich EV. TMS-induced inhibition of the left premotor cortex modulates illusory social perception. iScience 2023; 26:107297. [PMID: 37559906 PMCID: PMC10407139 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2023.107297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2023] [Revised: 05/16/2023] [Accepted: 07/03/2023] [Indexed: 08/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Communicative actions from one person are used to predict another person's response. However, in some cases, these predictions can outweigh the processing of sensory information and lead to illusory social perception such as seeing two people interact, although only one is present (i.e., seeing a Bayesian ghost). We applied either inhibitory brain stimulation over the left premotor cortex (i.e., real TMS) or sham TMS. Then, participants indicated the presence or absence of a masked agent that followed a communicative or individual gesture of another agent. As expected, participants had more false alarms in the communicative (i.e., Bayesian ghosts) than individual condition in the sham TMS session and this difference between conditions vanished after real TMS. In contrast to our hypothesis, the number of false alarms increased (rather than decreased) after real TMS. These pre-registered findings confirm the significance of the premotor cortex for social action predictions and illusory social perception.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charline Peylo
- Department of Psychology / Research Unit Biological Psychology, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, 80802 Bavaria, Germany
| | - Elisabeth F. Sterner
- Department of Psychology / Research Unit Biological Psychology, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, 80802 Bavaria, Germany
- Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Neuroradiology / School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Munich, 81675 Bavaria, Germany
| | - Yifan Zeng
- Department of Psychology / Research Unit Biological Psychology, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, 80802 Bavaria, Germany
| | - Elisabeth V.C. Friedrich
- Department of Psychology / Research Unit Biological Psychology, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, 80802 Bavaria, Germany
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Luthra S, Mechtenberg H, Giorio C, Theodore RM, Magnuson JS, Myers EB. Using TMS to evaluate a causal role for right posterior temporal cortex in talker-specific phonetic processing. BRAIN AND LANGUAGE 2023; 240:105264. [PMID: 37087863 PMCID: PMC10286152 DOI: 10.1016/j.bandl.2023.105264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2021] [Revised: 04/06/2023] [Accepted: 04/08/2023] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Theories suggest that speech perception is informed by listeners' beliefs of what phonetic variation is typical of a talker. A previous fMRI study found right middle temporal gyrus (RMTG) sensitivity to whether a phonetic variant was typical of a talker, consistent with literature suggesting that the right hemisphere may play a key role in conditioning phonetic identity on talker information. The current work used transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) to test whether the RMTG plays a causal role in processing talker-specific phonetic variation. Listeners were exposed to talkers who differed in how they produced voiceless stop consonants while TMS was applied to RMTG, left MTG, or scalp vertex. Listeners subsequently showed near-ceiling performance in indicating which of two variants was typical of a trained talker, regardless of previous stimulation site. Thus, even though the RMTG is recruited for talker-specific phonetic processing, modulation of its function may have only modest consequences.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - James S Magnuson
- University of Connecticut, United States; BCBL. Basque Center on Cognition Brain and Language, Donostia-San Sebastián, Spain; Ikerbasque, Basque Foundation for Science, Bilbao, Spain
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Middag‐van Spanje M, Duecker F, Gallotto S, de Graaf TA, van Heugten C, Sack AT, Schuhmann T. Transcranial magnetic stimulation over posterior parietal cortex modulates alerting and executive control processes in attention. Eur J Neurosci 2022; 56:5853-5868. [PMID: 36161393 PMCID: PMC9828423 DOI: 10.1111/ejn.15830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2022] [Accepted: 09/14/2022] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Attention includes three different functional components: generating and maintaining an alert state (alerting), orienting to sensory events (orienting), and resolving conflicts between alternative actions (executive control). Neuroimaging and patient studies suggest that the posterior parietal cortex (PPC) is involved in all three attention components. Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) has repeatedly been applied over the PPC to study its functional role for shifts and maintenance of visuospatial attention. Most TMS-PPC studies used only detection tasks or orienting paradigms to investigate TMS-PPC effects on attention processes, neglecting the alerting and executive control components of attention. The objective of the present study was to investigate the role of PPC in all three functional components of attention: alerting, orienting, and executive control. To this end, we disrupted PPC with TMS (continuous theta-burst stimulation), to modulate subsequent performance on the Lateralized-Attention Network Test, used to assess the three attention components separately. Our results revealed hemifield-specific effects on alerting and executive control functions, but we did not find stimulation effects on orienting performance. While this field of research and associated clinical development have been predominantly focused on orienting performance, our results suggest that parietal cortex and its modulation may affect other aspects of attention as well.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marij Middag‐van Spanje
- Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Faculty of Psychology and NeuroscienceMaastricht UniversityMaastrichtThe Netherlands,InteraktContourNunspeetThe Netherlands
| | - Felix Duecker
- Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Faculty of Psychology and NeuroscienceMaastricht UniversityMaastrichtThe Netherlands,Maastricht Brain Imaging CenterMaastrichtThe Netherlands
| | - Stefano Gallotto
- Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Faculty of Psychology and NeuroscienceMaastricht UniversityMaastrichtThe Netherlands
| | - Tom A. de Graaf
- Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Faculty of Psychology and NeuroscienceMaastricht UniversityMaastrichtThe Netherlands,Maastricht Brain Imaging CenterMaastrichtThe Netherlands
| | - Caroline van Heugten
- Department of Neuropsychology and Psychopharmacology, Faculty of Psychology and NeuroscienceMaastricht UniversityMaastrichtThe Netherlands,Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology, School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, Brain + Nerve CentreMaastricht University Medical Centre+MaastrichtThe Netherlands,Limburg Brain Injury CenterMaastrichtThe Netherlands
| | - Alexander T. Sack
- Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Faculty of Psychology and NeuroscienceMaastricht UniversityMaastrichtThe Netherlands,Maastricht Brain Imaging CenterMaastrichtThe Netherlands,Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology, School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, Brain + Nerve CentreMaastricht University Medical Centre+MaastrichtThe Netherlands
| | - Teresa Schuhmann
- Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Faculty of Psychology and NeuroscienceMaastricht UniversityMaastrichtThe Netherlands,Maastricht Brain Imaging CenterMaastrichtThe Netherlands
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Leblhuber F, Geisler S, Ehrlich D, Steiner K, Kurz K, Fuchs D. High frequency repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation improves cognitive performance parameters in patients with Alzheimer's disease - an exploratory pilot study. Curr Alzheimer Res 2022; 19:CAR-EPUB-126419. [PMID: 36125835 DOI: 10.2174/1567205019666220920090919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2022] [Revised: 05/23/2022] [Accepted: 08/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Currently available medication for Alzheimer's disease (AD) may slows cognitive decline only transitory, but has failed to bring about long term positive effects. For this slowly progressive neurodegenerative disease so far no disease modifying therapy exists. OBJECTIVE To find out if non-pharmacologic non-ivasive neuromodulatory repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) may offer a new alternative or an add on therapeutic strategy against loss of cognitive functions. METHODS In this exploratory intervention study safety and symptom development before and after frontopolar cortex stimulation (FPC) using intermittent theta burst stimulation (iTBS) at 10 subsequent working days was monitored as add-on treatment in 28 consecutive patients with AD. Out of these, 10 randomly selected patients received sham stimulation as a control. In addition, serum concentrations of neurotransmitter precursor amino acids, of immune activation and inflammation markers, of brain derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) as well as of nitrite were measured. RESULTS Treatment was well tolerated, no serious adverse effects were observed. Improvement of cognition was detected by an increase of Mini Mental State Examination score (MMSE; p<0.01, paired rank test) and also by an increase in a modified repeat address phrase test, part of the 6-item cognitive impairment test (p < 0.01). A trend to an increase in the clock drawing test (CDT; p = 0.08) was also found in the verum treated group. Furtheron, in 10 of the AD patients with additional symptoms of depression treated with iTBS, a significant decrease in the HAMD-7 scale (p <0.01) and a trend to lower serum phenylalanine concentrations (p = 0.08) was seen. No changes of the parameters tested were found in the sham treated patients. CONCLUSION Our preliminary results may indicate that iTBS is effective in the treatment of AD. Also a slight influence of iTBS on the metabolism of phenylalanine was found after 10 iTBS sessions. An impact of iTBS to influence the enzyme phenylalanine hydroxylase (PAH), as found in previous series of treatment resistant depression, could not be seen in this our first observational trial in 10 AD patients with comorbidity of depression. Longer treatment periods for several weeks in a higher number of AD patients with depression could cause more intense and disease modifying effects visible in different neurotransmitter concentrations important in the pathogenesis of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Simon Geisler
