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Yang J, Hu X, Wang Y, Liu W, Zhang M, Zhang A, Ni B. Identification of the shared gene signatures and molecular mechanisms between multiple sclerosis and non-small cell lung cancer. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1180449. [PMID: 37251402 PMCID: PMC10213509 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1180449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2023] [Accepted: 04/28/2023] [Indexed: 05/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction The association between multiple sclerosis (MS) and non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) has been the subject of investigation in clinical cohorts, yet the molecular mechanisms underpinning this relationship remain incompletely understood. To address this, our study aimed to identify shared genetic signatures, shared local immune microenvironment, and molecular mechanisms between MS and NSCLC. Methods We selected multiple Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) datasets, including GSE19188, GSE214334, GSE199460, and GSE148071, to obtain gene expression levels and clinical information from patients or mice with MS and NSCLC. We employed Weighted Gene Co-expression Network Analysis (WGCNA) to investigate co-expression networks linked to MS and NSCLC and used single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) analysis to explore the local immune microenvironment of MS and NSCLC and identify possible shared components. Results Our analysis identified the most significant shared gene in MS and NSCLC, phosphodiesterase 4A (PDE4A), and we analyzed its expression in NSCLC patients and its impact on patient prognosis, as well as its molecular mechanism. Our results demonstrated that high expression of PDE4A was associated with poor prognoses in NSCLC patients, and Gene Set Enrichment Analysis (GSEA) revealed that PDE4A is involved in immune-related pathways and has a significant regulatory effect on human immune responses. We further observed that PDE4A was closely linked to the sensitivity of several chemotherapy drugs. Conclusion Given the limitation of studies investigating the molecular mechanisms underlying the correlation between MS and NSCLC, our findings suggest that there are shared pathogenic processes and molecular mechanisms between these two diseases and that PDE4A represents a potential therapeutic target and immune-related biomarker for patients with both MS and NSCLC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingyun Yang
- Department of Oncology, Xinqiao Hospital, Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), Chongqing, China
- Department of Pathophysiology, College of High Altitude Military Medicine, Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), Chongqing, China
| | - Xiaofei Hu
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Southwest Hospital, Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), Chongqing, China
| | - Yu Wang
- Medical Research Institute, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Wenying Liu
- Department of Dermatology, Southwest Hospital, Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), Chongqing, China
| | - Mengjie Zhang
- Department of Pathophysiology, College of High Altitude Military Medicine, Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), Chongqing, China
| | - Anmei Zhang
- Department of Oncology, Xinqiao Hospital, Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), Chongqing, China
| | - Bing Ni
- Department of Pathophysiology, College of High Altitude Military Medicine, Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), Chongqing, China
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Ullrich KAM, Schulze LL, Paap EM, Müller TM, Neurath MF, Zundler S. Immunology of IL-12: An update on functional activities and implications for disease. EXCLI JOURNAL 2020; 19:1563-1589. [PMID: 33408595 PMCID: PMC7783470 DOI: 10.17179/excli2020-3104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2020] [Accepted: 12/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
As its first identified member, Interleukin-12 (IL-12) named a whole family of cytokines. In response to pathogens, the heterodimeric protein, consisting of the two subunits p35 and p40, is secreted by phagocytic cells. Binding of IL-12 to the IL-12 receptor (IL-12R) on T and natural killer (NK) cells leads to signaling via signal transducer and activator of transcription 4 (STAT4) and subsequent interferon gamma (IFN-γ) production and secretion. Signaling downstream of IFN-γ includes activation of T-box transcription factor TBX21 (Tbet) and induces pro-inflammatory functions of T helper 1 (TH1) cells, thereby linking innate and adaptive immune responses. Initial views on the role of IL-12 and clinical efforts to translate them into therapeutic approaches had to be re-interpreted following the discovery of other members of the IL-12 family, such as IL-23, sharing a subunit with IL-12. However, the importance of IL-12 with regard to immune processes in the context of infection and (auto-) inflammation is still beyond doubt. In this review, we will provide an update on functional activities of IL-12 and their implications for disease. We will begin with a summary on structure and function of the cytokine itself as well as its receptor and outline the signal transduction and the transcriptional regulation of IL-12 secretion. In the second part of the review, we will depict the involvement of IL-12 in immune-mediated diseases and relevant experimental disease models, while also providing an outlook on potential translational approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen A-M Ullrich
- Department of Medicine and Deutsches Zentrum Immuntherapie, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nuremberg, Germany
| | - Lisa Lou Schulze
- Department of Medicine and Deutsches Zentrum Immuntherapie, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nuremberg, Germany
| | - Eva-Maria Paap
- Department of Medicine and Deutsches Zentrum Immuntherapie, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nuremberg, Germany
| | - Tanja M Müller
- Department of Medicine and Deutsches Zentrum Immuntherapie, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nuremberg, Germany
| | - Markus F Neurath
