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Bowler AL, Bakalis S, Watson NJ. A review of in-line and on-line measurement techniques to monitor industrial mixing processes. Chem Eng Res Des 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cherd.2019.10.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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2
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Li Y, Anderson CA, Drennen JK, Airiau C, Igne B. Development of an In-Line Near-Infrared Method for Blend Content Uniformity Assessment in a Tablet Feed Frame. APPLIED SPECTROSCOPY 2019; 73:1028-1040. [PMID: 30990067 DOI: 10.1177/0003702819842189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Process analytical technology (PAT) has shown great potential for in-line tableting process monitoring. The study focuses on the development and validation of an in-line near-infrared (NIR) spectroscopic method for the determination of content uniformity of blends in a tablet feed frame. An in-line NIR method was developed after careful evaluation of the impact of potential experimental factors on the robustness and model accuracy and precision. The NIR method was validated according to the principles outlined in International Conference on Harmonization-Q2 for validation of analytical procedures and was demonstrated to be suitable for monitoring blend content for the formulation under evaluation. Reliable measurements of blend homogeneity rely on representative sampling. To reach the appropriate scale of scrutiny for a unit dose, the study assessed factors that influence the effective sample size measured by NIR. Spectral averaging, integration time, and feed frame paddle wheel speed were found to influence the effective sample size measured by the NIR probe. The effective sampling size was also estimated by comparing the distribution of predicted values with the reference values. The development of a robust, in-line PAT method was facilitated by thorough understanding of the sensitivity of PAT sensors to factors affecting pharmaceutical processes and products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Li
- Duquesne University, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Carl A Anderson
- Duquesne University, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - James K Drennen
- Duquesne University, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Christian Airiau
- GlaxoSmithKline, Analytical Sciences and Development, Collegeville, PA, USA
| | - Benoît Igne
- GlaxoSmithKline, Analytical Sciences and Development, Collegeville, PA, USA
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3
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Hirschberg C, Boetker JP, Rantanen J, Pein-Hackelbusch M. Using 3D Printing for Rapid Prototyping of Characterization Tools for Investigating Powder Blend Behavior. AAPS PharmSciTech 2018; 19:941-950. [PMID: 29098643 DOI: 10.1208/s12249-017-0904-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2017] [Accepted: 10/09/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
There is an increasing need to provide more detailed insight into the behavior of particulate systems. The current powder characterization tools are developed empirically and in many cases, modification of existing equipment is difficult. More flexible tools are needed to provide understanding of complex powder behavior, such as mixing process and segregation phenomenon. An approach based on the fast prototyping of new powder handling geometries and interfacing solutions for process analytical tools is reported. This study utilized 3D printing for rapid prototyping of customized geometries; overall goal was to assess mixing process of powder blends at small-scale with a combination of spectroscopic and mechanical monitoring. As part of the segregation evaluation studies, the flowability of three different paracetamol/filler-blends at different ratios was investigated, inter alia to define the percolation thresholds. Blends with a paracetamol wt% above the percolation threshold were subsequently investigated in relation to their segregation behavior. Rapid prototyping using 3D printing allowed designing two funnels with tailored flow behavior (funnel flow) of model formulations, which could be monitored with an in-line near-infrared (NIR) spectrometer. Calculating the root mean square (RMS) of the scores of the two first principal components of the NIR spectra visualized spectral variation as a function of process time. In a same setup, mechanical properties (basic flow energy) of the powder blend were monitored during blending. Rapid prototyping allowed for fast modification of powder testing geometries and easy interfacing with process analytical tools, opening new possibilities for more detailed powder characterization.