- Institute of Biological Chemistry, Biocenter, Innsbruck Medical University, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Daniela Ehrlich
- Department of Gerontology, Kepler University Clinic, Linz, Austria
| | - Kostja Steiner
- Department of Gerontology, Kepler University Clinic, Linz, Austria
| | - Katharina Kurz
- Department of Internal Medicine, Innsbruck Medical University, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Dietmar Fuchs
- Institute of Biological Chemistry, Biocenter, Innsbruck Medical University, Innsbruck, Austria
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de Freitas Zanona A, Romeiro da Silva AC, do Rego Maciel AB, Gomes do Nascimento LS, Bezerra da Silva A, Bolognini N, Monte-Silva K. Somatosensory Cortex Repetitive Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation and Associative Sensory Stimulation of Peripheral Nerves Could Assist Motor and Sensory Recovery After Stroke. Front Hum Neurosci 2022; 16:860965. [PMID: 35479184 PMCID: PMC9036089 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2022.860965] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2022] [Accepted: 03/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background We investigated whether transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) over the primary somatosensory cortex (S1) and sensory stimulation (SS) could promote upper limb recovery in participants with subacute stroke. Methods Participants were randomized into four groups: rTMS/Sham SS, Sham rTMS/SS, rTMS/SS, and control group (Sham rTMS/Sham SS). Participants underwent ten sessions of sham or active rTMS over S1 (10 Hz, 1,500 pulses, 120% of resting motor threshold, 20 min), followed by sham or active SS. The SS involved active sensory training (exploring features of objects and graphesthesia, proprioception exercises), mirror therapy, and Transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (TENS) in the region of the median nerve in the wrist (stimulation intensity as the minimum intensity at which the participants reported paresthesia; five electrical pulses of 1 ms duration each at 10 Hz were delivered every second over 45 min). Sham stimulations occurred as follows: Sham rTMS, coil was held while disconnected from the stimulator, and rTMS noise was presented with computer loudspeakers with recorded sound from a real stimulation. The Sham SS received therapy in the unaffected upper limb, did not use the mirror and received TENS stimulation for only 60 seconds. The primary outcome was the Body Structure/Function: Fugl-Meyer Assessment (FMA) and Nottingham Sensory Assessment (NSA); the secondary outcome was the Activity/Participation domains, assessed with Box and Block Test, Motor Activity Log scale, Jebsen-Taylor Test, and Functional Independence Measure. Results Forty participants with stroke ischemic (n = 38) and hemorrhagic (n = 2), men (n = 19) and women (n = 21), in the subacute stage (10.6 ± 6 weeks) had a mean age of 62.2 ± 9.6 years, were equally divided into four groups (10 participants in each group). Significant somatosensory improvements were found in participants receiving active rTMS and active SS, compared with those in the control group (sham rTMS with sham SS). Motor function improved only in participants who received active rTMS, with greater effects when active rTMS was combined with active SS. Conclusion The combined use of SS with rTMS over S1 represents a more effective therapy for increasing sensory and motor recovery, as well as functional independence, in participants with subacute stroke. Clinical Trial Registration [clinicaltrials.gov], identifier [NCT03329807].
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Nadia Bolognini
- Department of Psychology, University of Milano Bicocca, Milan, Italy
- Neuropsychological Laboratory, IRCCS Istituto Auxologico Italiano, Milan, Italy
| | - Katia Monte-Silva
- Applied Neuroscience Laboratory, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Recife, Brazil
- *Correspondence: Katia Monte-Silva,
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Giglia G, Gambino G, Cuffaro L, Aleo F, Sardo P, Ferraro G, Blandino V, Brighina F, Gangitano M, Piccoli T. Modulating Long Term Memory at Late-Encoding Phase: An rTMS Study. Brain Topogr 2021; 34:834-839. [PMID: 34674095 DOI: 10.1007/s10548-021-00872-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2021] [Accepted: 09/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Despite a huge effort of the scientific community, the functioning of Long-Term Memory (LTM) processes is still debated and far from being elucidated. Functional and neurophysiological data point to an involvement of Dorsolateral Prefrontal Cortex (DLPFC) in both encoding and retrieval phases. However, the recently proposed Explicit/Implicit Memory Encoding and Retrieval (EIMER) model proposes that LTM at the encoding phase consists of anatomically and chronologically different sub-phases. On this basis, we aimed to investigate the role of right DLPFC during a late-encoding phase by means of low-frequency rTMS. Thirty right-handed healthy subjects were divided into three experimental groups. Inhibitory rTMS was applied over right-DLPFC immediately after the encoding phase (Late-Encoding Group) or before recognition phase (Pre-Recognition Group), 24 h after, of an LTM task. Both groups also received sham stimulation during the non-target phase, while the third group (Sham Group) received only sham stimulation in both phases. The Late-Encoding Group collected a lower number of correct responses compared with Sham Group (p = 0.00), while Pre-Retrieval Group increased accuracy as compared to the Sham Group (p = 0.0). rTMS-inhibition of the right DLPFC seems able to interfere with LTM memory performances when delivered at a late stage of the encoding phase, with opposite effects at the pre-retrieval phase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppe Giglia
- Department of Biomedicine, Neuroscience and Advanced Diagnostics (Bi.N.D.), University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy.,Euro Mediterranean Institute of Science and Technology- I.E.ME.S.T., Palermo, Italy
| | - Giuditta Gambino
- Department of Biomedicine, Neuroscience and Advanced Diagnostics (Bi.N.D.), University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | - Luca Cuffaro
- Department of Biomedicine, Neuroscience and Advanced Diagnostics (Bi.N.D.), University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy.
| | - Fabio Aleo
- Department of Biomedicine, Neuroscience and Advanced Diagnostics (Bi.N.D.), University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | - Pierangelo Sardo
- Department of Biomedicine, Neuroscience and Advanced Diagnostics (Bi.N.D.), University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy.
| | - Giuseppe Ferraro
- Department of Biomedicine, Neuroscience and Advanced Diagnostics (Bi.N.D.), University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | - Valeria Blandino
- Department of Biomedicine, Neuroscience and Advanced Diagnostics (Bi.N.D.), University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | - Filippo Brighina
- Department of Biomedicine, Neuroscience and Advanced Diagnostics (Bi.N.D.), University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | - Massimo Gangitano
- Department of Biomedicine, Neuroscience and Advanced Diagnostics (Bi.N.D.), University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | - Tommaso Piccoli
- Department of Biomedicine, Neuroscience and Advanced Diagnostics (Bi.N.D.), University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
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Leblhuber F, Geisler S, Ehrlich D, Steiner K, Reibnegger G, Fuchs D, Kurz K. Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation in the treatment of resistant depression: changes of specific neurotransmitter precursor amino acids. J Neural Transm (Vienna) 2021; 128:1225-1231. [PMID: 34244826 PMCID: PMC8321996 DOI: 10.1007/s00702-021-02363-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2021] [Accepted: 06/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) for treatment-resistant major depression offers an alternative therapy, since more than every third patient is not responding to adequate antidepressive treatment. In this interventional study safety, symptom development and changes of serum concentrations of neurotransmitter precursor amino acids, of immune activation and inflammation markers, of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), nitrite as well as of salivary amylase were measured before and after a frontal polar cortex stimulation using rTMS as add-on treatment in 38 patients with treatment-resistant depression. Out of these, 17 patients received sham stimulation as a control. Treatment was well tolerated: with the exception of one patient of the verum group, who described discomfort during the second treatment, no serious adverse effects were observed. Improvement of depression with a significant decrease in the HAMD-7 scale (p = 0.001) was found in patients treated with rTMS, but not in sham-treated patients. Furthermore, serum phenylalanine and tyrosine dropped significantly (p = 0.03 and p = 0.027, respectively) in rTMS-treated patients. The kynurenine to tryptophan ratio (Kyn/Trp) tended to decrease under rTMS (p = 0.07). In addition, associations between concentrations of BDNF and neopterin as well as serum nitrite levels were found in patients after rTMS treatment, which indicates an influence of immune regulatory circuits on BDNF levels. In the sham-treated patients, no changes of biomarker concentrations were observed. Results show that rTMS is effective in the treatment of resistant depression. rTMS appears to influence the enzyme phenylalanine hydroxylase, which plays a central role in the biosynthesis of neurotransmitter precursors tyrosine and dihydroxyphenylalanine (DOPA).
