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Kadadou D, Tizani L, Alsafar H, Hasan SW. Analytical methods for determining environmental contaminants of concern in water and wastewater. MethodsX 2024; 12:102582. [PMID: 38357632 PMCID: PMC10864661 DOI: 10.1016/j.mex.2024.102582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2023] [Accepted: 01/22/2024] [Indexed: 02/16/2024] Open
Abstract
Control and prevention of environmental pollution have emerged as paramount global concerns. Anthropogenic activities, such as industrial discharges, agricultural runoff, and improper waste disposal, introduce a wide range of contaminants into various ecosystems. These pollutants encompass organic and inorganic compounds, particulates, microorganisms, and disinfection by-products, posing severe threats to human health, ecosystems, and the environment. Effective monitoring methods are indispensable for assessing environmental quality, identifying pollution sources, and implementing remedial measures. This paper suggests that the development and utilization of highly advanced analytical tools are both essential for the analysis of contaminants in water samples, presenting a foundational hypothesis for the review. This paper comprehensively reviews the development and utilization of highly advanced analytical tools which is mandatory for the analysis of contaminants in water samples. Depending on the specific pollutants being studied, the choice of analytical methods widely varies. It also reveals insights into the diverse applications and effectiveness of these methods in assessing water quality and contaminant levels. By emphasizing the critical role of the reviewed monitoring methods, this review seeks to deepen the understanding of pollution challenges and inspire innovative monitoring solutions that contribute to a cleaner and more sustainable global environment.•Urgent global concerns: control and prevention of pollution from diverse sources.•Varied contaminants, diverse methods: comprehensive review of analytical tools.•Inspiring a sustainable future: innovative monitoring for a cleaner environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dana Kadadou
- Center for Membranes and Advanced Water Technology (CMAT), Khalifa University of Science and Technology, PO Box 127788, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
| | - Lina Tizani
- Center for Membranes and Advanced Water Technology (CMAT), Khalifa University of Science and Technology, PO Box 127788, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
- Department of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering, Khalifa University of Science and Technology, PO Box 127788, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
- Center for Biotechnology (BTC), Khalifa University of Science and Technology, PO Box 127788, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
| | - Habiba Alsafar
- Center for Biotechnology (BTC), Khalifa University of Science and Technology, PO Box 127788, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Khalifa University of Science and Technology, PO Box 127788, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
- Emirates Bio-research Center, Ministry of Interior, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
| | - Shadi W. Hasan
- Center for Membranes and Advanced Water Technology (CMAT), Khalifa University of Science and Technology, PO Box 127788, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
- Department of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering, Khalifa University of Science and Technology, PO Box 127788, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
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Ozgen G, Turk Gezer M, Armagan G, Ballar Kirmizibayrak P, Yalcin A, Ozer O, Ozkirim Arslan B, Kayar G, Dude UK, Kaymak Ozdemir A. Establishment and Validation of an Automated System for the Antifactor IIa Assay: A Case Study of Potency Assessment of a Pharmaceutical Gel Formulation. ACS OMEGA 2024; 9:18366-18374. [PMID: 38680345 PMCID: PMC11044257 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.4c00290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2024] [Revised: 03/26/2024] [Accepted: 04/01/2024] [Indexed: 05/01/2024]
Abstract
