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Henry S, Descamps L, Vanhoorne V, Remon JP, Vervaet C. Exploiting common ion addition to accelerate zolpidem hemitartrate release from Eudragit EPO extrudates. Int J Pharm 2023; 642:123089. [PMID: 37263450 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2023.123089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2023] [Revised: 05/23/2023] [Accepted: 05/25/2023] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
The current study aimed at optimizing a previously developed non-clinical formulation for use in zolpidem deprescribing. The formulation under investigation consists of extruded zolpidem hemitartrate (30% w/w) and Eudragit EPO (70% w/w) mixtures which display unsatisfactory dissolution behavior. Both milled extrudates and physical mixtures were compressed to produce tablets with identical target weight and solid fraction. First, the susceptibility of zolpidem hemitartrate towards heat and shear degradation was identified utilizing thermal and HPLC-DAD analysis. The drug salt proved prone to thermally induced disproportionation. Moreover, the impurity content increased after applying hot melt extrusion although ICH guidelines were still attained. Secondly, extrudates and physical mixtures were subjected to FTIR analysis. As a result, interaction and protonation of the dimethyl aminoethyl group from Eudragit EPO resulting from zolpidem disproportionation was elucidated. As such, the formulations' slow dissolution kinetics in comparison to formulations containing non-ionizable polymers (e.g. Kollidon 12PF and Kollidon VA64) is explained. Finally, addition of tartaric acid, a microenvironmental pH modulator and common ion, proved a successful method to increase dissolution kinetics. The amount of drug released after 15 min increased drastically from 10 to 40% upon the addition of 5% tartaric acid. Immediate release behavior (80% within 15 min) was however not yet attained.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Henry
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Technology, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - L Descamps
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Process Analytical Technology, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - V Vanhoorne
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Technology, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - J P Remon
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Technology, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - C Vervaet
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Technology, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium.
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2
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De Leersnyder F, Vanhoorne V, Bekaert H, Vercruysse J, Ghijs M, Bostijn N, Verstraeten M, Cappuyns P, Van Assche I, Vander Heyden Y, Ziemons E, Remon JP, Nopens I, Vervaet C, De Beer T. Breakage and drying behaviour of granules in a continuous fluid bed dryer: Influence of process parameters and wet granule transfer. Eur J Pharm Sci 2018; 115:223-232. [PMID: 29374528 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2018.01.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2017] [Revised: 12/12/2017] [Accepted: 01/20/2018] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
Although twin screw granulation has already been widely studied in recent years, only few studies addressed the subsequent continuous drying which is required after wet granulation and still suffers from a lack of detailed understanding. The latter is important for optimisation and control and, hence, a cost-effective practical implementation. Therefore, the aim of the current study is to increase understanding of the drying kinetics and the breakage and attrition phenomena during fluid bed drying after continuous twin screw granulation. Experiments were performed on a continuous manufacturing line consisting of a twin-screw granulator, a six-segmented fluid bed dryer, a mill, a lubricant blender and a tablet press. Granulation parameters were fixed in order to only examine the effect of drying parameters (filling time, drying time, air flow, drying air temperature) on the size distribution and moisture content of granules (both of the entire granulate and of size fractions). The wet granules were transferred either gravimetrically or pneumatically from the granulator exit to the fluid bed dryer. After a certain drying time, the moisture content reached an equilibrium. This drying time was found to depend on the applied airflow, drying air temperature and filling time. The moisture content of the granules decreased with an increasing drying time, airflow and drying temperature. Although smaller granules dried faster, the multimodal particle size distribution of the granules did not compromise uniform drying of the granules when the target moisture content was achieved. Extensive breakage of granules was observed during drying. Especially wet granules were prone to breakage and attrition during pneumatic transport, either in the wet transfer line or in the dry transfer line. Breakage and attrition of granules during transport and drying should be anticipated early on during process and formulation development by performing integrated experiments on the granulator, dryer and mill.
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Affiliation(s)
- F De Leersnyder
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Process Analytical Technology, Ghent University, Belgium
| | - V Vanhoorne
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Technology, Ghent University, Belgium
| | - H Bekaert
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Technology, Ghent University, Belgium
| | - J Vercruysse
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Technology, Ghent University, Belgium
| | - M Ghijs
- BIOMATH, Department of Mathematical Modelling, Statistics and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, Belgium
| | - N Bostijn
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Process Analytical Technology, Ghent University, Belgium
| | - M Verstraeten
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Process Analytical Technology, Ghent University, Belgium
| | - P Cappuyns
- Department of Pharmaceutical Development, Johnson & Johnson Pharmaceutical Research and Development, Janssen Pharmaceutica, Belgium
| | - I Van Assche
- Department of Pharmaceutical Development, Johnson & Johnson Pharmaceutical Research and Development, Janssen Pharmaceutica, Belgium
| | - Y Vander Heyden
- Department of Analytical Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Technology, VUB, Belgium
| | - E Ziemons
- CIRM, Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry, University of Liege, Belgium
| | - J P Remon
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Technology, Ghent University, Belgium
| | - I Nopens
- BIOMATH, Department of Mathematical Modelling, Statistics and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, Belgium
| | - C Vervaet
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Technology, Ghent University, Belgium
| | - T De Beer
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Process Analytical Technology, Ghent University, Belgium.
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Van Snick B, Grymonpré W, Dhondt J, Pandelaere K, Di Pretoro G, Remon JP, De Beer T, Vervaet C, Vanhoorne V. Impact of blend properties on die filling during tableting. Int J Pharm 2018; 549:476-488. [PMID: 30107220 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2018.08.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2018] [Revised: 08/08/2018] [Accepted: 08/10/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Based on characterization of a wide range of fillers and APIs, thirty divergent blends were composed and subsequently compressed on a rotary tablet press, varying paddle speed and turret speed. The tablet weight variability was determined of 20 grab samples consisting of each 20 tablets. Additionally, the bulk residence time, ejection force, pre-compression displacement, main compression force, die fill fraction and feed frame fill fraction were determined during each run. Multivariate data analysis was applied to investigate the relation between the process parameters, blend characteristics, product and process responses. Blends with metoprolol tartrate as API showed high ejection forces. This behavior could be linked to the high wall friction value of metoprolol tartrate. The main responses related to the die filling could be predicted via a PLS model based on blend characteristics. Tablet weight variability was highly correlated with the variability on pre-compression displacement and main compression force. A good predictive model for tablet weight variability was obtained taking the porosity, wall friction angle, flowability, density, compressibility and permeability into account. Additionally, turret speed and paddle speed were included in the calibration of the model. The applied approach can save resources (material, time) during early drug product development.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Van Snick
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Technology, Department of Pharmaceutics, Ghent University, Ottergemsesteenweg 460, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium; Oral Solid Dosage, Drug Product Development, Pharmaceutical Development and Manufacturing Sciences, Pharmaceutical Research and Development, Division of Janssen Pharmaceutica, Johnson & Johnson, Turnhoutseweg 30, B-2340 Beerse, Belgium
| | - W Grymonpré
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Technology, Department of Pharmaceutics, Ghent University, Ottergemsesteenweg 460, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - J Dhondt
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Process Analytical Technology, Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, Ghent University, Ottergemsesteenweg 460, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - K Pandelaere
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Technology, Department of Pharmaceutics, Ghent University, Ottergemsesteenweg 460, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - G Di Pretoro
- Oral Solid Dosage, Drug Product Development, Pharmaceutical Development and Manufacturing Sciences, Pharmaceutical Research and Development, Division of Janssen Pharmaceutica, Johnson & Johnson, Turnhoutseweg 30, B-2340 Beerse, Belgium
| | - J P Remon
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Technology, Department of Pharmaceutics, Ghent University, Ottergemsesteenweg 460, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - T De Beer
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Process Analytical Technology, Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, Ghent University, Ottergemsesteenweg 460, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - C Vervaet
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Technology, Department of Pharmaceutics, Ghent University, Ottergemsesteenweg 460, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - V Vanhoorne
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Technology, Department of Pharmaceutics, Ghent University, Ottergemsesteenweg 460, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium
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Willecke N, Szepes A, Wunderlich M, Remon JP, Vervaet C, De Beer T. A novel approach to support formulation design on twin screw wet granulation technology: Understanding the impact of overarching excipient properties on drug product quality attributes. Int J Pharm 2018; 545:128-143. [PMID: 29684559 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2018.04.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2017] [Revised: 04/08/2018] [Accepted: 04/11/2018] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
The overall objective of this work is to understand how excipient characteristics influence the drug product quality attributes and process performance of a continuous twin screw wet granulation process. The knowledge gained in this study is intended to be used for Quality by Design (QbD)-based formulation design and formulation optimization. Three principal components which represent the overarching properties of 8 selected pharmaceutical fillers were used as factors, whereas factors 4 and 5 represented binder type and binder concentration in a design of experiments (DoE). The majority of process parameters were kept constant to minimize their influence on the granule and drug product quality. 27 DoE batches consisting of binary filler/binder mixtures were processed via continuous twin screw wet granulation followed by tablet compression. Multiple linear regression models were built providing understanding of the impact of filler and binder properties on granule and tablet quality attributes (i.e. 16 DoE responses). The impact of fillers on the granule and tablet responses was more dominant compared to the impact of binder type and concentration. The filler properties had a relevant effect on granule characteristics, such as particle size, friability and specific surface area. Binder type and concentration revealed a relevant influence on granule flowability and friability as well as on the compactability (required compression force during tableting to obtain target hardness). In order to evaluate the DoE models' validity, a verification of the DoE models was performed with new formulations (i.e. a new combination of filler, binder type and binder concentration) which were initially not included in the dataset used to build the DoE models. The combined PCA (principle component analysis)/DoE approach allowed to link the excipient properties with the drug product quality attributes.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Willecke
- Small Molecules Technical Development, F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd., Basel, Switzerland; Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ghent University, Belgium
| | - A Szepes
- Small Molecules Technical Development, F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd., Basel, Switzerland
| | - M Wunderlich
- Small Molecules Technical Development, F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd., Basel, Switzerland
| | - J P Remon
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ghent University, Belgium
| | - C Vervaet
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ghent University, Belgium
| | - T De Beer
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Process Analytical Technology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ghent University, Belgium.
