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Mignot C, Weise S, Podlesek D, Leonhardt G, Bensafi M, Hummel T. What do brain oscillations tell about the human sense of smell? J Neurosci Res 2024; 102:e25335. [PMID: 38634155 DOI: 10.1002/jnr.25335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2023] [Revised: 04/04/2024] [Accepted: 04/06/2024] [Indexed: 04/19/2024]
Abstract
Brain activity may manifest itself as oscillations which are repetitive rhythms of neuronal firing. These local field potentials can be measured via intracranial electroencephalography (iEEG). This review focuses on iEEG used to map human brain structures involved in olfaction. After presenting the methodology of the review, a summary of the brain structures involved in olfaction is given, followed by a review of the literature on human olfactory oscillations in different contexts. A single case is provided as an illustration of the olfactory oscillations. Overall, the timing and sequence of oscillations found in the different structures of the olfactory system seem to play an important role for olfactory perception.
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Affiliation(s)
- Coralie Mignot
- Smell & Taste Clinic, Department of Otorhinolaryngology, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Susanne Weise
- Smell & Taste Clinic, Department of Otorhinolaryngology, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Dino Podlesek
- Department of Neurosurgery, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Georg Leonhardt
- Department of Neurosurgery, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Moustafa Bensafi
- Lyon Neuroscience Research Center, CNRS-INSERM-University Claude Bernard of Lyon, CH Le Vinatier, Lyon, France
| | - Thomas Hummel
- Smell & Taste Clinic, Department of Otorhinolaryngology, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
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2
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Akyuz E, Arulsamy A, Hasanli S, Yilmaz EB, Shaikh MF. Elucidating the visual phenomena in epilepsy: A mini review. Epilepsy Res 2023; 190:107093. [PMID: 36652852 DOI: 10.1016/j.eplepsyres.2023.107093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2022] [Revised: 11/26/2022] [Accepted: 01/13/2023] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Epilepsy is one of the most recognizable neurological diseases, globally. Epilepsy may be accompanied by various complications, including vision impairments, which may severely impact one's quality of life. These visual phenomena may occur in the preictal, ictal and/or postictal periods of seizures. Examples of epilepsy associated visual phenomena include visual aura, visual hallucinations, transient visual loss and amaurosis (blindness). These ophthalmologic signs/symptoms of epilepsy may be temporary or permanent and may vary depending of the type of epilepsy and location of the seizure foci (occipital or temporal lobe). Some visual phenomena may even be utilized to diagnose the epilepsy type, although solely depending on visual symptoms for diagnosis may lead to mistreatment. Some antiseizure medications (ASMs) may also contribute to certain visual disturbances, thereby impacting its therapeutic efficiency for patients with epilepsy (PWE). Although the development of visual comorbidities has been observed diversely among PWE, there may still be a lack of understanding on their relevance and manifestation in epilepsy, which may contribute to the rate of misdiagnosis and the current scarcity in therapeutic relieve. Therefore, this mini narrative review aimed to discuss the common epilepsy associated visual phenomena, based on the available literature. This review also showcased the relationship between the type of visual complications and the site of seizure onset, as well as compared the visual phenomena between occipital lobe epilepsy and temporal lobe epilepsy. Evaluation of these findings may be crucial in reducing the risk of permanent seizure/epilepsy related vision deficits among PWE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enes Akyuz
- University of Health Sciences, Hamidiye International Faculty of Medicine, Department of Biophysics, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Alina Arulsamy
- Neuropharmacology Research Laboratory, Jeffrey Cheah School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Monash University Malaysia, Bandar Sunway, Malaysia
| | - Shams Hasanli
- University of Health Sciences, Hamidiye International School of Medicine, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Elif Bilge Yilmaz
- University of Health Sciences, Hamidiye International School of Medicine, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Mohd Farooq Shaikh
- Neuropharmacology Research Laboratory, Jeffrey Cheah School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Monash University Malaysia, Bandar Sunway, Malaysia; School of Dentistry and Medical Sciences, Charles Sturt University, Orange 2800, New South Wales, Australia.
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3
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Khodadadi M, Zare M, Rezaei M, Bakhtiarzadeh F, Barkley V, Shojaei A, Raoufy MR, Mirnajafi-Zadeh J. Effect of low frequency stimulation of olfactory bulb on seizure severity, learning, and memory in kindled rats. Epilepsy Res 2022; 188:107055. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eplepsyres.2022.107055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2022] [Revised: 11/04/2022] [Accepted: 11/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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4
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Seizure treatment with olfactory training: a preliminary trial. Neurol Sci 2022; 43:6901-6907. [DOI: 10.1007/s10072-022-06376-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2022] [Accepted: 08/27/2022] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
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Krämer G. Riech- und Schmeckstörungen bei Epilepsien und anderen neurologischen Erkrankungen. DGNEUROLOGIE 2022. [PMCID: PMC9336133 DOI: 10.1007/s42451-022-00464-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- G. Krämer
- Neurozentrum Bellevue, Theaterstr. 8, 8001 Zürich, Schweiz
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6
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Koike-Kumagai M, Fujimoto M, Wataya-Kaneda M. Sirolimus relieves seizures and neuropsychiatric symptoms via changes of microglial polarity in tuberous sclerosis complex model mice. Neuropharmacology 2022; 218:109203. [PMID: 35931213 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2022.109203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2022] [Revised: 07/21/2022] [Accepted: 07/23/2022] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
Abstract
Tuberous sclerosis complex (TSC) is a genetic disorder involving a variety of physical manifestations, and is associated with epilepsy and multiple serious neuropsychiatric symptoms. These symptoms are collectively known as TSC-associated neuropsychiatric disorders (TAND), which is a severe burden for patients and their families. Overactivation of the mechanistic target of rapamycin complex 1 (mTORC1) by mutations in TSC1 or TSC2 is thought to cause TSC, and mTORC1 inhibitors such as sirolimus and everolimus are reported to be effective against various tumor types of TSC. However, there are various reports on the effect of mTORC1 inhibitor therapy on TAND in patients with TSC, which may or may not be effective. In our previous investigations, we generated TSC2 conditional knockout mice (Mitf-Cre, Tsc2 KO; Tsc2 cKO). These mice developed spontaneous epileptic activity. In the current study, we further analyzed the detailed behaviors of Tsc2 cKO mice and confirmed that they exhibited phenotypes of TAND as well as epileptic seizures, indicating that Tsc2 cKO mice are a useful model for TAND. Furthermore, the olfactory bulb and piriform cortex caused epilepsy and TAND in Tsc2 cKO mice, and neurodegeneration was observed. Immunohistology and immunophenotypic analysis of cells, and quantitative RT-PCR suggested that changes in microglial polarity were involved in the onset of TSC epilepsy and neuropsychiatric symptoms. Although the effect of mTORC1 inhibitors on TAND has not been established, the results of this study might help elucidate the mechanism of TAND pathogenesis and suggest that sirolimus may be a valuable therapeutic tool for TAND.
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Affiliation(s)
- Makiko Koike-Kumagai
- Department of Neurocutaneous Medicine, Division of Health Sciences, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, 2-1 Yamada-oka, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan.
| | - Manabu Fujimoto
- Department of Dermatology, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, 2-2 Yamada-oka, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan.
| | - Mari Wataya-Kaneda
- Department of Neurocutaneous Medicine, Division of Health Sciences, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, 2-1 Yamada-oka, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan.