Antithrombotic agents and anticoagulant drugs, such as those from the heparin family, are employed in clinical settings for the prevention and treatment of clotting, thromboembolism, and wound healing. The potency assessment of antithrombotic agents is typically conducted using antifactor IIa assay with manual systems which are time-consuming and often lack repeatability. Here, we present a novel automated system that significantly enhances assay repeatability, attaining an outstandingly low relative standard deviation (RSD) % of only 0.6% for repeatability. This system has been applied to a pharmaceutical gel formulation for wound healing developed by Abdi Ibrahim Pharmaceuticals R&D Center as a case study for validation. The automated system demonstrated substantial improvements over manual systems in linearity (R2 = 0.9927), precision, accuracy, specificity, and robustness. The system aligns with the European Pharmacopoeia specifications, promising to enhance quality control across pharmaceutical formulations and conduct absorbance-based end-point assays within the pharmaceutical industry while offering increased throughput and cost-effectiveness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gokselin Ozgen
- Abdi
İbrahim Pharmaceuticals Research & Development Center (R&D), Istanbul 34538, Türkiye
| | - Merve Turk Gezer
- Abdi
İbrahim Pharmaceuticals Research & Development Center (R&D), Istanbul 34538, Türkiye
| | - Guliz Armagan
- Faculty
of Pharmacy, Department of Biochemistry, Ege University, Bornova, Izmir 35040, Türkiye
| | | | - Ayfer Yalcin
- Faculty
of Pharmacy, Department of Biochemistry, Ege University, Bornova, Izmir 35040, Türkiye
| | - Ozgen Ozer
- Faculty
of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Ege University, Bornova, Izmir 35040, Türkiye
| | - Banu Ozkirim Arslan
- Abdi
İbrahim Pharmaceuticals Research & Development Center (R&D), Istanbul 34538, Türkiye
| | - Gonul Kayar
- Abdi
İbrahim Pharmaceuticals Research & Development Center (R&D), Istanbul 34538, Türkiye
| | - Udaya Kumar Dude
- Abdi
İbrahim Pharmaceuticals Research & Development Center (R&D), Istanbul 34538, Türkiye
| | - Aysegul Kaymak Ozdemir
- Faculty
of Pharmacy, Department of Biochemistry, Ege University, Bornova, Izmir 35040, Türkiye
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Vieira WT, da Silva MGC, de Oliveira Nascimento L, Vieira MGA. Development and characterization of crosslinked k-carrageenan/sericin blend with covalent agents or thermal crosslink for indomethacin extended release. Int J Biol Macromol 2023; 246:125558. [PMID: 37392907 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.125558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2023] [Revised: 06/03/2023] [Accepted: 06/23/2023] [Indexed: 07/03/2023]
Abstract
Modified release of multiparticulate pharmaceutical forms is a key therapeutic strategy to reduce side effects and toxicity caused by high and repeated doses of immediate-release oral drugs. This research focused on the encapsulation of indomethacin (IND) in the crosslinked k-Car/Ser polymeric matrix by covalent and thermal methods to evaluate drug delivery modulation and properties of the crosslinked blend. Therefore, the entrapment efficiency (EE %), drug loading (DL %) and physicochemical properties of the particles were investigated. The particles presented a spherical shape and a rough surface with a mean diameter of 1.38-2.15 mm (CCA) and 1.56-1.86 mm (thermal crosslink). FTIR investigation indicated the presence of IDM in the particles and X-ray pattern showed the maintenance of crystallinity of IDM. The in vitro release in acidic medium (pH 1.2) and phosphate buffer saline solution (pH 6.8) was 1.23-6.81 % and 81-100 %, respectively. Considering the results, the formulations remained stable after 6 months. The Weibull equation was adequately fitted for all formulations and a diffusion mechanism, swelling and relaxation of chain were observed. IDM-loaded k-carrageenan/sericin/CMC increases cell viability (> 75 % for neutral red and > 81 % for MTT). Finally, all formulations present gastro-resistance, pH response and altered release and have the potential to be used as drug delivery careers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wedja Timóteo Vieira
- University of Campinas, School of Chemical Engineering, Albert Einstein Av., 500, Cidade Universitária "Zeferino Vaz", Campinas, SP 13083-852, Brazil
| | - Meuris Gurgel Carlos da Silva
- University of Campinas, School of Chemical Engineering, Albert Einstein Av., 500, Cidade Universitária "Zeferino Vaz", Campinas, SP 13083-852, Brazil
| | - Laura de Oliveira Nascimento
- University of Campinas, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cândido Portinari, St. 200, Cidade Universitária "Zeferino Vaz", Campinas, SP 13083-871, Brazil
| | - Melissa Gurgel Adeodato Vieira
- University of Campinas, School of Chemical Engineering, Albert Einstein Av., 500, Cidade Universitária "Zeferino Vaz", Campinas, SP 13083-852, Brazil.