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Van Snick B, Holman J, Vanhoorne V, Kumar A, De Beer T, Remon JP, Vervaet C. Development of a continuous direct compression platform for low-dose drug products. Int J Pharm 2017; 529:329-346. [PMID: 28684361 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2017.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2017] [Revised: 06/28/2017] [Accepted: 07/01/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
In this work a continuous direct compression process was developed for a low-dosed drug product. Each unit operation of the GEA CDC-50 system was thoroughly investigated. This paper aimed to tackle the macroscopic and microscopic blend uniformity challenges inherently associated with continuous direct compression of cohesive and agglomerated APIs formulated at low dose. Density, compressibility and flow were identified as key material properties at the feeding stage. The screw speed coupled with powder flow regulated the gravimetric feeding performance. The impact of process and design variables was elucidated at the blending stage. The impeller configuration (number and pattern of radial mixing blades) and speed were key variables to steer the residence time distribution at the blending stage. An impeller configuration with distributed radial mixing blades could sufficiently filter the steady state feeding variability at low mixer speed, but exerted limited strain and shear on the blend. Hence micro-agglomerates persisted through the blending process and occasionally resulted in super potent tablets. Therefore, a new configuration was evaluated with more radial mixing blades centered on the impeller. This configuration resulted in a long mixing time at high tip speed which induced a maximized strain and shear. Consequently, excellent uniformity of the blend and tablets at macroscopic and microscopic level was achieved. Besides, this impeller improved robustness towards feeding disturbances, changes in process settings and variable blend properties. Next, it was demonstrated that the lubrication step requires critical attention during the design of the equipment, formulation and process. This study provided abundant evidence that an optimized continuous direct compression process allows direct compression of challenging low-dose drug products.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Van Snick
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Technology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - J Holman
- GEA APC Pharma Solids, Eastleigh, United Kingdom
| | - V Vanhoorne
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Technology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - A Kumar
- Janssen Research & Development, Janssen Pharmaceutical Companies of Johnson & Johnson, Beerse, Belgium
| | - T De Beer
- Laboratory of Process Analytical Technology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - J P Remon
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Technology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - C Vervaet
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Technology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium.
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6
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Verstraete G, Vandenbussche L, Kasmi S, Nuhn L, Brouckaert D, Van Renterghem J, Grymonpré W, Vanhoorne V, Coenye T, De Geest BG, De Beer T, Remon JP, Vervaet C. Thermoplastic polyurethane-based intravaginal rings for prophylaxis and treatment of (recurrent) bacterial vaginosis. Int J Pharm 2017; 529:218-226. [PMID: 28663088 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2017.06.076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2017] [Revised: 06/21/2017] [Accepted: 06/22/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to develop thermoplastic polyurethane (TPU)-based intravaginal rings (IVRs) for prophylaxis and treatment of bacterial vaginosis via hot melt extrusion/injection molding. Therefore, different TPU grades were processed in combination with lactic acid or metronidazole, targeting a sustained lactic acid release over a 28day-period and sustained metronidazole release over 4-7days. Hot melt extrusion of lactic acid/TPU combinations required a lower extrusion temperature due to the plasticizing properties of lactic acid, evidenced by the lower glass transition temperature (Tg) and cross-over point (Ttanδ=1) values. NIR-chemical imaging data showed a homogenous distribution of lactic acid in TPU matrices at drug loads up to 30% (w/w). The addition of metronidazole did not lower processing temperatures, as the active pharmaceutical ingredient remained crystalline in the TPU matrix. Hydrophobic TPUs with a low ratio between the soft and hard segments (SS/HS ratio) in the polymer structure were suitable carriers for the lactic acid-eluting device over a 28-day period, while hydrophilic TPUs were needed to achieve the required release rate of metronidazole-eluting IVRs. IVRs manufactured with a TPU grade having a higher SS/HS ratio and lactic acid/TPU ratio exhibited a more elastic behavior. The addition of 25% (w/w) metronidazole did not affect the mechanical properties of the IVRs. Hydrophilic TPUs were most prone to biofilm formation by Candida albicans and Staphylococcus aureus, but the incorporation of metronidazole in the device prevented biofilm formation. Based on the drug eluting performance and mechanical tests, a mixture of lactic acid and Tecoflex™ EG-93A (20/80, w/w) and a combination of metronidazole and Tecophilic™ SP-93A-100 (25/75, w/w) were selected to design IVRs for the prophylaxis and treatment of bacterial vaginosis, respectively. Slug mucosal irritation tests predicted low irritation potency for both devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Verstraete
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Technology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - L Vandenbussche
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Technology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - S Kasmi
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Technology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - L Nuhn
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Technology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - D Brouckaert
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Process Analytical Technology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - J Van Renterghem
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Process Analytical Technology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - W Grymonpré
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Technology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - V Vanhoorne
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Technology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - T Coenye
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Microbiology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - B G De Geest
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Technology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - T De Beer
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Process Analytical Technology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - J P Remon
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Technology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - C Vervaet
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Technology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium.
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7
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Landman WJM, Vervaet C, Remon JP, Huyge K, van Eck JHH. Primary Newcastle disease vaccination of broilers: comparison of the antibody seroresponse and adverse vaccinal reaction after eye-nose drop or coarse spray application, and implication of the results for a previously developed coarse dry powder vaccine. Avian Pathol 2017; 46:451-461. [PMID: 28303720 DOI: 10.1080/03079457.2017.1307941] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
To compare antibody seroresponse and adverse vaccinal reaction induced by Newcastle disease (ND) vaccination after eye-nose drop or coarse spray, groups of SPF broiler hens were vaccinated at day 4 (day of hatch is day 0) and intratracheally inoculated with Escherichia coli at day 11. Body weight gain (BWG) was assessed between day 4 and day 18; colibacillosis lesions and serum antibodies were determined at day 18. Meaningful comparison requires similar vaccine uptake. Vaccine virus loss during spray relative to eye-nose drop, which was assessed by comparing the results of endpoint titrations, was 3 log10. Colibacillosis lesions in birds spray vaccinated with 106.4 EID50/chicken were significantly more severe (P < 0.05), compared to those in birds eye-nose drop vaccinated with 103.4 EID50/chicken, while the seroresponse was slightly but significantly (P < 0.05) stronger. Colibacillosis lesion scores inversely paralleled BWG. It is concluded that: (1) There is room to improve the coarse ND vaccine spray used regarding adverse vaccinal reaction, while maintaining a sufficient immune response. This is also applicable to the coarse ND powder vaccine studied in previous research, which induced similar antibody response and adverse vaccinal reaction as the spray vaccine used here. (2) The vaccine virus dose influences the colibacillosis susceptibility at seven days post vaccination, as the dynamics of the vaccine virus infection is likely dose-dependent. (3) Low vaccine virus doses likely result in heterogeneous vaccine-take followed by vaccine virus spread from vaccine shedding birds to their non-vaccine virus infected flock mates ("rolling vaccinal reaction").
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Affiliation(s)
| | - C Vervaet
- b Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences , Ghent University , Ghent , Belgium
| | - J P Remon
- b Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences , Ghent University , Ghent , Belgium
| | - K Huyge
- b Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences , Ghent University , Ghent , Belgium
| | - J H H van Eck
- c Department of Farm Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine , Utrecht University , Utrecht , the Netherlands
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8
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Willecke N, Szepes A, Wunderlich M, Remon JP, Vervaet C, De Beer T. Identifying overarching excipient properties towards an in-depth understanding of process and product performance for continuous twin-screw wet granulation. Int J Pharm 2017; 522:234-247. [PMID: 28213278 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2017.02.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2016] [Revised: 02/09/2017] [Accepted: 02/10/2017] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
The overall objective of this work is to understand how excipient characteristics influence the process and product performance for a continuous twin-screw wet granulation process. The knowledge gained through this study is intended to be used for a Quality by Design (QbD)-based formulation design approach and formulation optimization. A total of 9 preferred fillers and 9 preferred binders were selected for this study. The selected fillers and binders were extensively characterized regarding their physico-chemical and solid state properties using 21 material characterization techniques. Subsequently, principal component analysis (PCA) was performed on the data sets of filler and binder characteristics in order to reduce the variety of single characteristics to a limited number of overarching properties. Four principal components (PC) explained 98.4% of the overall variability in the fillers data set, while three principal components explained 93.4% of the overall variability in the data set of binders. Both PCA models allowed in-depth evaluation of similarities and differences in the excipient properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Willecke
- Small Molecules Technical Development, F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd., Basel, Switzerland; Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ghent University, Belgium
| | - A Szepes
- Small Molecules Technical Development, F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd., Basel, Switzerland
| | - M Wunderlich
- Small Molecules Technical Development, F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd., Basel, Switzerland
| | - J P Remon
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ghent University, Belgium
| | - C Vervaet
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ghent University, Belgium
| | - T De Beer
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Process Analytical Technology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ghent University, Belgium.
