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The J Domain of Sacsin Disrupts Intermediate Filament Assembly. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms232415742. [PMID: 36555380 PMCID: PMC9779362 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232415742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2022] [Revised: 12/01/2022] [Accepted: 12/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Autosomal Recessive Spastic Ataxia of the Charlevoix Saguenay (ARSACS) is caused by mutation in the SACS gene resulting in loss of function of the protein sacsin. A key feature is the formation of abnormal bundles of neurofilaments (NF) in neurons and vimentin intermediate filaments (IF) in cultured fibroblasts, suggesting a role of sacsin in IF homeostasis. Sacsin contains a J domain (SacsJ) homologous to Hsp40, that can interact with Hsp70 chaperones. The SacsJ domain resolved NF bundles in cultured Sacs-/- neurons. Having studied the mechanism using NF assembled in vitro from purified NF proteins, we report that the SacsJ domain interacts with NF proteins to disassemble NFL filaments, and to inhibit their initial assembly. A cell-penetrating peptide derived from this domain, SacsJ-myc-TAT was efficient in disassembling NF bundles in cultured Sacs-/- motor neurons, restoring the NF network; however, there was some loss of vimentin IF and NF in cultured Sacs+/+ fibroblasts and motor neurons, respectively. These results suggest that sacsin through its SacsJ domain is a key regulator of NF and vimentin IF networks in cells.
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2
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Tremblay M, Girard-Côté L, Brais B, Gagnon C. Documenting manifestations and impacts of autosomal recessive spastic ataxia of Charlevoix-Saguenay to develop patient-reported outcome. Orphanet J Rare Dis 2022; 17:369. [PMID: 36183078 PMCID: PMC9526980 DOI: 10.1186/s13023-022-02497-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2022] [Accepted: 08/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Autosomal recessive cerebellar ataxias (ARCA) are a group of rare inherited disorders characterized by degeneration or abnormal development of the cerebellum. Autosomal recessive spastic ataxia of Charlevoix-Saguenay (ARSACS) is one of the most prevalent in Europe. OBJECTIVES The aim of this study is to provide a better understanding of the manifestations and impacts of ARSACS. METHODS A systematic review of the literature was conducted, followed by a qualitative study using semistructured interviews and discussion groups to obtain the experience of people affected. RESULTS According to the PROMIS framework, the results show manifestations and impacts in three components of health: physical, mental, and social. Fatigue and struggles with balance and dexterity are the physical manifestations of the disease most often cited by participants. Negative affects such as frustration and depression are among the mental health impacts with some loss in cognitive abilities. Social health is the least documented component; nonetheless, people with the disease report significant impacts in terms of social relationships, activities and work. CONCLUSIONS These findings shed new light on the experience of people with recessive ataxia and identify key aspects to assess to improve their overall health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marjolaine Tremblay
- Université de Sherbrooke, 2500, boulevard de l'Université, Sherbrooke, QC, J1K 2R1, Canada. .,Groupe de recherche interdisciplinaire sur les maladies neuromusculaires, 2230 de l'Hôpital cp 1200, Jonquière, QC, G7X 7X2, Canada.
| | - Laura Girard-Côté
- Groupe de recherche interdisciplinaire sur les maladies neuromusculaires, 2230 de l'Hôpital cp 1200, Jonquière, QC, G7X 7X2, Canada.,Université du Québec à Chicoutimi, 555, boulevard de l'Université, Chicoutimi, QC, G7H 2B1, Canada
| | - Bernard Brais
- McGill University, 845 Sherbrooke Street West, Montréal, QC, H3A 0G4, Canada.,Montreal Neurological Institute and Hospital, 3801 University Street, Montreal, QC, H3A 2B4, Canada
| | - Cynthia Gagnon
- Université de Sherbrooke, 2500, boulevard de l'Université, Sherbrooke, QC, J1K 2R1, Canada.,Groupe de recherche interdisciplinaire sur les maladies neuromusculaires, 2230 de l'Hôpital cp 1200, Jonquière, QC, G7X 7X2, Canada.,Centre de recherche du Centre hospitalier universitaire de Sherbrooke, 3001, 12e Avenue Nord, aile 9, porte 6, Sherbrooke, QC, J1H 5N4, Canada
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3
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Discovery of Therapeutics Targeting Oxidative Stress in Autosomal Recessive Cerebellar Ataxia: A Systematic Review. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2022; 15:ph15060764. [PMID: 35745683 PMCID: PMC9228961 DOI: 10.3390/ph15060764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2022] [Revised: 06/05/2022] [Accepted: 06/14/2022] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Autosomal recessive cerebellar ataxias (ARCAs) are a heterogeneous group of rare neurodegenerative inherited disorders. The resulting motor incoordination and progressive functional disabilities lead to reduced lifespan. There is currently no cure for ARCAs, likely attributed to the lack of understanding of the multifaceted roles of antioxidant defense and the underlying mechanisms. This systematic review aims to evaluate the extant literature on the current developments of therapeutic strategies that target oxidative stress for the management of ARCAs. We searched PubMed, Web of Science, and Science Direct Scopus for relevant peer-reviewed articles published from 1 January 2016 onwards. A total of 28 preclinical studies fulfilled the eligibility criteria for inclusion in this systematic review. We first evaluated the altered cellular processes, abnormal signaling cascades, and disrupted protein quality control underlying the pathogenesis of ARCA. We then examined the current potential therapeutic strategies for ARCAs, including aromatic, organic and pharmacological compounds, gene therapy, natural products, and nanotechnology, as well as their associated antioxidant pathways and modes of action. We then discussed their potential as antioxidant therapeutics for ARCAs, with the long-term view toward their possible translation to clinical practice. In conclusion, our current understanding is that these antioxidant therapies show promise in improving or halting the progression of ARCAs. Tailoring the therapies to specific disease stages could greatly facilitate the management of ARCAs.