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Wang H, Barona D, Oladepo S, Williams L, Hoe S, Lechuga-Ballesteros D, Vehring R. Macro-Raman spectroscopy for bulk composition and homogeneity analysis of multi-component pharmaceutical powders. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2017; 141:180-191. [PMID: 28448887 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2017.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2016] [Revised: 03/30/2017] [Accepted: 04/04/2017] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
A new macro-Raman system equipped with a motorized translational sample stage and low-frequency shift capabilities was developed for bulk composition and homogeneity analysis of multi-component pharmaceutical powders. Different sampling methods including single spot and scanning measurement were compared. It was found that increasing sample volumes significantly improved the precision of quantitative composition analysis, especially for poorly mixed powders. The multi-pass cavity of the macro-Raman system increased effective sample volumes by 20 times from the sample volume defined by the collection optics, i.e., from 0.02μL to about 0.4μL. A stochastic model simulating the random sampling process of polydisperse microparticles was used to predict the sampling errors for a specific sample volume. Comparison of fluticasone propionate mass fractions of the commercial products Flixotide® 250 and Seretide® 500 simulated for different sampling volumes with experimentally measured compositions verified that the effective sample volume of a single point macro-Raman measurement in the multi-pass cavity of this instrument was between 0.3μL and 0.5μL. The macro-Raman system was also successfully used for blend uniformity analysis. It was concluded that demixing occurred in the binary mixture of l-leucine and d-mannitol from the observation that the sampling errors indicated by the standard deviations of measured leucine mass fractions increased during mixing, and the standard deviation values were all larger than the theoretical lower limit determined by the simulation. Since sample volume was shown to have a significant impact on measured homogeneity characteristics, it was concluded that powder homogeneity analysis results, i.e., the mean of individual test results and absolute and relative standard deviations, must be presented together with the effective sample volumes of the applied testing techniques for any measurement of powder homogeneity to be fully meaningful.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Wang
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2G8, Canada
| | - David Barona
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2G8, Canada
| | - Sulayman Oladepo
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2G8, Canada; Department of Chemistry, King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals, Dhahran 31261, Saudi Arabia
| | | | - Susan Hoe
- Pearl Therapeutics Inc., Redwood City, CA, USA
| | | | - Reinhard Vehring
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2G8, Canada.
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5
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Differential scanning calorimetric characterization of pharmaceutical powder blend uniformity in a laboratory-scale V-blender. POWDER TECHNOL 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.powtec.2015.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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6
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Bakri B, Weimer M, Hauck G, Reich G. Assessment of powder blend uniformity: Comparison of real-time NIR blend monitoring with stratified sampling in combination with HPLC and at-line NIR Chemical Imaging. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2015; 97:78-89. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2015.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2015] [Revised: 09/17/2015] [Accepted: 10/02/2015] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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7
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Besseling R, Damen M, Tran T, Nguyen T, van den Dries K, Oostra W, Gerich A. An efficient, maintenance free and approved method for spectroscopic control and monitoring of blend uniformity: The moving F-test. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2015; 114:471-81. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2015.06.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2014] [Revised: 06/10/2015] [Accepted: 06/14/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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8
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Modeling strategies for pharmaceutical blend monitoring and end-point determination by near-infrared spectroscopy. Int J Pharm 2014; 473:219-31. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2014.06.061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2014] [Revised: 06/06/2014] [Accepted: 06/25/2014] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Wu H, White M, Khan M. An Integrated Process Analytical Technology (PAT) Approach for Process Dynamics-Related Measurement Error Evaluation and Process Design Space Development of a Pharmaceutical Powder Blending Bed. Org Process Res Dev 2014. [DOI: 10.1021/op500085m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Huiquan Wu
- Division
of Product Quality
Research (DPQR, HFD-940), Office of Testing and Research (OTR), Office
of Pharmaceutical Sciences (OPS), Center for Drug Evaluation and Research
(CDER), Food and Drug Administration (FDA), FDA White Oak Campus Building 64,
10903 New Hampshire Avenue, Silver Spring, Maryland 20993, United States
| | - Maury White
- Division
of Product Quality
Research (DPQR, HFD-940), Office of Testing and Research (OTR), Office
of Pharmaceutical Sciences (OPS), Center for Drug Evaluation and Research
(CDER), Food and Drug Administration (FDA), FDA White Oak Campus Building 64,
10903 New Hampshire Avenue, Silver Spring, Maryland 20993, United States
| | - Mansoor Khan
- Division
of Product Quality
Research (DPQR, HFD-940), Office of Testing and Research (OTR), Office
of Pharmaceutical Sciences (OPS), Center for Drug Evaluation and Research
(CDER), Food and Drug Administration (FDA), FDA White Oak Campus Building 64,
10903 New Hampshire Avenue, Silver Spring, Maryland 20993, United States
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10
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Real-time monitoring of lubrication properties of magnesium stearate using NIR spectrometer and thermal effusivity sensor. Int J Pharm 2013; 441:402-13. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2012.11.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2012] [Revised: 10/10/2012] [Accepted: 11/09/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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11
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Sulub Y, Konigsberger M, Cheney J. Blend uniformity end-point determination using near-infrared spectroscopy and multivariate calibration. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2011; 55:429-34. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2011.02.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2010] [Revised: 02/09/2011] [Accepted: 02/11/2011] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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12
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A new PAT/QbD approach for the determination of blend homogeneity: Combination of on-line NIRS analysis with PC Scores Distance Analysis (PC-SDA). Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2011; 78:173-82. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2010.12.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2010] [Revised: 11/09/2010] [Accepted: 12/09/2010] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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13
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Koller D, Posch A, Hörl G, Voura C, Radl S, Urbanetz N, Fraser S, Tritthart W, Reiter F, Schlingmann M, Khinast J. Continuous quantitative monitoring of powder mixing dynamics by near-infrared spectroscopy. POWDER TECHNOL 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.powtec.2010.08.070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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14
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De Beer T, Burggraeve A, Fonteyne M, Saerens L, Remon JP, Vervaet C. Near infrared and Raman spectroscopy for the in-process monitoring of pharmaceutical production processes. Int J Pharm 2010; 417:32-47. [PMID: 21167266 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2010.12.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 395] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2010] [Revised: 12/03/2010] [Accepted: 12/09/2010] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Within the Process Analytical Technology (PAT) framework, it is of utmost importance to obtain critical process and formulation information during pharmaceutical processing. Process analyzers are the essential PAT tools for real-time process monitoring and control as they supply the data from which relevant process and product information and conclusions are to be extracted. Since the last decade, near infrared (NIR) and Raman spectroscopy have been increasingly used for real-time measurements of critical process and product attributes, as these techniques allow rapid and nondestructive measurements without sample preparations. Furthermore, both techniques provide chemical and physical information leading to increased process understanding. Probes coupled to the spectrometers by fiber optic cables can be implemented directly into the process streams allowing continuous in-process measurements. This paper aims at reviewing the use of Raman and NIR spectroscopy in the PAT setting, i.e., during processing, with special emphasis in pharmaceutics and dosage forms.