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Morano A, Cerulli Irelli E, Fanella M, Orlando B, Salamone EM, Tinelli E, Ruffolo G, Zuliani L, Fattouch J, Manfredi M, Giallonardo AT, Di Bonaventura C. Olfactory impairment in autoimmune encephalitis: another piece of the puzzle. J Neurol 2022; 269:2762-2768. [PMID: 35006386 PMCID: PMC8743233 DOI: 10.1007/s00415-022-10959-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2021] [Revised: 12/31/2021] [Accepted: 12/31/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Background Despite being long neglected, olfaction has recently become a focus of intense research in neuroscience, as smell impairment has been consistently documented in both neurodegenerative and neuroinflammatory diseases. Considering the close anatomo-functional correlations between the limbic system and the central olfactory structures, we investigated olfaction in a population of patients with autoimmune encephalitis (AE). Methods Nineteen adult subjects (14 males, median age 64 years) diagnosed with definite (14/19) or possible (5/19) AE and followed for ≥ 6 months were enrolled. The Brief Smell Identification Test (B-SIT), a 12-item, forced-choice, scratch-and-sniff measure, was used to assess the patients’ olfactory function in comparison with a group of sex- and age-matched healthy controls (HC). According to the B-SIT score, subjects were classified as anosmic (< 6), hyposmic (6–8) and normal (≥ 9). Electro-clinical, laboratory and neuroimaging findings were reviewed. Results Smell impairment was revealed in 15/19 patients (9 hyposmic, 6 anosmic), compared with 5/19 HC (p = 0.0029). Age, gender and smoking habits did not affect the participants’ performance at B-SIT. Olfactory dysfunction appeared more common among patients with definite AE (p = 0.0374), regardless of autoantibody status. Subjects with higher modified Rankin Scale (mRS) scores at AE onset more likely presented hyposmia/anosmia (p = 0.033), and so did those with bilateral ictal/interictal EEG abnormalities (p = 0.006). Conclusions We found olfaction to be impaired in a significantly large proportion of AE cases. Smell deficits appeared more common in subjects with severe AE (as indicated by both definite diagnosis and higher mRS score), and might represent an additional feature of immune-mediated encephalitis. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s00415-022-10959-6.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandra Morano
- Epilepsy Centre, Department of Human Neurosciences, "Sapienza" University of Rome, Viale dell'Università, 30, 00185, Rome, Italy
| | - Emanuele Cerulli Irelli
- Epilepsy Centre, Department of Human Neurosciences, "Sapienza" University of Rome, Viale dell'Università, 30, 00185, Rome, Italy
| | - Martina Fanella
- Neurology Unit, Ospedale "San Camillo de' Lellis", Rieti, Italy
| | - Biagio Orlando
- Epilepsy Centre, Department of Human Neurosciences, "Sapienza" University of Rome, Viale dell'Università, 30, 00185, Rome, Italy
| | - Enrico Michele Salamone
- Epilepsy Centre, Department of Human Neurosciences, "Sapienza" University of Rome, Viale dell'Università, 30, 00185, Rome, Italy
| | | | - Gabriele Ruffolo
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Istituto Pasteur-Fondazione Cenci Bolognetti, "Sapienza" University of Rome, Rome, Italy
- IRCCS San Raffaele Pisana, Rome, Italy
| | | | - Jinane Fattouch
- Epilepsy Centre, Department of Human Neurosciences, "Sapienza" University of Rome, Viale dell'Università, 30, 00185, Rome, Italy
| | - Mario Manfredi
- Epilepsy Centre, Department of Human Neurosciences, "Sapienza" University of Rome, Viale dell'Università, 30, 00185, Rome, Italy
| | - Anna Teresa Giallonardo
- Epilepsy Centre, Department of Human Neurosciences, "Sapienza" University of Rome, Viale dell'Università, 30, 00185, Rome, Italy
| | - Carlo Di Bonaventura
- Epilepsy Centre, Department of Human Neurosciences, "Sapienza" University of Rome, Viale dell'Università, 30, 00185, Rome, Italy.
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Motoki A, Akamatsu N, Fumuro T, Miyoshi A, Tanaka H, Hagiwara K, Ohara S, Kamada T, Shigeto H, Murai H. Characteristics of olfactory dysfunction in patients with temporal lobe epilepsy. Epilepsy Behav 2021; 125:108402. [PMID: 34775249 DOI: 10.1016/j.yebeh.2021.108402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2021] [Revised: 10/19/2021] [Accepted: 10/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine the characteristics of olfactory dysfunction in patients with temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE). METHODS Odor identification was assessed using the odor stick identification test for Japanese (OSIT-J, full score 12 points) in 65 patients with TLE and in 74 controls. RESULTS The mean OSIT-J score was significantly lower in patients with TLE (mean ± SD = 8.1 ± 2.8; median = 9) than in the control subjects (mean ± SD = 10.6 ± 1.1; median = 11) (P < 0.005). Olfactory dysfunction (hyposmia/anosmia) was associated with bilateral seizure foci and older age of onset in TLE. Patients who underwent temporal lobectomy for hippocampal sclerosis did not show significant decline after long-term recovery. The Indian ink part of OSIT-J was useful for the detection of olfactory deficits in patients with TLE (sensitivity = 47%, specificity = 93%). Patients with TLE tended to have preserved olfactory ability for stimulating odors and for familiar odors of daily life. SIGNIFICANCE We observed characteristic odor identification deficits for individual odors used in OSIT-J. Our study findings provide deeper insight into the underlying mechanism of olfactory function in patients with TLE and may be beneficial in the clinical management of these patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayako Motoki
- International University of Health and Welfare Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Naoki Akamatsu
- International University of Health and Welfare Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan; Epilepsy Center, Fukuoka Sanno Hospital, Fukuoka, Japan; International University of Health and Welfare School of Medicine, Department of Neurology, Narita, Japan.