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4
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Bagaria J, Bagyinszky E, An SSA. Genetics of Autosomal Recessive Spastic Ataxia of Charlevoix-Saguenay (ARSACS) and Role of Sacsin in Neurodegeneration. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:552. [PMID: 35008978 PMCID: PMC8745260 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23010552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2021] [Revised: 12/30/2021] [Accepted: 12/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Autosomal recessive spastic ataxia of Charlevoix-Saguenay (ARSACS) is an early-onset neurodegenerative disease that was originally discovered in the population from the Charlevoix-Saguenay-Lac-Saint-Jean (CSLSJ) region in Quebec. Although the disease progression of ARSACS may start in early childhood, cases with later onset have also been observed. Spasticity and ataxia could be common phenotypes, and retinal optic nerve hypermyelination is detected in the majority of patients. Other symptoms, such as pes cavus, ataxia and limb deformities, are also frequently observed in affected individuals. More than 200 mutations have been discovered in the SACS gene around the world. Besides French Canadians, SACS genetics have been extensively studied in Tunisia or Japan. Recently, emerging studies discovered SACS mutations in several other countries. SACS mutations could be associated with pathogenicity either in the homozygous or compound heterozygous stages. Sacsin has been confirmed to be involved in chaperon activities, controlling the microtubule balance or cell migration. Additionally, sacsin may also play a crucial role in regulating the mitochondrial functions. Through these mechanisms, it may share common mechanisms with other neurodegenerative diseases. Further studies are needed to define the exact functions of sacsin. This review introduces the genetic mutations discovered in the SACS gene and discusses its pathomechanisms and its possible involvement in other neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaya Bagaria
- Department of Bionano Technology, Gachon University, Seongnam 13120, Korea;
| | - Eva Bagyinszky
- Department of Industrial and Environmental Engineering, Graduate School of Environment, Gachon University, Seongnam 13120, Korea
| | - Seong Soo A. An
- Department of Bionano Technology, Gachon University, Seongnam 13120, Korea;
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5
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Incecik F, Herguner OM, Mungan NO. Clinical Features and Molecular Genetics of Autosomal Recessive Ataxia in the Turkish Population. J Pediatr Neurosci 2020; 15:86-89. [PMID: 33042236 PMCID: PMC7519754 DOI: 10.4103/jpn.jpn_145_18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2018] [Revised: 12/06/2019] [Accepted: 11/18/2019] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Autosomal recessive cerebellar ataxias (ARCAs) are a heterogeneous group of inherited neurodegenerative disorders. The aim of this study was to present the clinical and genetic features of patients with ataxia complaints and those genetically diagnosed with ARCAs. Materials and Methods: Thirty-one children with ARCA were retrospectively analyzed. Results: Fourteen (45.2%) were boys and 17 (54.8%) were girls with the mean age at onset of symptoms of 46.13 ± 26.30 months (12–120 months). Of the 31 patients, 21 (67.7%) were from consanguineous marriages. Eight patients had Friedreich’s ataxia, five had ataxia telangiectasia, three had L-2-hydroxyglutaric aciduria, three had Joubert syndrome, two had neuronal ceroid lipofuscinosis, two had megalencephalic leukoencephalopathy with subcortical cysts, two had ataxia with ocular motor oculomotor apraxia type 1, one had cytochrome c oxidase deficiency, one had autosomal recessive spastic ataxia of Charlevoix-Saguenay, one had Niemann-Pick type C, one had congenital disorders of glycosylation, one had adrenoleukodystrophy, and one had cobalamin transport disorder. Conclusion: The prevalence of hereditary ataxia can vary among countries. The consanguineous marriage is an important finding in these diseases. These genetic tests will increase the number of ARCA patients diagnosed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Faruk Incecik
- Department of Pediatric Neurology, Faculty of Medicine, Cukurova University, Adana, Turkey
| | - Ozlem M Herguner
- Department of Pediatric Neurology, Faculty of Medicine, Cukurova University, Adana, Turkey
| | - Neslihan O Mungan
- Department of Pediatric Metabolism and Nutrition, Faculty of Medicine, Cukurova University, Adana, Turkey
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Bourcier D, Bélanger M, Côté I, Brais B, Synofzik M, Brisson JD, Rodrigue X, Gagnon MM, Mathieu J, Gagnon C. Documenting the psychometric properties of the scale for the assessment and rating of ataxia to advance trial readiness of Autosomal Recessive Spastic Ataxia of Charlevoix-Saguenay. J Neurol Sci 2020; 417:117050. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jns.2020.117050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2020] [Revised: 07/13/2020] [Accepted: 07/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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7
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Xiromerisiou G, Dadouli K, Marogianni C, Provatas A, Ntellas P, Rikos D, Stathis P, Georgouli D, Loules G, Zamanakou M, Hadjigeorgiou GM. A novel homozygous SACS mutation identified by whole exome sequencing-genotype phenotype correlations of all published cases. J Mol Neurosci 2019; 70:131-141. [PMID: 31701440 DOI: 10.1007/s12031-019-01410-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2019] [Accepted: 09/26/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
ARSACS is an autosomal recessive disorder characterized by ataxia, spasticity, and polyneuropathy. A plethora of worldwide distributed mutations have been described so far. Here, we report two brothers, born to non-consanguineous parents, presenting with cerebellar ataxia and peripheral neuropathy. Whole-exome sequencing revealed the presence of a novel homozygous variant in the SACS gene. The variant was confirmed by Sanger sequencing and found at heterozygous state in both parents. This is the first reported mutation in this gene, in Greek population. This case report further highlights the growing trend of identifying genetic diseases previously restricted to single, ethnically isolated regions in many different ethnic groups worldwide. Additionally, we performed a systematic review of all published cases with SACs mutations. ARSACS seems to be an important cause of ataxia and many different types of mutations have been identified, mainly located in exon 10. We evaluated the mutation pathogenicity in all previously reported cases to investigate possible phenotype-genotype correlations. We managed to find a correlation between the pathogenicity of mutations, severity of the phenotype, and age of onset of ARSACS. Greater mutation numbers in different populations will be important and mutation-specific functional studies will be essential to identify the pathogenicity of the various ARSACS variants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Georgia Xiromerisiou
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital of Larissa, Faculty of Medicine, School of Health Sciences, University of Thessaly, Larissa, Greece.