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Affiliation(s)
- F Leblhuber
- Department of Gerontology, Kepler University Clinic, Linz, Austria
| | - S Geisler
- Institute of Biological Chemistry, Innsbruck Medical University, Innrain 80, Room M04-313, 6020, BiocenterInnsbruck, Austria
| | - D Ehrlich
- Department of Gerontology, Kepler University Clinic, Linz, Austria
| | - K Steiner
- Department of Gerontology, Kepler University Clinic, Linz, Austria
| | - G Reibnegger
- Division of Physiological Chemistry, Otto-Loewi Research Center, Graz Medical University, Graz, Austria
| | - Dietmar Fuchs
- Institute of Biological Chemistry, Innsbruck Medical University, Innrain 80, Room M04-313, 6020, BiocenterInnsbruck, Austria.
| | - K Kurz
- Department of Internal Medicine, Innsbruck Medical University, Innsbruck, Austria
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Holczer A, Németh VL, Vékony T, Kocsis K, Király A, Kincses ZT, Vécsei L, Klivényi P, Must A. The Effects of Bilateral Theta-burst Stimulation on Executive Functions and Affective Symptoms in Major Depressive Disorder. Neuroscience 2021; 461:130-139. [PMID: 33731314 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2021.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2020] [Revised: 02/25/2021] [Accepted: 03/02/2021] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Major depressive disorder (MDD) is characterized by severe affective as well as cognitive symptoms. Moreover, cognitive impairment in MDD can persist after the remission of affective symptoms. Theta-burst stimulation (TBS) is a promising tool to manage the affective symptoms of major depressive disorder (MDD); however, its cognition-enhancing effects are sparsely investigated. Here, we aimed to examine whether the administration of bilateral TBS has pro-cognitive effects in MDD. Ten daily sessions of neuronavigated active or sham TBS were delivered bilaterally over the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex to patients with MDD. The n-back task and the attention network task were administered to assess working memory and attention, respectively. Affective symptoms were measured using the 21-item Hamilton Depression Rating Scale. We observed moderate evidence that the depressive symptoms of patients receiving active TBS improved compared to participants in the sham stimulation. No effects of TBS on attention and working memory were detected, supported by a moderate-to-strong level of evidence. The effects of TBS on psychomotor processing speed should be further investigated. Bilateral TBS has a substantial antidepressive effect with no immediate adverse effects on executive functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrienn Holczer
- Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine, Albert Szent-Györgyi Health Centre, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Viola Luca Németh
- Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine, Albert Szent-Györgyi Health Centre, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Teodóra Vékony
- Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine, Albert Szent-Györgyi Health Centre, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary; Lyon Neuroscience Research Center (CRNL), INSERM, CNRS, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Lyon, France
| | - Krisztián Kocsis
- Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine, Albert Szent-Györgyi Health Centre, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | - András Király
- Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine, Albert Szent-Györgyi Health Centre, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary; Central European Institute of Technology, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Zsigmond Tamás Kincses
- Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine, Albert Szent-Györgyi Health Centre, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary; Department of Radiology, Albert Szent-Györgyi Health Centre, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | - László Vécsei
- Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine, Albert Szent-Györgyi Health Centre, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary; MTA-SZTE Neuroscience Research Group, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Péter Klivényi
- Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine, Albert Szent-Györgyi Health Centre, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Anita Must
- Institute of Psychology, Faculty of Arts, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary.
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El-Tamawy MS, Darwish MH, Elkholy SH, Moustafa EBS, Abulkassem ST, Khalifa HA. Low frequency transcranial magnetic stimulation in subacute ischemic stroke: Number of sessions that altered cortical excitability. NeuroRehabilitation 2020; 47:427-434. [PMID: 33136077 DOI: 10.3233/nre-203156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cortical reorganization between both cerebral hemispheres plays an important role in regaining the affected upper extremity motor function post-stroke. OBJECTIVES The purpose of the current study was to investigate the recommended number of contra-lesion low frequency repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (LF-rTMS) sessions that could enhance cortical reorganization post-stroke. METHODS Forty patients with right hemiparetic subacute ischemic stroke with an age range between 50-65 yrs were randomly assigned into two equal groups: control (GA) and study (GB) groups. Both groups were treated with a selected physical therapy program for the upper limb. Sham and real contra-lesion LF-rTMS was conducted for both groups daily for two consecutive weeks. Sequential changes of cortical excitability were calculated by the end of each session. RESULTS The significant enhancement in the cortical excitability was observed at the fourth session in favor of the study group (GB). Sequential rate of change in cortical excitability was significant for the first eight sessions. From the ninth session onwards, no difference could be detected between groups. CONCLUSION The pattern of recovery after stroke is extensive and not all factors could be controlled. Application of LF-rTMS in conjugation with a selected physical therapy program for the upper limb from four to eight sessions seems to be efficient.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Moshera H Darwish
- Department of Neuromuscular Disorders and its Surgery, Faculty of Physical Therapy, Cairo University, Egypt
| | - Saly H Elkholy
- Department of Clinical Neurophysiology, Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University, Egypt
| | - Engy BadrEldin S Moustafa
- Department of Neuromuscular Disorders and its Surgery, Faculty of Physical Therapy, Cairo University, Egypt
| | - Shimaa T Abulkassem
- Department of Basic Science, Faculty of Physical Therapy, Cairo University, Egypt
| | - Heba A Khalifa
- Department of Neuromuscular Disorders and its Surgery, Faculty of Physical Therapy, Cairo University, Egypt
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Mattoo B, Tanwar S, Bhatia R, Tripathi M, Bhatia R. Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation in chronic tension-type headache: A pilot study. Indian J Med Res 2020; 150:73-80. [PMID: 31571632 PMCID: PMC6798618 DOI: 10.4103/ijmr.ijmr_97_18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Background & objectives: Tension-type headache (TTH) is the most common type of primary headache disorder. Its chronic form is often the most ignored and challenging to treat. Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) is a novel technique in the treatment of chronic pain. The aim of this pilot study was to explore the effect of low-frequency repetitive TMS (rTMS) on pain status in chronic TTH (CTTH) by subjective and objective pain assessment. Methods: Patients (n=30) diagnosed with CTTH were randomized into rTMS (n=15) and placebo (n=15) groups in this study. Pre-intervention detailed history of patients was taken. Numerical Rating Scale (NRS) for Pain and questionnaires [Headache Impact Test-6 (HIT-6), McGill Pain Questionnaire, Pain Beliefs Questionnaire, Coping Strategies Questionnaire, State-Trait Anxiety Inventory Test, Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression and WHO-Quality of Life Questionnaire-Brief version] were filled, and objective assessments such as nociceptive flexion reflex (NFR) and conditioned pain modulation were done. The tests were repeated after 20 sessions (5 days/week). In the rTMS group, 1200 pulses in eight trains of 150 pulses each were given at 1Hz over the right dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (RDLPFC). In the placebo group, the rTMS coil was placed such that magnetic stimulation did not reach the cortex. Results: The NRS score decreased significantly (P<0.001) and NFR thresholds increased significantly (P=0.011) in the rTMS group when compared to placebo group. Interpretation & conclusions: Subjective improvements in the NRS, HIT-6, McGill Present Pain Intensity, trait of anxiety and psychological pain beliefs were observed. The increase in the thresholds of NFR served as an objective marker for improvement in pain status. Further studies need to be done to confirm our preliminary findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bhawna Mattoo
- Department of Physiology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Suman Tanwar
- Department of Physiology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Rohit Bhatia
- Department of Neurology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Manjari Tripathi
- Department of Neurology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Renu Bhatia
- Department of Physiology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
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12
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Poppa T, de Witte S, Vanderhasselt MA, Bechara A, Baeken C. Theta-burst stimulation and frontotemporal regulation of cardiovascular autonomic outputs: The role of state anxiety. Int J Psychophysiol 2020; 149:25-34. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2019.12.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2019] [Revised: 11/30/2019] [Accepted: 12/30/2019] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
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13