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9
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Grymonpré W, Verstraete G, Van Bockstal PJ, Van Renterghem J, Rombouts P, De Beer T, Remon JP, Vervaet C. In-line monitoring of compaction properties on a rotary tablet press during tablet manufacturing of hot-melt extruded amorphous solid dispersions. Int J Pharm 2016; 517:348-358. [PMID: 27988376 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2016.12.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2016] [Revised: 12/12/2016] [Accepted: 12/13/2016] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
As the number of applications for polymers in pharmaceutical development is increasing, there is need for fundamental understanding on how such compounds behave during tableting. This research is focussed on the tableting behaviour of amorphous polymers, their solid dispersions and the impact of hot-melt extrusion on the compaction properties of these materials. Soluplus, Kollidon VA 64 and Eudragit EPO were selected as amorphous polymers since these are widely studied carriers for solid dispersions, while Celecoxib was chosen as BCS class II model drug. Neat polymers and physical mixtures (up to 35% drug load) were processed by hot-melt extrusion (HME), milled and sieved to obtain powders with comparable particle sizes as the neat polymer. A novel approach was used for in-line analysis of the compaction properties on a rotary tablet press (Modul P, GEA) using complementary sensors and software (CDAAS, GEA). By combining 'in-die' and 'out-of-die' techniques, it was possible to investigate in a comprehensive way the impact of HME on the tableting behaviour of amorphous polymers and their formulations. The formation of stable glassy solutions altered the formulations towards more fragmentary behaviour under compression which was beneficial for the tabletability. Principal component analysis (PCA) was applied to summarize the behaviour during compaction of the formulations, enabling the selection of Soluplus and Kollidon VA 64 as the most favourable polymers for compaction of glassy solutions.
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Affiliation(s)
- W Grymonpré
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Technology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - G Verstraete
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Technology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - P J Van Bockstal
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Process Analytical Technology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - J Van Renterghem
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Process Analytical Technology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - P Rombouts
- Department of Electronics and Information Systems (ELIS), Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - T De Beer
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Process Analytical Technology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - J P Remon
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Technology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - C Vervaet
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Technology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium.
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10
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Joos E, Mehuys E, Van Bocxlaer J, Remon JP, Van Winckel M, Boussery K. Knowledge of staff members of residential care facilities for individuals with intellectual disability on medication administration via enteral feeding tube. J Intellect Disabil Res 2016; 60:1066-1072. [PMID: 26939804 DOI: 10.1111/jir.12263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2015] [Revised: 11/24/2015] [Accepted: 01/20/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Guidelines for the safe administration of drugs through enteral feeding tube (EFT) are an important tool to minimise the risk of errors. This study aimed to investigate knowledge of these guidelines among staff of residential care facilities (RCF) for people with ID. METHOD Knowledge was assessed using a 13-item self-administered questionnaire. Questions reflected key aspects of guidelines on medication administration via EFT. All staff members that administer medication through EFT in Belgian RCFs were invited to participate (n = 553). RESULTS Nine out of 10 RCFs participated, and 356 questionnaires were collected. Almost all participants were women (96%), and most (82%) had a non-nursing educational background. Mean self-perceived knowledge of medication administration via EFT was 6.7 (on a 0-10 scale). On average, 5.7 (SD 1.9) out of 13 questions were answered correctly. A nursing degree and previous education on medication administration via EFT were associated with significantly higher scores. Guideline recommendations regarding rinsing of used medicine cups (90% correct answers) and preparation of hard gelatin capsules (89%) were known best. Those regarding the use of protective equipment when crushing toxic substances (4% correct answers), crushing of sustained release and enteric-coated dosage forms (6%), elevation of the patient's backrest (14%) and flushing of the EFT (15%) were known the least. CONCLUSION This study identified a substantial lack of knowledge of guidelines for drug administration through EFT among staff of RCFs for people with ID. Our findings call for tailored educational programmes in order to increase knowledge on this subject.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Joos
- Pharmaceutical Care Unit, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium.
| | - E Mehuys
- Pharmaceutical Care Unit, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - J Van Bocxlaer
- Laboratory for Medical Biochemistry and Clinical Analysis, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - J P Remon
- Pharmaceutical Care Unit, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - M Van Winckel
- Department of Paediatrics, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium
| | - K Boussery
- Pharmaceutical Care Unit, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
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11
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Vanhoorne V, Janssens L, Vercruysse J, De Beer T, Remon JP, Vervaet C. Continuous twin screw granulation of controlled release formulations with various HPMC grades. Int J Pharm 2016; 511:1048-57. [PMID: 27521702 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2016.08.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2016] [Revised: 08/08/2016] [Accepted: 08/09/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
HPMC is a popular matrix former to formulate tablets with extended drug release. Tablets with HPMC are preferentially produced by direct compression. However, granulation is often required prior to tableting to overcome poor flowability of the formulation. While continuous twin screw granulation has been extensively evaluated for granulation of immediate release formulations, twin screw granulation of controlled release formulations including the dissolution behavior of the formulations received little attention. Therefore, the influence of the HPMC grade (viscosity and substitution degree) and the particle size of theophylline on critical quality attributes of granules (continuously produced via twin screw granulation) and tablets was investigated in the current study. Formulations with 20 or 40% HPMC, 20% theophylline and lactose were granulated with water at fixed process parameters via twin screw granulation. The torque was influenced by the viscosity and substitution degree of HPMC, but was not a limiting factor for the granulation process. An optimal L/S ratio was selected for each formulation based on the granule size distribution. The granule size distributions were influenced by the substitution degree and concentration of HPMC and the particle size of theophylline. Raman and UV spectroscopic analysis on 8 sieve fractions of granules indicated an inhomogeneous distribution of theophylline over the size fractions. However, this phenomenon was not correlated with the hydration rate or viscosity of HPMC. Controlled release of theophylline could be obtained over 24h with release profiles close to zero-order. The release of theophylline could be tailored via selection of the substitution degree and viscosity of HPMC.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Vanhoorne
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Technology, Ghent University Belgium
| | - L Janssens
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Technology, Ghent University Belgium
| | - J Vercruysse
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Technology, Ghent University Belgium
| | - T De Beer
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Process Analytical Technology, Ghent University, Belgium
| | - J P Remon
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Technology, Ghent University Belgium
| | - C Vervaet
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Technology, Ghent University Belgium.
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12
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Vanhoorne V, Vanbillemont B, Vercruysse J, De Leersnyder F, Gomes P, Beer TD, Remon JP, Vervaet C. Development of a controlled release formulation by continuous twin screw granulation: Influence of process and formulation parameters. Int J Pharm 2016; 505:61-8. [PMID: 27041123 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2016.03.058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2016] [Revised: 03/18/2016] [Accepted: 03/29/2016] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to evaluate the potential of twin screw granulation for the continuous production of controlled release formulations with hydroxypropylmethylcellulose as hydrophilic matrix former. Metoprolol tartrate was included in the formulation as very water soluble model drug. A premix of metoprolol tartrate, hydroxypropylmethylcellulose and filler (ratio 20/20/60, w/w) was granulated with demineralized water via twin screw granulation. After oven drying and milling, tablets were produced on a rotary Modul™ P tablet press. A D-optimal design (29 experiments) was used to assess the influence of process (screw speed, throughput, barrel temperature and screw design) and formulation parameters (starch content of the filler) on the process (torque), granule (size distribution, shape, friability, density) and tablet (hardness, friability and dissolution) critical quality attributes. The torque was dominated by the number of kneading elements and throughput, whereas screw speed and filling degree only showed a minor influence on torque. Addition of screw mixing elements after a block of kneading elements improved the yield of the process before milling as it resulted in less oversized granules and also after milling as less fines were present. Temperature was also an important parameter to optimize as a higher temperature yielded less fines and positively influenced the aspect ratio. The shape of hydroxypropylmethylcellulose granules was comparable to that of immediate release formulations. Tensile strength and friability of tablets were not dependent on the process parameters. The use of starch as filler was not beneficial with regard to granule and tablet properties. Complete drug release was obtained after 16-20h and was independent of the design's parameters.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Vanhoorne
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Technology, Ghent University, Belgium
| | - B Vanbillemont
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Technology, Ghent University, Belgium
| | - J Vercruysse
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Technology, Ghent University, Belgium
| | - F De Leersnyder
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Process Analytical Technology, Ghent University, Belgium
| | - P Gomes
- Laboratory of Nanotechnology, Centro Universitário Franciscano, Brazil
| | - T De Beer
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Process Analytical Technology, Ghent University, Belgium
| | - J P Remon
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Technology, Ghent University, Belgium
| | - C Vervaet
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Technology, Ghent University, Belgium.