| | - Tomoyuki Fumuro
- International University of Health and Welfare School of Medicine, Department of Neurology, Narita, Japan
| | - Ayako Miyoshi
- Epilepsy Center, Fukuoka Sanno Hospital, Fukuoka, Japan
| | | | | | - Shinji Ohara
- Epilepsy Center, Fukuoka Sanno Hospital, Fukuoka, Japan
| | | | - Hiroshi Shigeto
- Epilepsy Center, Fukuoka Sanno Hospital, Fukuoka, Japan; Kyushu University Division of Medical Technology, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Murai
- International University of Health and Welfare Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan; International University of Health and Welfare School of Medicine, Department of Neurology, Narita, Japan; International University of Health and Welfare School of Medical Sciences at Okawa, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Okawa, Japan
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9
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Inal M, Bayar Muluk N, Asal N, Alpua M. Peripheric smell regions in patients with temporal and frontal lobe epilepsies: An MRI evaluation. J Clin Neurosci 2021; 92:1-5. [PMID: 34509233 DOI: 10.1016/j.jocn.2021.07.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2021] [Revised: 06/19/2021] [Accepted: 07/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES We investigated peripheric smell regions of olfactory bulb (OB) volume and olfactory sulcus (OS) depth in temporal and frontal lobe epilepsy patients by cranial magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). METHODS In this retrospective study, cranial MRI images of 150 adult patients were included. Group 1 was consisted of 50 adult patients with temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE). Group 2 was consisted of 50 adult patients with frontal lobe epilepsy (FLE). The control group (Group 3) was consisted of 50 healthy subjects without epilepsy. OB volume and OS depth were measured in all groups. RESULTS OB volumes of the temporal and frontal epilepsy groups were significantly lower than those of the control group (padjusted < 0.0175). However, OS depths were not different between groups 1-3 (p > 0.05). In the temporal and frontal epilepsy groups, there were positive correlations between OB volumes; OS depths; left OB volume and bilateral OS depths p < 0.05). There were no significant correlations between OB volume and OS depth; and age and gender of the epilepsy group (p > 0.05). CONCLUSION We concluded that temporal and frontal epilepsy maybe related to decrease in OB volume and may cause olfactory impairment. Olfactory deficit maybe related to central epileptic focus. Therefore, early diagnosis and appropriate treatment of epilepsy are important to prevent olfactory impairment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mikail Inal
- Kırıkkale University, Faculty of Medicine, Radiology Department, Kırıkkale, Turkey
| | - Nuray Bayar Muluk
- Kırıkkale University, Faculty of Medicine, ENT Department, Kırıkkale, Turkey.
| | - Neşe Asal
- Kırıkkale University, Faculty of Medicine, Radiology Department, Kırıkkale, Turkey
| | - Murat Alpua
- Kırıkkale University, Faculty of Medicine, Neurology Department, Kırıkkale, Turkey
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Traub RD, Tu Y, Whittington MA. Cell assembly formation and structure in a piriform cortex model. Rev Neurosci 2021; 33:111-132. [PMID: 34271607 DOI: 10.1515/revneuro-2021-0056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2021] [Accepted: 06/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
The piriform cortex is rich in recurrent excitatory synaptic connections between pyramidal neurons. We asked how such connections could shape cortical responses to olfactory lateral olfactory tract (LOT) inputs. For this, we constructed a computational network model of anterior piriform cortex with 2000 multicompartment, multiconductance neurons (500 semilunar, 1000 layer 2 and 500 layer 3 pyramids; 200 superficial interneurons of two types; 500 deep interneurons of three types; 500 LOT afferents), incorporating published and unpublished data. With a given distribution of LOT firing patterns, and increasing the strength of recurrent excitation, a small number of firing patterns were observed in pyramidal cell networks: first, sparse firings; then temporally and spatially concentrated epochs of action potentials, wherein each neuron fires one or two spikes; then more synchronized events, associated with bursts of action potentials in some pyramidal neurons. We suggest that one function of anterior piriform cortex is to transform ongoing streams of input spikes into temporally focused spike patterns, called here "cell assemblies", that are salient for downstream projection areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roger D Traub
- AI Foundations, IBM T.J. Watson Research Center, Yorktown Heights, NY10598, USA
| | - Yuhai Tu
- AI Foundations, IBM T.J. Watson Research Center, Yorktown Heights, NY10598, USA
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11
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Ciurleo R, De Salvo S, Bonanno L, Marino S, Bramanti P, Caminiti F. Parosmia and Neurological Disorders: A Neglected Association. Front Neurol 2020; 11:543275. [PMID: 33240192 PMCID: PMC7681001 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2020.543275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2020] [Accepted: 10/07/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Parosmia is a distorted olfactory sensation in the presence of an odor. This olfactory disorder can affect the quality of life of most patients who experience it. Qualitative olfactory dysfunctions, such as parosmia and phantosmia, may be clinical conditions secondary to neurological diseases. The incidence of parosmia is underestimated, as well as its association with neurological diseases, due to poor self-reporting of patients and lack of objective methods for its measure. In this paper, we show selected clinical cases of parosmia associated with neurological disorders, such as traumatic brain injury and multiple sclerosis. These clinical cases show how the correct diagnosis of parosmia can represent the tip of the iceberg of important underlying neurological disorders and be a good prognostic indicator of their progression or recovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosella Ciurleo
- Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico Centro Neurolesi "Bonino-Pulejo", Messina, Italy
| | - Simona De Salvo
- Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico Centro Neurolesi "Bonino-Pulejo", Messina, Italy
| | - Lilla Bonanno
- Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico Centro Neurolesi "Bonino-Pulejo", Messina, Italy
| | - Silvia Marino
- Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico Centro Neurolesi "Bonino-Pulejo", Messina, Italy
| | - Placido Bramanti
- Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico Centro Neurolesi "Bonino-Pulejo", Messina, Italy
| | - Fabrizia Caminiti
- Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico Centro Neurolesi "Bonino-Pulejo", Messina, Italy
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Hwang BY, Mampre D, Penn R, Anderson WS, Kang J, Kamath V. Olfactory Testing in Temporal Lobe Epilepsy: a Systematic Review. Curr Neurol Neurosci Rep 2020; 20:65. [PMID: 33169232 DOI: 10.1007/s11910-020-01083-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Olfactory testing is a potentially safe, cost-effective, bedside evaluation tool for diagnosis, monitoring, and risk assessment for surgery in temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE) patients, but testing methods and relevant olfactory domains are not standardized. We conducted a systematic review to evaluate olfactory tests in TLE and summarize the results of the literature. RECENT FINDINGS Olfactory tests varied significantly in odorant administration tools and devices, target odorants, evaluation timing, and grading scales. The Smell Threshold Test and University of Pennsylvania Smell Identification Test were the most validated single-domain tests for odor detection and odor identification, respectively. For multi-domain tests, Odor Memory/Discrimination Test and the Sniffin' Sticks test were the most validated. Results of olfactory tests in TLE are presented by domain. Rigorous validation, standardization, and comparative analysis of existing olfactory tests by domain is urgently needed to establish the utility and efficacy of olfactory testing in TLE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian Y Hwang
- Division of Functional Neurosurgery, Department of Neurosurgery, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, 600 N. Wolfe Street, Meyer 8-181, Baltimore, MD, 21287, USA.