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Elkady EF, Fouad MA, Mozayad AN. Application of Box-Behnken experimental design and response surface methodology for selecting the optimum RP-HPLC conditions for the simultaneous determination of methocarbamol, indomethacin and betamethasone in their pharmaceutical dosage form. BMC Chem 2022; 16:114. [PMID: 36510282 PMCID: PMC9743662 DOI: 10.1186/s13065-022-00908-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2022] [Accepted: 11/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
An isocratic RP-HPLC method has been developed for the separation and determination of methocarbamol (MTL), indomethacin (IND), and betamethasone (BET) in combined dosage form using an Inertsil ODS-3v C18 (250 × 4.6 mm, 5 μm) column with UV- detection at 235 nm. Experimental design using Box-Behnken design (BBD) was applied to study the response surface during method optimization and to achieve a good separation with a minimum number of experimental runs. The three independent parameters were pH of buffer, % of acetonitrile and flow rate of the mobile phase while the peak resolution of IND from MTL and the peak resolution of BET from IND (R2) were taken as responses to obtain mathematical models. The composite desirability was employed to optimize a set of responses overall (peak resolutions). The predicted optimum assay conditions include a mobile phase composition of acetonitrile and phosphate buffer (pH 5.95) in a ratio of 79:21, v/v, pumped at a flow rate of 1.4 mL min-1. With this ideal condition, the optimized method was able to achieve baseline separation of the three drugs with good resolution and a total run time of less than 7 min. The linearity of MTL, IND, and BET was determined in the concentration ranges of 5-600 µg mL- 1, 5-300 µg mL- 1, and 5-300 µg mL- 1 and the regression coefficients were 0.9994, 0.9998, and 0.9998, respectively. The average percent recoveries for the accuracy were determined to be 100.41 ± 0.60%, 100.86 ± 0.86%, and 100.99 ± 0.65% for MTL, IND, and BET, respectively. The R.S.D.% of the intra-day precision was found to be less than 1%, while the R.S.D.% of the inter-day precision was found to be less than 2%. The RP-HPLC method was fully validated with regard to linearity, accuracy, precision, specificity, and robustness as per ICH recommendations. The proposed method has various applications in quality control and routine analysis of the investigated drugs in their pharmaceutical dosage forms and laboratory-prepared mixtures with the goal of reducing laboratory waste, analysis time, and effort.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ehab F. Elkady
- grid.7776.10000 0004 0639 9286Pharmaceutical Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Kasr El-Aini Street, Cairo, 11562 Egypt
| | - Marwa A. Fouad
- grid.7776.10000 0004 0639 9286Pharmaceutical Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Kasr El-Aini Street, Cairo, 11562 Egypt ,grid.517528.c0000 0004 6020 2309Pharmaceutical Chemistry Department, School of Pharmacy, NewGiza University, Newgiza, km 22 Cairo– Alexandria Desert Road, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Ayoub N. Mozayad
- grid.412413.10000 0001 2299 4112Pharmaceutical Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Sana’a University, Sana’a, Yemen
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Effect of Solvents, Stabilizers and the Concentration of Stabilizers on the Physical Properties of Poly(d,l-lactide- co-glycolide) Nanoparticles: Encapsulation, In Vitro Release of Indomethacin and Cytotoxicity against HepG2-Cell. Pharmaceutics 2022; 14:pharmaceutics14040870. [PMID: 35456705 PMCID: PMC9028368 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics14040870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2022] [Revised: 03/20/2022] [Accepted: 04/12/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
A biocompatible, biodegradable and FDA-approved polymer [Poly lactic-co-glycolic acid (PLGA)] was used to prepare the nanoparticles (NPs) to observe the effect of solvents, stabilizers and their concentrations on the physical properties of the PLGA-NPs, following the encapsulation and in vitro release of Indomethacin (IND). PLGA-NPs were prepared by the single-emulsion solvent evaporation technique using dichloromethane (DCM)/chloroform as the organic phase with Polyvinyl-alcohol (PVA)/Polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) as stabilizers to encapsulate IND. The effects of different proportions of PVA/PVP with DCM/chloroform on the physiochemical properties (particle size, the polydispersity index, the zeta potential by Malvern Zetasizer and morphology by SEM) of the NPs were investigated. DSC was used to check the physical state, the possible complexation of PLGA with stabilizer(s) and the crystallinity of the encapsulated drug. Stabilizers at all concentrations produced spherical, regular-shaped, smooth-surfaced discrete NPs. Average size of 273.2–563.9 nm was obtained when PVA (stabilizer) with DCM, whereas it ranged from 317.6 to 588.1 nm with chloroform. The particle size was 273.2–563.9 nm when PVP was the stabilizer with DCM, while it was 381.4–466.6 nm with chloroform. The zeta potentials of PVA-stabilized NPs were low and negative (−0.62 mV) while they were comparatively higher and positive for PVP-stabilized NPs (+17.73 mV). Finally, drug-loaded optimal NPs were composed of PLGA (40 mg) and IND (4 mg) in 1 mL DCM/chloroform with PVA/PVP (1–3%), which resulted in sufficient encapsulation (54.94–74.86%) and drug loading (4.99–6.81%). No endothermic peak of PVA/PVP appeared in the optimized formulation, which indicated the amorphous state of IND in the core of the PLGA-NPs. The in vitro release study indicated a sustained release of IND (32.83–52.16%) from the PLGA-NPs till 72 h and primarily followed the Higuchi matrix release kinetics followed by Korsmeyer–Peppas models. The cell proliferation assay clearly established that the organic solvents used to prepare PLGA-NPs had evaporated. The PLGA-NPs did not show any particular toxicity in the HepG2 cells within the dose range of IND (250–500 µg/mL) and at an equivalent concentration of PLGA-NPs (3571.4–7142.7 µg/mL). The cytotoxicity of the hepatotoxic drug (IND) was reduced by its encapsulation into PLGA-NPs. The outcomes of this investigation could be implemented to prepare PLGA-NPs of acceptable properties for the encapsulation of low/high molecular weight drugs. It would be useful for further in vitro and in vivo applications to use this delivery system.