- Department of Medicine and Deutsches Zentrum Immuntherapie, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nuremberg, Germany
| | - Sebastian Zundler
- Department of Medicine and Deutsches Zentrum Immuntherapie, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nuremberg, Germany
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3
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Bhat A, Ray B, Mahalakshmi AM, Tuladhar S, Nandakumar DN, Srinivasan M, Essa MM, Chidambaram SB, Guillemin GJ, Sakharkar MK. Phosphodiesterase-4 enzyme as a therapeutic target in neurological disorders. Pharmacol Res 2020; 160:105078. [PMID: 32673703 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2020.105078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2020] [Revised: 07/09/2020] [Accepted: 07/10/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Phosphodiesterases (PDE) are a diverse family of enzymes (11 isoforms so far identified) responsible for the degradation of cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) and cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP) which are involved in several cellular and biochemical functions. Phosphodiesterase 4 (PDE4) is the major isoform within this group and is highly expressed in the mammalian brain. An inverse association between PDE4 and cAMP levels is the key mechanism in various pathophysiological conditions like airway inflammatory diseases-chronic obstruction pulmonary disease (COPD), asthma, psoriasis, rheumatoid arthritis, and neurological disorders etc. In 2011, roflumilast, a PDE4 inhibitor (PDE4I) was approved for the treatment of COPD. Subsequently, other PDE4 inhibitors (PDE4Is) like apremilast and crisaborole were approved by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for psoriasis, atopic dermatitis etc. Due to the adverse effects like unbearable nausea and vomiting, dose intolerance and diarrhoea, PDE4 inhibitors have very less clinical compliance. Efforts are being made to develop allosteric modulation with high specificity to PDE4 isoforms having better efficacy and lesser adverse effects. Interestingly, repositioning PDE4Is towards neurological disorders including Alzheimer's disease (AD), Parkinson's disease (PD), Huntington's disease (HD), multiple sclerosis (MS) and sleep disorders, is gaining attention. This review is an attempt to summarize the data on the effects of PDE4 overexpression in neurological disorders and the use of PDE4Is and newer allosteric modulators as therapeutic options. We have also compiled a list of on-going clinical trials on PDE4 inhibitors in neurological disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abid Bhat
- Dept. of Pharmacology, JSS College of Pharmacy, JSS Academy of Higher Education & Research, Mysuru, India
| | - Bipul Ray
- Dept. of Pharmacology, JSS College of Pharmacy, JSS Academy of Higher Education & Research, Mysuru, India
| | | | - Sunanda Tuladhar
- Dept. of Pharmacology, JSS College of Pharmacy, JSS Academy of Higher Education & Research, Mysuru, India
| | - D N Nandakumar
- Department of Neurochemistry, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences (NIMHANS), Bengaluru, 560029, India
| | - Malathi Srinivasan
- Department of Lipid Science, CSIR - Central Food Technological Research Institute (CFTRI), CFTRI Campus, Mysuru, 570020, India
| | - Musthafa Mohamed Essa
- Ageing and Dementia Research Group, Sultan Qaboos University, Muscat, Oman; Department of Food Science and Nutrition, CAMS, Sultan Qaboos University, Muscat, Oman.
| | - Saravana Babu Chidambaram
- Dept. of Pharmacology, JSS College of Pharmacy, JSS Academy of Higher Education & Research, Mysuru, India; Centre for Experimental Pharmacology and Toxicology, Central Animal Facility, JSS Academy of Higher Education & Research, Mysuru, India.
| | - Gilles J Guillemin
- Neuroinflammation group, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Macquarie University, NSW, 2109, Australia.
| | - Meena Kishore Sakharkar
- College of Pharmacy and Nutrition, University of Saskatchewan, 107, Wiggins Road, Saskatoon, SK, S7N 5C9, Canada
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Stoolman JS, Duncker PC, Huber AK, Giles DA, Washnock-Schmid JM, Soulika AM, Segal BM. An IFNγ/CXCL2 regulatory pathway determines lesion localization during EAE. J Neuroinflammation 2018; 15:208. [PMID: 30012158 PMCID: PMC6048869 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-018-1237-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2018] [Accepted: 06/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (MOG)-reactive T-helper (Th)1 cells induce conventional experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (cEAE), characterized by ascending paralysis and monocyte-predominant spinal cord infiltrates, in C57BL/6 wildtype (WT) hosts. The same T cells induce an atypical form of EAE (aEAE), characterized by ataxia and neutrophil-predominant brainstem infiltrates, in syngeneic IFNγ receptor (IFNγR)-deficient hosts. Production of ELR+ CXC chemokines within the CNS is required for the development of aEAE, but not cEAE. The cellular source(s) and localization of ELR+ CXC chemokines in the CNS and the IFNγ-dependent pathways that regulate their production remain to be elucidated. Methods The spatial distribution of inflammatory lesions and CNS expression of the ELR+ CXC chemokines, CXCL1 and CXCL2, were determined via immunohistochemistry and/or in situ hybridization. Levels of CXCL1 and CXCL2, and their cognate receptor CXCR2, were measured in/on leukocyte subsets by flow cytometric and quantitative PCR (qPCR) analysis. Bone marrow neutrophils and macrophages were cultured with inflammatory stimuli in vitro prior to measurement of CXCL2 and CXCR2 by qPCR or flow cytometry. Results CNS-infiltrating neutrophils and monocytes, and resident microglia, are a prominent source of CXCL2 in the brainstem of IFNγRKO adoptive transfer recipients during aEAE. In WT transfer recipients, IFNγ directly suppresses CXCL2 transcription in microglia and myeloid cells, and CXCR2 transcription in CNS-infiltrating neutrophils. Consequently, infiltration of the brainstem parenchyma from the adjacent meninges is blocked during cEAE. CXCL2 directly stimulates its own expression in cultured neutrophils, which is enhanced by IL-1 and suppressed by IFNγ. Conclusions We provide evidence for an IFNγ-regulated CXCR2/CXCL2 autocrine/paracrine feedback loop in innate immune cells that determines the location of CNS infiltrates during Th1-mediated EAE. When IFNγ signaling is impaired, myeloid cell production of CXCL2 increases, which promotes brainstem inflammation and results in clinical ataxia. IFNγ, produced within the CNS of WT recipients, suppresses myeloid cell CXCR2 and CXCL2 production, thereby skewing the location of neuroinflammatory infiltrates to the spinal cord and the clinical phenotype to an ascending paralysis. These data reveal a novel mechanism by which IFNγ and CXCL2 interact to direct regional recruitment of leukocytes in the CNS, resulting in distinct clinical presentations. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12974-018-1237-y) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua S Stoolman