| | - David Mampre
- Division of Functional Neurosurgery, Department of Neurosurgery, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, 600 N. Wolfe Street, Meyer 8-181, Baltimore, MD, 21287, USA
| | - Rachel Penn
- Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - William S Anderson
- Division of Functional Neurosurgery, Department of Neurosurgery, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, 600 N. Wolfe Street, Meyer 8-181, Baltimore, MD, 21287, USA
| | - Joon Kang
- Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Vidyulata Kamath
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
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13
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Morosanu CO, Clamp PJ, Teo MK. Phantosmia as the first presentation of a cavernous sinus - clinoidal meningioma. Br J Neurosurg 2020; 37:1-7. [PMID: 33050720 DOI: 10.1080/02688697.2020.1834510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2020] [Accepted: 10/06/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Cavernous sinus meningiomas (CSM) are complex skull base lesions that, due to their particular anatomical location, render surgical management difficult. Their symptomatology is versatile, and the clinical outcome is difficult to predict. We present the case of a 57-year old female patient who experienced phantosmia - an abnormal, persistent, olfactory sensation of cigarette smell for 18 months. MRI was performed and revealed a left cavernous sinus meningioma, extending into the left temporal fossa, with olfactory and optic nerve distortion. To our knowledge, this is the first reported case of phantosmia as the initial presentation of a lesion in the cavernous sinus.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Philip J Clamp
- Department of Otolaryngology and Head & Neck Surgery, Bristol Royal Infirmary, Bristol, UK
| | - Mario K Teo
- Department of Neurosurgery, Southmead Hospital, Bristol, UK
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14
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Kang JY, Yenokyan G, Hwang BY, Chen M, Penn R, Mampre D, Sperling MR, Kamath V. Odor identification predicts postoperative seizure control following magnetic resonance-guided laser interstitial thermal therapy. Epilepsia 2020; 61:1949-1957. [PMID: 32944948 DOI: 10.1111/epi.16645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2020] [Revised: 07/21/2020] [Accepted: 07/21/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Olfactory dysfunction has been well documented in individuals with temporal lobe epilepsy, but its use in presurgical planning has yet to be examined. We assessed the role of preoperative odor identification in mesial onset seizure localization utilizing stereoelectroencephalography (S-EEG) and magnetic resonance-guided laser interstitial thermal therapy (MRgLiTT) outcome. METHODS We identified 30 patients who had typical seizures captured during S-EEG monitoring or MRgLiTT of mesial temporal structures (n = 17 S-EEG, n = 13 MRgLiTT); seizure onset zone was classified as unilateral mesial seizure onset, or multifocal with unilateral mesial onset and nonmesial onset. Odor identification ability was assessed using the Sniffin' Sticks Odor Identification Test (SSOIT). Patients also completed measures of confrontation naming and auditory-verbal learning/memory using the Boston Naming Test and Hopkins Verbal Learning Test-Revised, respectively. RESULTS Overall, patients with intractable focal epilepsy exhibited poor olfactory performance (median [M] = 10.4, interquartile range [IQR] = 9.4-11.8). Of 19 patients who underwent MRgLiTT, 10 patients (52.6%) were seizure-free at last follow-up (M = 13 months, IQR =10-18). Patients who were seizure-free after MRgLiTT (n = 10) had poorer odor identification scores (M = 9, IQR = 7-13) compared to patients with seizure reoccurrence (M = 13, IQR = 12.5-15). Odor identification score was inversely associated with seizure freedom, with odds ratio = 0.60 (95% confidence interval [CI] = 0.38-0.95, P = .03). Receiver operating characteristic analysis revealed that an SSOIT score of 12 was the ideal cutoff for predicting favorable seizure outcome (area under the curve = 0.84, 95% CI = 0.64-1.0). Sensitivity was 88.9% and specificity was 78.9%, with a likelihood ratio of 2.9 of seizure failure in patients who had an odor identification score ≥ 12. SIGNIFICANCE Interictal olfactory dysfunction is commonly seen in patients with intractable focal epilepsy. Odor identification is a novel, noninvasive presurgical biomarker to distinguish who may or may not benefit from MRgLiTT of mesial temporal structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joon Y Kang
- Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Gayane Yenokyan
- Department of Biostatics, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Brian Y Hwang
- Division of Functional Neurosurgery, Department of Neurosurgery, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Mo Chen
- Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Rachel Penn
- Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - David Mampre
- Division of Functional Neurosurgery, Department of Neurosurgery, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Michael R Sperling
- Department of Neurology, Thomas Jefferson University Hospital, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Vidyulata Kamath
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
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15
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Thomas DC, Baddireddy SM, Kohli D. Anosmia: A review in the context of coronavirus disease 2019 and orofacial pain. J Am Dent Assoc 2020; 151:696-702. [PMID: 32854871 PMCID: PMC7328601 DOI: 10.1016/j.adaj.2020.06.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2020] [Accepted: 06/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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16
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Yu YH, Park DK, Yoo DY, Kim DS. Altered expression of parvalbumin immunoreactivity in rat main olfactory bulb following pilocarpine-induced status epilepticus. BMB Rep 2020. [PMID: 32317084 PMCID: PMC7196189 DOI: 10.5483/bmbrep.2020.53.4.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Epilepsy is a chronic neurological disease characterized by spontaneous recurrent seizures and caused by various factors and mechanisms. Malfunction of the olfactory bulb is frequently observed in patients with epilepsy. However, the morphological changes in the olfactory bulb during epilepsy-induced neuropathology have not been elucidated. Therefore, in the present study, we investigated the expression of parvalbumin (PV), one of the calcium-binding proteins, and morphological changes in the rat main olfactory bulb (MOB) following pilocarpine-induced status epilepticus (SE). Pilocarpine-induced SE resulted in neuronal degeneration in the external plexiform layer (EPL) and glomerular layer (GL) of the MOB. PV immunoreactivity was observed in the neuronal somas and processes in the EPL and GL of the control group. However, six hours after pilocarpine administration, PV expression was remarkably decreased in the neuronal processes compared to the somas and the average number of PV-positive interneurons was significantly decreased. Three months after pilocarpine treatment, the number of PV-positive interneurons was also significantly decreased compared to the 6 hour group in both layers. In addition, the number of NeuN-positive neurons was also significantly decreased in the EPL and GL following pilocarpine treatment. In double immunofluorescence staining for PV and MAP2, the immunoreactivity for MAP2 around the PV-positive neurons was significantly decreased three months after pilocarpine treatment. Therefore, the present findings suggest that decreases in PV-positive GABAergic interneurons and dendritic density in the MOB induced impaired calcium buffering and reciprocal synaptic transmission. Thus, these alterations may be considered key factors aggravating olfactory function in patients with epilepsy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yeon Hee Yu
- Department of Anatomy, College of Medicine, Soonchunhyang University, Cheonan 31151, Korea
| | - Dae-Kyoon Park