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Kapourani A, Andriotis EG, Chachlioutaki K, Kontogiannopoulos KN, Klonos PA, Kyritsis A, Pavlidou E, Bikiaris DN, Fatouros DG, Barmpalexis P. High-Drug-Loading Amorphous Solid Dispersions via In Situ Thermal Cross-Linking: Unraveling the Mechanisms of Stabilization. Mol Pharm 2021; 18:4393-4414. [PMID: 34699238 DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.1c00563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
This article takes a step forward in understanding the mechanisms involved during the preparation and performance of cross-linked high-drug-loading (HDL) amorphous solid dispersions (ASDs). Specifically, ASDs, having 90 wt % poorly water-soluble drug indomethacin (IND), were prepared via in situ thermal cross-linking of poly(acrylic acid) (PAA) and poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA) and thoroughly evaluated in terms of physical stability and in vitro supersaturation. Results showed that HDL ASDs having excellent active pharmaceutical ingredient (API) amorphous stability and prolonged in vitro supersaturation were prepared by fine tuning the cross-linking procedure. Unraveling of the processes involved during ASD's formation shed light on the significant role of the cross-linking conditions (i.e., temperature and time), the physicochemical properties of the API, and the hydrolysis level of the cross-linker as key factors in modulating ASD's stability. In-depth analysis of the prepared systems revealed the (1) reduction of API's molecular motions within the cross-linked polymeric networks (through API's strong spatial confinement), (2) the structural changes in the prepared cross-linked matrices (induced by the high API drug loading), and (3) the tuning of the cross-linking density via utilization of low-hydrolyzed PVA as the major mechanisms responsible for ASD's exceptional performance. Complementary analysis by means of molecular dynamics simulations also highlighted the vital role of strong drug-polymer intermolecular interactions evolving among the ASD components. Overall, the impression of the complexity of in situ cross-linked ASDs has been reinforced with the excessive variation of parameters investigated in the current study, offering thus insights up to the submolecular level to lay the groundwork and foundations for the comprehensive assessment of a new emerging class of HDL amorphous API formulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Afroditi Kapourani
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, School of Pharmacy, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki 54124, Greece
| | - Eleftherios G Andriotis
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, School of Pharmacy, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki 54124, Greece
| | - Konstantina Chachlioutaki
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, School of Pharmacy, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki 54124, Greece
| | - Konstantinos N Kontogiannopoulos
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, School of Pharmacy, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki 54124, Greece.,Natural Products Research Centre of Excellence-AUTH (NatPro-AUTH), Center for Interdisciplinary Research and Innovation (CIRI-AUTH), Thessaloniki 57001, Greece
| | - Panagiotis A Klonos
- Department of Physics, National Technical University of Athens, Zografou Campus, Athens 15780, Greece
| | - Apostolos Kyritsis
- Department of Physics, National Technical University of Athens, Zografou Campus, Athens 15780, Greece
| | - Eleni Pavlidou
- Solid State Section, Physics Department, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki 54124, Greece
| | - Dimitrios N Bikiaris
- Department of Chemistry, Laboratory of Polymer Chemistry and Technology, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki 54124, Greece
| | - Dimitrios G Fatouros
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, School of Pharmacy, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki 54124, Greece
| | - Panagiotis Barmpalexis
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, School of Pharmacy, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki 54124, Greece.,Natural Products Research Centre of Excellence-AUTH (NatPro-AUTH), Center for Interdisciplinary Research and Innovation (CIRI-AUTH), Thessaloniki 57001, Greece
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Therapeutic Liquid Formulations Based on Low Transition Temperature Mixtures for the Incorporation of Anti-Inflammatory Drugs. Pharmaceutics 2021; 13:pharmaceutics13101620. [PMID: 34683913 PMCID: PMC8540160 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics13101620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2021] [Revised: 09/15/2021] [Accepted: 09/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Most nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) present poor aqueous solubility, impairing their efficiency in physiological media. In this context, Low Transition Temperature Mixtures (LTTMs) are a promising platform to overcome drugs' poor solubility, forming therapeutic liquid formulations. In this work, the LTTMs of citric acid:L-arginine:water (C:A:W) and glycerol:sorbitol (G:S) were studied in terms of their features and assessed in terms of their ability to increase the solubility of six NSAIDs in physiological media. The physicochemical properties of LTTMs were characterized by state-of-art techniques commonly used for these systems. The cytotoxicity of G:S was also evaluated in L929 mouse fibroblasts and the viscosity, polarity, and pH properties of the studied mixtures were related to the solubility of NSAIDs. The pH and polarity were the parameters that most influenced the drugs' solubility. Ibuprofen, naproxen, ketoprofen, indomethacin, and flurbiprofen did not present any solubility improvement in the formulations tested. However, concentrated mixtures of C:A:W or G:S in the physiologic-mimicked media (PBS) rendered a celecoxib solubility 4 and 5 times higher than PBS, respectively. These therapeutic liquid formulations of celecoxib in C:A:W or G:S can be a promising tool to increase celecoxib's therapeutic efficiency in local applications.