- Holtom-Garrett Program in Neuroimmunology and Multiple Sclerosis Center, Department of Neurology, University of Michigan School of Medicine, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA.,Graduate Program in Immunology, University of Michigan School of Medicine, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA.,Division of Allergy-Immunology, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care, Northwestern University, Feinberg School of Medicine, 240 E. Huron Street, McGaw M410, Chicago, IL, 60611, USA
| | - Patrick C Duncker
- Holtom-Garrett Program in Neuroimmunology and Multiple Sclerosis Center, Department of Neurology, University of Michigan School of Medicine, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA.,Graduate Program in Immunology, University of Michigan School of Medicine, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - Amanda K Huber
- Holtom-Garrett Program in Neuroimmunology and Multiple Sclerosis Center, Department of Neurology, University of Michigan School of Medicine, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - David A Giles
- Holtom-Garrett Program in Neuroimmunology and Multiple Sclerosis Center, Department of Neurology, University of Michigan School of Medicine, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA.,Graduate Program in Immunology, University of Michigan School of Medicine, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - Jesse M Washnock-Schmid
- Holtom-Garrett Program in Neuroimmunology and Multiple Sclerosis Center, Department of Neurology, University of Michigan School of Medicine, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - Athena M Soulika
- Institute for Pediatric Regenerative Medicine, UC Davis School of Medicine and Shriners Hospital, 2425 Stockton Blvd, Sacramento, CA, 95817, USA
| | - Benjamin M Segal
- Holtom-Garrett Program in Neuroimmunology and Multiple Sclerosis Center, Department of Neurology, University of Michigan School of Medicine, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA. .,Graduate Program in Immunology, University of Michigan School of Medicine, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA. .,Graduate Program in Neuroscience, University of Michigan School of Medicine, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA. .,Neurology Service, VA Ann Arbor Health Care System, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.
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Patel MS, Miranda-Nieves D, Chen J, Haller CA, Chaikof EL. Targeting P-selectin glycoprotein ligand-1/P-selectin interactions as a novel therapy for metabolic syndrome. Transl Res 2017; 183:1-13. [PMID: 28034759 PMCID: PMC5393932 DOI: 10.1016/j.trsl.2016.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2016] [Accepted: 11/13/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Obesity-induced insulin resistance and metabolic syndrome continue to pose an important public health challenge worldwide as they significantly increase the risk of type 2 diabetes and atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease. Advances in the pathophysiologic understanding of this process has identified that chronic inflammation plays a pivotal role. In this regard, given that both animal models and human studies have demonstrated that the interaction of P-selectin glycoprotein ligand-1 (PSGL-1) with P-selectin is not only critical for normal immune response but also is upregulated in the setting of metabolic syndrome, PSGL-1/P-selectin interactions provide a novel target for preventing and treating resultant disease. Current approaches of interfering with PSGL-1/P-selectin interactions include targeted antibodies, recombinant immunoglobulins that competitively bind P-selectin, and synthetic molecular therapies. Experimental models as well as clinical trials assessing the role of these modalities in a variety of diseases have continued to contribute to the understanding of PSGL-1/P-selectin interactions and have demonstrated the difficulty in creating clinically relevant therapeutics. Most recently, however, computational simulations have further enhanced our understanding of the structural features of PSGL-1 and related glycomimetics, which are responsible for high-affinity selectin interactions. Leveraging these insights for the design of next generation agents has thus led to development of a promising synthetic method for generating PSGL-1 glycosulfopeptide mimetics for the treatment of metabolic syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madhukar S Patel
- Department of Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Mass; Department of Surgery, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, Mass; Harvard Medical School, Boston, Mass
| | - David Miranda-Nieves
- Department of Surgery, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, Mass; Harvard Medical School, Boston, Mass; Division of Health Sciences and Technology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Mass
| | - Jiaxuan Chen
- Department of Surgery, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, Mass; Harvard Medical School, Boston, Mass
| | - Carolyn A Haller
- Department of Surgery, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, Mass; Harvard Medical School, Boston, Mass
| | - Elliot L Chaikof
- Department of Surgery, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, Mass; Harvard Medical School, Boston, Mass.
