Cytotoxic activity of organotin carboxylates based on synthetic phenolic antioxidants and polycyclic bile acids

The Synthesis and Biological Activity of Organotin Complexes with Thio-Schiff Bases Bearing Phenol Fragments

A number of novel di- and triorganotin(IV) complexes 1-5 (Ph₂SnL¹, Ph₂SnL², Et₂SnL², Ph₃SnL³, Ph₃SnL⁴) with mono- or dianionic forms of thio-Schiff bases containing antioxidant sterically hindered phenol or catechol fragments were synthesized. Compounds 1-5 were characterized by ¹H, ¹³C NMR, IR spectroscopy, and elemental analysis. The molecular structures of complexes 1 and 2 in the crystal state were established by single-crystal X-ray analysis. The antioxidant activity of new complexes as radical scavengers was estimated in DPPH and ABTS assays. It was found that compounds 4 and 5 with free phenol or catechol fragments are more active in these tests than complexes 1-3 with tridentate O,N,S-coordinated ligands. The effect of compounds 1-5 on the promoted oxidative damage of the DNA by 2,2'-azobis(2-amidinopropane) dihydrochloride and in the process of rat liver (Wistar) homogenate lipid peroxidation in vitro was determined. Complexes 4 and 5 were characterized by more pronounced antioxidant activity in the reaction of lipid peroxidation in vitro than compounds 1-3. The antiproliferative activity of compounds 1-5 was investigated against MCF-7, HTC-116, and A-549 cell lines by an MTT test. The values of IC₅₀ are significantly affected by the presence of free antioxidant fragments and the coordination site for binding.

Cytotoxic and Luminescent Properties of Novel Organotin Complexes with Chelating Antioxidant Ligand

A novel polydentate chelating antioxidant ligand and series of organotin complexes on its base were synthesized and characterized by NMR ¹H, ¹³C, ¹¹⁹Sn, IR spectroscopy, X-ray, and elemental analysis. Their antioxidant activity was evaluated in DPPH and NBT-tests, and as lipoxygenase inhibitory activity. It was shown that ligand alone is a radical scavenger, while introducing tin in the structure of the compound significantly decreases its activity. For the ligand alone the ability to strongly suppress the formation of advanced glycation end products (AGEs) was shown, which may be associated with the established antiradical activity. All synthesized compounds appeared to be moderate lipoxygenase inhibitors. The stability of compounds to hydrolysis under different pH was estimated. The ligand undergoes decomposition after about an hour, while organotin complexes on its base demonstrate vast stability, showing signs of decomposition only after 5 h of experimentation. Cytotoxicity of compounds was studied by standard MTT-test, which showed unorthodox results: the ligand itself demonstrated noticeable cytotoxicity while the introduction of organotin moiety either did not affect the toxicity levels or reduced them instead of increasing. Organotin complexes possess luminescence both as powders and DMSO solutions, its quantum yields reaching 67% in DMSO. The combination of luminescence with unique cytotoxic properties allows us to propose the synthesized compounds as perspective theranostic agents.

Review of 13carbon nuclear magnetic resonance characterizations of dimethyltin carboxylates

Diorganotin carboxylates have received much interest in past decades due to their rich structural chemistry and wide range of applications in various fields. This review study provides an in-depth analysis of carbon NMR data of dimethyltin complexes. The absorptions shown by the carbonyl carbon, methyl groups attached to tin and the other carbons present in the complexes were presented in this study. The effects of nature and the number of substituents attached are also described in this report.