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Thakkar R, Zhang Y, Zhang J, Maniruzzaman M. Synergistic application of twin-screw granulation and selective laser sintering 3D printing for the development of pharmaceutical dosage forms with enhanced dissolution rates and physical properties. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2021; 163:141-156. [PMID: 33838262 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2021.03.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2021] [Revised: 03/26/2021] [Accepted: 03/30/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
This study demonstrated the first case of combining a novel continuous granulation technique with powder-bed fusion-based selective laser sintering (SLS) process to enhance the dissolution rate and physical properties of a poorly water-soluble drug. Selective laser sintering and binder jetting 3D printing processes have gained much attention in pharmaceutical dosage form manufacturing in recent times. These powder bed-based 3D printing platforms have been known to face printing and uniformity problems due to the inherent poor flow properties of the pharmaceutical physical mixtures. To address this issue a hot-melt extrusion-based versatile granulation process equipped with a process analytical technology (PAT) tool for the in-line monitoring of critical quality attributes (i.e., solid-state) of indomethacin was developed. The collected granules with enhanced flow properties were mixed with Kollidon® VA64 and a conductive excipient for efficient sintering. These mixtures were further characterized for their bulk properties observing an excellent flow and later subjected to an SLS-3D printing process. The physical mixtures, processed granules, and printed tablets were characterized using conventional as well as advanced solid-state characterizations. These characterizations revealed the amorphous nature of the drug in the processed granules and printed tablets. Further, the in vitro release testing of the tablets with produced granules as a reference standard depicted a notable dissolution advantage (100% drug released in 5 min at >pH 6.8) over the pure drug and the physical mixture. Our developed system known as DosePlus combines innovative continuous granulation and SLS-3D printing process which can potentially improve the physical properties of the bulk drug and formulations in comparison to when used in isolation. This process can further find application in continuous manufacturing of granules and additive manufacturing of pharmaceuticals to produce dosage forms with excellent uniformity and solubility advantage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rishi Thakkar
- Pharmaceutical Engineering and 3D Printing (PharmE3D) Lab, Division of Molecular Pharmaceutics and Drug Delivery, College of Pharmacy, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA
| | - Yu Zhang
- Pharmaceutical Engineering and 3D Printing (PharmE3D) Lab, Division of Molecular Pharmaceutics and Drug Delivery, College of Pharmacy, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA
| | - Jiaxiang Zhang
- Pharmaceutical Engineering and 3D Printing (PharmE3D) Lab, Division of Molecular Pharmaceutics and Drug Delivery, College of Pharmacy, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA
| | - Mohammed Maniruzzaman
- Pharmaceutical Engineering and 3D Printing (PharmE3D) Lab, Division of Molecular Pharmaceutics and Drug Delivery, College of Pharmacy, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA.
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Karami F, Ranjbar S, Ghasemi Y, Negahdaripour M. Analytical methodologies for determination of methotrexate and its metabolites in pharmaceutical, biological and environmental samples. J Pharm Anal 2019; 9:373-391. [PMID: 31890337 PMCID: PMC6931080 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpha.2019.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2019] [Revised: 05/05/2019] [Accepted: 06/19/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Methotrexate (MTX) is a folate antagonist drug used for several diseases, such as cancers, various malignancies, rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and inflammatory bowel disease. Due to its structural features, including the presence of two carboxylic acid groups and its low native fluorescence, there are some challenges to develop analytical methods for its determination. MTX is metabolized to 7-hydroxymethotrexate (7-OH-MTX), 2,4-diamino-N10-methylpteroic acid (DAMPA), and the active MTX polyglutamates (MTXPGs) in the liver, intestine, and red blood cells (RBCs), respectively. Additionally, the drug has a narrow therapeutic range; hence, its therapeutic drug monitoring (TDM) is necessary to regulate the pharmacokinetics of the drug and to decrease the risk of toxicity. Due to environmental toxicity of MTX; its sensitive, fast and low cost determination in workplace environments is of great interest. A large number of methodologies including high performance liquid chromatography equipped with UV-visible, fluorescence, or electrochemical detection, liquid chromatography-mass spectroscopy, capillary electrophoresis, UV-visible spectrophotometry, and electrochemical methods have been developed for the quantitation of MTX and its metabolites in pharmaceutical, biological, and environmental samples. This paper will attempt to review several published methodologies and the instrumental conditions, which have been applied to measure MTX and its metabolites within the last decade.