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6
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Selectin-mediated leukocyte trafficking during the development of autoimmune disease. Autoimmun Rev 2015; 14:984-95. [DOI: 10.1016/j.autrev.2015.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2015] [Accepted: 06/18/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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Zundler S, Neurath MF. Interleukin-12: Functional activities and implications for disease. Cytokine Growth Factor Rev 2015; 26:559-68. [PMID: 26182974 DOI: 10.1016/j.cytogfr.2015.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 138] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2015] [Accepted: 07/01/2015] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Interleukin-12 (IL-12) was the first member of the IL-12 family of cytokines to be identified and has therefore become its eponym. It is a heterodimeric protein of two subunits (p35, p40) secreted by phagocytic cells in response to pathogens and mainly acts through STAT4 to induce IFN-γ production in T and NK cells. IFN-γ in turn mediates proinflammatory functions and activates T-bet. As IL-12 engages in TH1 development, it is believed to represent an important link between innate and adaptive immunity. Following its identification and the finding of its association to TH1 commitment, great hopes were placed in IL-12 to become a target for therapeutic applications in multiple settings of autoimmunity and cancer. Though, the discovery of the related members of the IL-12 family and several rather disappointing attempts to translate experimental results into clinical practice, have relativized these hopes. Nevertheless, IL-12 remains a cytokine of outstanding importance with lots of unresolved questions. In this review, we will first briefly depict the biochemistry of the cytokine, its receptor and the related signal transduction, before summarizing the regulation of IL-12 production and its biological functions. We will then describe the current knowledge about the implication of IL-12 in different murine disease models as well as in the corresponding human conditions and comment on possible consequences for future clinical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Zundler
- Department of Medicine 1, University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, Kussmaul Campus for Medical Research & Translational Research Center, Medical Clinic 1, Ulmenweg 18, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Markus F Neurath
- Department of Medicine 1, University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, Kussmaul Campus for Medical Research & Translational Research Center, Medical Clinic 1, Ulmenweg 18, 91054 Erlangen, Germany.
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McPherson RC, Konkel JE, Prendergast CT, Thomson JP, Ottaviano R, Leech MD, Kay O, Zandee SEJ, Sweenie CH, Wraith DC, Meehan RR, Drake AJ, Anderton SM. Epigenetic modification of the PD-1 (Pdcd1) promoter in effector CD4(+) T cells tolerized by peptide immunotherapy. eLife 2014; 3. [PMID: 25546306 PMCID: PMC4297948 DOI: 10.7554/elife.03416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2014] [Accepted: 12/24/2014] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Clinically effective antigen-based immunotherapy must silence antigen-experienced effector T cells (Teff) driving ongoing immune pathology. Using CD4+ autoimmune Teff cells, we demonstrate that peptide immunotherapy (PIT) is strictly dependent upon sustained T cell expression of the co-inhibitory molecule PD-1. We found high levels of 5-hydroxymethylcytosine (5hmC) at the PD-1 (Pdcd1) promoter of non-tolerant T cells. 5hmC was lost in response to PIT, with DNA hypomethylation of the promoter. We identified dynamic changes in expression of the genes encoding the Ten-Eleven-Translocation (TET) proteins that are associated with the oxidative conversion 5-methylcytosine and 5hmC, during cytosine demethylation. We describe a model whereby promoter demethylation requires the co-incident expression of permissive histone modifications at the Pdcd1 promoter together with TET availability. This combination was only seen in tolerant Teff cells following PIT, but not in Teff that transiently express PD-1. Epigenetic changes at the Pdcd1 locus therefore determine the tolerizing potential of TCR-ligation. DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/eLife.03416.001 The immune system protects the body from dangerous microbes and removes damaged cells. However, in some cases, the immune system can malfunction and attack healthy tissues, which can lead to type-1 diabetes, multiple sclerosis, and other autoimmune diseases. Many of the current treatments for these disorders suppress the immune system, which can make the individuals more susceptible to infections. It may be possible to treat autoimmune diseases using small pieces of protein—called peptides—that are based on proteins found on the cells that the immune system attacks by mistake. This strategy would target the specific immune cells that are malfunctioning, but allow the rest of the immune system to continue to work as normal. Peptide-based therapies for autoimmune diseases are currently being tested in clinical trials, and although the results look promising, it is not known precisely how they work. McPherson et al. used mice that develop a disease similar to multiple sclerosis because some of their immune cells, known as effector T cells, attack a protein found in the mouse brain called MBP. The mice were treated with a peptide based on part of MBP, which prevented them from developing the autoimmune disease. The success of the peptide therapy depended on the T cells producing large amounts of a protein called PD-1. This protein stops the T-cells from activating immune responses when they detect the MBP protein. The gene that makes PD-1 can have a methyl-tag—a chemical modification to DNA—which alters how much PD-1 is made in the T cells. When the gene has this methyl-tag, it can only be switched on for a short time to make a small amount of PD-1, which helps to control the immune responses activated by the T cell. However, when the methyl-tag was removed as a result of the peptide therapy the gene could be switched on for much longer, so that much more PD-1 was produced. This work helps us to understand how peptide therapy works and should improve the chances of using this therapy to successfully treat patients with autoimmune diseases. DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/eLife.03416.002
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Affiliation(s)
- Rhoanne C McPherson
- MRC Centre for Inflammation Research, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Joanne E Konkel
- MRC Centre for Inflammation Research, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Catriona T Prendergast
- MRC Centre for Inflammation Research, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - John P Thomson
- MRC Human Genetics Unit, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Raffaele Ottaviano
- MRC Human Genetics Unit, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Melanie D Leech
- MRC Centre for Inflammation Research, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Oliver Kay
- MRC Centre for Inflammation Research, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Stephanie E J Zandee
- MRC Centre for Inflammation Research, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Claire H Sweenie
- MRC Centre for Inflammation Research, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - David C Wraith
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Richard R Meehan
- MRC Human Genetics Unit, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Amanda J Drake
- University/BHF Centre for Cardiovascular Science, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Stephen M Anderton
- MRC Centre for Inflammation Research, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