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Miller JG, Xia G, Hastings PD. Right Temporoparietal Junction Involvement in Autonomic Responses to the Suffering of Others: A Preliminary Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation Study. Front Hum Neurosci 2020; 14:7. [PMID: 32047426 PMCID: PMC6997337 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2020.00007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2019] [Accepted: 01/09/2020] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Functional neuroimaging studies have emphasized distinct networks for social cognition and affective aspects of empathy. However, studies have not considered whether substrates of social cognition, such as the right temporoparietal junction (TPJ), play a role in affective responses to complex empathy-related stimuli. Here, we used repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) to test whether the right TPJ contributes to psychophysiological responses to another person’s emotional suffering. We used a theory of mind functional localizer and image-guided TMS to target the sub-region of the right TPJ implicated in social cognition, and measured autonomic and subjective responses to an empathy induction video. We found evidence that TMS applied at 1 Hz over the right TPJ increased withdrawal of parasympathetic nervous system activity during the empathy induction (n = 32), but did not affect sympathetic nervous system activity (n = 27). Participants who received TMS over the right TPJ also reported feeling more irritation and annoyance, and were less likely to report feeling compassion over and above empathic sadness, than participants who received TMS over the vertex (N = 34). This study provides preliminary evidence for the role of right TPJ functioning in empathy-related psychophysiological and affective responding, potentially blurring the distinction between neural regions specific to social cognition vs. affective aspects of empathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonas G Miller
- Center for Mind and Brain, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States.,Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, United States
| | - Guohua Xia
- Center for Mind and Brain, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
| | - Paul D Hastings
- Center for Mind and Brain, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
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14
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Treatment of patients with geriatric depression with repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation. J Neural Transm (Vienna) 2019; 126:1105-1110. [PMID: 31250285 PMCID: PMC6647391 DOI: 10.1007/s00702-019-02037-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2019] [Accepted: 06/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) has become a useful tool to treat different neuropsychiatric conditions such as depression, dementia and extrapyramidal syndromes insufficiently responding to conventional treatment. In this SHAM-controlled exploratory study safety, symptom improvement as well as changes in inflammation markers and neurotransmitter precursor amino acids availability were studied after a prefrontal cortex (PFC) stimulation using rTMS as add-on treatment in 29 patients with geriatric depression. Out of these, ten patients received SHAM treatment. Treatment was well tolerated, no serious adverse effects were observed. A clear improvement in symptoms of depression with a significant decrease in the HAMD-7 (U = 3.306, p = 0.001) was found by rTMS treatment. In parallel, serum phenylalanine dropped significantly (U = 2.340, p < 0.02), and there was a decline of tryptophan and of Phe/Tyr concentrations, both the effects, however, failed to reach the levels of statistical significance. In the patients who underwent SHAM treatment, no significant changes of HAMD-7 or the concentrations of any biomarker in the study could be found. In addition to the significant effect of rTMS on depression scores, these results point to a possible influence of rTMS on the enzyme phenylalanine hydroxylase (PAH), which plays a crucial role in the biosynthesis of neurotransmitter precursors related to geriatric depression.
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15
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Cortical motor threshold determination in dogs. Res Vet Sci 2019; 124:248-255. [PMID: 30953941 DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2019.03.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2018] [Revised: 03/26/2019] [Accepted: 03/29/2019] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
In humans, determining the cortical motor threshold (CMT) is a critical step in successfully applying a transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) treatment. Stimulus intensity, safety and efficacy of a TMS treatment are dependent of the correct assessment of the CMT. Given that TMS in dogs could serve as a natural animal model, an accurate and reliable technique for the measurement of the CMT should be available for dogs. Using a visual descending staircase paradigm (Rossini paradigm), the CMT repeatability was assessed and compared to the electromyographic (EMG) variant. The influence of a HF-rTMS treatment on the CMT was examined. Subsequently, the CMT was measured under sedation and general anaesthesia. Finally, the coil-cortex distance was associated with the CMT, weight, age and gender. During one year the CMT was measured three times, during which it remained constant, although a higher CMT was measured (40% higher machine output) when using EMG (P-value < .001) and under general anaesthesia (P-value = .005). On average, a 40% and 12% higher machine output were registered. An aHF-rTMS protocol does not influence the CMT. Males have on average a 5.2 mm larger coil cortex distance and an 11.81% higher CMT. The CMT was positively linearly associated (P-value < .05) with the weight and age of the animals. Only within female subjects, a positive linear association was found between the CMT and the coil-cortex distance (P-value = .02). Using the visual Rossini paradigm, the CMT can be reliably used over time and during a TMS treatment. It has to be kept in mind that when using EMG or assessing the CMT under general anaesthesia, a higher CMT is to be expected. As in humans, every parameter that influences the coil-cortex distance may also influence the CMT.
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16
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Knyahnytska YO, Blumberger DM, Daskalakis ZJ, Zomorrodi R, Kaplan AS. Insula H-coil deep transcranial magnetic stimulation in severe and enduring anorexia nervosa (SE-AN): a pilot study. Neuropsychiatr Dis Treat 2019; 15:2247-2256. [PMID: 31496707 PMCID: PMC6689531 DOI: 10.2147/ndt.s207630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2019] [Accepted: 07/02/2019] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Anorexia nervosa (AN) is a complex disorder of unknown etiology, characterized by obsessions and compulsions around body shape, weight, and calorie intake. In the course of AN, 10%-30% will recover, while the rest will develop a treatment-resistant course with a high mortality rate due to AN-related complications. The insula is a region in the brain of considerable interest to its role in gustatory modulation, feeding behavior, and processing of interoceptive stimuli. OBJECTIVE Recent advances in the neurophysiology of AN suggest insula dysfunction as a potential biomarker for people with severe and enduring AN (SE-AN). Deep transcranial magnetic stimulation (dTMS) is of particular interest in SE-AN because of its ability to target deep areas of the brain. DESIGN We conducted a pilot study to investigate the feasibility and safety of insula dTMS in subjects with SE-AN. RESULTS We found that dTMS is a safe and well-tolerated treatment. We also found a reduction in AN-related obsessions and compulsions, as well as depression and anxiety scores from baseline to the end of the trial. Due to small sample size, the results of this study should be interpreted with great caution. DISCUSSION The results suggest that dTMS is safe and well tolerated and may be of some clinical interest in patients with SE-AN. However, to determine the true efficacy of dTMS for SE-AN, there is a need to conduct a randomized controlled trial comparing real versus sham dTMS in a larger number of AN subjects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuliya O Knyahnytska
- Temerty Centre for Therapeutic- Brain Intervention, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health , Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Daniel M Blumberger
- Temerty Centre for Therapeutic- Brain Intervention, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health , Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Geriatric Division, Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Zafiris J Daskalakis
- Temerty Centre for Therapeutic- Brain Intervention, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health , Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Reza Zomorrodi
- Temerty Centre for Therapeutic- Brain Intervention, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health , Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Allan S Kaplan
- Temerty Centre for Therapeutic- Brain Intervention, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health , Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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17
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Gharooni AA, Nair KPS, Hawkins D, Scivill I, Hind D, Hariharan R. Intermittent theta-burst stimulation for upper-limb dysfunction and spasticity in spinal cord injury: a single-blind randomized feasibility study. Spinal Cord 2018; 56:762-768. [DOI: 10.1038/s41393-018-0152-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2017] [Revised: 04/02/2018] [Accepted: 04/05/2018] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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18
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Belief, delusion, hypnosis, and the right dorsolateral prefrontal cortex: A transcranial magnetic stimulation study. Cortex 2018; 101:234-248. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cortex.2018.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2017] [Revised: 10/23/2017] [Accepted: 01/03/2018] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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19
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Allen C, Singh KD, Verbruggen F, Chambers CD. Evidence for parallel activation of the pre-supplementary motor area and inferior frontal cortex during response inhibition: a combined MEG and TMS study. ROYAL SOCIETY OPEN SCIENCE 2018; 5:171369. [PMID: 29515852 PMCID: PMC5830741 DOI: 10.1098/rsos.171369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2017] [Accepted: 01/11/2018] [Indexed: 07/20/2023]