- Department of Anatomy, College of Medicine, Soonchunhyang University, Cheonan 31151, Korea
| | - Dae Young Yoo
- Department of Anatomy, College of Medicine, Soonchunhyang University, Cheonan 31151, Korea
| | - Duk-Soo Kim
- Department of Anatomy, College of Medicine, Soonchunhyang University, Cheonan 31151, Korea
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17
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de Celis-Alonso B, Hidalgo-Tobón SS, Barragán-Pérez E, Castro-Sierra E, Dies-Suárez P, Garcia J, Moreno-Barbosa E, Arias-Carrión O. Different Food Odors Control Brain Connectivity in Impulsive Children. CNS & NEUROLOGICAL DISORDERS-DRUG TARGETS 2020; 18:63-77. [PMID: 30394220 DOI: 10.2174/1871527317666181105105113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2018] [Revised: 10/19/2018] [Accepted: 10/29/2018] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Impulsivity is a complex multi-dimensional combination of behaviors which include: ineffective impulse control, premature decision-making and inability to delay gratification. OBJECTIVE The aim of this work was to explore how food odor perception and its emotional value is affected in impulsive children. METHODS Here we compared two cohorts of impulsive and control children with ages between 10 and 16 years. Both groups underwent a functional magnetic resonance imaging experiment, in which foodrelated odor-cues were presented to all of them. RESULTS Differences in regions of blood oxygen level dependent activation, as well as connectivity, were calculated. Activations were significant for all odors in the impulsive group in the temporal lobe, cerebellum, supplementary motor area, frontal cortex, medial cingulate cortex, insula, precuneus, precentral, para-hippocampal and calcarine cortices. CONCLUSION Connectivity results showed that the expected emotional reward, based on odor perceived and processed in temporal lobes, was the main cue driving responses of impulsive children. This was followed by self-consciousness, the sensation of interaction with the surroundings and feelings of comfort and happiness, modulated by the precuneus together with somatosensory cortex and cingulum. Furthermore, reduced connectivity to frontal areas as well as to other sensory integration areas (piriform cortex), combined to show different sensory processing strategies for olfactory emotional cues in impulsive children. Finally, we hypothesize that the cerebellum plays a pivotal role in modulating decision-making for impulsive children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benito de Celis-Alonso
- Facultad de Ciencias Fisico Matematicas, Benemerita Universidad Autonoma de Puebla. Puebla, Puebla, Mexico, Address: Avenida San Claudio y 18 Sur, Colonia San Manuel, Edificio FM1-101B, Ciudad Universitaria, C.P. 72570, Puebla, Mexico
| | - Silvia S Hidalgo-Tobón
- Departamento de Imagenologia, Hospital Infantil de Mexico "Federico Gomez", Ciudad de Mexico, Mexico, Address: Calle Dr. Marquez 162, Cuauhtemoc, 06720 Ciudad de Mexico, CDMX, Mexico.,Departamento de Fisica, Universidad Autonoma Metropolitana - Iztapalapa, Ciudad de Mexico, Mexico, Address: Av. San Rafael Atlixco 186, Leyes de Reforma 1ra Secc, 09340 Ciudad de Mexico, CDMX, Mexico
| | - Eduardo Barragán-Pérez
- Departamento de Neurologia, Hospital Infantil de Mexico "Federico Gomez", Ciudad de Mexico, Mexico, Address: Calle Dr. Marquez 162, Cuauhtemoc, 06720 Ciudad de Mexico, CDMX, Mexico
| | - Eduardo Castro-Sierra
- Departamento de Imagenologia, Hospital Infantil de Mexico "Federico Gomez", Ciudad de Mexico, Mexico, Address: Calle Dr. Marquez 162, Cuauhtemoc, 06720 Ciudad de Mexico, CDMX, Mexico
| | - Pilar Dies-Suárez
- Departamento de Imagenologia, Hospital Infantil de Mexico "Federico Gomez", Ciudad de Mexico, Mexico, Address: Calle Dr. Marquez 162, Cuauhtemoc, 06720 Ciudad de Mexico, CDMX, Mexico
| | - Julio Garcia
- Department of Cardiac Sciences, Stephenson Cardiac Imaging Centre, University of Calgary, Cumming School of Medicine, Calgary, AB, Canada, Address: 2500 University Dr. NW Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Eduardo Moreno-Barbosa
- Facultad de Ciencias Fisico Matematicas, Benemerita Universidad Autonoma de Puebla. Puebla, Puebla, Mexico, Address: Avenida San Claudio y 18 Sur, Colonia San Manuel, Edificio FM1-101B, Ciudad Universitaria, C.P. 72570, Puebla, Mexico
| | - Oscar Arias-Carrión
- Unidad de Trastornos del Movimiento y Sueno/Centro de Innovacion Medica Aplicada, Hospital General "Dr. Manuel Gea Gonzalez", Address: Calzada de Tlalpan 4800, Belisario Dominguez Secc. 16, 14080 Tlalpan, CDMX, Mexico
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18
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Türk BG, Metin B, Tekeli H, Sayman ÖA, Kızılkılıç O, Uzan M, Özkara Ç. Evaluation of olfactory and gustatory changes in patients with mesial temporal lobe epilepsy. Seizure 2020; 75:110-114. [DOI: 10.1016/j.seizure.2020.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2019] [Revised: 12/07/2019] [Accepted: 01/01/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
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19
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Khurshid K, Crow AJD, Rupert PE, Minniti NL, Carswell MA, Mechanic-Hamilton DJ, Kamath V, Doty RL, Moberg PJ, Roalf DR. A Quantitative Meta-analysis of Olfactory Dysfunction in Epilepsy. Neuropsychol Rev 2019; 29:328-337. [PMID: 31144106 PMCID: PMC6766414 DOI: 10.1007/s11065-019-09406-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2018] [Accepted: 04/11/2019] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Olfactory dysfunction in epilepsy is well-documented in several olfactory domains. However, the clinical specificity of these deficits remains unknown. The aim of this systematic meta-analysis was to determine which domains of olfactory ability were most impaired in individuals with epilepsy, and to assess moderating factors affecting olfactory ability. Extant peer-reviewed literature on olfaction in epilepsy were identified via a computerized literature search using PubMed, MEDLINE, PsycInfo, and Google Scholar databases. Twenty-one articles met inclusion criteria. These studies included a total of 912 patients with epilepsy and 794 healthy comparison subjects. Included studies measured olfaction using tests of odor identification, discrimination, memory, and detection threshold in patients with different types of epilepsy, including temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE), mixed frontal epilepsy (M-F), and mixed epilepsy (MIX). Olfactory deficits were robust in patients with epilepsy when compared to healthy individuals, with effect sizes in the moderate to large range for several olfactory domains, including odor identification (d = -1.59), memory (d = -1.10), discrimination (d = -1.04), and detection threshold (d = -0.58). Olfactory deficits were most prominent in patients with TLE and M-F epilepsy. Amongst patients with epilepsy, sex, age, smoking status, education, handedness, and age of illness onset were significantly related to olfactory performance. Overall, these meta-analytic findings indicate that the olfactory system is compromised in epilepsy and suggest that detailed neurobiological investigations of the olfactory system may provide further insight into this disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kiran Khurshid
- Department of Neurology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Andrew J D Crow
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Petra E Rupert
- Department of Psychology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Nancy L Minniti
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Temple University Hospital, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | | | - Dawn J Mechanic-Hamilton
- Department of Neurology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Vidyulata Kamath
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Richard L Doty
- Smell & Taste Center, Department of Otorhinolaryngology: Head & Neck Surgery, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Paul J Moberg
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Department of Neurology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Smell & Taste Center, Department of Otorhinolaryngology: Head & Neck Surgery, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - David R Roalf