| | - Katerina Dadouli
- Department of Hygiene and Epidemiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Thessaly, Larissa, Greece
| | - Chrysoula Marogianni
- Department of Neurology, University of Thessaly, University Hospital of Larissa, Larissa, Greece
| | - Antonios Provatas
- Department of Neurology, University of Thessaly, University Hospital of Larissa, Larissa, Greece
| | - Panagiotis Ntellas
- Department of Medical Oncology, University Hospital of Ioannina, Ioannina, Greece
| | - Dimitrios Rikos
- Department of Neurology, University of Thessaly, University Hospital of Larissa, Larissa, Greece
| | - Pantelis Stathis
- Department of Neurology, Mediterraneo Hospital, Glyfada, Athens, Greece
| | - Despina Georgouli
- Department of Neurology, University of Thessaly, University Hospital of Larissa, Larissa, Greece
| | | | | | - Georgios M Hadjigeorgiou
- Department of Neurology, Laboratory of Neurogenetics, University of Thessaly, University Hospital of Larissa, Larissa, Greece.,Department of Neurology, Medical School, University of Cyprus, Nicosia, Cyprus
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8
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Artero Castro A, Machuca C, Rodriguez Jimenez FJ, Jendelova P, Erceg S. Short Review: Investigating ARSACS: models for understanding cerebellar degeneration. Neuropathol Appl Neurobiol 2019; 45:531-537. [PMID: 30636067 DOI: 10.1111/nan.12540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2018] [Accepted: 12/19/2018] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Autosomal recessive spastic ataxia of Charlevoix-Saguenay (ARSACS) is an early-onset neurodegenerative disease that includes progressive cerebellar dysfunction. ARSACS is caused by an autosomal recessive loss-of-function mutation in the SACS gene, which encodes for SACSIN. Although animal models are still necessary to investigate the role of SACSIN in the pathology of this disease, more reliable human cellular models need to be generated to better understand the cerebellar pathophysiology of ARSACS. The discovery of human induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSC) has permitted the derivation of patient-specific cells. These cells have an unlimited self-renewing capacity and the ability to differentiate into different neural cell types, allowing studies of disease mechanism, drug discovery and cell replacement therapies. In this study, we discuss how the hiPSC-derived cerebellar organoid culture offers novel strategies for targeting the pathogenic mutations related to ARSACS. We also highlight the advantages and challenges of this 3D cellular model, as well as the questions that still remain unanswered.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Artero Castro
- Stem Cells Therapies in Neurodegenerative Diseases Lab, Research Center "Principe Felipe", Valencia, Spain
| | - C Machuca
- Stem Cells Therapies in Neurodegenerative Diseases Lab, Research Center "Principe Felipe", Valencia, Spain.,Unit of Genetics and Genomics of Neuromuscular and Neurodegenerative Disorders and Service of Genomics and Translational Genetics, Research Center "Principe Felipe", Valencia, Spain
| | - F J Rodriguez Jimenez
- Stem Cells Therapies in Neurodegenerative Diseases Lab, Research Center "Principe Felipe", Valencia, Spain
| | - P Jendelova
- Institute of Experimental Medicine, Department of Neuroscience, Academy of Science of the Czech Republic, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - S Erceg
- Stem Cells Therapies in Neurodegenerative Diseases Lab, Research Center "Principe Felipe", Valencia, Spain.,National Stem Cell Bank-Valencia Node, Platform for Proteomics, Genotyping and Cell Lines, PRB3, ISCIII, Research Center "Principe Felipe", Valencia, Spain
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9
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Gentil BJ, Lai GT, Menade M, Larivière R, Minotti S, Gehring K, Chapple JP, Brais B, Durham HD. Sacsin, mutated in the ataxia ARSACS, regulates intermediate filament assembly and dynamics. FASEB J 2018; 33:2982-2994. [DOI: 10.1096/fj.201801556r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Benoit J. Gentil
- Department of Neurology and NeurosurgeryMontreal Neurological InstituteMcGill UniversityMontrealQuébecCanada
- Department of Kinesiology and Physical EducationMcGill UniversityMontrealQuébecCanada
| | - Gia-Thanh Lai
- Department of Neurology and NeurosurgeryMontreal Neurological InstituteMcGill UniversityMontrealQuébecCanada
- Department of Kinesiology and Physical EducationMcGill UniversityMontrealQuébecCanada
| | - Marie Menade
- Department of BiochemistryGroupe de Recherche axé sur la Structure des ProtéinesMcGill UniversityMontrealQuébecCanada
| | - Roxanne Larivière
- Laboratory of Neurogenetics of MotionMontreal Neurological InstituteMcGill UniversityMontrealQuébecCanada
| | - Sandra Minotti
- Department of Neurology and NeurosurgeryMontreal Neurological InstituteMcGill UniversityMontrealQuébecCanada
| | - Kalle Gehring
- Department of BiochemistryGroupe de Recherche axé sur la Structure des ProtéinesMcGill UniversityMontrealQuébecCanada
| | - J.-Paul Chapple
- William Harvey Research InstituteBarts and the London School of Medicine and DentistryQueen Mary University of LondonLondonUnited Kingdom
| | - Bernard Brais
- Laboratory of Neurogenetics of MotionMontreal Neurological InstituteMcGill UniversityMontrealQuébecCanada
| | - Heather D. Durham
- Department of Neurology and NeurosurgeryMontreal Neurological InstituteMcGill UniversityMontrealQuébecCanada
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10
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Incecik F, Hergüner OM, Bisgin A. Autosomal-Recessive Spastic Ataxia of Charlevoix-Saguenay: A Turkish Child. J Pediatr Neurosci 2018; 13:355-357. [PMID: 30271475 PMCID: PMC6144602 DOI: 10.4103/jpn.jpn_8_18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Autosomal-recessive spastic ataxia of Charlevoix-Saguenay (ARSACS) is caused by mutations of the SACS gene, characterized by late-infantile-onset spastic ataxia and other neurological features. ARSACS has a high prevalence in northeastern Quebec, Canada. Recently, several ARSACS cases have been reported from outside Canada. We report typical clinical and neuroimaging features in a Turkish child, which confirmed genetic diagnosis of ARSACS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Faruk Incecik
- Division of Child Neurology, Department of Pediatrics, Cukurova University Faculty of Medicine, Adana, Turkey
| | - Ozlem M Hergüner
- Division of Child Neurology, Department of Pediatrics, Cukurova University Faculty of Medicine, Adana, Turkey
| | - Atil Bisgin
- Department of Pediatrics, Medical Genetics, Cukurova University Faculty of Medicine, Adana, Turkey