Abstract
This pre-registered experiment sought to uncover the temporal relationship between the inferior frontal cortex (IFC) and the pre-supplementary motor area (pre-SMA) during stopping of an ongoing action. Both regions have previously been highlighted as being central to cognitive control of actions, particularly response inhibition. Here we tested which area is activated first during the stopping process using magnetoencephalography, before assessing the relative chronometry of each region using functionally localized transcranial magnetic stimulation. Both lines of evidence pointed towards simultaneous activity across both regions, suggesting that parallel, mutually interdependent processing may form the cortical basis of stopping. Additional exploratory analysis, however, provided weak evidence in support of previous suggestions that the pre-SMA may provide an ongoing drive of activity to the IFC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher Allen
- Cardiff University Brain Research Imaging Centre, School of Psychology, Cardiff University, Maindy Road, Cardiff CF24 4HQ, UK
| | - Krish D. Singh
- Cardiff University Brain Research Imaging Centre, School of Psychology, Cardiff University, Maindy Road, Cardiff CF24 4HQ, UK
| | - Frederick Verbruggen
- Department of Experimental Psychology, Ghent University, Henri Dunantlaan 2, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
- Psychology, University of Exeter, Washington Singer Building, Perry Road, Exeter EX4 4QG, UK
| | - Christopher D. Chambers
- Cardiff University Brain Research Imaging Centre, School of Psychology, Cardiff University, Maindy Road, Cardiff CF24 4HQ, UK
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20
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Bauer PR, de Goede AA, Stern WM, Pawley AD, Chowdhury FA, Helling RM, Bouet R, Kalitzin SN, Visser GH, Sisodiya SM, Rothwell JC, Richardson MP, van Putten MJAM, Sander JW. Long-interval intracortical inhibition as biomarker for epilepsy: a transcranial magnetic stimulation study. Brain 2018; 141:409-421. [PMID: 29340584 PMCID: PMC5837684 DOI: 10.1093/brain/awx343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2017] [Revised: 10/08/2017] [Accepted: 10/24/2017] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Cortical excitability, as measured by transcranial magnetic stimulation combined with electromyography, is a potential biomarker for the diagnosis and follow-up of epilepsy. We report on long-interval intracortical inhibition data measured in four different centres in healthy controls (n = 95), subjects with refractory genetic generalized epilepsy (n = 40) and with refractory focal epilepsy (n = 69). Long-interval intracortical inhibition was measured by applying two supra-threshold stimuli with an interstimulus interval of 50, 100, 150, 200 and 250 ms and calculating the ratio between the response to the second (test stimulus) and to the first (conditioning stimulus). In all subjects, the median response ratio showed inhibition at all interstimulus intervals. Using a mixed linear-effects model, we compared the long-interval intracortical inhibition response ratios between the different subject types. We conducted two analyses; one including data from the four centres and one excluding data from Centre 2, as the methods in this centre differed from the others. In the first analysis, we found no differences in long-interval intracortical inhibition between the different subject types. In all subjects, the response ratios at interstimulus intervals 100 and 150 ms showed significantly more inhibition than the response ratios at 50, 200 and 250 ms. Our second analysis showed a significant interaction between interstimulus interval and subject type (P = 0.0003). Post hoc testing showed significant differences between controls and refractory focal epilepsy at interstimulus intervals of 100 ms (P = 0.02) and 200 ms (P = 0.04). There were no significant differences between controls and refractory generalized epilepsy groups or between the refractory generalized and focal epilepsy groups. Our results do not support the body of previous work that suggests that long-interval intracortical inhibition is significantly reduced in refractory focal and genetic generalized epilepsy. Results from the second analysis are even in sharper contrast with previous work, showing inhibition in refractory focal epilepsy at 200 ms instead of facilitation previously reported. Methodological differences, especially shorter intervals between the pulse pairs, may have contributed to our inability to reproduce previous findings. Based on our results, we suggest that long-interval intracortical inhibition as measured by transcranial magnetic stimulation and electromyography is unlikely to have clinical use as a biomarker of epilepsy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prisca R Bauer
- NIHR University College London Hospitals Biomedical Research Centre, UCL Institute of Neurology, Queen Square, London, WC1N 3BG, UK
- Stichting Epilepsie Instellingen Nederland (SEIN), Achterweg 5, 2103 SW Heemstede, The Netherlands
| | - Annika A de Goede
- Department of Clinical Neurophysiology, MIRA – Institute for Biomedical Technology and Technical Medicine, University of Twente, P.O. Box 217, 7500 AE Enschede, The Netherlands
| | - William M Stern
- NIHR University College London Hospitals Biomedical Research Centre, UCL Institute of Neurology, Queen Square, London, WC1N 3BG, UK
- Chalfont Centre for Epilepsy, Chalfont St Peter, SL9 0RJ, UK
| | - Adam D Pawley
- Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King’s College London 16 De Crespigny Park, London, SE5 8AF, UK
| | - Fahmida A Chowdhury
- NIHR University College London Hospitals Biomedical Research Centre, UCL Institute of Neurology, Queen Square, London, WC1N 3BG, UK
- Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King’s College London 16 De Crespigny Park, London, SE5 8AF, UK
| | - Robert M Helling
- Stichting Epilepsie Instellingen Nederland (SEIN), Achterweg 5, 2103 SW Heemstede, The Netherlands
- Image Sciences Institute, University Medical Centre Utrecht, P.O. Box 85500, 3508 GA Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Romain Bouet
- Lyon Neuroscience Research Center, INSERM U1028 - CNRS UMR5292, Université Claude Bernard Lyon1, Brain Dynamics and Cognition Team, Centre Hospitalier Le Vinatier (Bât. 452), 95 Bd Pinel, 69500 Bron, France
| | - Stiliyan N Kalitzin
- Stichting Epilepsie Instellingen Nederland (SEIN), Achterweg 5, 2103 SW Heemstede, The Netherlands
- Image Sciences Institute, University Medical Centre Utrecht, P.O. Box 85500, 3508 GA Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Gerhard H Visser
- Stichting Epilepsie Instellingen Nederland (SEIN), Achterweg 5, 2103 SW Heemstede, The Netherlands
| | - Sanjay M Sisodiya
- NIHR University College London Hospitals Biomedical Research Centre, UCL Institute of Neurology, Queen Square, London, WC1N 3BG, UK
- Chalfont Centre for Epilepsy, Chalfont St Peter, SL9 0RJ, UK
| | - John C Rothwell
- NIHR University College London Hospitals Biomedical Research Centre, UCL Institute of Neurology, Queen Square, London, WC1N 3BG, UK
| | - Mark P Richardson
- Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King’s College London 16 De Crespigny Park, London, SE5 8AF, UK
| | - Michel J A M van Putten
- Department of Clinical Neurophysiology, MIRA – Institute for Biomedical Technology and Technical Medicine, University of Twente, P.O. Box 217, 7500 AE Enschede, The Netherlands
- Department of Clinical Neurophysiology and Neurology, Medisch Spectrum Twente, Koningsplein 1, 7512 KZ Enschede, The Netherlands
| | - Josemir W Sander
- NIHR University College London Hospitals Biomedical Research Centre, UCL Institute of Neurology, Queen Square, London, WC1N 3BG, UK
- Stichting Epilepsie Instellingen Nederland (SEIN), Achterweg 5, 2103 SW Heemstede, The Netherlands
- Chalfont Centre for Epilepsy, Chalfont St Peter, SL9 0RJ, UK
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Notzon S, Vennewald N, Gajewska A, Klahn AL, Diemer J, Winter B, Fohrbeck I, Arolt V, Pauli P, Domschke K, Zwanzger P. Is prepulse modification altered by continuous theta burst stimulation? DAT1 genotype and motor threshold interact on prepulse modification following brain stimulation. Eur Arch Psychiatry Clin Neurosci 2017; 267:767-779. [PMID: 28337537 DOI: 10.1007/s00406-017-0786-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2016] [Accepted: 03/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Previous studies suggest an inhibitory top-down control of the amygdala by the prefrontal cortex (PFC). Both brain regions play a role in the modulation of prepulse modification (PPM) of the acoustic startle response by a pre-stimulus. Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) can modulate the activity of the PFC and might thus affect PPM. This study tested the effect of inhibitory rTMS on PPM accounting for a genetic variant of the dopamine transporter gene (DAT1). Healthy participants (N = 102) were stimulated with continuous theta burst stimulation (cTBS, an intense form of inhibitory rTMS) or sham treatment over the right PFC. Afterwards, during continuous presentation of a background white noise a louder noise burst was presented either alone (control startle) or preceded by a prepulse. Participants were genotyped for a DAT1 variable number tandem repeat (VNTR) polymorphism. Two succeeding sessions of cTBS over the right PFC (2 × 600 stimuli with a time lag of 15 min) attenuated averaged prepulse inhibition (PPI) in participants with a high resting motor threshold. An attenuation of PPI induced by prepulses with great distances to the pulse (480, 2000 ms) was observed following active cTBS in participants that were homozygous carriers of the 10-repeat-allele of the DAT1 genotype and had a high resting motor threshold. Our results confirm the importance of the prefrontal cortex for the modulation of PPM. The effects were observed in participants with a high resting motor threshold only, probably because they received a higher dose of cTBS. The effects in homozygous carriers of the DAT1 10-repeat allele confirm the relevance of dopamine for PPM. Conducting an exploratory study we decided against the use of a correction for multiple testing.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Notzon
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Münster, Albert-Schweitzer-Campus 1, Gebäude A9, 48149, Münster, Germany.