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13
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Vynckier AK, De Beer M, Monteyne T, Voorspoels J, De Beer T, Remon JP, Vervaet C. Enteric protection of naproxen in a fixed-dose combination product produced by hot-melt co-extrusion. Int J Pharm 2015; 491:243-9. [PMID: 26068198 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2015.06.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2015] [Revised: 06/05/2015] [Accepted: 06/06/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
In this study hot-melt co-extrusion is used as processing technique to manufacture a fixed-dose combination product providing enteric protection to naproxen incorporated in the core and immediate release to esomeprazole magnesium embedded in the coat. The plasticizing effect of naproxen and triethyl citrate (TEC) was tested on the enteric polymers investigated (Eudragit(®) L100-55, HPMC-AS-LF and HPMCP-HP-50). Core matrix formulations containing HPMC-AS-LF, TEC and a naproxen load of 15, 30 and 50% were processed and characterized. The in vitro naproxen release in 0.1N HCl was prevented for 2h for all formulations. The physicochemical state of the drug in the extrudates was determined and a stability study was performed. Intermolecular interactions between naproxen and polymer were identified using attenuated total reflection Fourier-transform infrared (ATR FT-IR) spectroscopy. When esomeprazole magnesium was formulated in a polyethylene oxide 100K:polyethylene glycol 4K (1:1) matrix, separated from the naproxen-containing layer, the formulation could be easily processed and complete in vitro drug release was observed after 45 min. When co-extruding the core/coat dosage form it was observed that a third layer of polymer, separating the naproxen loaded enteric formulation in the core from the coat, is required to prevent degradation of the acid-labile esomeprazole magnesium at the core/coat interface.
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Affiliation(s)
- A-K Vynckier
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Technology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - M De Beer
- Separation Science Group, Department of Organic Chemistry, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - T Monteyne
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Process Analytical Technology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | | | - T De Beer
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Process Analytical Technology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - J P Remon
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Technology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - C Vervaet
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Technology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium.
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De Meyer L, Van Bockstal PJ, Corver J, Vervaet C, Remon JP, De Beer T. Evaluation of spin freezing versus conventional freezing as part of a continuous pharmaceutical freeze-drying concept for unit doses. Int J Pharm 2015; 496:75-85. [PMID: 25981618 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2015.05.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2015] [Revised: 05/07/2015] [Accepted: 05/09/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Spin-freezing as alternative freezing approach was evaluated as part of an innovative continuous pharmaceutical freeze-drying concept for unit doses. The aim of this paper was to compare the sublimation rate of spin-frozen vials versus traditionally frozen vials in a batch freeze-dryer, and its impact on total drying time. Five different formulations, each having a different dry cake resistance, were tested. After freezing, the traditionally frozen vials were placed on the shelves while the spin-frozen vials were placed in aluminum vial holders providing radial energy supply during drying. Different primary drying conditions and chamber pressures were evaluated. After 2h of primary drying, the amount of sublimed ice was determined in each vial. Each formulation was monitored in-line using NIR spectroscopy during drying to determine the sublimation endpoint and the influence of drying conditions upon total drying time. For all tested formulations and applied freeze-drying conditions, there was a significant higher sublimation rate in the spin-frozen vials. This can be explained by the larger product surface and the lower importance of product resistance because of the much thinner product layers in the spin frozen vials. The in-line NIR measurements allowed evaluating the influence of applied drying conditions on the drying trajectories.
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Affiliation(s)
- L De Meyer
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Process Analytical Technology, Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, Ghent University, Ottergemsesteenweg 460, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium.
| | - P-J Van Bockstal
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Process Analytical Technology, Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, Ghent University, Ottergemsesteenweg 460, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - J Corver
- RheaVita, High Tech Campus 9, NL 5656 AE Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - C Vervaet
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Technology, Department of Pharmaceutics, Ghent University, Ottergemsesteenweg 460, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - J P Remon
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Technology, Department of Pharmaceutics, Ghent University, Ottergemsesteenweg 460, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - T De Beer
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Process Analytical Technology, Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, Ghent University, Ottergemsesteenweg 460, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium
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Landman WJM, Huyge K, Remon JP, Vervaet C, van Eck JHH. Comparison of Newcastle disease vaccine administered as powder or liquid in relation to the serum antibody response and adverse vaccinal reactions in broilers. Avian Pathol 2015; 44:114-23. [DOI: 10.1080/03079457.2015.1007920] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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16
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Joos E, Mehuys E, Van Bocxlaer J, Remon JP, Van Winckel M, Boussery K. Drug administration via enteral feeding tubes in residential care facilities for individuals with intellectual disability: an observational study. J Intellect Disabil Res 2015; 59:215-225. [PMID: 24762229 DOI: 10.1111/jir.12129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/21/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The administration of oral medication to patients with an enteral feeding tube (EFT) is challenging. Compliance to guidelines concerning medication administration via EFT has been investigated extensively in the hospital setting. However, studies in residential care facilities (RCFs) for individuals with intellectual disability (ID) are very limited. Therefore, the present study aimed to collect direct observational data on drug administration practices to residents with EFT in multiple RCFs. METHOD This cross-sectional, observational study was conducted in six Belgian RCFs for individuals with ID. Observations of medication preparation and administration through EFT were carried out in two randomly selected units per participating RCF, on 2 days per unit during all daytime drug rounds, using a direct observation method. Afterwards, the recorded observations were compared with international guidelines on drug preparation and administration through EFT. RESULTS In total, 862 drug preparations and 268 administrations in 48 residents with EFT were witnessed. Mixing together multiple drugs, not diluting liquid formulations with at least an equal amount of water, not shaking suspensions/emulsions before use, and not selecting the most appropriate dosage form were the most common deviations from medication preparation guideline recommendations. For medication administration, not flushing the EFT with at least 15 mL water was the most common deviation. We also observed high variability in working methods regarding medication preparation and administration via EFT, even between staff members of the same unit. CONCLUSION This study found that current guidelines concerning medication preparation and administration through EFT are often not followed in Belgian RCFs for individuals with ID. Further research aimed at understanding why current guidelines are not followed seems warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Joos
- Pharmaceutical Care Unit, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
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17
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Mehuys E, Paemeleire K, Crombez G, Van Hees T, Christiaens T, Van Bortel L, Van Tongelen I, Remon JP, Boussery K. EHMTI-0056. Self-medication of headache: identification of subgroups of patients through cluster analysis. J Headache Pain 2014. [PMCID: PMC4181760 DOI: 10.1186/1129-2377-15-s1-d46] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
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18
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Tommelein E, Mehuys E, Van Hees T, Adriaens E, Van Bortel L, Christiaens T, Van Tongelen I, Remon JP, Boussery K, Brusselle G. [Effectiveness of pharmaceutical care for patients with COPD: translated review of the recently published PHARMACOP trial]. J Pharm Belg 2014:4-14. [PMID: 25226757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIM Few well-designed randomized controlled trials (RCT) regarding the impact of community pharmacist interventions on pharmacotherapeutic monitoring of patients with Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease [COPD) have been conducted. We assessed the effectiveness of a pharmaceutical care program for patients with COPD. METHODS The PHARMACOP-trial was a single-blind 3-month RCT, conducted in 170 community pharmacies in Belgium, enrolling patients prescribed daily COPD medication, aged > or = 50 years, and with a smoking history > or = 10 pack-years. A computer-generated randomization sequence allocated patients to intervention (n = 371), receiving protocol-defined pharmacist care, or control group (n = 363), receiving usual pharmacist care 11:1 ratio, stratified by center). Interventions, focusing on inhalation technique and adherence to maintenance therapy, were carried out at start of the trial and at one month follow-up. Primary outcomes were inhalation technique and medication adherence. Secondary outcomes were exacerbation rate, dyspnea, COPD specific and generic health status and smoking behavior. RESULTS From December 2010 to April 2011, 734 patients were enrolled. 42 patients (5.7%) were lost to follow-up. At the end of the trial, inhalation score (Mean estimated difference [delta], 13.5%; 95% Confidence Interval [CI], 10.8-16.1; P < .0001] and medication adherence [(delta, 8.51%; 95% CI, 4.63-12.4; P < .0001) were significantly higher in the intervention group compared to the control group. In the intervention group, a significantly lower hospitalization rate was observed (9 vs 35 hospitalizations; Rate Ratio, 0.28; 95% CI, 0.12-0.64; P = .003). No other significant between-group differences were observed. CONCLUSION The PHARMACOP-trial demonstrates that pragmatic pharmacist care programs improve both inhalation technique and medication adherence in patients with COPD and could reduce hospitalization rates. The protocolled intervention used in this trial was specifically designed for and evaluated in (Belgian) community pharmacies. This may facilitate future implementation in the Belgian context.