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
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20
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Espinosa‐Jovel C, Toledano R, Jiménez‐Huete A, Aledo‐Serrano Á, García‐Morales I, Campo P, Gil‐Nagel A. Olfactory function in focal epilepsies: Understanding mesial temporal lobe epilepsy beyond the hippocampus. Epilepsia Open 2019; 4:487-492. [PMID: 31440730 PMCID: PMC6698687 DOI: 10.1002/epi4.12343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2019] [Revised: 05/12/2019] [Accepted: 05/28/2019] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Several lines of research have linked olfactory regions with the pathophysiology of focal epilepsies. Among those regions, the piriform cortex represents the major part of the primary olfactory cortex. According to these data, we raised the hypothesis that in patients with mesial temporal lobe epilepsy associated with hippocampal sclerosis exists an interictal dysfunction of olfactory processing that could be more significant compared to patients with extra-hippocampal focal epilepsy and healthy controls. This could be the consequence of a dysfunctional epileptogenic network that extends beyond the hippocampus and affects other structures, including the piriform cortex. To test this hypothesis, we evaluated the olfactory function with the Sniffin' Sticks test in 32 patients with mesial temporal lobe epilepsy associated with hippocampal sclerosis, 30 patients with extra-hippocampal focal epilepsy, and 22 healthy controls. Compared to the other study groups, patients with temporal lobe epilepsy due to hippocampal sclerosis showed a basal olfactory dysfunction characterized by an impairment in odor discrimination and odor identification. We also found that high seizure frequency had a strong correlation with the evaluated olfactory tasks. Our results are consistent with neuroimaging and neuropathological data that establish a link between olfactory regions and the pathophysiology of temporal lobe epilepsy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camilo Espinosa‐Jovel
- Epilepsy Unit, Department of NeurologyHospital Occidente de KennedyBogotáColombia
- Epilepsy Unit, Department of NeurologyHospital Ruber InternacionalMadridSpain
| | - Rafael Toledano
- Epilepsy Unit, Department of NeurologyHospital Ruber InternacionalMadridSpain
- Epilepsy Unit, Department of NeurologyHospital Ramón y CajalMadridSpain
| | - Adolfo Jiménez‐Huete
- Clinical Neurology Unit, Department of NeurologyHospital Ruber InternacionalMadridSpain
| | - Ángel Aledo‐Serrano
- Epilepsy Unit, Department of NeurologyHospital Ruber InternacionalMadridSpain
| | - Irene García‐Morales
- Epilepsy Unit, Department of NeurologyHospital Ruber InternacionalMadridSpain
- Epilepsy Unit, Department of NeurologyHospital Clínico San CarlosMadridSpain
| | - Pablo Campo
- Department of Basic PsychologyAutonomous University of MadridMadridSpain
| | - Antonio Gil‐Nagel
- Epilepsy Unit, Department of NeurologyHospital Ruber InternacionalMadridSpain
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21
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Maciąg F, Majewski Ł, Boguszewski PM, Gupta RK, Wasilewska I, Wojtaś B, Kuznicki J. Behavioral and electrophysiological changes in female mice overexpressing ORAI1 in neurons. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2019; 1866:1137-1150. [PMID: 30659848 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2019.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2018] [Revised: 12/20/2018] [Accepted: 01/10/2019] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Orai proteins form highly selective Ca2+ release-activated channels (CRACs). They play a critical role in store-operated Ca2+ entry (SOCE; i.e., the influx of external Ca2+ that is induced by the depletion of endoplasmic reticulum Ca2+ stores). Of the three Orai homologs that are present in mammals (Orai1-3), the physiological function of Orai1 is the best described. CRACs are formed by both homomeric assemblies and heteromultimers of Orais. Orai1 and Orai2 can form heteromeric channels that differ in conductivity during SOCE, depending on their Orai1-to-Orai2 ratio. The present study explored the potential consequences of ORAI1 overexpression in neurons where the dominant isoform is Orai2. We established the Tg(ORAI1)Ibd transgenic mouse line that overexpresses ORAI1 in brain neurons. We observed seizure-like symptoms in aged (≥15-month-old) female mice but not in males of the same age. The application of kainic acid and bicuculline to slices that were isolated from 8-month-old (±1 month) female Tg(ORAI1)Ibd mice revealed a significantly lower frequency of interictal bursts compared with samples that were isolated from wildtype mice. No differences were observed in male mice of a similar age. A battery of behavioral tests showed that context recognition decreased only in female transgenic mice. The phenotype that was observed in female mice suggests that ORAI1 overexpression may affect neuronal activity in a sex-dependent manner. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: ECS Meeting edited by Claus Heizmann, Joachim Krebs and Jacques Haiech.
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Affiliation(s)
- Filip Maciąg
- International Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology in Warsaw, 4 Ks. Trojdena Str., Warsaw 02-109, Poland
| | - Łukasz Majewski
- International Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology in Warsaw, 4 Ks. Trojdena Str., Warsaw 02-109, Poland.
| | - Paweł M Boguszewski
- Laboratory of Animal Models, Neurobiology Centre, Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology of Polish Academy of Sciences, 3 Pasteur Str., Warsaw 02-093, Poland
| | - Rishikesh Kumar Gupta
- International Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology in Warsaw, 4 Ks. Trojdena Str., Warsaw 02-109, Poland
| | - Iga Wasilewska
- International Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology in Warsaw, 4 Ks. Trojdena Str., Warsaw 02-109, Poland
| | - Bartosz Wojtaś
- Laboratory of Molecular Neurobiology, Neurobiology Centre, Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology of Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Jacek Kuznicki
- International Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology in Warsaw, 4 Ks. Trojdena Str., Warsaw 02-109, Poland
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22
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Schofield PW, Doty RL. The influence of head injury on olfactory and gustatory function. HANDBOOK OF CLINICAL NEUROLOGY 2019; 164:409-429. [PMID: 31604560 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-444-63855-7.00023-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Head injury, particularly that resulting in brain injury, is a significant public health concern. For example, annual incidence rates of traumatic brain injury, a common consequence of head injury, range from 54 to 60 million people worldwide, including 2.2-3.6 million people whose trauma is moderate to severe. Trauma to the face and brain, including blast injuries common in modern warfare, can result in alterations in the ability to both smell and taste. In the case of smell, these include total loss of function (anosmia), decreased sensitivity (hyposmia), alterations in odor quality (dysosmia), and hallucination (phantosmia). Although taste dysfunction, i.e., altered perception of such basic taste-bud-mediated sensations as sweet, sour, bitter, salty, and savory (umami), can be similarly influenced by head trauma, the effects are typically more subtle and less studied. The present review provides an up-to-date assessment of what is known about the impact of head injury on quantitative measures of taste and smell function, including the influences of severity, type of injury, location of insults, prognosis, and approaches to therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter W Schofield
- Neuropsychiatry Service, Hunter New England Local Health District and Centre for Translational Neuroscience and Mental Health, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, NSW, Australia.