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Anderson KM, Olson KE, Estes KA, Flanagan K, Gendelman HE, Mosley RL. Dual destructive and protective roles of adaptive immunity in neurodegenerative disorders. Transl Neurodegener 2014; 3:25. [PMID: 25671101 PMCID: PMC4323229 DOI: 10.1186/2047-9158-3-25] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2014] [Accepted: 10/28/2014] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Inappropriate T cell responses in the central nervous system (CNS) affect the pathogenesis of a broad range of neuroinflammatory and neurodegenerative disorders that include, but are not limited to, multiple sclerosis, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, Alzheimer’s disease and Parkinson’s disease. On the one hand immune responses can exacerbate neurotoxic responses; while on the other hand, they can lead to neuroprotective outcomes. The temporal and spatial mechanisms by which these immune responses occur and are regulated in the setting of active disease have gained significant recent attention. Spatially, immune responses that affect neurodegeneration may occur within or outside the CNS. Migration of antigen-specific CD4+ T cells from the periphery to the CNS and consequent immune cell interactions with resident glial cells affect neuroinflammation and neuronal survival. The destructive or protective mechanisms of these interactions are linked to the relative numerical and functional dominance of effector or regulatory T cells. Temporally, immune responses at disease onset or during progression may exhibit a differential balance of immune responses in the periphery and within the CNS. Immune responses with predominate T cell subtypes may differentially manifest migratory, regulatory and effector functions when triggered by endogenous misfolded and aggregated proteins and cell-specific stimuli. The final result is altered glial and neuronal behaviors that influence the disease course. Thus, discovery of neurodestructive and neuroprotective immune mechanisms will permit potential new therapeutic pathways that affect neuronal survival and slow disease progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristi M Anderson
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, Center for Neurodegenerative Disorders, The University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198 USA
| | - Katherine E Olson
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, Center for Neurodegenerative Disorders, The University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198 USA
| | - Katherine A Estes
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, Center for Neurodegenerative Disorders, The University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198 USA
| | - Ken Flanagan
- Prothena Biosciences, South San Francisco, 650 Gateway Boulevard, CA 94080 USA
| | - Howard E Gendelman
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, Center for Neurodegenerative Disorders, The University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198 USA
| | - R Lee Mosley
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, Center for Neurodegenerative Disorders, The University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198 USA
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Longbrake EE, Racke MK. Why did IL-12/IL-23 antibody therapy fail in multiple sclerosis? Expert Rev Neurother 2014; 9:319-21. [DOI: 10.1586/14737175.9.3.319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Fisher Y, Strominger I, Biton S, Nemirovsky A, Baron R, Monsonego A. Th1 polarization of T cells injected into the cerebrospinal fluid induces brain immunosurveillance. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2013; 192:92-102. [PMID: 24307730 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1301707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Although CD4 T cells reside within the cerebrospinal fluid, it is yet unclear whether and how they enter the brain parenchyma and migrate to target specific Ags. We examined the ability of Th1, Th2, and Th17 CD4 T cells injected intracerebroventricularly to migrate from the lateral ventricles into the brain parenchyma in mice. We show that primarily Th1 cells cross the ependymal layer of the ventricle and migrate within the brain parenchyma by stimulating an IFN-γ-dependent dialogue with neural cells, which maintains the effector function of the T cells. When injected into a mouse model of Alzheimer's disease, amyloid-β (Aβ)-specific Th1 cells target Aβ plaques, increase Aβ uptake, and promote neurogenesis with no evidence of pathogenic autoimmunity or neuronal loss. Overall, we provide a mechanistic insight to the migration of cerebrospinal fluid CD4 T cells into the brain parenchyma and highlight implications on brain immunity and repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yair Fisher
- Shraga Segal Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Genetics, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva 84105, Israel
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Angiari S, Constantin G. Selectins and their ligands as potential immunotherapeutic targets in neurological diseases. Immunotherapy 2013; 5:1207-20. [DOI: 10.2217/imt.13.122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Selectins are a family of adhesion receptors that bind to highly glycosylated molecules expressed on the surface of leukocytes and endothelial cells. The interactions between selectins and their ligands control tethering and rolling of leukocytes on the vascular wall during the process of leukocyte migration into the tissues under physiological and pathological conditions. In recent years, it has been shown that leukocyte recruitment in the CNS plays a pivotal role in diseases such as multiple sclerosis, ischemic stroke, epilepsy and traumatic brain injury. In this review, we discuss the role of selectins in leukocyte–endothelial interactions in the pathogenesis of neurological diseases, highlighting new findings suggesting that selectins and their ligands may represent novel potential therapeutic targets for the treatment of CNS diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefano Angiari
- Department of Pathology & Diagnostics, Section of General Pathology, University of Verona, Strada le Grazie 8, Verona 37134, Italy
| | - Gabriela Constantin
- Department of Pathology & Diagnostics, Section of General Pathology, University of Verona, Strada le Grazie 8, Verona 37134, Italy
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13
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Sallusto F, Impellizzieri D, Basso C, Laroni A, Uccelli A, Lanzavecchia A, Engelhardt B. T-cell trafficking in the central nervous system. Immunol Rev 2012; 248:216-27. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-065x.2012.01140.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 131] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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14
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Huseby ES, Huseby PG, Shah S, Smith R, Stadinski BD. Pathogenic CD8 T cells in multiple sclerosis and its experimental models. Front Immunol 2012; 3:64. [PMID: 22566945 PMCID: PMC3341980 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2012.00064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2012] [Accepted: 03/15/2012] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
A growing body of evidence suggests that autoreactive CD8 T cells contribute to the disease process in multiple sclerosis (MS). Lymphocytes in MS plaques are biased toward the CD8 lineage, and MS patients harbor CD8 T cells specific for multiple central nervous system (CNS) antigens. Currently, there are relatively few experimental model systems available to study these pathogenic CD8 T cells in vivo. However, the few studies that have been done characterizing the mechanisms used by CD8 T cells to induce CNS autoimmunity indicate that several of the paradigms of how CD4 T cells mediate CNS autoimmunity do not hold true for CD8 T cells or for patients with MS. Thus, myelin-specific CD4 T cells are likely to be one of several important mechanisms that drive CNS disease in MS patients. The focus of this review is to highlight the current models of pathogenic CNS-reactive CD8 T cells and the molecular mechanisms these lymphocytes use when causing CNS inflammation and damage. Understanding how CNS-reactive CD8 T cells escape tolerance induction and induce CNS autoimmunity is critical to our ability to propose and test new therapies for MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric S Huseby
- Department of Pathology, University of Massachusetts Medical School Worcester, MA, USA
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15