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19
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Kayumba PC, Twagirumukiza M, Huyghebaert N, Ntawukuliryayo JD, van Bortel L, Vervaet C, Remon JP. Taste-masked quinine sulphate pellets: bio-availability in adults and steady-state plasma concentrations in children with uncomplicatedPlasmodium falciparummalaria. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013; 28:103-9. [DOI: 10.1179/146532808x302116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
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20
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Verrue C, Mehuys E, Boussery K, Adriaens E, Remon JP, Petrovic M. A pharmacist-conducted medication review in nursing home residents: impact on the appropriateness of prescribing. Acta Clin Belg 2013; 67:423-9. [PMID: 23340148 DOI: 10.2143/acb.67.6.2062707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Medication use in nursing homes is often suboptimal. This study investigated the impact of a pharmacist-conducted medication review on the appropriateness of prescribing for Belgian nursing home residents. We conducted a 6-month controlled, non-randomized study in two nursing homes (one intervention and one control nursing home). Sixty-nine residents completed the study in the intervention group (92 residents were included). For the control group, that were 79 residents (100 residents were included). Primary outcome was the appropriateness of prescribing, assessed by a set of validated quality indicators. At baseline, this study detected three main problems associated with the appropriateness of medication use: (i) the Medication Appropriateness Index (MAI) could be improved (continuation of no longer indicated medication was the most common problem), (ii) potential overuse was present in about half of the group, and (iii) potential underuse was present in about 30% of the sample. Despite this, our pharmacist-conducted medication review only modestly improved the appropriateness of prescribing. This may be attributed to the low implementation rate of the pharmacist recommendations.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Verrue
- Pharmaceutical Care Unit, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ghent University, Belgium
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21
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Peeters B, Mehuys E, Van Tongelen I, Van Bever E, Bultereys L, Avonts D, Yildiz G, Remon JP, Boussery K. [Diabetes and fasting during Ramadan. A observational study among Turkish immigrants in Belgium]. J Pharm Belg 2013:12-16. [PMID: 23638607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
AIMS To investigate (i) Ramadan participation, (ii) provision of Ramadan related advice by healthcare providers (iii) medication use during Ramadan fasting among Turkish migrants with diabetes in Belgium. METHODS This pilot observational study was conducted among a convenience sample of 52 Turkish migrants with diabetes in Belgium. Two questionnaires collected information on socio-demographic characteristics, diabetes related characteristics, current hypoglycaemic medication with dosing regimen, participation in the past Ramadan, reasons for (non)participation, use of hypoglycaemic medication during the past Ramadan, advice from their healthcare providers about fasting during Ramadan and follow up of this advice. RESULTS Sixteen patients (31%) had fasted during the past Ramadan. Main reason for Ramadan participation was reinforcement of faith (12/15), while the main reason for non participation was having diabetes (34/36). About 56% of the study population had received recommendations from their healthcare provider(s) about fasting and diabetes during Ramadan. The most commonly provided advice was not to participate in Ramadan, followed by modification of drug therapy. Only 3 patients ignored the advice of their healthcare professionals. In addition, only 60% of those who actually fasted received recommendations about intake of diabetes medication during the ramadan. Most fasters continued their medication dose unchanged (87% of OHA users and 80% of the insulin users). CONCLUSIONS This pilot study found a low prevalence of Ramadan fasting among Turkish migrants with diabetes in Belgium. We also found that provision of advice by healthcare providers could be improved. Larger scale studies are warranted to confirm these findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Peeters
- Unité Soins Pharmaceutiques, Faculté des Sciences Pharmaceutiques. Université de Gand, Harelbekestraat 72, B-9000 Gand, Belgique.
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Quinten T, Andrews GP, De Beer T, Saerens L, Bouquet W, Jones DS, Hornsby P, Remon JP, Vervaet C. Preparation and evaluation of sustained-release matrix tablets based on metoprolol and an acrylic carrier using injection moulding. AAPS PharmSciTech 2012; 13:1197-211. [PMID: 22965662 DOI: 10.1208/s12249-012-9848-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2012] [Accepted: 08/22/2012] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Sustained-release matrix tablets based on Eudragit RL and RS were manufactured by injection moulding. The influence of process temperature; matrix composition; drug load, plasticizer level; and salt form of metoprolol: tartrate (MPT), fumarate (MPF) and succinate (MPS) on ease of processing and drug release were evaluated. Formulations composed of 70/30% Eudragit RL/MPT showed the fastest drug release, substituting part of Eudragit RL by RS resulted in slower drug release, all following first-order release kinetics. Drug load only affected drug release of matrices composed of Eudragit RS: a higher MPT concentration yielded faster release rates. Adding triethyl citrate enhanced the processability, but was detrimental to long-term stability. The process temperature and plasticizer level had no effect on drug release, whereas metoprolol salt form significantly influenced release properties. The moulded tablets had a low porosity and a smooth surface morphology. A plasticizing effect of MPT, MPS and MPF on Eudragit RS and Eudragit RL was observed via DSC and DMA. Solubility parameter assessment, thermal analysis and X-ray diffraction demonstrated the formation of a solid solution immediately after production, in which H-bonds were formed between metoprolol and Eudragit as evidenced by near-infrared spectroscopy. However, high drug loadings of MPS and MPF showed a tendency to recrystallise during storage. The in vivo performance of injection-moulded tablets was strongly dependent upon drug loading.
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Vercruysse J, Córdoba Díaz D, Peeters E, Fonteyne M, Delaet U, Van Assche I, De Beer T, Remon JP, Vervaet C. Continuous twin screw granulation: influence of process variables on granule and tablet quality. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2012; 82:205-11. [PMID: 22687571 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2012.05.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 154] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2012] [Revised: 04/21/2012] [Accepted: 05/21/2012] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The aim of the current study was to screen theophylline (125 mg) tablets manufactured via twin screw granulation in order to improve process understanding and knowledge of process variables that determine granule and tablet quality. A premix of theophylline anhydrate, α-lactose monohydrate and PVP (ratio: 30/67.5/2.5,w/w) was granulated with demineralized water. Experiments were done using the high-shear wet granulation module (based on twin screw granulation) of the ConsiGma™-25 unit (a continuous tablet manufacturing system) for particle size enlargement. After drying, granules were compressed using a MODUL™ P tablet press (compression force: 10 kN, tablet diameter: 12 mm). Using a D-optimal experimental design, the effect of several process variables (throughput (10-25 kg/h), screw speed (600-950 rpm), screw configuration (number (2, 4, 6 and 12) and angle (30°, 60° and 90°) of kneading elements), barrel temperature (25-40°C) and method of binder addition (dry versus wet)) on the granulation process (torque and temperature increase in barrel wall), granule (particle size distribution, friability and flowability) and tablet (tensile strength, porosity, friability, disintegration time and dissolution) quality was evaluated. The results showed that the quality of granules and tablets can be optimized by adjusting specific process variables (number of kneading elements, barrel temperature and binder addition method) during a granulation process using a continuous twin screw granulator.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Vercruysse
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Technology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
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24
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Burggraeve A, Sandler N, Heinämäki J, Räikkönen H, Remon JP, Vervaet C, De Beer T, Yliruusi J. Real-time image-based investigation of spheronization and drying phenomena using different pellet formulations. Eur J Pharm Sci 2011; 44:635-42. [PMID: 22033152 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2011.10.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2011] [Revised: 10/11/2011] [Accepted: 10/14/2011] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Extrusion-spheronization (ES) is a frequently used agglomeration process in the pharmaceutical industry to manufacture spherical solid units or pellets with a narrow size and shape distribution. In this study, photometric stereo imaging was applied in real-time during the final steps of the ES process, being spheronization and drying. In addition to the pellet size distribution of undispersed (wet) samples, the imaging technique captures visual information on pellet shape and surface brightness. Pellet samples were taken at 20 time points during spheronization and were imaged at-line (during spheronization) and off-line (after spheronization). Particle size distributions and visual image information were both used to characterise the spheronization behaviour of different formulations. Next, particle size distributions and surface brightness values calculated from the at-line obtained images during fluid bed drying of pellets were analysed. The particle size distribution and brightness value changes occurring during pellet drying were explained both by the reduction in residual moisture content and drug solid-state transition. Due to the rapidness of the technique with regard to sample preparation, sample measurement and the acquisition of results in combination with the possibility to measure undispersed (wet) samples, valuable information on spheronization and drying characteristics of different formulations was obtained in real-time.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Burggraeve
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Process Analytical Technology, Ghent University, Belgium.