| | - N Vennewald
- School of Health, Münster University of Applied Sciences, Leonardo Campus 8, 48149, Münster, Germany
| | - A Gajewska
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy, University of Würzburg, Margarete-Höppel-Platz 1, 97080, Würzburg, Germany
| | - A L Klahn
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Münster, Albert-Schweitzer-Campus 1, Gebäude A9, 48149, Münster, Germany
| | - J Diemer
- kbo-Inn-Salzach-Hospital, Gabersee 7, 83512, Wasserburg am Inn, Germany
| | - B Winter
- Catholic University of Applied Sciences North Rhine-Westphalia, Münster, Piusallee 89, 48147, Münster, Germany
| | - I Fohrbeck
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Münster, Albert-Schweitzer-Campus 1, Gebäude A9, 48149, Münster, Germany
| | - V Arolt
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Münster, Albert-Schweitzer-Campus 1, Gebäude A9, 48149, Münster, Germany
| | - P Pauli
- Department of Biological Psychology, Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, University of Würzburg, Marcusstraße 9-11, 97070, Würzburg, Germany
| | - K Domschke
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy, University of Würzburg, Margarete-Höppel-Platz 1, 97080, Würzburg, Germany
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Freiburg, Hauptstrasse 5, 79104, Freiburg, Germany
| | - P Zwanzger
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Münster, Albert-Schweitzer-Campus 1, Gebäude A9, 48149, Münster, Germany
- kbo-Inn-Salzach-Hospital, Gabersee 7, 83512, Wasserburg am Inn, Germany
- Department of Psychiatry und Psychotherapy, Ludwig Maximilians University, Munich, Germany
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22
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Ficarella SC, Battelli L. The critical role of the dorsal fronto-median cortex in voluntary action inhibition: A TMS study. Brain Stimul 2016; 10:596-603. [PMID: 28057451 DOI: 10.1016/j.brs.2016.12.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2016] [Revised: 12/14/2016] [Accepted: 12/15/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Action inhibition is a complex decision process that can be triggered by external factors (exogenous) or internal decisions (endogenous). While the neuronal underpinnings of exogenous action inhibition have been extensively investigated, less is known about the brain areas responsible for endogenous action inhibition. OBJECTIVE We used inhibitory repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) to test the causal role of two brain areas, the left dorsal fronto-median Cortex (dFMC) and the right Inferior Frontal Cortex (rIFC) in exogenous and endogenous action inhibition. METHODS The exogenous condition was a modified version of the Go/NoGo paradigm, where a green stimulus served as a cue to perform an action (a button press, Exogenous-Go), while a magenta stimulus indicated that action should be withhold (Exogenous-NoGo). Crucially, for the endogenous condition we psychophysically generated a shade of colour that participants randomly categorized as green or magenta. This unique stimulus, randomly intermixed with green and magenta stimuli, forced participants to perform an endogenous (internally-driven) choice to either execute or inhibit the action. RESULTS In the endogenous condition, at baseline participants executed the action on half the trials; however, after 1-Hz rTMS over the dFMC they responded significantly more frequently, indicating a reduced response inhibition. The effect was selective for the dFMC stimulation and sustained in time. Moreover, no significant effects were found in the exogenous condition. CONCLUSIONS These results support the causal role of the left dFMC in endogenous action inhibition and, more generally, the notion of separate brain circuits for endogenous and exogenous action inhibition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefania C Ficarella
- Center for Mind/Brain Sciences, University of Trento, 38068 Rovereto, Italy; Center for Neuroscience and Cognitive Systems@UniTn, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Corso Bettini 31, 38068 Rovereto (TN), Italy; Laboratoire de Neuroscience Cognitives (LNC), Aix-Marseille Université, 3 Place Victor Hugo, 13331 Marseille, France.
| | - Lorella Battelli
- Center for Neuroscience and Cognitive Systems@UniTn, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Corso Bettini 31, 38068 Rovereto (TN), Italy; Berenson-Allen Center for Noninvasive Brain Stimulation and Department of Neurology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, 02215 Massachusetts, USA
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23
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Emotional processing and rTMS: does inhibitory theta burst stimulation affect the human startle reflex? J Neural Transm (Vienna) 2016; 123:1121-31. [DOI: 10.1007/s00702-016-1568-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2016] [Accepted: 04/30/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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Chanes L, Quentin R, Vernet M, Valero-Cabré A. Arrhythmic activity in the left frontal eye field facilitates conscious visual perception in humans. Cortex 2015; 71:240-7. [PMID: 26247410 DOI: 10.1016/j.cortex.2015.05.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2014] [Revised: 02/20/2015] [Accepted: 05/14/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The frontal eye field (FEF) is a brain region involved in several processes relevant for visual performance, including visuo-spatial attention, conscious access and decision-making. Prior research has causally demonstrated that high-beta FEF activity in the right hemisphere enhances conscious visual perception, an outcome that is in agreement with evidence of neural synchronization along a right dorsal fronto-parietal network during attentional orienting and a right-hemisphere dominance for visuospatial processing. Nonetheless, frontal regions in the left hemisphere have also been shown to modulate perceptual performance. To causally explore the neural basis of these modulations, we delivered high-beta frequency-specific bursts of transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) to the left FEF and report that, in this region, these patterns failed to modulate conscious perception. In contrast, non-frequency-specific TMS patterns yielded visual performance improvements similar to those formerly causally associated to the induction of high-beta activity on its right-hemisphere homotopic area. This noise-induced facilitation of conscious vision suggests a relevant role of the left frontal cortex in visual perception. Furthermore, taken together with prior causal right-FEF evidence, our study indicates that frontal regions of each hemisphere employ different coding strategies to modulate conscious perception.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorena Chanes
- Université Pierre et Marie Curie, CNRS UMR 7225-INSERM UMRS S975, Centre de Recherche de l'Institut du Cerveau et la Moelle (ICM), Paris, France
| | - Romain Quentin
- Université Pierre et Marie Curie, CNRS UMR 7225-INSERM UMRS S975, Centre de Recherche de l'Institut du Cerveau et la Moelle (ICM), Paris, France
| | - Marine Vernet
- Université Pierre et Marie Curie, CNRS UMR 7225-INSERM UMRS S975, Centre de Recherche de l'Institut du Cerveau et la Moelle (ICM), Paris, France
| | - Antoni Valero-Cabré
- Université Pierre et Marie Curie, CNRS UMR 7225-INSERM UMRS S975, Centre de Recherche de l'Institut du Cerveau et la Moelle (ICM), Paris, France; Laboratory for Cerebral Dynamics Plasticity & Rehabilitation, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA; Cognitive Neuroscience and Information Technology Research Program, Open University of Catalonia (UOC), Barcelona, Spain.