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Affiliation(s)
- Forough Karami
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
- Central Research Laboratory, School of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
- Chemistry Department, Yasouj University, Yasouj, Iran
| | - Sara Ranjbar
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Younes Ghasemi
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Pharmacy, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Manica Negahdaripour
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
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Riasová P, Doubková D, Pincová L, Jung O, Polášek M, Jáč P. Development of micellar electrokinetic chromatography method for the determination of three defined impurities in indomethacin. Electrophoresis 2018; 39:2550-2557. [DOI: 10.1002/elps.201800080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2018] [Revised: 03/28/2018] [Accepted: 04/02/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Petra Riasová
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Králové; Charles University; Czech Republic
| | - Dagmar Doubková
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Králové; Charles University; Czech Republic
| | - Lucie Pincová
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Králové; Charles University; Czech Republic
| | - Ondřej Jung
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Králové; Charles University; Czech Republic
| | - Miroslav Polášek
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Králové; Charles University; Czech Republic
| | - Pavel Jáč
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Králové; Charles University; Czech Republic
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Enhanced Dissolution of a Porous Carrier–Containing Ternary Amorphous Solid Dispersion System Prepared by a Hot Melt Method. J Pharm Sci 2018; 107:362-371. [DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2017.09.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2017] [Revised: 09/15/2017] [Accepted: 09/22/2017] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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12
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Liu Y, Zhang Z, Zhang C, Huang W, Liang C, Peng J. Manganese dioxide-graphene nanocomposite film modified electrode as a sensitive voltammetric sensor of indomethacin detection. B KOREAN CHEM SOC 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/bkcs.10815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yuxia Liu
- Department of Physics and Electronic Engineering; Guangxi Normal University for Nationalities; Chongzuo 532200 China
| | - Zhenfa Zhang
- Department of Chemistry and Biological Science; Guangxi Normal University for Nationalities; Chongzuo 532200 China
- Guangxi Colleges and Universities Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Chemistry of Guangxi Southwest Plant Resources; Chongzuo 532200 China
| | - Cuizong Zhang
- Department of Chemistry and Biological Science; Guangxi Normal University for Nationalities; Chongzuo 532200 China
| | - Wei Huang
- Department of Chemistry and Biological Science; Guangxi Normal University for Nationalities; Chongzuo 532200 China
| | - Caiyun Liang
- Department of Chemistry and Biological Science; Guangxi Normal University for Nationalities; Chongzuo 532200 China
| | - Jinyun Peng
- Department of Chemistry and Biological Science; Guangxi Normal University for Nationalities; Chongzuo 532200 China
- Guangxi Colleges and Universities Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Chemistry of Guangxi Southwest Plant Resources; Chongzuo 532200 China
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13
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Novel tablet formulation of amorphous indomethacin using wet granulation with a high-speed mixer granulator combined with porous calcium silicate. J Drug Deliv Sci Technol 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jddst.2016.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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14
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Optimizing indomethacin-loaded chitosan nanoparticle size, encapsulation, and release using Box–Behnken experimental design. Int J Biol Macromol 2016; 87:329-40. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2016.02.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2015] [Revised: 01/20/2016] [Accepted: 02/11/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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15
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Haq N, Shakeel F, Ali M, Elbadry M, Alanazi FK, Alsarra IA. AN ENVIRONMENTALLY BENIGN APPROACH FOR RAPID ANALYSIS OF INDOMETHACIN USING A STABILITY-INDICATING RP-HPLC METHOD. J LIQ CHROMATOGR R T 2014. [DOI: 10.1080/10826076.2012.758150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nazrul Haq
- a Center of Excellence in Biotechnology Research (CEBR) , King Saud University , Riyadh , Saudi Arabia
- b Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy , King Saud University , Riyadh , Saudi Arabia
| | - Faiyaz Shakeel
- a Center of Excellence in Biotechnology Research (CEBR) , King Saud University , Riyadh , Saudi Arabia
- b Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy , King Saud University , Riyadh , Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohammad Ali
- a Center of Excellence in Biotechnology Research (CEBR) , King Saud University , Riyadh , Saudi Arabia
| | - Mahmoud Elbadry
- a Center of Excellence in Biotechnology Research (CEBR) , King Saud University , Riyadh , Saudi Arabia
| | - Fars K. Alanazi
- a Center of Excellence in Biotechnology Research (CEBR) , King Saud University , Riyadh , Saudi Arabia
- c Kayyali Chair for Pharmaceutical Industry, Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy , King Saud University , Riyadh , Saudi Arabia
| | - Ibrahim A. Alsarra
- a Center of Excellence in Biotechnology Research (CEBR) , King Saud University , Riyadh , Saudi Arabia
- b Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy , King Saud University , Riyadh , Saudi Arabia
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16
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Báthori NB, Oliver CL. Polymorphism of the β,γ-hydroxylactone derived from indomethacin. CrystEngComm 2012. [DOI: 10.1039/c2ce26188j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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17
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Physicochemical stability of high indomethacin payload ordered mesoporous silica MCM-41 and SBA-15 microparticles. Int J Pharm 2011; 416:242-51. [PMID: 21763766 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2011.06.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2011] [Revised: 06/28/2011] [Accepted: 06/30/2011] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Stability of high indomethacin (IMC) content formulations based on ordered mesoporous silica MCM-41 and SBA-15 materials was studied before and after a 3 month storage in stressed conditions (30°C/56% RH). Overall, the physical stability of the samples was found satisfactory after the storage. However, some issues with the chemical stability were noted, especially with the MCM-41 based samples. The stability issues were evident from the decreased HPLC loading degrees of the drug after stressing as well as from the observed extra peaks in the HPLC chromatograms of the drug in the stressed samples. Drug release from the mesoporous formulations before stressing was rapid at pH 1.2 in comparison to bulk crystalline IMC. The release profiles also remained similar after stressing. Even faster and close to complete IMC release was achieved when the pH was raised from 1.2 to 6.8. To our knowledge, this is the first report of chemical stability issues of drugs in mesoporous silica drug formulations. The present results encourage further study of the factors affecting the chemical stability of drugs in mesoporous silica MCM-41 and SBA-15 formulations in order to realize their potential in oral drug delivery.