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Lenoir J, Adriaens E, Remon JP, Claerhout I, Kestelyn R. New aspects of the slug mucosal irritation (SMI) assay: predicting ocular stinging, itching and burning sensations. Acta Ophthalmol 2011:47-8. [PMID: 21560856 DOI: 10.1111/j.1755-3768.2010.2162.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- J Lenoir
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Technology, Ghent University, Harelbekestraat 72, B-9000 Ghent
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Neirinckx E, Vervaet C, Michiels J, De Smet S, Van den Broeck W, Remon JP, De Backer P, Croubels S. Feasibility of the Ussing chamber technique for the determination of in vitro jejunal permeability of passively absorbed compounds in different animal species. J Vet Pharmacol Ther 2011; 34:290-7. [PMID: 21492193 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2885.2010.01218.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to assess the feasibility of the Ussing chamber technique for the determination of the jejunal permeability of passively absorbed, high permeability model compounds (acetaminophen and ketoprofen) in different animal species. Additionally, electrophysiological measurements and histological examination of pre- and post-incubation tissue specimens were performed. Apparent permeability coefficients of turkey and dog jejunum were low and highly variable due to tissue fragility caused by differences in thickness of the remaining intestinal layers after stripping and resulting in severe damage. Pig and horse jejunum were markedly more suitable for permeability determinations and mild signs of deterioration were noticed after 120 min of incubation. Transepithelial electrical resistance and potential difference did not correlate well with the observed tissue damage. From these data, the Ussing chamber technique appears to allow for permeability measurements within a species, but seems unsuitable for interspecies permeability comparison. However, further validation of the method with low permeability compounds and actively transported compounds is needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Neirinckx
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium.
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Bottenberg P, Cleymaet R, de Muynck C, Remon JP, Coomans D, Slop D. Comparison of salivary fluoride concentrations after administration of a bioadhesive slow-release tablet and a conventional fluoride tablet. J Pharm Pharmacol 2011; 44:684-6. [PMID: 1359097 DOI: 10.1111/j.2042-7158.1992.tb05496.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
The in-vitro and in-vivo fluoride release of bioadhesive, slow-release tablets prepared from a mixture of polyethylene glycol polymers, containing 0·1 mg of fluoride as NaF was studied, and their ability to sustain fluoride levels in saliva were compared with conventional fluoride tablets with the same fluoride content. In-vitro release experiments showed that the bioadhesive tablets needed 8 h to release all their fluoride compared with < 1 h for the conventional fluoride tablets. In-vivo, the bioadhesive tablets had a retention period of 6 h and could sustain a salivary fluoride level of more than 10 μm above the baseline for 7 h. The conventional fluoride tablets achieved a peak concentration of 0·5 Mm directly after dissolution in the mouth, but the fluoride level could not be sustained for longer than 1 h. A good agreement was found between the in-vitro swelling behaviour of the bioadhesive tablets and their in-vitro and in-vivo release characteristics and their in-vivo retention time.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Bottenberg
- Department of Prosthetic Dentistry, Free University of Brussels, Belgium
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28
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Abstract
Abstract
This communication reports on the correlation between extrusion forces and sphere characteristics. Dicalcium phosphate dihydrate, α-lactose monohydrate and anhydrous β-lactose were models for respectively an insoluble, a medium soluble and a highly soluble drug and were used to produce spheres. Phase diagrams for ternary mixtures consisting of microcrystalline cellulose, water and a third excipient were constructed. The region where good spheres were obtained correlated well with the area of extrusion forces between 630 and 1260 N. This correlation was seen for the insoluble, the medium and the highly soluble products.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Baert
- S.M.B. Technology-Galephar, Marche en Famenne, Belgium
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Peeters B, Van Tongelen I, Boussery K, Mehuys E, Remon JP, Willems S. Factors associated with medication adherence to oral hypoglycaemic agents in different ethnic groups suffering from type 2 diabetes: a systematic literature review and suggestions for further research. Diabet Med 2011; 28:262-75. [PMID: 21309834 DOI: 10.1111/j.1464-5491.2010.03133.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
AIMS To synthesize knowledge regarding the different factors that may influence adherence to oral hypoglycaemic agents in different ethnic groups through a systematic review of the literature. METHODS Thirteen databases were searched and 1201 articles were screened by two authors independently from each other. Different quantitative study designs were included if the study population included at least one ethnic group other than White people, medication adherence was a dependent variable and a clear description was given of the method used to measure medication adherence. RESULTS Demographic, disease-related and treatment-related, socio-economic and cultural factors were associated with medication adherence in the populations that were studied. However, to synthesize results, the number of studies was too small and the included studies differed too much with respect to their study designs and the ethnic groups that were studied. We discuss several methodological challenges with respect to measuring medication adherence, measuring ethnicity and study designs that need to be resolved to make future studies comparable. We propose methodological improvements for future research. CONCLUSION Although medication adherence is an essential part of the diabetic regimen, little is known about the association between ethnicity and medication adherence and the underlying factors that could explain this association. More research is needed in which important methodological challenges will have to be faced.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Peeters
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Ghent University, Belgium.
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Bozdag S, Weyenberg W, Adriaens E, Dhondt MMM, Vergote V, Vervaet C, De Prijck K, Nelis HJ, De Spiegeleer B, Ludwig A, Remon JP. In vitro evaluation of gentamicin- and vancomycin-containing minitablets as a replacement for fortified eye drops. Drug Dev Ind Pharm 2011; 36:1259-70. [PMID: 20545514 DOI: 10.3109/03639041003718030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Ocular bioadhesive minitablets containing gentamicin and vancomycin were developed using different powder mixtures of pregelatinized starch and Carbopol (physical or cospray-dried mixtures). METHODS Drug content, antimicrobial activity, and radical formation of the powders used for tablet preparation were evaluated immediately and 30 days after gamma sterilization. Tablet properties and in vitro drug release from the sterilized minitablets were determined. Storage stability of vancomycin and gentamicin in sterilized bioadhesive mixtures was examined by LC-UV/MS and a microbiological assay, respectively. A bioadhesive powder mixture containing only vancomycin was irradiated by X electron-magnetic radiation to evaluate vancomycin stability following sterilization through irradiation. RESULTS The antimicrobial activity of gentamicin against Staphylococcus epidermidis was not altered in comparison to nonsterilized formulations. Only after an overkill dose of 50 kGy, the concentration of vancomycin decreases to an extent that was pharmaceutically significant. No significant difference in radiation stability between drug substance and product (i.e., powder mixture) was observed. A shift in stability profile was not observed at 6 weeks after irradiation. All other degradation products were present only in small quantities not exceeding 1.0%. The in vitro drug release from the minitablets prepared with physical powder mixtures of pregelatinized starch and Carbopol® 974P NF (96 : 4) was faster compared to the cospray-dried mixtures of starch with Carbopol® 974P NF (ratio: 95:5 and 85:15). The electron paramagnetic resonance signals of the radicals formed during sterilization were still visible after storage for 30 days. The slug mucosal irritation test indicated mild irritation properties of the bioadhesive powder mixtures although no tissue damage was observed.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Bozdag
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Technology and Biopharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
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De Beer T, Burggraeve A, Fonteyne M, Saerens L, Remon JP, Vervaet C. Near infrared and Raman spectroscopy for the in-process monitoring of pharmaceutical production processes. Int J Pharm 2010; 417:32-47. [PMID: 21167266 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2010.12.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 395] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2010] [Revised: 12/03/2010] [Accepted: 12/09/2010] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Within the Process Analytical Technology (PAT) framework, it is of utmost importance to obtain critical process and formulation information during pharmaceutical processing. Process analyzers are the essential PAT tools for real-time process monitoring and control as they supply the data from which relevant process and product information and conclusions are to be extracted. Since the last decade, near infrared (NIR) and Raman spectroscopy have been increasingly used for real-time measurements of critical process and product attributes, as these techniques allow rapid and nondestructive measurements without sample preparations. Furthermore, both techniques provide chemical and physical information leading to increased process understanding. Probes coupled to the spectrometers by fiber optic cables can be implemented directly into the process streams allowing continuous in-process measurements. This paper aims at reviewing the use of Raman and NIR spectroscopy in the PAT setting, i.e., during processing, with special emphasis in pharmaceutics and dosage forms.
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Affiliation(s)
- T De Beer
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Process Analytical Technology, Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, Ghent University, Harelbekestraat 72, B-9000 Gent, Belgium.