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Affiliation(s)
- T De Beer
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Process Analytical Technology, Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, Ghent University, Harelbekestraat 72, B-9000 Gent, Belgium.
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Märk J, Karner M, Andre M, Rueland J, Huck CW. Online Process Control of a Pharmaceutical Intermediate in a Fluidized-Bed Drier Environment Using Near-Infrared Spectroscopy. Anal Chem 2010; 82:4209-15. [DOI: 10.1021/ac1004579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Julia Märk
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry and Radiochemistry, Leopold-Franzens University, Innrain 52a, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria, and Sandoz GmbH, Biochemiestrasse 10, 6250 Kundl, Austria
| | - Martin Karner
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry and Radiochemistry, Leopold-Franzens University, Innrain 52a, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria, and Sandoz GmbH, Biochemiestrasse 10, 6250 Kundl, Austria
| | - Max Andre
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry and Radiochemistry, Leopold-Franzens University, Innrain 52a, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria, and Sandoz GmbH, Biochemiestrasse 10, 6250 Kundl, Austria
| | - Jochen Rueland
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry and Radiochemistry, Leopold-Franzens University, Innrain 52a, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria, and Sandoz GmbH, Biochemiestrasse 10, 6250 Kundl, Austria
| | - Christian W. Huck
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry and Radiochemistry, Leopold-Franzens University, Innrain 52a, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria, and Sandoz GmbH, Biochemiestrasse 10, 6250 Kundl, Austria
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16
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Wu H, Khan MA. Quality-by-design (QbD): an integrated approach for evaluation of powder blending process kinetics and determination of powder blending end-point. J Pharm Sci 2010; 98:2784-98. [PMID: 19116952 DOI: 10.1002/jps.21646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The objective of this study was to develop an integrated process monitoring approach for evaluating powder blending process kinetics and determining blending process end-point. A mixture design was created to include 26 powder formulations consisting of ibuprofen as the model drug and three excipients (HPMC, MCC, and Eudragit L100-55). The mixer was stopped at various time points to enable near-infrared spectroscopy scan of the powder mixture for obtaining the time course of the blending process. The evaluation of the blending process kinetics and process end-point was studied through three quantitative approaches: (1) Spectra linear superposition method; (2) Characteristic peak method; (3) Moving block standard deviation method. It was found that the powder blending experienced an initial rapid process to reach a quasi- end point within the first few minutes. Afterwards, a demixing occurred. Then, a real blending end-point was reached as characterized by an inflection point. ANOVA shows that the compositions of ibuprofen and MCC are the most statistically significant variables that impact the time required to reach the blending end-point. This highlighted the critical importance of developing quantitative chemometric approaches to extract critical process information and generate essential process knowledge to enable real-time release of the blending process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huiquan Wu
- Division of Product Quality Research (DPQR, HFD-940), OTR/OPS/CDER/FDA, FDA White Oak Campus Life Science Building 64, 10903 New Hampshire Ave, Silver Spring, Maryland 20993, USA
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17
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Near InfraRed Spectroscopy homogeneity evaluation of complex powder blends in a small-scale pharmaceutical preformulation process, a real-life application. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2009; 72:189-98. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2008.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2008] [Revised: 09/05/2008] [Accepted: 11/16/2008] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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18
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Sulub Y, Wabuyele B, Gargiulo P, Pazdan J, Cheney J, Berry J, Gupta A, Shah R, Wu H, Khan M. Real-time on-line blend uniformity monitoring using near-infrared reflectance spectrometry: a noninvasive off-line calibration approach. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2008; 49:48-54. [PMID: 19027256 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2008.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2008] [Revised: 09/23/2008] [Accepted: 10/02/2008] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