| | - Richard L Doty
- Smell and Taste Center and Department of Otorhinolaryngology: Head and Neck Surgery, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States
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23
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Mercado-Gómez OF, Córdova-Dávalos L, García-Betanzo D, Rocha L, Alonso-Vanegas MA, Cienfuegos J, Guevara-Guzmán R. Overexpression of inflammatory-related and nitric oxide synthase genes in olfactory bulbs from frontal lobe epilepsy patients. Epilepsy Res 2018; 148:37-43. [PMID: 30366204 DOI: 10.1016/j.eplepsyres.2018.09.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2018] [Revised: 09/12/2018] [Accepted: 09/22/2018] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Neuroinflammation has been shown to constitute a crucial mechanism in the pathophysiology of epileptic brain and several genes of inflammatory mediators have been detected in surgically resected hippocampus tissue but not in non-related seizure brain regions. Interestingly, it has been reported an olfactory dysfunction in frontal lobe epilepsy (FLE). Our aim was to quantify the gene expression of inflammatory-related and nitric oxide synthase genes in olfactory bulbs (OB) tissue from FLE patients. RNA was isolated from OB resection of FLE patients and autopsy subjects without any neurological disease (n = 7, each). After cDNA synthesis, we performed qPCR for interleukin-1β (IL-1β), interleukin-6 (IL-6), tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), nuclear factor κB p65 (RELA), Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR 4), its agonist high mobility group box 1 (HMGB 1) as well nitric oxide synthase isozymes (NOS 1, 2 and 3). We found a significant increase in gene expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines (IL-1β, IL-6 and TNFα), TLR4 receptor and in its agonist HMGB1 and the downstream transcription factor NFκB p65. Moreover, we observed an increase of both NOS1 and NOS3 and a slightly increase of NOS2; however, it was not significant. Our study describes the overexpression of inflammatory-related genes and NOS isozymes in OB from FLE patients. Even though, the number of patients was limited, our findings could point out that neuroinflammation and nitrosative stress-related genes in the OB could be produced in general manner in all brain regions and thus contribute in part, to the olfactory dysfunction observed in FLE patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Octavio Fabián Mercado-Gómez
- Departamento de Fisiología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, 04510, Ciudad deMéxico, Mexico
| | - Laura Córdova-Dávalos
- Departamento de Fisiología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, 04510, Ciudad deMéxico, Mexico; Departmento de Farmacobiología, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados, 14330, Ciudad deMéxico, Mexico; Sección de Neurocirugía, Instituto Nacional de Neurología y Neurocirugía "Manuel Velasco Suárez", 14269, Ciudad deMéxico, Mexico
| | - Delfina García-Betanzo
- Departamento de Fisiología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, 04510, Ciudad deMéxico, Mexico
| | - Luisa Rocha
- Departmento de Farmacobiología, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados, 14330, Ciudad deMéxico, Mexico
| | - Mario Arturo Alonso-Vanegas
- Sección de Neurocirugía, Instituto Nacional de Neurología y Neurocirugía "Manuel Velasco Suárez", 14269, Ciudad deMéxico, Mexico
| | - Jesús Cienfuegos
- Sección de Neurocirugía, Instituto Nacional de Neurología y Neurocirugía "Manuel Velasco Suárez", 14269, Ciudad deMéxico, Mexico
| | - Rosalinda Guevara-Guzmán
- Departamento de Fisiología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, 04510, Ciudad deMéxico, Mexico.
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24
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Aguilar Martínez N, Aguado Carrillo G, Saucedo Alvarado P, Mendoza García C, Velasco Monroy A, Velasco Campos F. Clinical importance of olfactory function in neurodegenerative diseases. REVISTA MÉDICA DEL HOSPITAL GENERAL DE MÉXICO 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.hgmx.2017.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
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25
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Influences of temporal lobe epilepsy and temporal lobe resection on olfaction. J Neurol 2018; 265:1654-1665. [PMID: 29767353 DOI: 10.1007/s00415-018-8891-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2018] [Revised: 04/26/2018] [Accepted: 04/27/2018] [Indexed: 10/16/2022]
Abstract
Although temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE) and resection (TLR) impact olfactory eloquent brain structures, their influences on olfaction remain enigmatic. We sought to more definitively assess the influences of TLE and TLR on olfaction using three well-validated olfactory tests and measuring the tests' associations with the volume of numerous temporal lobe brain structures. The University of Pennsylvania Smell Identification Test and an odor detection threshold test were administered to 71 TLE patients and 71 age- and sex-matched controls; 69 TLE patients and controls received an odor discrimination/memory test. Fifty-seven patients and 57 controls were tested on odor identification and threshold before and after TLR; 27 patients and 27 controls were similarly tested for odor detection/discrimination. Scores were compared using analysis of variance and correlated with pre- and post-operative volumes of the target brain structures. TLE was associated with bilateral deficits in all test measures. TLR further decreased function on the side ipsilateral to resection. The hippocampus and other structures were smaller on the focus side of the TLE subjects. Although post-operative volumetric decreases were evident in most measured brain structures, modest contralateral volumetric increases were observed in some cases. No meaningful correlations were evident pre- or post-operatively between the olfactory test scores and the structural volumes. In conclusion, we demonstrate that smell dysfunction is clearly a key element of both TLE and TLR, impacting odor identification, detection, and discrimination/memory. Whether our novel finding of significant post-operative increases in the volume of brain structures contralateral to the resection side reflects plasticity and compensatory processes requires further study.
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26
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Dong J, Wyss A, Yang J, Price TR, Nicolas A, Nalls M, Tranah G, Franceschini N, Xu Z, Schulte C, Alonso A, Cummings SR, Fornage M, Zaykin D, Li L, Huang X, Kritchevsky S, Liu Y, Gasser T, Wilson RS, De Jager PL, Singleton AB, Pinto JM, Harris T, Mosley TH, Bennett DA, London S, Yu L, Chen H. Genome-Wide Association Analysis of the Sense of Smell in U.S. Older Adults: Identification of Novel Risk Loci in African-Americans and European-Americans. Mol Neurobiol 2017; 54:8021-8032. [PMID: 27878761 PMCID: PMC5441979 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-016-0282-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2016] [Accepted: 10/31/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The human sense of smell decreases with age, and a poor sense of smell are among the most important prodromal symptoms of several neurodegenerative diseases. Recent evidence further suggests a racial difference in the sense of smell among U.S. older adults. However, no genome-wide association study (GWAS) on the sense of smell has been conducted in African-Americans (AAs). We performed the first genome-wide meta-analysis of the sense of smell among 1979 AAs and 6582 European-Americans (EAs) from three U.S. aging cohorts. In the AA population, we identified nine novel regions (KLF4-ACTL7B, RAPGEF2-FSTL5, TCF4-LOC100505474, PCDH10, KIAA1751, MYO5B, MIR320B1-CD2, NR5A2-LINC00862, SALL1-C16orf97) that were associated with the sense of smell (P < 5 × 10-8). Many of these regions have been previously linked to neuropsychiatric (schizophrenia or epilepsy) or neurodegenerative (Parkinson's or Alzheimer's disease) diseases associated with a decreased sense of smell. In the EA population, we identified two novel loci in or near RASGRP1 and ANXA2P3 associated with sense of smell. In conclusion, this study identified several ancestry-specific loci that are associated with the sense of smell in older adults. While these findings need independent confirmation, they may lead to novel insights into the biology of the sense of smell in older adults and its relationships to neuropsychological and neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Dong
- Epidemiology Branch, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, 111 T.W. Alexander Dr. P.O. Box 12233, Mail drop A3-05, Research Triangle Park, NC, 27709, USA.