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Kayitare E, Vervaet C, Mehuys E, Kayumba PC, Ntawukulilyayo JD, Karema C, Bortel V, Remon JP. Taste-masked quinine pamoate tablets for treatment of children with uncomplicated Plasmodium falciparum malaria. Int J Pharm 2010; 392:29-34. [PMID: 20230885 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2010.03.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2010] [Revised: 03/02/2010] [Accepted: 03/07/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Children with uncomplicated malaria are generally treated with oral medication, except those unable to take oral drugs. Even though quinine has shown to be effective in treatment of African children with uncomplicated malaria its high bitterness limited the paediatric use. This study aimed to develop taste-masked quinine tablets suitable for children and offering dosing flexibility to adjust the quinine dose in function of body weight. METHODS Insoluble quinine pamoate was used to formulate fast-disintegrating tablets, using a specific tablet design (rectangular tablet which can be divided into 8 subunits) to allow dosing flexibility. The physical properties of tablets were evaluated in vitro, as well as the quinine bioavailability in healthy adults (n=18) and the efficacy for treatment of children with uncomplicated Plasmodium falciparum malaria (n=56) using a 7-day regimen of 8 mg quinine/kg. RESULTS Quinine pamoate tablets complied with the pharmacopoeial requirements for mass uniformity, friability, content uniformity, breakability, disintegration and dissolution. The quinine pharmacokinetic parameters after single administration of a quinine pamoate tablet were similar to a commercially available quinine sulfate tablet. The fast decline in parasitemia (28.6%/24h), the reduction rate of fever (all children were apyretic after 72 h) and the steady state quinine plasma concentration (5.7-15.8 microg/ml) proved the efficacy of the quinine pamoate tablets against P. falciparum. CONCLUSION Fast-dispersible and taste-masked quinine pamoate tablets improved dosing accuracy, allowed easy administration and resulted in a high efficacy during the treatment of children with uncomplicated malaria.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Kayitare
- Department of Pharmacy, National University of Rwanda, Butare, Rwanda
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Bouquet W, Ceelen W, Adriaens E, Almeida A, Quinten T, De Vos F, Pattyn P, Peeters M, Remon JP, Vervaet C. In vivo toxicity and bioavailability of Taxol and a paclitaxel/beta-cyclodextrin formulation in a rat model during HIPEC. Ann Surg Oncol 2010; 17:2510-7. [PMID: 20339948 DOI: 10.1245/s10434-010-1028-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2009] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Peritoneal carcinomatosis (PC) remains a dreaded clinical syndrome and a common evolution of gastrointestinal and ovarian cancers. In recent years, hyperthermic intraperitoneal chemotherapy (HIPEC) after cytoreductive surgery has emerged as a promising strategy in the management of PC. In this study, a novel paclitaxel (Pac) formulation was investigated for its toxicity and bioavailability during HIPEC compared with Taxol. MATERIALS AND METHODS The maximum tolerated dose (MTD) after HIPEC of both formulations (Taxol and Pac/RAME-beta-CD) was determined. MTD was defined as the highest nonlethal dose with a reduction in body weight of < or = 10% over 2 weeks. Blood parameters (red blood cell and white blood cell count, creatinine, ALT, and GGT) were evaluated over 20 days. Bioavailability of both Pac formulations after HIPEC was determined under normothermic (37 degrees C) and hyperthermic (41 degrees C) conditions for 90 min. RESULTS Following HIPEC, both formulations had a similar MTD: 0.24 mg paclitaxel per ml. Red blood cell count decreased to a minimum after 10 days and was not fully recovered after 20 days for both formulations. White blood cell monitoring showed a significant increase in neutrocytes at day 10 and 15 for the Pac/RAME-beta-CD formulation. Liver and kidney parameters did not change significantly. Bioavailability data of Pac/RAME-beta-CD showed a 40-fold increase of the area under the curve (AUC) of plasma concentrations compared with Taxol. Hyperthermia yielded no significant differences in bioavailability data. CONCLUSION These results showed that both formulations had a similar toxicity profile but differed significantly in bioavailability.
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Affiliation(s)
- W Bouquet
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Technology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
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34
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Neirinckx E, Vervaet C, De Boever S, Remon JP, Gommeren K, Daminet S, De Backer P, Croubels S. Species comparison of oral bioavailability, first-pass metabolism and pharmacokinetics of acetaminophen. Res Vet Sci 2010; 89:113-9. [PMID: 20211479 DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2010.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2009] [Revised: 10/30/2009] [Accepted: 02/03/2010] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Species differences in oral bioavailability, first-pass metabolism and pharmacokinetics of biopharmaceutics classification system (BCS) class I compound acetaminophen were studied. The absolute bioavailability was 42.2%, 39.0%, 44.5%, 75.5% and 91.0% in chickens, turkeys, dogs, pigs and horses, respectively. After hydrolysis of metabolites by beta-glucuronidase/sulfatase, apparent bioavailability increased significantly in all species (turkeys: 72.4%, dogs: 100.5%, pigs: 102.2%), except horses (91.6%). Mean metabolic ratios of [acetaminophen glucuronide]/[acetaminophen] between 0 and 1h were significantly higher after oral dosing in turkeys, dogs and pigs, revealing the role of first-pass metabolism in incomplete bioavailability. Evidence of species differences in acetaminophen metabolism is provided by differences in plasma clearance, which was inversely proportional to bioavailability. In conclusion, differences in BA appeared to originate predominantly from differences in first-pass metabolism, demonstrating that the BCS high permeability classification of acetaminophen is consistent across the mammalian species studied. In turkeys, however, incomplete absorption additionally seemed to contribute to the low BA.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Neirinckx
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium.
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Mehuys E, Boussery K, Adriaens E, Van Bortel L, De Bolle L, Van Tongelen I, Remon JP, Brusselle G. [Management of COPD in community pharmacy]. J Pharm Belg 2010:10-15. [PMID: 20429390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND This observational study aimed to provide a detailed description of (i) drug therapy, (ii) drug adherence, (iii) inhalation technique, and (iv) health status of COPD patients recruited via community pharmacies. Based on these results, problem areas can be detected and targeted pharmacist interventions for improvement of COPD management could be developed. METHOD We conducted a cross-sectional, observational study in 93 pharmacies (Belgium). Participants (n = 555) completed a questionnaire collecting personal characteristics, smoking history, influenza vaccination, COPD medication and side effects. Adherence to COPD maintenance medication was analysed 1 year-retrospectively through prescription refill rates. Inhalation technique was scored using a checklist. RESULTS The COPD patients had a mean age of 68.6 yr, 73.7% were men and 37.2% were current smokers. The influenza vaccination status was significantly lower in patients aged < 65 yr (65.7%) than in patients aged > or = 65 years (86.2%) (p < 0.001). Fixed combinations of inhaled corticosteroids and long-acting beta2-agonists were the most frequently used COPD medications (75.4%). About 48% of patients was underadherent (< 80% adherence), 47% was adherent (80-120% adherence) and 5% was overadherent (> 120% adherence). Twenty-one % of patients made major inhalation technique errors with rescue medication; these were all errors in handling pressurized metered dose inhalers (pMDI's). CONCLUSION This study on COPD management in primary care highlights 4 main aspects which could be improved: (i) drug adherence, (ii) inhalation technique with pMDI's, (iii) influenza vaccination in COPD patients < yr and (iv) smoking cessation.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Mehuys
- Laboratorium voor Farmaceutische Technologie, Faculteit Farmaceutische Wetenschappen (UGent), Gent.
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Mehuys E, Verrue C, Van Borte L, De Bolle L, Van Tongelen I, Remon JP, De Looze D. [Self-medication of upper gastrointestinal symptoms: a community pharmacy study]. J Pharm Belg 2009:84-88. [PMID: 19873848] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Upper gastrointestinal (GI) symptoms are a common reason for self-treatment with over-the-counter (OTC) medication. However, data on the typology of GI complaints for which individuals seek self-medication and, more importantly, on the prevalence of alarm symptoms in this population are scarce. OBJECTIVE This study aimed to investigate: (i) the nature of GI symptoms people intend to self-medicate, (ii) prevalence of alarm symptoms, (iii) compliance with referral advice given by the pharmacist, and (iv) self-reported efficacy and frequency of use of OTC medication for minor complaints. METHODS This descriptive study was performed in 63 community pharmacies. Participants (n=592, aged 18-80 y) completed a questionnaire to assess symptom characteristics and previous medical consulting. Based on this information, the pharmacist referred subjects to a physician or advised self-treatment. Four weeks later, participants were presented a follow-up questionnaire, evaluating compliance with referral advice or efficacy of self-treatment. RESULTS The most frequently reported GI complaints were burning retrosternal discomfort (49.2%), acid regurgitation (53.2%) and bothersome postprandial fullness (51.2%). At least 1 alarm symptom was present in 22.4% of the individuals, difficulty in swallowing being the most prevalent one (15.4%). Although twenty-one percent of the customers were referred, only 51.7% of these actually contacted a physician. Almost all of the remaining customers who were advised self-treatment reported symptom relief with the obtained OTC drug (95.1%). CONCLUSIONS Mild GI symptoms will mostly resolve with self-treatment. Yet, the value of pharmacist counselling on OTC treatment should be recognized, as community pharmacists can play an important role in
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Affiliation(s)
- E Mehuys
- Laboratorium voor Farmaceutische Technologie, Faculteit Farmaceutische Wetenschappen, Gent.