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11
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12
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Liu L, Li XB, Zi XH, Shen L, Hu ZM, Huang SX, Yu DL, Li HB, Xia K, Tang BS, Zhang RX. A novel hemizygous SACS mutation identified by whole exome sequencing and SNP array analysis in a Chinese ARSACS patient. J Neurol Sci 2016; 362:111-4. [PMID: 26944128 DOI: 10.1016/j.jns.2016.01.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2015] [Revised: 12/28/2015] [Accepted: 01/15/2016] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
The array of autosomal recessive spastic ataxia of Charlevoix-Saguenay (ARSACS) has expanded worldwide after the first description in the Charlevoix-Saguenay region of Québec. Here, we report a Chinese ARSACS patient presenting progressive peripheral neuropathy (CMTNS2=15) with horizontal gaze nystagmus and mild spastic gait. Genetic studies including whole exome sequencing (WES), Sanger sequencing and single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) array analysis revealed a novel hemizygous nonsense mutation (c.11803C>T, p.Gln3935X) of SACS and a 1.33Mb deletion involved in SACS on chromosome 13q12.12 in the patient. Our findings highlight the necessity of SACS mutation screening in the gene panel of inherited peripheral neuropathies, and stress the need of testing copy number variation (CNV) in SACS mutation screening.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Liu
- Department of Neurology, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410013, Hunan Province, China
| | - X B Li
- Department of Neurology, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410013, Hunan Province, China
| | - X H Zi
- Department of Neurology, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410013, Hunan Province, China
| | - L Shen
- Department of Neurology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410008, Hunan Province, China
| | - Zh M Hu
- National Key Lab of Medical Genetics, Central South University, Changsha 410078, Hunan Province, China
| | - Sh X Huang
- Department of Neurology, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410013, Hunan Province, China
| | - D L Yu
- Department of Radiology, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410013, Hunan Province, China
| | - H B Li
- Department of Ophthalmology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410008, Hunan Province, China
| | - K Xia
- National Key Lab of Medical Genetics, Central South University, Changsha 410078, Hunan Province, China
| | - B S Tang
- Department of Neurology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410008, Hunan Province, China; National Key Lab of Medical Genetics, Central South University, Changsha 410078, Hunan Province, China
| | - R X Zhang
- Department of Neurology, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410013, Hunan Province, China.
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13
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Pilliod J, Moutton S, Lavie J, Maurat E, Hubert C, Bellance N, Anheim M, Forlani S, Mochel F, N'Guyen K, Thauvin-Robinet C, Verny C, Milea D, Lesca G, Koenig M, Rodriguez D, Houcinat N, Van-Gils J, Durand CM, Guichet A, Barth M, Bonneau D, Convers P, Maillart E, Guyant-Marechal L, Hannequin D, Fromager G, Afenjar A, Chantot-Bastaraud S, Valence S, Charles P, Berquin P, Rooryck C, Bouron J, Brice A, Lacombe D, Rossignol R, Stevanin G, Benard G, Burglen L, Durr A, Goizet C, Coupry I. New practical definitions for the diagnosis of autosomal recessive spastic ataxia of Charlevoix-Saguenay. Ann Neurol 2015; 78:871-86. [PMID: 26288984 DOI: 10.1002/ana.24509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2015] [Revised: 08/12/2015] [Accepted: 08/14/2015] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Autosomal recessive spastic ataxia of Charlevoix-Saguenay (ARSACS) is caused by mutations in the SACS gene. SACS encodes sacsin, a protein whose function remains unknown, despite the description of numerous protein domains and the recent focus on its potential role in the regulation of mitochondrial physiology. This study aimed to identify new mutations in a large population of ataxic patients and to functionally analyze their cellular effects in the mitochondrial compartment. METHODS A total of 321 index patients with spastic ataxia selected from the SPATAX network were analyzed by direct sequencing of the SACS gene, and 156 patients from the ATAXIC project presenting with congenital ataxia were investigated either by targeted or whole exome sequencing. For functional analyses, primary cultures of fibroblasts were obtained from 11 patients carrying either mono- or biallelic variants, including 1 case harboring a large deletion encompassing the entire SACS gene. RESULTS We identified biallelic SACS variants in 33 patients from SPATAX, and in 5 nonprogressive ataxia patients from ATAXIC. Moreover, a drastic and recurrent alteration of the mitochondrial network was observed in 10 of the 11 patients tested. INTERPRETATION Our results permit extension of the clinical and mutational spectrum of ARSACS patients. Moreover, we suggest that the observed mitochondrial network anomalies could be used as a trait biomarker for the diagnosis of ARSACS when SACS molecular results are difficult to interpret (ie, missense variants and heterozygous truncating variant). Based on our findings, we propose new diagnostic definitions for ARSACS using clinical, genetic, and cellular criteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie Pilliod
- Rare Diseases Laboratory: Genetics and Metabolism, University of Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
| | - Sébastien Moutton
- Rare Diseases Laboratory: Genetics and Metabolism, University of Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France.,Medical Genetics Service, Pellegrin University Hospital Center, Bordeaux, France
| | - Julie Lavie
- Rare Diseases Laboratory: Genetics and Metabolism, University of Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
| | - Elise Maurat
- Rare Diseases Laboratory: Genetics and Metabolism, University of Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
| | - Christophe Hubert
- Functional Genomics Center, University of Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
| | - Nadège Bellance
- Rare Diseases Laboratory: Genetics and Metabolism, University of Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
| | - Mathieu Anheim
- Neurology Service, Strasbourg University Hospitals, Strasbourg, France.,Molecular Cell Biology Genetics Institute, INSERM U964/CNRS UMR7104, University of Strasbourg, Illkirch-Graffenstaden, France.,Strasbourg Federation of Translational Medicine, University of Strasbourg, Illkirch-Graffenstaden, France
| | - Sylvie Forlani