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Terhune DB, Murray E, Near J, Stagg CJ, Cowey A, Cohen Kadosh R. Phosphene Perception Relates to Visual Cortex Glutamate Levels and Covaries with Atypical Visuospatial Awareness. Cereb Cortex 2015; 25:4341-50. [PMID: 25725043 PMCID: PMC4816785 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhv015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Phosphenes are illusory visual percepts produced by the application of transcranial magnetic stimulation to occipital cortex. Phosphene thresholds, the minimum stimulation intensity required to reliably produce phosphenes, are widely used as an index of cortical excitability. However, the neural basis of phosphene thresholds and their relationship to individual differences in visual cognition are poorly understood. Here, we investigated the neurochemical basis of phosphene perception by measuring basal GABA and glutamate levels in primary visual cortex using magnetic resonance spectroscopy. We further examined whether phosphene thresholds would relate to the visuospatial phenomenology of grapheme-color synesthesia, a condition characterized by atypical binding and involuntary color photisms. Phosphene thresholds negatively correlated with glutamate concentrations in visual cortex, with lower thresholds associated with elevated glutamate. This relationship was robust, present in both controls and synesthetes, and exhibited neurochemical, topographic, and threshold specificity. Projector synesthetes, who experience color photisms as spatially colocalized with inducing graphemes, displayed lower phosphene thresholds than associator synesthetes, who experience photisms as internal images, with both exhibiting lower thresholds than controls. These results suggest that phosphene perception is driven by interindividual variation in glutamatergic activity in primary visual cortex and relates to cortical processes underlying individual differences in visuospatial awareness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Devin B Terhune
- Department of Experimental Psychology, Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Elizabeth Murray
- Department of Experimental Psychology, Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Jamie Near
- Douglas Mental Health University Institute and Department of Psychiatry, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
| | - Charlotte J Stagg
- Centre for Functional MRI of the Brain (FMRIB), Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Alan Cowey
- Department of Experimental Psychology, Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Roi Cohen Kadosh
- Department of Experimental Psychology, Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
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Jacob H, Brück C, Plewnia C, Wildgruber D. Cerebral processing of prosodic emotional signals: evaluation of a network model using rTMS. PLoS One 2014; 9:e105509. [PMID: 25171220 PMCID: PMC4149421 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0105509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2014] [Accepted: 07/24/2014] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
A great number of functional imaging studies contributed to developing a cerebral network model illustrating the processing of prosody in the brain. According to this model, the processing of prosodic emotional signals is divided into three main steps, each related to different brain areas. The present study sought to evaluate parts of the aforementioned model by using low-frequency repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) over two important brain regions identified by the model: the superior temporal cortex (Experiment 1) and the inferior frontal cortex (Experiment 2). The aim of both experiments was to reduce cortical activity in the respective brain areas and evaluate whether these reductions lead to measurable behavioral effects during prosody processing. However, results obtained in this study revealed no rTMS effects on the acquired behavioral data. Possible explanations for these findings are discussed in the paper.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heike Jacob
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
- Werner Reichardt Centre for Integrative Neuroscience, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
- * E-mail:
| | - Carolin Brück
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Christian Plewnia
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Dirk Wildgruber
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
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Dambacher F, Sack AT, Lobbestael J, Arntz A, Brugmann S, Schuhmann T. The Role of Right Prefrontal and Medial Cortex in Response Inhibition: Interfering with Action Restraint and Action Cancellation Using Transcranial Magnetic Brain Stimulation. J Cogn Neurosci 2014; 26:1775-84. [PMID: 24564464 DOI: 10.1162/jocn_a_00595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
The ability of inhibiting impulsive urges is paramount for human behavior. Such successful response inhibition has consistently been associated with activity in pFC. The current study aims to unravel the differential involvement of different areas within right pFC for successful action restraint versus action cancellation. These two conceptually different aspects of action inhibition were measured with a go/no-go task (action restraint) and a stop signal task (action cancellation). Localization of relevant prefrontal activation was based on fMRI data. Significant task-related activation during successful action restraint was localized for each participant individually in right anterior insula (rAI), right superior frontal gyrus, and pre-SMA. Activation during successful action cancellation was localized in rAI, right middle frontal gyrus, and pre-SMA. Subsequently, fMRI-guided continuous thetaburst stimulation was applied to these regions. Results showed that the disruption of neural activity in rAI reduced both the ability to restrain (go/no-go) and cancel (stop signal) responses. In contrast, continuous thetaburst stimulation-induced disruption of the right superior frontal gyrus specifically impaired the ability to restrain from responding (go/no-go), while leaving the ability for action cancellation largely intact. Stimulation applied to right middle frontal gyrus and pre-SMA did not affect inhibitory processing in neither of the two tasks. These findings provide a more comprehensive perspective on the role of pFC in inhibition and cognitive control. The results emphasize the role of inferior frontal regions for global inhibition, whereas superior frontal regions seem to be specifically relevant for successful action restraint.
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Donhauser PW, Belin P, Grosbras MH. Biasing the perception of ambiguous vocal affect: a TMS study on frontal asymmetry. Soc Cogn Affect Neurosci 2014; 9:1046-51. [DOI: 10.1093/scan/nst080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Peter W. Donhauser
- Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada, and 2Institute of Neuroscience and Psychology, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Pascal Belin
- Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada, and 2Institute of Neuroscience and Psychology, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Marie-Hélène Grosbras
- Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada, and 2Institute of Neuroscience and Psychology, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
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Enhanced awareness followed reversible inhibition of human visual cortex: a combined TMS, MRS and MEG study. PLoS One 2014; 9:e100350. [PMID: 24956195 PMCID: PMC4067303 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0100350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2014] [Accepted: 05/23/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
This series of experiments investigated the neural basis of conscious vision in humans using a form of transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) known as continuous theta burst stimulation (cTBS). Previous studies have shown that occipital TMS, when time-locked to the onset of visual stimuli, can induce a phenomenon analogous to blindsight in which conscious detection is impaired while the ability to discriminate ‘unseen’ stimuli is preserved above chance. Here we sought to reproduce this phenomenon using offline occipital cTBS, which has been shown to induce an inhibitory cortical aftereffect lasting 45–60 minutes. Contrary to expectations, our first experiment revealed the opposite effect: cTBS enhanced conscious vision relative to a sham control. We then sought to replicate this cTBS-induced potentiation of consciousness in conjunction with magnetoencephalography (MEG) and undertook additional experiments to assess its relationship to visual cortical excitability and levels of the inhibitory neurotransmitter γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA; via magnetic resonance spectroscopy, MRS). Occipital cTBS decreased cortical excitability and increased regional GABA concentration. No significant effects of cTBS on MEG measures were observed, although the results provided weak evidence for potentiation of event related desynchronisation in the β band. Collectively these experiments suggest that, through the suppression of noise, cTBS can increase the signal-to-noise ratio of neural activity underlying conscious vision. We speculate that gating-by-inhibition in the visual cortex may provide a key foundation of consciousness.