Tin Carboxylate Complexes of Natural Bacteriochlorin for Combined Photodynamic and Chemotherapy of Cancer è

Photodynamic therapy (PDT) is currently one of the most promising methods of cancer treatment. However, this method has some limitations, including a small depth of penetration into biological tissues, the low selectivity of accumulation, and hypoxia of the tumor tissues. These disadvantages can be overcome by combining PDT with other methods of treatment, such as radiation therapy, neutron capture therapy, chemotherapy, etc. In this work, potential drugs were obtained for the first time, the molecules of which contain both photodynamic and chemotherapeutic pharmacophores. A derivative of natural bacteriochlorophyll a with a tin IV complex, which has chemotherapeutic activity, acts as an agent for PDT. This work presents an original method for obtaining agents of combined action, the structure of which is confirmed by various physicochemical methods of analysis. The method of molecular modeling was used to investigate the binding of the proposed drugs to DNA. In vitro biological tests were carried out on several lines of tumor cells: Hela, A549, S37, MCF7, and PC-3. It was shown that the proposed conjugates of binary action for some cell lines had a dark cytotoxicity that was significantly higher (8–10 times) than the corresponding metal complexes of amino acids, which was explained by the targeted chemotherapeutic action of the tin (IV) complex due to chlorin. The greatest increase in efficiency relative to the initial dipropoxy-BPI was found for the conjugate with lysine as a chelator of the tin cation relative to cell lines, with the following results: S-37 increased 3-fold, MCF-7 3-fold, and Hela 2.4-fold. The intracellular distribution of the obtained agents was also studied by confocal microscopy and showed a diffuse granular distribution with predominant accumulation in the near nuclear region.

Multispectroscopic analysis, atomic force microscopy, molecular docking and molecular dynamic simulation studies of the interaction between [SnMe2Cl2(Me2phen)] complex and ct-DNA in the presence of glucose

In this study, the spectroscopic methods (UV-vis, fluorimetric), Atomic force microscopy, and computational studies (molecular docking and molecular dynamic simulation) were used to investigate the interaction of [SnMe₂Cl₂(Me₂phen)] complex with CT-DNA in the presence of glucose. The results showed the complex in the medium containing glucose has less effect on calf thymus DNA (ct-DNA) than the medium without glucose. Cytotoxicity of [SnMe₂Cl₂(Me₂phen)] complex on MCF-7 cells was examined and showed Sn(IV) complex possesses potential cytotoxicity against this cell line. Molecular docking study showed that Sn(IV) complex interacts with DNA by groove binding mode. Radius of gyration (Rg) was smaller upon binding of the Sn(IV) complex suggesting a more compact structure of DNA in the presence of Sn(IV) complex.Communicated by Ramaswamy H. Sarma.

Antioxidative Activity of 1,3,5-Triazine Analogues Incorporating Aminobenzene Sulfonamide, Aminoalcohol/Phenol, Piperazine, Chalcone, or Stilbene Motifs

A series of 1,3,5-triazine analogues, incorporating aminobenzene sulfonamide, aminoalcohol/phenol, piperazine, chalcone, or stilbene structural motifs, were evaluated as potential antioxidants. The compounds were prepared by using step-by-step nucleophilic substitution of chlorine atoms in starting 2,4,6-trichloro-1,3,5-triazine. Reactions were catalyzed by Cu(I)-supported on a weakly acidic resin. The radical scavenging activity was determined in terms of %inhibition activity and EC₅₀, using the ABTS method. Trolox and ascorbic acid (ASA) were used as standards. In the lowest concentration 1 × 10⁻⁴ M, the %inhibition activity values at 0 min were comparable with both standards at least for 10 compounds. After 60 min, compounds 5, 6, 13, and 25 showed nearly twice %inhibition (73.44–87.09%) in comparison with the standards (Trolox = 41.49%; ASA = 31.07%). Values of EC₅₀ at 60 min (17.16–27.78 μM) were 5 times lower for compounds 5, 6, 13, and 25 than EC₅₀ of both standards (trolox = 178.33 μM; ASA = 147.47 μM). Values of EC₅₀ correlated with %inhibition activity. Based on these results, the presented 1,3,5-triazine analogues have a high potential in the treatment of illnesses caused or related to oxidative stress.