- Genetics Service, Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, Public Hospital Network of Paris, Paris, France
| | - Fanny Mochel
- Genetics Service, Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, Public Hospital Network of Paris, Paris, France.,Brain and Spinal Cord Institute, INSERM U1127, CNRS UMR7225, Sorbonne Universities-Pierre and Marie Curie University, Paris, France
| | - Karine N'Guyen
- Department of Medical Genetics, Timone Hospital, Marseille, France
| | | | - Christophe Verny
- Nantes Angers le Mans University and Neurology Service, CNRS UMR6214, INSERM U1083, University Hospital Center, Angers, France
| | - Dan Milea
- Ophthalmology Service, Angers University Hospital Center, Angers, France and Singapore National Eye Centre, Singapore Eye Research Institute, Duke-National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Gaëtan Lesca
- Genetics Service, Lyon University Hospital Center, Lyon, France
| | - Michel Koenig
- Molecular Genetics Laboratory, INSERM U827, Montpellier Regional University Hospital Center, Montpellier, France
| | - Diana Rodriguez
- Rare Diseases Reference Center "Defects and Congenital Diseases of the Cerebellum," Armand Trousseau Hospital, Public Hospital Network of Paris, Paris, France.,Robert Debré Hospital, INSERM U1141, Paris, France.,Genetics Service, Armand Trousseau Hospital, Public Hospital Network of Paris, Paris, France
| | - Nada Houcinat
- Medical Genetics Service, Pellegrin University Hospital Center, Bordeaux, France
| | - Julien Van-Gils
- Medical Genetics Service, Pellegrin University Hospital Center, Bordeaux, France
| | - Christelle M Durand
- Rare Diseases Laboratory: Genetics and Metabolism, University of Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
| | - Agnès Guichet
- Neuropediatrics Service, Armand Trousseau Hospital, Public Hospital Network of Paris, Sorbonne Universities-Pierre and Marie Curie University, Paris, France
| | - Magalie Barth
- Neuropediatrics Service, Armand Trousseau Hospital, Public Hospital Network of Paris, Sorbonne Universities-Pierre and Marie Curie University, Paris, France
| | - Dominique Bonneau
- Neuropediatrics Service, Armand Trousseau Hospital, Public Hospital Network of Paris, Sorbonne Universities-Pierre and Marie Curie University, Paris, France
| | - Philippe Convers
- Nantes Angers le Mans University and Department of Biochemistry and Genetics, University Hospital Center, Angers, France
| | - Elisabeth Maillart
- Clinical Neurophysiology Service, Saint-Étienne University Hospital Center, Saint-Étienne, France
| | - Lucie Guyant-Marechal
- Neurology Service, Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, Public Hospital Network of Paris, Paris, France
| | - Didier Hannequin
- Neurology Service, Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, Public Hospital Network of Paris, Paris, France
| | | | - Alexandra Afenjar
- Rare Diseases Reference Center "Defects and Congenital Diseases of the Cerebellum," Armand Trousseau Hospital, Public Hospital Network of Paris, Paris, France.,Neurologist, Caen, France
| | - Sandra Chantot-Bastaraud
- Rare Diseases Reference Center "Defects and Congenital Diseases of the Cerebellum," Armand Trousseau Hospital, Public Hospital Network of Paris, Paris, France.,Neurologist, Caen, France
| | - Stéphanie Valence
- Rare Diseases Reference Center "Defects and Congenital Diseases of the Cerebellum," Armand Trousseau Hospital, Public Hospital Network of Paris, Paris, France.,Genetics Service, Armand Trousseau Hospital, Public Hospital Network of Paris, Paris, France
| | - Perrine Charles
- Genetics Service, Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, Public Hospital Network of Paris, Paris, France
| | - Patrick Berquin
- Amiens University Hospital Center, Pediatric Neurology Activity Center, Amiens, France
| | - Caroline Rooryck
- Rare Diseases Laboratory: Genetics and Metabolism, University of Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France.,Medical Genetics Service, Pellegrin University Hospital Center, Bordeaux, France
| | - Julie Bouron
- Medical Genetics Service, Pellegrin University Hospital Center, Bordeaux, France
| | - Alexis Brice
- Genetics Service, Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, Public Hospital Network of Paris, Paris, France.,Brain and Spinal Cord Institute, INSERM U1127, CNRS UMR7225, Sorbonne Universities-Pierre and Marie Curie University, Paris, France
| | - Didier Lacombe
- Rare Diseases Laboratory: Genetics and Metabolism, University of Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France.,Medical Genetics Service, Pellegrin University Hospital Center, Bordeaux, France
| | - Rodrigue Rossignol
- Rare Diseases Laboratory: Genetics and Metabolism, University of Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
| | - Giovanni Stevanin
- Genetics Service, Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, Public Hospital Network of Paris, Paris, France.,Brain and Spinal Cord Institute, INSERM U1127, CNRS UMR7225, Sorbonne Universities-Pierre and Marie Curie University, Paris, France.,Laboratory of Neurogenetics, Practical School of Higher Studies, Paris, France
| | - Giovanni Benard
- Rare Diseases Laboratory: Genetics and Metabolism, University of Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
| | - Lydie Burglen
- Rare Diseases Reference Center "Defects and Congenital Diseases of the Cerebellum," Armand Trousseau Hospital, Public Hospital Network of Paris, Paris, France.,Robert Debré Hospital, INSERM U1141, Paris, France.,Neurologist, Caen, France
| | - Alexandra Durr
- Genetics Service, Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, Public Hospital Network of Paris, Paris, France.,Brain and Spinal Cord Institute, INSERM U1127, CNRS UMR7225, Sorbonne Universities-Pierre and Marie Curie University, Paris, France
| | - Cyril Goizet
- Rare Diseases Laboratory: Genetics and Metabolism, University of Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France.,Medical Genetics Service, Pellegrin University Hospital Center, Bordeaux, France
| | - Isabelle Coupry
- Rare Diseases Laboratory: Genetics and Metabolism, University of Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
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SNP Analysis and Whole Exome Sequencing: Their Application in the Analysis of a Consanguineous Pedigree Segregating Ataxia. MICROARRAYS 2015; 4:490-502. [PMID: 27600236 PMCID: PMC4996410 DOI: 10.3390/microarrays4040490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2015] [Revised: 10/12/2015] [Accepted: 10/15/2015] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Autosomal recessive cerebellar ataxia encompasses a large and heterogeneous group of neurodegenerative disorders. We employed single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) analysis and whole exome sequencing to investigate a consanguineous Maori pedigree segregating ataxia. We identified a novel mutation in exon 10 of the SACS gene: c.7962T>G p.(Tyr2654*), establishing the diagnosis of autosomal recessive spastic ataxia of Charlevoix-Saguenay (ARSACS). Our findings expand both the genetic and phenotypic spectrum of this rare disorder, and highlight the value of high-density SNP analysis and whole exome sequencing as powerful and cost-effective tools in the diagnosis of genetically heterogeneous disorders such as the hereditary ataxias.