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Alexander JS, Zivadinov R, Maghzi AH, Ganta VC, Harris MK, Minagar A. Multiple sclerosis and cerebral endothelial dysfunction: Mechanisms. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011; 18:3-12. [PMID: 20663648 DOI: 10.1016/j.pathophys.2010.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2010] [Revised: 03/30/2010] [Accepted: 04/08/2010] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is believed to be an immune-mediated neurodegenerative disorder of the human central nervous system which usually affects younger adults with certain genetic backgrounds. The causes and cure for MS remain elusive. Based on the recent advances in our understanding of the pathogenic mechanisms of MS, it appears to represents a heterogeneous group of disorders with dissimilar pathophysiology and neuropathology. Currently, there is no unifying hypothesis to explain the pathogenesis of this complex disease. The three prevailing concepts on the pathogenesis of MS include viral, immunological, and vascular hypotheses. This review presents MS as a neuroinflammatory disease with a significant vascular component and examines the existing evidence for the role of cerebral endothelial cell dysfunction in the pathogenesis of this progressive central nervous system (CNS) inflammatory disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Steven Alexander
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, Shreveport, LA 71130, USA
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16
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Bill R, Döring A, Deutsch U, Engelhardt B. PSGL-1 is dispensible for the development of active experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis in SJL/J mice. J Neuroimmunol 2011; 232:207-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2010.10.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2010] [Revised: 09/25/2010] [Accepted: 10/06/2010] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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17
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Engelhardt B. T cell migration into the central nervous system during health and disease: Different molecular keys allow access to different central nervous system compartments. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1759-1961.2010.009.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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18
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Ryan C, Thrash B, Warren RB, Menter A. The use of ustekinumab in autoimmune disease. Expert Opin Biol Ther 2010; 10:587-604. [DOI: 10.1517/14712591003724670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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19
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Segal BM. Th17 cells in autoimmune demyelinating disease. Semin Immunopathol 2010; 32:71-7. [PMID: 20195867 DOI: 10.1007/s00281-009-0186-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2009] [Accepted: 11/18/2009] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Recently published studies in multiple sclerosis (MS) and experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) have demonstrated an association between the development of demyelinating plaques and the accumulation of Th17 cells in the central nervous system and periphery. However, a causal relationship has been difficult to establish. In fact, in reports published thus far, interleukin (IL)-17A deficiency or neutralization in vivo attenuates, but does not completely abrogate, EAE. There is growing evidence that clinically similar forms of autoimmune demyelinating disease can be driven by myelin-specific T cells of distinct lineages with different degrees of dependence on IL-17A production to achieve their pathological effects. While such observations cast doubts about the potential therapeutic efficacy of Th17 blocking agents in MS, the collective data suggest that IL-17A expression in peripheral blood mononuclear cells could serve as a surrogate biomarker of neuroinflammation and plaque formation and be a useful outcome measure for future clinical trials.
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20
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Engelhardt B. Editorial: PSGL-1-the hidden player in T cell trafficking into the brain in multiple sclerosis? J Leukoc Biol 2009; 86:1023-5. [DOI: 10.1189/jlb.0509358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
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21
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Ni Z, Walcheck B. Cutaneous lymphocyte-associated antigen (CLA) T cells up-regulate P-selectin ligand expression upon their activation. Clin Immunol 2009; 133:257-64. [PMID: 19665434 DOI: 10.1016/j.clim.2009.07.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2009] [Revised: 06/16/2009] [Accepted: 07/10/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Memory T cells expressing CLA occur in humans and accumulate in normal and inflamed skin. These cells uniformly bind to the vascular adhesion molecule E-selectin, yet only a subset binds to P-selectin. The latter cells are distinguished by the mAb CHO-131, and are enriched in psoriasis lesions. Activated T cells up-regulate CLA expression, but little is currently known about their binding to P-selectin. We observed that CLA(+) CD4(+) T cells derived from stimulated naive T cells uniformly express the CHO-131 epitope. This occurred as well upon the restimulation of memory CLA(+) CD4(+) T cells. The latter cells also expressed higher levels of PSGL-1 modified by P-selectin glycan ligands; C2GlcNAcT-1 mRNA, a glycosyltransferase critical for such glycan synthesis; and more uniformly bound to P-selectin. Our findings thus indicate that unlike memory CLA(+) CD4(+) T cells, when activated these cells can broadly bind to P-selectin, suggesting a more diverse tissue trafficking capacity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenya Ni
- The Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN 55108, USA
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22
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Brambilla R, Persaud T, Hu X, Karmally S, Shestopalov VI, Dvoriantchikova G, Ivanov D, Nathanson L, Barnum SR, Bethea JR. Transgenic inhibition of astroglial NF-kappa B improves functional outcome in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis by suppressing chronic central nervous system inflammation. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2009; 182:2628-40. [PMID: 19234157 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.0802954] [Citation(s) in RCA: 205] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
In the CNS, the transcription factor NF-kappaB is a key regulator of inflammation and secondary injury processes. Following trauma or disease, the expression of NF-kappaB-dependent genes is activated, leading to both protective and detrimental effects. In this study, we show that transgenic inactivation of astroglial NF-kappaB (glial fibrillary acidic protein-IkappaB alpha-dominant-negative mice) resulted in reduced disease severity and improved functional recovery following experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. At the chronic stage of the disease, transgenic mice exhibited an overall higher presence of leukocytes in spinal cord and brain, and a markedly higher percentage of CD8(+)CD122(+) T regulatory cells compared with wild type, which correlated with the timing of clinical recovery. We also observed that expression of proinflammatory genes in both spinal cord and cerebellum was delayed and reduced, whereas the loss of neuronal-specific molecules essential for synaptic transmission was limited compared with wild-type mice. Furthermore, death of retinal ganglion cells in affected retinas was almost abolished, suggesting the activation of neuroprotective mechanisms. Our data indicate that inhibiting NF-kappaB in astrocytes results in neuroprotective effects following experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis, directly implicating astrocytes in the pathophysiology of this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberta Brambilla
- The Miami Project to Cure Paralysis, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, 1095 Northwest 14th Terrace, Miami, FL 33136, USA.