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18
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Simple automated generation of gradient elution conditions in sequential injection chromatography using monolithic column. Talanta 2011; 84:1273-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2011.01.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2010] [Revised: 01/07/2011] [Accepted: 01/14/2011] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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19
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Determination of methotrexate and indomethacin in urine using SPE-LC-DAD after derivatization. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2011; 55:317-24. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2011.01.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2010] [Revised: 01/18/2011] [Accepted: 01/21/2011] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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20
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Degim IT, Burgess DJ, Papadimitrakopoulos F. Carbon nanotubes for transdermal drug delivery. J Microencapsul 2010; 27:669-81. [DOI: 10.3109/02652048.2010.506581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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21
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Žáková P, Sklenářová H, Nováková L, Hájková R, Matysová L, Solich P. Application of monolithic columns in pharmaceutical analysis. Determination of indomethacin and its degradation products. J Sep Sci 2009; 32:2786-92. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.200900217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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22
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Ji C, Xu H, Wu W. In vitroevaluation and pharmacokinetics in dogs of guar gum and Eudragit FS30D-coated colon-targeted pellets of indomethacin. J Drug Target 2008; 15:123-31. [PMID: 17365283 DOI: 10.1080/10611860601143727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
A pH- and enzyme-dependent colon-targeted multi-unit delivery system of indomethacin was developed by coating guar gum and Eudragit FS30D sequentially onto drug-loaded pellets in a fluidized bed coater. In vitro studies showed that smaller coating weight gain of guar gum resulted in reduced release lag time t10 (10% release time), but favored degradation by enzymes (galactomannanase). A cumulative weight gain (CWG) of 44% provided sufficient enzymatic sensitivity and protection of the core. Under gradient pH conditions (pH = 1.2, 6.8, 7.4 and 6.5 for 2, 2, 1 and 15 h, respectively), indomethacin was released from Eudragit FS30D-coated pellets quickly after changing pH to 7.4. For guar gum/Eudragit FS30D double-coated pellets, only about 5% of the drug was released after another 1 h, showing retarding effect by guar gum coating. After changing pH to 6.5 and addition of galactomannanase, enzyme-dependent drug release was observed. Pharmacokinetic study in beagle dogs showed that fastest absorption with the smallest Tmax and Tlag was observed for uncoated pellets. The Tmax and Tlag of Eudragit FS30D-coated pellets were postponed to about 2.5 and 1 h, respectively. After a further guar gum coating, Tlag was further postponed to about 2.8 h, about 2 h of additional lag time on the basis of Eudragit FS30D coating. It is indicated that the guar gum/Eudragit FS30D-coated system has potential to be used to deliver drugs to the colon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chongmin Ji
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, P. R. China
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23
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Mervartová K, Polásek M, Calatayud JM. Sequential injection analysis (SIA)-chemiluminescence determination of indomethacin using tris[(2,2′-bipyridyl)]ruthenium(III) as reagent and its application to semisolid pharmaceutical dosage forms. Anal Chim Acta 2007; 600:114-21. [PMID: 17903472 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2007.01.057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2006] [Revised: 01/03/2007] [Accepted: 01/19/2007] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Automated sequential injection (SIA) method for chemiluminescence (CL) determination of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug indomethacin (I) was devised. The CL radiation was emitted in the reaction of I (dissolved in aqueous 50% v/v ethanol) with intermediate reagent tris(2,2'-bipyridyl)ruthenium(III) (Ru(bipy)(3)(3+)) in the presence of acetate. The Ru(bipy)(3)(3+) was generated on-line in the SIA system by the oxidation of 0.5mM tris(2,2'-bipyridyl)ruthenium(II) (Ru(bipy)(3)(2+)) with Ce(IV) ammonium sulphate in diluted sulphuric acid. The optimum sequence, concentrations, and aspirated volumes of reactant zones were: 15 mM Ce(IV) in 50mM sulphuric acid 41 microL, 0.5 mM Ru(bipy)(3)(2+) 30 microL, 0.4M Na acetate 16 microL and I sample 15 microL; the flow rates were 60 microLs(-1) for the aspiration into the holding coil and 100 microLs(-1) for detection. Calibration curve relating the intensity of CL (peak height of the transient CL signal) to concentration of I was curvilinear (second order polynomial) for 0.1-50 microM I (r=0.9997; n=9) with rectilinear section in the range 0.1-10 microM I (r=0.9995; n=5). The limit of detection (3sigma) was 0.05 microM I. Repeatability of peak heights (R.S.D., n=10) ranged between 2.4% (0.5 microM I) and 2.0% (7 microM I). Sample throughput was 180 h(-1). The method was applied to determination of 1 to 5% of I in semisolid dosage forms (gels and ointments). The results compared well with those of UV spectrophotometric method.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katerina Mervartová