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15
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Romano A, Tessa A, Barca A, Fattori F, de Leva MF, Terracciano A, Storelli C, Santorelli FM, Verri T. Comparative analysis and functional mapping of SACS mutations reveal novel insights into sacsin repeated architecture. Hum Mutat 2013; 34:525-37. [PMID: 23280630 PMCID: PMC3629688 DOI: 10.1002/humu.22269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2012] [Accepted: 12/06/2012] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Autosomal recessive spastic ataxia of Charlevoix–Saguenay (ARSACS) is a neurological disease with mutations in SACS, encoding sacsin, a multidomain protein of 4,579 amino acids. The large size of SACS and its translated protein has hindered biochemical analysis of ARSACS, and how mutant sacsins lead to disease remains largely unknown. Three repeated sequences, called sacsin repeating region (SRR) supradomains, have been recognized, which contribute to sacsin chaperone-like activity. We found that the three SRRs are much larger (≥1,100 residues) than previously described, and organized in discrete subrepeats. We named the large repeated regions Sacsin Internal RePeaTs (SIRPT1, SIRPT2, and SIRPT3) and the subrepeats sr1, sr2, sr3, and srX. Comparative analysis of vertebrate sacsins in combination with fine positional mapping of a set of human mutations revealed that sr1, sr2, sr3, and srX are functional. Notably, the position of the pathogenic mutations in sr1, sr2, sr3, and srX appeared to be related to the severity of the clinical phenotype, as assessed by defining a severity scoring system. Our results suggest that the relative position of mutations in subrepeats will variably influence sacsin dysfunction. The characterization of the specific role of each repeated region will help in developing a comprehensive and integrated pathophysiological model of function for sacsin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandro Romano
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences and Technologies, University of Salento, Lecce, Italy
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16
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Duquette A, Brais B, Bouchard JP, Mathieu J. Clinical presentation and early evolution of spastic ataxia of Charlevoix-Saguenay. Mov Disord 2013; 28:2011-4. [PMID: 23913799 DOI: 10.1002/mds.25604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2012] [Revised: 04/25/2013] [Accepted: 05/29/2013] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Autosomal recessive spastic ataxia of Charlevoix-Saguenay (ARSACS) is an increasingly recognized form of spastic ataxia worldwide, but early diagnosis remains a challenge. METHODS We reviewed the initial presentation (n = 40) and early clinical evolution (n = 50) of a large ARSACS cohort that was followed at the Saguenay Neuromuscular clinic. RESULTS The average age at presentation was 3.41 ± 1.55 years. Increased deep tendon reflexes were more common than spasticity initially, and the neuropathy only became apparent clinically in the second decade. Despite a homogeneous genetic background, some patients showed no signs of neuropathy or spasticity by the age of 18 years. CONCLUSIONS At presentation, ARSACS lacks certain features that are considered typical in adults after years of evolution. Considering that ARSACS is probably under-diagnosed, it should be included in the differential diagnosis of early onset ataxias with or without pyramidal features and is worthwhile to consider in older patients, even when some features are absent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antoine Duquette
- Unité des Troubles du Mouvement André-Barbeau, Services de Neurologie et de Médecine Génique, Département de Médecine, Faculté de Médecine et Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal, Montréal, Quebec, Canada
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17
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Tzoulis C, Johansson S, Haukanes BI, Boman H, Knappskog PM, Bindoff LA. Novel SACS mutations identified by whole exome sequencing in a norwegian family with autosomal recessive spastic ataxia of Charlevoix-Saguenay. PLoS One 2013; 8:e66145. [PMID: 23785480 PMCID: PMC3681964 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0066145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2013] [Accepted: 05/01/2013] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
We employed whole exome sequencing to investigate three Norwegian siblings with an autosomal recessive spastic ataxia and epilepsy. All patients were compound heterozygous (c.13352T>C, p.Leu4451Pro; c.6890T>G, p.Leu2297Trp) for mutations in the SACS gene establishing the diagnosis of autosomal recessive spastic ataxia of Charlevoix-Saguenay (ARSACS). The clinical features shown by our patients were typical of this disorder with the exception of epilepsy, which is a rare manifestation. This is the first report of ARSACS in Scandinavian patients and our findings expand the genetic and clinical spectrum of this rare disorder. Moreover, we show that exome sequencing is a powerful and cost-effective tool for the diagnosis of genetically heterogeneous disorders such as the hereditary ataxias.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charalampos Tzoulis
- Department of Neurology, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
- Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Stefan Johansson
- Centre for Medical Genetics and Molecular Medicine, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
- Department of Biomedicine, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
- K.G. Jebsen Centre for Research on Neuropsychiatric Disorders, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Bjørn Ivar Haukanes
- Centre for Medical Genetics and Molecular Medicine, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
| | - Helge Boman
- Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
- Centre for Medical Genetics and Molecular Medicine, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
| | - Per Morten Knappskog
- Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