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23
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Zhang W, Sharma R, Ju ST, He XS, Tao Y, Tsuneyama K, Tian Z, Lian ZX, Fu SM, Gershwin ME. Deficiency in regulatory T cells results in development of antimitochondrial antibodies and autoimmune cholangitis. Hepatology 2009; 49:545-52. [PMID: 19065675 PMCID: PMC2635418 DOI: 10.1002/hep.22651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED There have been several descriptions of mouse models that manifest select immunological and clinical features of autoimmune cholangitis with similarities to primary biliary cirrhosis in humans. Some of these models require immunization with complete Freund's adjuvant, whereas others suggest that a decreased frequency of T regulatory cells (Tregs) facilitates spontaneous disease. We hypothesized that antimitochondrial antibodies (AMAs) and development of autoimmune cholangitis would be found in mice genetically deficient in components essential for the development and homeostasis of forkhead box 3 (Foxp3)(+) Tregs. Therefore, we examined Scurfy (Sf) mice, animals that have a mutation in the gene encoding the Foxp3 transcription factor that results in a complete abolition of Foxp3(+) Tregs. At 3 to 4 weeks of age, 100% of animals exhibit high-titer serum AMA of all isotypes. Furthermore, mice have moderate to severe lymphocytic infiltrates surrounding portal areas with evidence of biliary duct damage, and dramatic elevation of cytokines in serum and messenger RNAs encoding cytokines in liver tissue, including tumor necrosis factor alpha, interferon-gamma, interleukin (IL)-6, IL-12, and IL-23. CONCLUSION The lack of functional Foxp3 is a major predisposing feature for loss of tolerance that leads to autoimmune cholangitis. These findings reflect on the importance of regulatory T cells in other murine models as well as in patients with primary biliary cirrhosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weici Zhang
- Division of Rheumatology, Allergy and Clinical Immunology, University of California, Davis, CA 95616
| | - Rahul Sharma
- Center of Immunity, Inflammation and Regenerative Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22908
| | - Shyr-Te Ju
- Center of Immunity, Inflammation and Regenerative Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22908
| | - Xiao-Song He
- Division of Rheumatology, Allergy and Clinical Immunology, University of California, Davis, CA 95616
| | - Yanyan Tao
- Division of Rheumatology, Allergy and Clinical Immunology, University of California, Davis, CA 95616
| | - Koichi Tsuneyama
- Diagnostic Pathology, Graduate School of Medicine and Pharmaceutical Science, University of Toyama, Toyama, Japan
| | - Zhigang Tian
- Institute of Immunology, Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale and School of Life Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230027, China
| | - Zhe-Xiong Lian
- Division of Rheumatology, Allergy and Clinical Immunology, University of California, Davis, CA 95616
| | - Shu Man Fu
- Center of Immunity, Inflammation and Regenerative Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22908
| | - M. Eric Gershwin
- Division of Rheumatology, Allergy and Clinical Immunology, University of California, Davis, CA 95616
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24
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Segal BM, Constantinescu CS, Raychaudhuri A, Kim L, Fidelus-Gort R, Kasper LH. Repeated subcutaneous injections of IL12/23 p40 neutralising antibody, ustekinumab, in patients with relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis: a phase II, double-blind, placebo-controlled, randomised, dose-ranging study. Lancet Neurol 2008; 7:796-804. [PMID: 18703004 DOI: 10.1016/s1474-4422(08)70173-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 341] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Repeated subcutaneous injections of a monoclonal antibody against the p40 subunit of interleukins 12 and 23, ustekinumab, were used to treat patients with relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis (RRMS) to assess the drug's safety, efficacy, and pharmacokinetics. METHODS In this phase II, multicentre, randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled study, 249 patients with RRMS, aged 18-65 years, were eligible to be assigned equally (by a central randomisation procedure based on study site and presence or absence of gadolinium-enhancing T1-weighted lesions at baseline) to one of five groups that received placebo or four different ustekinumab dosages at weeks 0, 1, 2, 3, 7, 11, 15, and 19. Ustekinumab doses were 27 mg, 90 mg q8w, 90 mg, or 180 mg; the 90 mg q8w dosage group received placebo substitute at weeks 7 and 15. The primary endpoint was the cumulative number of new gadolinium-enhancing T1-weighted lesions on serial cranial MRI through week 23. Patients were followed up through week 37. Analysis was by intention to treat. This trial is registered with ClinicalTrials.gov, number NCT00207727. FINDINGS From August, 2004, to December, 2006, 249 patients underwent randomisation (49 for placebo; 50 for each ustekinumab group). Ustekinumab treatment did not show a significant reduction in the primary endpoint for any dosage groups versus placebo. At week 37, adverse events occurred in 38 (78%) placebo-treated patients and 170 (85%) ustekinumab-treated patients, with infections most commonly reported. Serious adverse events occurred in one (2%) placebo-treated patient and six (3%) ustekinumab-treated patients. Malignant diseases were reported in two patients shortly after the initiation of ustekinumab treatment; both patients were withdrawn from the trial and given appropriate treatment, which resulted in complete remission. No serious infections, cardiovascular events, or exacerbation of demyelinating events occurred. A dose-dependent increase in serum concentrations of ustekinumab was recorded. INTERPRETATION Ustekinumab is generally well tolerated but does not show efficacy in reducing the cumulative number of gadolinium-enhancing T1-weighted lesions in multiple sclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin M Segal
- Department of Neurology, Holtom-Garrett Programme in Neuroimmunology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-2200, USA.