| | - Annah Wyss
- Epidemiology Branch, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, 111 T.W. Alexander Dr. P.O. Box 12233, Mail drop A3-05, Research Triangle Park, NC, 27709, USA
| | - Jingyun Yang
- Rush Alzheimer's Disease Center, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - T Ryan Price
- Laboratory of Neurogenetics, National Institute on Aging, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Aude Nicolas
- Laboratory of Neurogenetics, National Institute on Aging, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Michael Nalls
- Laboratory of Neurogenetics, National Institute on Aging, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Greg Tranah
- California Pacific Medical Center Research Institute, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Nora Franceschini
- Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina Gillings School of Global Public Health, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Zongli Xu
- Epidemiology Branch, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, 111 T.W. Alexander Dr. P.O. Box 12233, Mail drop A3-05, Research Triangle Park, NC, 27709, USA
| | - Claudia Schulte
- Department for Neurodegenerative Diseases, Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
- Genome Biology for Neurodegenerative Diseases, German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Tübingen, Germany
| | - Alvaro Alonso
- Department of Epidemiology, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Steven R Cummings
- California Pacific Medical Center Research Institute, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Myriam Fornage
- Institute of Molecular Medicine and Human Genetics Center, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Dmitri Zaykin
- Biostatistics Branch, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | - Leping Li
- Biostatistics Branch, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | - Xuemei Huang
- Pennsylvania State University-Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, Hershey, PA, USA
| | - Stephen Kritchevsky
- Sticht Center on Aging, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, USA
| | - Yongmei Liu
- Division of Public Health Sciences, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, USA
| | - Thomas Gasser
- Department for Neurodegenerative Diseases, Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
- Genome Biology for Neurodegenerative Diseases, German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Tübingen, Germany
| | - Robert S Wilson
- Rush Alzheimer's Disease Center, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Philip L De Jager
- Program in Translational Neuro Psychiatric Genomics, Institute for the Neurosciences, Departments of Neurology and Psychiatry, Brigham and Women's Hospital; Harvard Medical School; Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Andrew B Singleton
- Laboratory of Neurogenetics, National Institute on Aging, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Jayant M Pinto
- Section of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Department of Surgery, The University of Chicago Medicine and Biological Sciences, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Tamara Harris
- Laboratory of Epidemiology, Demography, and Biometry, National Institute on Aging, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Thomas H Mosley
- Division of Geriatrics, Department of Medicine, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS, USA
| | - David A Bennett
- Rush Alzheimer's Disease Center, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Stephanie London
- Epidemiology Branch, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, 111 T.W. Alexander Dr. P.O. Box 12233, Mail drop A3-05, Research Triangle Park, NC, 27709, USA
| | - Lei Yu
- Rush Alzheimer's Disease Center, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Honglei Chen
- Epidemiology Branch, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, 111 T.W. Alexander Dr. P.O. Box 12233, Mail drop A3-05, Research Triangle Park, NC, 27709, USA
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Savage SA, Butler CR, Milton F, Han Y, Zeman AZ. On the nose: Olfactory disturbances in patients with transient epileptic amnesia. Epilepsy Behav 2017; 66:113-119. [PMID: 28038387 PMCID: PMC6197428 DOI: 10.1016/j.yebeh.2016.09.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2016] [Revised: 09/29/2016] [Accepted: 09/30/2016] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE While olfactory hallucinations are relatively rare in epilepsy, a high prevalence (up to 42%) has been reported in one form - Transient Epileptic Amnesia (TEA). TEA is characterized by recurring amnestic seizures and is commonly associated with persistent interictal memory deficits. Despite reports of changes in smell, olfactory ability has not been objectively assessed in this group. The aim of this study was to measure olfactory ability in patients with TEA and explore whether olfactory symptoms relate to other clinical variables. METHODS Fifty-five participants with TEA were recruited from The Impairment of Memory in Epilepsy project database. The presence of olfactory symptoms was obtained via case notes and clinical interview. Participants completed questionnaires to evaluate their olfaction and memory function subjectively. Olfactory ability was measured using the University of Pennsylvania Smell Identification Test (UPSIT). TEA participants' performance was compared to 50 matched healthy control participants. A subset of TEA participants (n=26) also completed a battery of memory tests including standard neuropsychological measures, and assessment of accelerated long-term forgetting and autobiographical memory. RESULTS Olfactory hallucinations were reported in 55% of patients with TEA. A significant reduction in smell identification (UPSIT) was found between patients with TEA and healthy controls (p<0.001). Epilepsy variables, including history of olfactory hallucinations, were not predictive of olfactory ability. Patients reported ongoing memory difficulties and performed below normative values on objective tests. While no correlation was found between objective measures of memory and olfactory performance, subjective complaints of route finding difficulty was associated with UPSIT score. CONCLUSIONS Impairments in odor identification are common in patients with TEA and exceed changes that occur in normal aging. Olfactory hallucinations occurs in approximately half of patients with TEA, but do not always coincide with reduced sense of smell. Olfactory impairment and interictal memory problems both occur frequently in TEA but are not closely associated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sharon A. Savage
- Cognitive & Behavioural Neurology, University of Exeter Medical School, College House, St Luke’s Campus, Exeter, EX1 2LU, UK,corresponding author:
| | - Christopher R. Butler
- Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital, OX3 9DU, UK
| | - Fraser Milton
- Discipline of Psychology, University of Exeter, Washington Singer Laboratories, Exeter, EX4 4QG, UK
| | - Yang Han
- Health Statistics, University of Exeter Medical School, South Cloisters, St Luke’s Campus, Exeter, EX1 2LU, UK
| | - Adam Z. Zeman
- Cognitive & Behavioural Neurology, University of Exeter Medical School, College House, St Luke’s Campus, Exeter, EX1 2LU, UK
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28
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Whitcroft KL, Cuevas M, Haehner A, Hummel T. Patterns of olfactory impairment reflect underlying disease etiology. Laryngoscope 2016; 127:291-295. [PMID: 27556251 DOI: 10.1002/lary.26229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2016] [Revised: 06/20/2016] [Accepted: 07/12/2016] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE We aimed to determine whether the pattern of olfactory impairment seen in psychophysical testing reflects underlying disease etiology. STUDY DESIGN Retrospective cohort. METHODS We performed a retrospective analysis of 1,226 patients from our tertiary referral center. Only hyposmic patients with the following conditions were included: postinfectious hyposmia, posttraumatic hyposmia, hyposmia secondary to sinonasal disease, and hyposmia secondary to Parkinson disease. Patients with anosmia were excluded. RESULTS Using a repeated measures analysis of variance (within subject factor "test": threshold [T], discrimination [D], identification [I]; between subject factor: "etiology") with posthoc Bonferroni corrected t tests, we found significant interaction between the factors "test" and "etiology" (F6,2444 = 8.46, P < 0.001), indicating that different causes of hyposmia produce different patterns of olfactory loss with respect to the individual subtests T, D, and I . Specifically, patients with Parkinson disease performed relatively well in odor threshold testing, but poorly in odor identification and discrimination compared with the other etiology groups. Conversely, patients with sinonasal disease performed well in odor identification and discrimination but poorly in odor threshold. Patients with postinfectious and posttraumatic hyposmia performed relatively well in both thresholds and discrimination but poorly in identification. However, patients with posttraumatic hyposmia had globally reduced scores compared with the other groups. CONCLUSION This is the first study to comprehensively show that patterns of olfactory impairment reflect underlying disease etiology. We suggest that multicomponent olfactory testing should be performed, especially if there is diagnostic uncertainty. However, to clearly separate different patterns of olfactory loss to the various causes at an individual level, more work is needed. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE 4. Laryngoscope, 2016 127:291-295, 2017.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine L Whitcroft
- Smell and Taste Clinic, Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Mandy Cuevas
- Smell and Taste Clinic, Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Antje Haehner
- Smell and Taste Clinic, Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Thomas Hummel
- Smell and Taste Clinic, Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
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