- Centre for Medical Genetics and Molecular Medicine, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
- K.G. Jebsen Centre for Research on Neuropsychiatric Disorders, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Laurence A. Bindoff
- Department of Neurology, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
- Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
- * E-mail:
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18
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Pedroso JL, Braga-Neto P, Abrahão A, Rivero RLM, Abdalla C, Abdala N, Barsottini OGP. Autosomal recessive spastic ataxia of Charlevoix-Saguenay (ARSACS): typical clinical and neuroimaging features in a Brazilian family. ARQUIVOS DE NEURO-PSIQUIATRIA 2011; 69:288-91. [PMID: 21625752 DOI: 10.1590/s0004-282x2011000300004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2010] [Accepted: 11/18/2010] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Autosomal recessive spastic ataxia of Charlevoix-Saguenay (ARSACS) is a neurodegenerative disorder characterized by late-infantile onset spastic ataxia and other neurological features. ARSACS has a high prevalence in northeastern Quebec, Canada. Several ARSACS cases have been reported outside Canada in recent decades. This is the first report of typical clinical and neuroimaging features in a Brazilian family with probable diagnosis of ARSACS.
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Affiliation(s)
- José Luiz Pedroso
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Division of General Neurology and Ataxias, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil.
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19
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Gazulla J, Benavente I, Vela AC, Marín MA, Pablo LE, Tessa A, Barrena MR, Santorelli FM, Nesti C, Modrego P, Tintoré M, Berciano J. New findings in the ataxia of Charlevoix–Saguenay. J Neurol 2011; 259:869-78. [DOI: 10.1007/s00415-011-6269-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2011] [Revised: 09/28/2011] [Accepted: 09/29/2011] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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20
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Gazulla J, Vela AC, Marín MA, Pablo L, Santorelli FM, Benavente I, Modrego P, Tintoré M, Berciano J. Is the ataxia of Charlevoix–Saguenay a developmental disease? Med Hypotheses 2011; 77:347-52. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mehy.2011.05.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2011] [Revised: 04/11/2011] [Accepted: 05/11/2011] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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21
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Thickening of Peripapillar Retinal Fibers for the Diagnosis of Autosomal Recessive Spastic Ataxia of Charlevoix-Saguenay. THE CEREBELLUM 2011; 10:758-62. [DOI: 10.1007/s12311-011-0286-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Bouhlal Y, Amouri R, El Euch-Fayeche G, Hentati F. Autosomal recessive spastic ataxia of Charlevoix-Saguenay: an overview. Parkinsonism Relat Disord 2011; 17:418-22. [PMID: 21450511 DOI: 10.1016/j.parkreldis.2011.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2010] [Revised: 02/14/2011] [Accepted: 03/07/2011] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Autosomal recessive spastic ataxia of Charlevoix-Saguenay (ARSACS) is a distinct form of hereditary early-onset spastic ataxia related to progressive degeneration of the cerebellum and spinal cord. Following the description of the first patients in 1978, the gene responsible has been mapped and identified. It was also shown that the disease occurred worldwide with more than 70 mutations and diverse phenotypes. Because of the random partition of these mutations in the SACS gene particularly on the largest exon nine, and due to the significant clinical variability between patients described in different countries, it has been difficult to establish a genotype-phenotype correlation for the disease. This paper reviews the broad clinical features and the various molecular aspects of ARSACS, reported over the last 30 years highlighting the difficulty of finding correlations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yosr Bouhlal
- Bioinformatics Facility, University of South Dakota, Vermillion, SD 57069, USA
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23
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Anheim M. [Autosomal recessive cerebellar ataxias]. Rev Neurol (Paris) 2010; 167:372-84. [PMID: 21087783 DOI: 10.1016/j.neurol.2010.07.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2010] [Revised: 04/13/2010] [Accepted: 07/20/2010] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Autosomal recessive cerebellar ataxias (ARCA) are heterogeneous and complex inherited neurodegenerative diseases that may affect the cerebellum and/or the spinocerebellar tract, the posterior column of the spinal cord and the peripheral nerves. Cerebellar ataxia is frequently proeminent and mostly associated with several neurological or extra-neurological signs, leading to a major disability before the age of 30. STATE OF ART Friedreich's ataxia (FRDA) is clearly the most frequent ARCA and several rarer entities have been described during the past fifteen years such as ataxia with oculomotor apraxia type 1 (AOA1) and type 2 (AOA2), ataxia with vitamin E deficiency (AVED) and autosomal recessive spastic ataxia of Charlevoix-Saguenay (ARSACS). The ACAR are characterized by both allelic and non-allelic genetic heterogeneity. They may be divided into three groups: spino-cerebellar ataxia with pure sensory neuropathy; cerebellar ataxia with sensori-motor axonal neuropathy; pure cerebellar ataxia (i.e. ataxia of purely cerebellar origin that may be associated with other symptoms). Common physiological pathways are involved in several ARCA, such as DNA repair deficiency (AOA1, ataxia telangiectasia [AT]…), RNA termination disorder (AOA2), mitochondrial defect (FRDA, sensory ataxic neuropathy with dysarthria and ophthalmoplegia [Sando]…), lipoprotein assembly defects (AVED, abetalipoproteinemia [ABL]), chaperon protein disorders (ARSACS, Marinesco-Sjögren syndrome [MSS]) or peroxysomal diseases (Refsum disease [RD]). PERSPECTIVES New nanotechnology methods and high throughput gene analysis as well as bioinformatics should lead to the identification of several new ARCAs in the next few years despite the rarity of these entities. However, the challenge of the next decades will be the discovery of efficient treatments for these disabling neurodegenerative disorders. CONCLUSION Clinicians should be aware of the more frequent ARCAs, especially FRDA, in addition to ARCAs for which treatment is available (FRDA, AVED, ABL and RD for instance).