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25
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Kroenke MA, Carlson TJ, Andjelkovic AV, Segal BM. IL-12- and IL-23-modulated T cells induce distinct types of EAE based on histology, CNS chemokine profile, and response to cytokine inhibition. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008; 205:1535-41. [PMID: 18573909 PMCID: PMC2442630 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20080159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 452] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The interleukin (IL)-12p40 family of cytokines plays a critical role in the development of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE). However, the relative contributions of IL-12 and IL-23 to the pathogenic process remain to be elucidated. Here, we show that activation of uncommitted myelin-reactive T cells in the presence of either IL-12p70 or IL-23 confers encephalogenicity. Adoptive transfer of either IL-12p70– or IL-23–polarized T cells into naive syngeneic hosts resulted in an ascending paralysis that was clinically indistinguishable between the two groups. However, histological and reverse transcription–polymerase chain reaction analysis of central nervous system (CNS) tissues revealed distinct histopathological features and immune profiles. IL-12p70–driven disease was characterized by macrophage-rich infiltrates and prominent NOS2 up-regulation, whereas neutrophils and granulocyte–colony-stimulating factor (CSF) were prominent in IL-23–driven lesions. The monocyte-attracting chemokines CXCL9, 10, and 11 were preferentially expressed in the CNS of mice injected with IL-12p70–modulated T cells, whereas the neutrophil-attracting chemokines CXCL1 and CXCL2 were up-regulated in the CNS of mice given IL-23–modulated T cells. Treatment with anti–IL-17 or anti–granulocyte/macrophage-CSF inhibited EAE induced by transfer of IL-23–polarized, but not IL-12p70–polarized, cells. These findings indicate that autoimmunity can be mediated by distinct effector populations that use disparate immunological pathways to achieve a similar clinical outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark A Kroenke
- Department of Neurology, Holtom-Garrett Program in Neuroimmunology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
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26
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Suppression of autoimmune inflammation of the central nervous system by interleukin 10 secreted by interleukin 27–stimulated T cells. Nat Immunol 2007; 8:1372-9. [DOI: 10.1038/ni1540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 439] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2007] [Accepted: 10/16/2007] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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27
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Deshpande P, King IL, Segal BM. Cutting edge: CNS CD11c+ cells from mice with encephalomyelitis polarize Th17 cells and support CD25+CD4+ T cell-mediated immunosuppression, suggesting dual roles in the disease process. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2007; 178:6695-9. [PMID: 17513712 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.178.11.6695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
CD11c(+) dendritic cells (DCs) are a prominent component of CNS infiltrates in mice with experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. However, their role in immunopathogenesis is controversial. In this study, we report that they originate from peripheral hemopoietic cells and exhibit diverse functions that change during the course of acute disease. CNS DCs stimulate naive T cells to proliferate and polarize Th(17) responses when harvested shortly following disease onset but are relatively inefficient APC by the time of peak disability. Conversely, they can support CD4(+)CD25(+) T cell-mediated immunosuppression early during experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. Such paradoxical functions might reflect dual roles of CNS DCs in promoting local inflammation while setting the stage for remission.
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MESH Headings
- Amino Acid Sequence
- Animals
- CD11c Antigen/biosynthesis
- Cell Aggregation/immunology
- Cell Communication/immunology
- Cells, Cultured
- Central Nervous System/immunology
- Central Nervous System/metabolism
- Central Nervous System/pathology
- Encephalomyelitis, Autoimmune, Experimental/immunology
- Encephalomyelitis, Autoimmune, Experimental/pathology
- Immunosuppression Therapy
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Transgenic
- Molecular Sequence Data
- T-Lymphocyte Subsets/immunology
- T-Lymphocyte Subsets/pathology
- T-Lymphocytes, Helper-Inducer/immunology
- T-Lymphocytes, Helper-Inducer/pathology
- T-Lymphocytes, Regulatory/immunology
- T-Lymphocytes, Regulatory/pathology
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Affiliation(s)
- Pratima Deshpande
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, NY 14642, USA
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