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Schicktanz N, Schwegler K, Fastenrath M, Spalek K, Milnik A, Papassotiropoulos A, Nyffeler T, de Quervain DJF. Motor threshold predicts working memory performance in healthy humans. Ann Clin Transl Neurol 2013; 1:69-73. [PMID: 25356384 PMCID: PMC4207507 DOI: 10.1002/acn3.22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2013] [Revised: 10/24/2013] [Accepted: 11/07/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Cognitive functions, such as working memory, depend on neuronal excitability in a distributed network of cortical regions. It is not known, however, if interindividual differences in cortical excitability are related to differences in working memory performance. In the present transcranial magnetic stimulation study, which included 188 healthy young subjects, we show that participants with lower resting motor threshold, which is related to higher corticospinal excitability, had increased 2-back working memory performance. The findings may help to better understand the link between cortical excitability and cognitive functions and may also have important clinical implications with regard to conditions of altered cortical excitability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathalie Schicktanz
- Division of Cognitive Neuroscience, Department of Psychology, University of Basel Basel, Switzerland ; Psychiatric University Clinics, University of Basel Basel, Switzerland
| | - Kyrill Schwegler
- Division of Cognitive Neuroscience, Department of Psychology, University of Basel Basel, Switzerland ; Psychiatric University Clinics, University of Basel Basel, Switzerland
| | - Matthias Fastenrath
- Division of Cognitive Neuroscience, Department of Psychology, University of Basel Basel, Switzerland
| | - Klara Spalek
- Division of Cognitive Neuroscience, Department of Psychology, University of Basel Basel, Switzerland
| | - Annette Milnik
- Division of Molecular Neuroscience, Department of Psychology, University of Basel Basel, Switzerland
| | - Andreas Papassotiropoulos
- Psychiatric University Clinics, University of Basel Basel, Switzerland ; Division of Molecular Neuroscience, Department of Psychology, University of Basel Basel, Switzerland ; Life Sciences Training Facility, Department Biozentrum, University of Basel Basel, Switzerland
| | - Thomas Nyffeler
- Departments of Neurology and Clinical Research, Perception and Eye Movement Laboratory Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern Bern, Switzerland ; Center of Neurology and Neurorehabilitation, Luzerner Kantonsspital Luzern, Switzerland
| | - Dominique J-F de Quervain
- Division of Cognitive Neuroscience, Department of Psychology, University of Basel Basel, Switzerland ; Psychiatric University Clinics, University of Basel Basel, Switzerland
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Westin GG, Bassi BD, Lisanby SH, Luber B. Determination of motor threshold using visual observation overestimates transcranial magnetic stimulation dosage: safety implications. Clin Neurophysiol 2013; 125:142-147. [PMID: 23993680 DOI: 10.1016/j.clinph.2013.06.187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2012] [Revised: 06/18/2013] [Accepted: 06/24/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE While the standard has been to define motor threshold (MT) using EMG to measure motor cortex response to transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS), another method of determining MT using visual observation of muscle twitch (OM-MT) has emerged in clinical and research use. We compared these two methods for determining MT. METHODS Left motor cortex MTs were found in 20 healthy subjects. Employing the commonly-used relative frequency procedure and beginning from a clearly suprathreshold intensity, two raters used motor evoked potentials and finger movements respectively to determine EMG-MT and OM-MT. RESULTS OM-MT was 11.3% higher than EMG-MT (p<0.001), ranging from 0% to 27.8%. In eight subjects, OM-MT was more than 10% higher than EMG-MT, with two greater than 25%. CONCLUSIONS These findings suggest using OM yields significantly higher MTs than EMG, and may lead to unsafe TMS in some individuals. In more than half of the subjects in the present study, use of their OM-MT for typical rTMS treatment of depression would have resulted in stimulation beyond safety limits. SIGNIFICANCE For applications that involve stimulation near established safety limits and in the presence of factors that could elevate risk such as concomitant medications, EMG-MT is advisable, given that safety guidelines for TMS parameters were based on EMG-MT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregory G Westin
- University of California Davis School of Medicine, Sacramento, CA, USA
| | - Bruce D Bassi
- University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Sarah H Lisanby
- Departments of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Duke School of Medicine, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA.,Psychology and Neuroscience, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Bruce Luber
- Departments of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Duke School of Medicine, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA.,Psychology and Neuroscience, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
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32
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Varnava A, Dervinis M, Chambers CD. The Predictive Nature of Pseudoneglect for Visual Neglect: Evidence from Parietal Theta Burst Stimulation. PLoS One 2013; 8:e65851. [PMID: 23823975 PMCID: PMC3688802 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0065851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2012] [Accepted: 05/02/2013] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Following parietal damage most patients with visual neglect bisect horizontal lines significantly away from the true centre. Neurologically intact individuals also misbisect lines; a phenomenon referred to as ‘pseudoneglect’. In this study we examined the relationship between neglect and pseudoneglect by testing how patterns of pre-existing visuospatial asymmetry predict asymmetry caused by parietal interference. Twenty-four participants completed line bisection and Landmark tasks before receiving continuous theta burst stimulation to the left or right angular gyrus. Results showed that a pre-existing pattern of left pseudoneglect (i.e. right bias), but not right pseudoneglect, predicts left neglect-like behaviour during line bisection following right parietal cTBS. This correlation is consistent with the view that neglect and pseudoneglect arise via a common or linked neural mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alice Varnava
- Department of Psychology, Swansea University, Swansea, United Kingdom
- School of Psychology, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
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33
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Comparative incidence rates of mild adverse effects to transcranial magnetic stimulation. Clin Neurophysiol 2013; 124:536-44. [DOI: 10.1016/j.clinph.2012.07.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2012] [Revised: 07/24/2012] [Accepted: 07/25/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Chambers CD, Allen CP, Maizey L, Williams MA. Is delayed foveal feedback critical for extra-foveal perception? Cortex 2013; 49:327-35. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cortex.2012.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2011] [Revised: 02/16/2012] [Accepted: 03/09/2012] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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35
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Stokes MG, Barker AT, Dervinis M, Verbruggen F, Maizey L, Adams RC, Chambers CD. Biophysical determinants of transcranial magnetic stimulation: effects of excitability and depth of targeted area. J Neurophysiol 2012; 109:437-44. [PMID: 23114213 DOI: 10.1152/jn.00510.2012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Safe and effective transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) requires accurate intensity calibration. Output is typically calibrated to individual motor cortex excitability and applied to nonmotor brain areas, assuming that it captures a site nonspecific factor of excitability. We tested this assumption by correlating the effect of TMS at motor and visual cortex. In 30 participants, we measured motor threshold (MT) and phosphene threshold (PT) at the scalp surface and at coil-scalp distances of 3.17, 5.63, and 9.03 mm. We also modeled the effect of TMS in a simple head model to test the effect of distance. Four independent tests confirmed a significant correlation between PT and MT. We also found similar effects of distance in motor and visual areas, which did not correlate across participants. Computational modeling suggests that the relationship between the effect of distance and the induced electric field is effectively linear within the range of distances that have been explored empirically. We conclude that MT-guided calibration is valid for nonmotor brain areas if coil-cortex distance is taken into account. For standard figure-of-eight TMS coils connected to biphasic stimulators, the effect of cortical distance should be adjusted using a general correction factor of 2.7% stimulator output per millimeter.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark G Stokes
- Oxford Centre for Human Brain Activity, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom.
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Bungert A, Chambers CD, Long E, Evans CJ. On the importance of specialized radiofrequency filtering for concurrent TMS/MRI. J Neurosci Methods 2012; 210:202-5. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jneumeth.2012.07.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2012] [Revised: 07/07/2012] [Accepted: 07/26/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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37
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Cai W, George JS, Chambers CD, Stokes MG, Verbruggen F, Aron AR. Stimulating deep cortical structures with the batwing coil: how to determine the intensity for transcranial magnetic stimulation using coil-cortex distance. J Neurosci Methods 2011; 204:238-41. [PMID: 22138632 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneumeth.2011.11.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2011] [Revised: 11/01/2011] [Accepted: 11/16/2011] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) is increasingly used in cognitive neuroscience to probe non-motor cortical regions. A key question for such studies is the choice of stimulation intensity. Early studies used a simple metric such as 115% of motor threshold (MT) for non-motor regions; where MT is the stimulation intensity required to elicit a particular amplitude of motor evoked potential or visible muscle twitch when the coil is placed over primary motor cortex. Recently, however, it was demonstrated that this simple metric for stimulation of non-motor regions is inadequate - it could lead to over or under-stimulation depending on the distance between the coil and the cortex. Instead, a method was developed to scale the motor threshold based on coil-cortex distance, at least for standard figure-of-eight stimulating coils. Here we validate the same method for a 'batwing coil', which is designed to stimulate deeper cortical structures such as the medial frontal cortex. We modulated coil-cortex distance within-participant by inserting spacers of different thickness between coil and scalp. We then measured MT at each spacer. We show that for every millimeter between coil and scalp an additional 1.4% of TMS output is required to induce an equivalent level of brain stimulation at the motor cortex. Using this parameter we describe a linear function to adjust MT for future studies of non-motor regions-of-interest using the batwing coil. This is the first study to demonstrate the effects of coil-cortical distance on stimulation efficiency via a monophasic system using a batwing coil.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weidong Cai
- Department of Psychology, University of California, San Diego 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093-0109, USA.
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