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Affiliation(s)
- M Anheim
- Service de neurogénétique, hôpital de la Pitié-Salpêtrière, 75651 Paris, France.
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Embiruçu EK, Martyn ML, Schlesinger D, Kok F. Autosomal recessive ataxias: 20 types, and counting. ARQUIVOS DE NEURO-PSIQUIATRIA 2009; 67:1143-56. [DOI: 10.1590/s0004-282x2009000600036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2009] [Accepted: 09/22/2009] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
More than 140 years after the first description of Friedreich ataxia, autosomal recessive ataxias have become one of the more complex fields in Neurogenetics. Currently this group of diseases contains more than 20 clinical entities and an even larger number of associated genes. Some disorders are very rare, restricted to isolated populations, and others are found worldwide. An expressive number of recessive ataxias are treatable, and responsibility for an accurate diagnosis is high. The purpose of this review is to update the practitioner on clinical and pathophysiological aspects of these disorders and to present an algorithm to guide the diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - David Schlesinger
- University of São Paulo, Brazil; Universidade de São Paulo; Universidade de São Paulo
| | - Fernando Kok
- University of São Paulo, Brazil; Universidade de São Paulo
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25
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A novel SACS gene mutation in a Tunisian family. J Mol Neurosci 2009; 39:333-6. [PMID: 19529988 DOI: 10.1007/s12031-009-9212-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2009] [Accepted: 06/02/2009] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Autosomal recessive spastic ataxia of Charlevoix-Saguenay (ARSACS) is a distinct form of hereditary early-onset spastic ataxia. In 2000, the causative gene, SACS, encoding the protein sacsin, was identified in Quebec patients. The open reading frame (ORF) of SACS was initially reported to contain 11,487 bp and to be encoded by a single gigantic exon. Recently, eight additional exons upstream of the original ORF were found (ENST00000382298). We report four Tunisian ARSACS patients homozygous for a novel mutation in SACS exon 9 gene, c.12846_12850delAGAG. This mutation is localized upstream from the DnaJ domain leading to the loss of this domain, suggesting that the disease is associated with loss of critical chaperone function of sacsin.
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26
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ARSACS in the Dutch population: a frequent cause of early-onset cerebellar ataxia. Neurogenetics 2008; 9:207-14. [PMID: 18465152 PMCID: PMC2441586 DOI: 10.1007/s10048-008-0131-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2008] [Accepted: 04/07/2008] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Autosomal recessive spastic ataxia of Charlevoix-Saguenay (ARSACS: MIM 270550) is a neurodegenerative disorder characterized by early-onset cerebellar ataxia with spasticity and peripheral neuropathy. This disorder, considered to be rare, was first described in the late seventies among French Canadians in the isolated Charlevoix-Saguenay region of Quebec. Nowadays, it is known that the disorder is not only limited to this region but occurs worldwide. Our objective was to identify cases of autosomal recessive spastic ataxia of Charlevoix-Saguenay (ARSACS) in Dutch patients with recessive early-onset cerebellar ataxia by sequencing the complete SACS gene. In a Dutch cohort of 43 index patients with ataxia onset before age 25, we identified 16 index patients (total 23 patients) with mutations in the SACS gene. Nine of them had homozygous mutations, and seven of them had compound heterozygous mutations. Retrospectively, the phenotype of patients carrying mutations was remarkably uniform: cerebellar ataxia with onset before age 13 years, lower limb spasticity and sensorimotor axonal neuropathy, and cerebellar (vermis) atrophy on magnetic resonance imaging, consistent with the core ARSACS phenotype previously described. The high rate of mutations (37%) identified in this cohort of Dutch patients suggests that ARSACS is substantially more frequent than previously estimated. We predict that the availability of SACS mutation analysis as well as an increasing awareness of the characteristic ARSACS phenotype will lead to the diagnosis of many additional patients, possibly even at a younger age.
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27
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A novel genomic disorder: a deletion of the SACS gene leading to Spastic Ataxia of Charlevoix–Saguenay. Eur J Hum Genet 2008; 16:1050-4. [DOI: 10.1038/ejhg.2008.58] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
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