A robust, noninvasive, real-time, on-line near-infrared (NIR) quantitative method is described for blend uniformity monitoring of a pharmaceutical solid dosage form containing 29.4% (w/w) drug load with three major excipients (crospovidone, lactose, and microcrystalline cellulose). A set of 21 off-line, static calibration samples were used to develop a multivariate partial least-squares (PLS) calibration model for on-line prediction of the API content during the blending process. The concentrations of the API and the three major excipients were varied randomly to minimize correlations between the components. A micro electrical-mechanical system (MEMS) based portable, battery operated NIR spectrometer was used for this study. To minimize spectral differences between the static and dynamic measurement modes, the acquired NIR spectra were preprocessed using standard normal variate (SNV) followed by second derivative Savitzky-Golay using 21 points. The performance of the off-line PLS calibration model were evaluated in real-time on 16 laboratory scale (30 L bin size) blend experiments conducted over 3 months. To challenge the robustness of the off-line calibration model, several blend experiments were conducted using a different bin size, faster revolution speed and variations in the potency of the API. Employing the PLS calibration model developed using the off-line calibration approach, the real-time API NIR (%) predictions for all experiments were all within 90-110%. These results were confirmed using the conventional thief sampling of the final blend followed by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) analysis. Further confirmation was established through content uniformity by HPLC of manufactured tablets. Finally, the optimized off-line PLS method was successfully transferred to a production site which involved using a secondary NIR instrument with a 15-fold scale-up in bin size from development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yusuf Sulub
- Pharmaceutical and Analytical Development, Novartis Pharmaceuticals Corporation, East Hanover, NJ 07936, United States.
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19
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De Beer TRM, Bodson C, Dejaegher B, Walczak B, Vercruysse P, Burggraeve A, Lemos A, Delattre L, Heyden YV, Remon JP, Vervaet C, Baeyens WRG. Raman spectroscopy as a process analytical technology (PAT) tool for the in-line monitoring and understanding of a powder blending process. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2008; 48:772-9. [PMID: 18799281 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2008.07.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2008] [Revised: 07/21/2008] [Accepted: 07/25/2008] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study is to propose a strategy to implement a PAT system in the blending step of pharmaceutical production processes. It was examined whether Raman spectroscopy can be used as PAT tool for the in-line and real-time endpoint monitoring and understanding of a powder blending process. A screening design was used to identify and understand the significant effects of two process variables (blending speed and loading of the blender) and of a formulation variable (concentration of active pharmaceutical ingredient (API): diltiazem hydrochloride) upon the required blending time (response variable). Interactions between the variables were investigated as well. A Soft Independent Modelling of Class Analogy (SIMCA) model was developed to determine the homogeneity of the blends in-line and real-time using Raman spectroscopy in combination with a fiber optical immersion probe. One blending experiment was monitored using Raman and NIR spectroscopy simultaneously. This was done to verify whether two independent monitoring tools can confirm each other's endpoint conclusions. The analysis of the experimental design results showed that the measured endpoints were excessively rounded due to the large measurement intervals relative to the first blending times. This resulted in effects and critical effects which cannot be interpreted properly. To be able to study the effects properly, the ratio between the blending times and the measurement intervals should be sufficiently high. In this study, it anyway was demonstrated that Raman spectroscopy is a suitable PAT tool for the endpoint control of a powder blending process. Raman spectroscopy not only allowed in-line and real-time monitoring of the blend homogeneity, but also helped to understand the process better in combination with experimental design. Furthermore, the correctness of the Raman endpoint conclusions was demonstrated for one process by using a second independent endpoint monitoring tool (NIR spectroscopy). Hence, the use of two independent techniques for the control of one response variable not only means a mutual confirmation of both methods, but also provides a higher certainty in the determined endpoint.
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Affiliation(s)
- T R M De Beer
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Drug Analysis, Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, Ghent University, Harelbekestraat 72, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium.
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Ito M, Suzuki T, Yada S, Kusai A, Nakagami H, Yonemochi E, Terada K. Development of a method for the determination of caffeine anhydrate in various designed intact tables by near-infrared spectroscopy: A comparison between reflectance and transmittance technique. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2008; 47:819-27. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2008.03.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2007] [Revised: 02/12/2008] [Accepted: 03/28/2008] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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