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Charles University, Heyrovského 1203, CZ-500 05 Hradec Králové, Czech Republic
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24
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Dejaegher B, Heyden YV. Ruggedness and robustness testing. J Chromatogr A 2007; 1158:138-57. [PMID: 17379230 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2007.02.086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 137] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2007] [Revised: 02/22/2007] [Accepted: 02/23/2007] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Due to the strict regulatory requirements, especially in pharmaceutical analysis, analysis results with an acceptable quality should be reported. Thus, a proper validation of the measurement method is required. In this context, ruggedness and robustness testing becomes increasingly more important. In this review, the definitions of ruggedness and robustness are given, followed by a short explanation of the different approaches applied to examine the ruggedness or the robustness of an analytical method. Then, case studies, describing ruggedness or robustness tests of high-performance liquid chromatographic (HPLC), capillary electrophoretic (CE), gas chromatographic (GC), supercritical fluid chromatographic (SFC), and ultra-performance liquid chromatographic (UPLC) assay methods, are critically reviewed and discussed. Mainly publications of the last 10 years are considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bieke Dejaegher
- Analytical Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Technology, Pharmaceutical Institute, Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Laarbeeklaan 103, 1090 Brussels, Belgium
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25
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Blanco Gomis D, Sánchez Núñez N, Dolores Gutiérrez Álvarez M. High Speed Liquid Chromatography for In‐Process Control. J LIQ CHROMATOGR R T 2007. [DOI: 10.1080/10826070600574937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Domingo Blanco Gomis
- a Department of Physical and Analytical Chemistry , University of Oviedo , Oviedo, Spain
| | - Noé Sánchez Núñez
- a Department of Physical and Analytical Chemistry , University of Oviedo , Oviedo, Spain
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26
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Wei X, Sun N, Wu B, Yin C, Wu W. Sigmoidal release of indomethacin from pectin matrix tablets: Effect of in situ crosslinking by calcium cations. Int J Pharm 2006; 318:132-8. [PMID: 16675173 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2006.03.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2006] [Revised: 03/04/2006] [Accepted: 03/22/2006] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Sigmoidal release pattern is therapeutically beneficial for timed release and colonic drug delivery, and is always observed in coated systems. In this study, sigmoidal release from pectin matrix tablets with indomethacin as a model drug was investigated. The underlying mechanisms are calcium cation-induced in situ crosslinking that retard the initial drug release to a limited percentage. Power law equation n values were estimated for sigmoidal release profiles. Results indicated that calcium chloride incorporated in pectin matrix functioned as retarding mechanisms on drug release. Larger amount of calcium chloride led to slower drug release and matrix erosion. Even at extremely high levels, retarding on drug release and matrix erosion rate was obvious, which highlighted the effect of calcium-induced in situ crosslinking as calcium chloride was a freely water-soluble salt. The sigmoidal release profiles were characterized by power law equation with high correlation coefficients of about 0.99 or over. Power law n values increased up to as high as 1.20 when calcium chloride content kept increasing. Erosion correlated well with release in almost all pectin matrix tablets indicating erosion-controlled mechanisms. It is concluded that large amount of calcium induces in situ crosslinking of pectin matrix and leads to sigmoidal release of indomethacin, and power law n values, sometimes larger than 1.0, are suitable to be used to describe sigmoidal release profiles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiuli Wei
- School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, PR China
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27
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Advantages of application of UPLC in pharmaceutical analysis. Talanta 2006; 68:908-18. [DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2005.06.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 315] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2005] [Revised: 06/13/2005] [Accepted: 06/13/2005] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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