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De Beer TRM, Wiggenhorn M, Veillon R, Debacq C, Mayeresse Y, Moreau B, Burggraeve A, Quinten T, Friess W, Winter G, Vervaet C, Remon JP, Baeyens WRG. Importance of Using Complementary Process Analyzers for the Process Monitoring, Analysis, and Understanding of Freeze Drying. Anal Chem 2009; 81:7639-49. [DOI: 10.1021/ac9010414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- T. R. M. De Beer
- Laboratory of Drug Analysis, Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, Ghent University, Harelbekestraat 72, B-9000 Gent, Belgium, Department of Pharmacy, Pharmaceutical Technology and Biopharmaceutics, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Butenandtstrasse 5-Building B, D-81377 Munich, Germany, Freeze Drying Department, GSK Biologicals, Rue de l’Institut 89, B-1330 Rixensart, Belgium, and Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Technology, Department of Pharmaceutics, Ghent University, Harelbekestraat 72, B-9000 Gent, Belgium
| | - M. Wiggenhorn
- Laboratory of Drug Analysis, Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, Ghent University, Harelbekestraat 72, B-9000 Gent, Belgium, Department of Pharmacy, Pharmaceutical Technology and Biopharmaceutics, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Butenandtstrasse 5-Building B, D-81377 Munich, Germany, Freeze Drying Department, GSK Biologicals, Rue de l’Institut 89, B-1330 Rixensart, Belgium, and Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Technology, Department of Pharmaceutics, Ghent University, Harelbekestraat 72, B-9000 Gent, Belgium
| | - R. Veillon
- Laboratory of Drug Analysis, Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, Ghent University, Harelbekestraat 72, B-9000 Gent, Belgium, Department of Pharmacy, Pharmaceutical Technology and Biopharmaceutics, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Butenandtstrasse 5-Building B, D-81377 Munich, Germany, Freeze Drying Department, GSK Biologicals, Rue de l’Institut 89, B-1330 Rixensart, Belgium, and Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Technology, Department of Pharmaceutics, Ghent University, Harelbekestraat 72, B-9000 Gent, Belgium
| | - C. Debacq
- Laboratory of Drug Analysis, Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, Ghent University, Harelbekestraat 72, B-9000 Gent, Belgium, Department of Pharmacy, Pharmaceutical Technology and Biopharmaceutics, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Butenandtstrasse 5-Building B, D-81377 Munich, Germany, Freeze Drying Department, GSK Biologicals, Rue de l’Institut 89, B-1330 Rixensart, Belgium, and Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Technology, Department of Pharmaceutics, Ghent University, Harelbekestraat 72, B-9000 Gent, Belgium
| | - Y. Mayeresse
- Laboratory of Drug Analysis, Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, Ghent University, Harelbekestraat 72, B-9000 Gent, Belgium, Department of Pharmacy, Pharmaceutical Technology and Biopharmaceutics, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Butenandtstrasse 5-Building B, D-81377 Munich, Germany, Freeze Drying Department, GSK Biologicals, Rue de l’Institut 89, B-1330 Rixensart, Belgium, and Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Technology, Department of Pharmaceutics, Ghent University, Harelbekestraat 72, B-9000 Gent, Belgium
| | - B. Moreau
- Laboratory of Drug Analysis, Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, Ghent University, Harelbekestraat 72, B-9000 Gent, Belgium, Department of Pharmacy, Pharmaceutical Technology and Biopharmaceutics, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Butenandtstrasse 5-Building B, D-81377 Munich, Germany, Freeze Drying Department, GSK Biologicals, Rue de l’Institut 89, B-1330 Rixensart, Belgium, and Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Technology, Department of Pharmaceutics, Ghent University, Harelbekestraat 72, B-9000 Gent, Belgium
| | - A. Burggraeve
- Laboratory of Drug Analysis, Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, Ghent University, Harelbekestraat 72, B-9000 Gent, Belgium, Department of Pharmacy, Pharmaceutical Technology and Biopharmaceutics, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Butenandtstrasse 5-Building B, D-81377 Munich, Germany, Freeze Drying Department, GSK Biologicals, Rue de l’Institut 89, B-1330 Rixensart, Belgium, and Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Technology, Department of Pharmaceutics, Ghent University, Harelbekestraat 72, B-9000 Gent, Belgium
| | - T. Quinten
- Laboratory of Drug Analysis, Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, Ghent University, Harelbekestraat 72, B-9000 Gent, Belgium, Department of Pharmacy, Pharmaceutical Technology and Biopharmaceutics, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Butenandtstrasse 5-Building B, D-81377 Munich, Germany, Freeze Drying Department, GSK Biologicals, Rue de l’Institut 89, B-1330 Rixensart, Belgium, and Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Technology, Department of Pharmaceutics, Ghent University, Harelbekestraat 72, B-9000 Gent, Belgium
| | - W. Friess
- Laboratory of Drug Analysis, Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, Ghent University, Harelbekestraat 72, B-9000 Gent, Belgium, Department of Pharmacy, Pharmaceutical Technology and Biopharmaceutics, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Butenandtstrasse 5-Building B, D-81377 Munich, Germany, Freeze Drying Department, GSK Biologicals, Rue de l’Institut 89, B-1330 Rixensart, Belgium, and Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Technology, Department of Pharmaceutics, Ghent University, Harelbekestraat 72, B-9000 Gent, Belgium
| | - G. Winter
- Laboratory of Drug Analysis, Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, Ghent University, Harelbekestraat 72, B-9000 Gent, Belgium, Department of Pharmacy, Pharmaceutical Technology and Biopharmaceutics, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Butenandtstrasse 5-Building B, D-81377 Munich, Germany, Freeze Drying Department, GSK Biologicals, Rue de l’Institut 89, B-1330 Rixensart, Belgium, and Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Technology, Department of Pharmaceutics, Ghent University, Harelbekestraat 72, B-9000 Gent, Belgium
| | - C. Vervaet
- Laboratory of Drug Analysis, Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, Ghent University, Harelbekestraat 72, B-9000 Gent, Belgium, Department of Pharmacy, Pharmaceutical Technology and Biopharmaceutics, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Butenandtstrasse 5-Building B, D-81377 Munich, Germany, Freeze Drying Department, GSK Biologicals, Rue de l’Institut 89, B-1330 Rixensart, Belgium, and Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Technology, Department of Pharmaceutics, Ghent University, Harelbekestraat 72, B-9000 Gent, Belgium
| | - J. P. Remon
- Laboratory of Drug Analysis, Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, Ghent University, Harelbekestraat 72, B-9000 Gent, Belgium, Department of Pharmacy, Pharmaceutical Technology and Biopharmaceutics, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Butenandtstrasse 5-Building B, D-81377 Munich, Germany, Freeze Drying Department, GSK Biologicals, Rue de l’Institut 89, B-1330 Rixensart, Belgium, and Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Technology, Department of Pharmaceutics, Ghent University, Harelbekestraat 72, B-9000 Gent, Belgium
| | - W. R. G. Baeyens
- Laboratory of Drug Analysis, Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, Ghent University, Harelbekestraat 72, B-9000 Gent, Belgium, Department of Pharmacy, Pharmaceutical Technology and Biopharmaceutics, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Butenandtstrasse 5-Building B, D-81377 Munich, Germany, Freeze Drying Department, GSK Biologicals, Rue de l’Institut 89, B-1330 Rixensart, Belgium, and Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Technology, Department of Pharmaceutics, Ghent University, Harelbekestraat 72, B-9000 Gent, Belgium
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De Bolle L, Verrue C, Mehuys E, Adriaens E, Remon JP, Van Bortel L, Christiaens T. [Home medication cabinets and self-medication: a source of potential health threats]. J Pharm Belg 2009:1-4. [PMID: 19391434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- L De Bolle
- Faculteit Farmaceutische, Wetenschappen van de Universiteit Gent.
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Bouckaert S, Massart DL, Massart B, Remon JP. Optimization of a Granulation Procedure for a Hydrophilic Matrix Tablet Using Experimental Design. Drug Dev Ind Pharm 2008. [DOI: 10.3109/03639049609041996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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Vanhaecke E, Remon JP, Pijck J, Aerts R, Herman J. A Comparative Study of the Effectiveness of Preservatives in Twelve Antacid Suspensions. Drug Dev Ind Pharm 2008. [DOI: 10.3109/03639048709068384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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Herman J, Remon JP. Aluminium-Magnesium Hydroxide Tablets: Effect of Processing and Composition of Granulating Solution on the Granule Properties and In Vitro Antacid Performance. Drug Dev Ind Pharm 2008. [DOI: 10.3109/03639048809151930] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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Remon JP, Schwartz JB. Effect of Raw Materlals and Processing on the Quality of Granules Prepared from Microcrystalline Cellulose-Lactose Mixtures. Drug Dev Ind Pharm 2008. [DOI: 10.3109/03639048709040152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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Vermeire A, Keleb EI, Kiekens F, Van Driessche I, Hoste S, Remon JP, Vervaet C. Tablets Prepared by Single-Step Granulation/Tabletting: Interparticulate Binding Mechanism and Stability. Pharm Dev Technol 2008; 10:397-403. [PMID: 16176020 DOI: 10.1081/pdt-65690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
The binding mechanism of tablets prepared by single-step granulation/tabletting (SSGT), a novel technique for the production of tablets, was evaluated. SSGT yielded hard tablets having a short disintegration time due to their porous, spongelike internal structure. Calculation of the interaction factor and electrical conductance tests confirmed the presence of solid bridges that provided a higher tensile strength to these compacts in comparison to tablets prepared by conventional tabletting techniques. At high relative humidity, moisture sorption and glass-to-rubber transition of the binder (polyvinylpyrrolidone), or condensation of moisture on the internal pore surface, reduced the tensile strength of the SSGT-manufactured tablets. Contrary to tablets prepared by granulation and compression, the SSGT tablets did not harden during storage under conditions of varying relative humidity (alternating the relative humidity every 24 hr between 33% and 75%).
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Affiliation(s)
- A Vermeire
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
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Dukić-Ott A, Thommes M, Remon JP, Kleinebudde P, Vervaet C. Production of pellets via extrusion-spheronisation without the incorporation of microcrystalline cellulose: a critical review. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2008; 71:38-46. [PMID: 18771727 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2008.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2008] [Revised: 07/23/2008] [Accepted: 08/11/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Microcrystalline cellulose (MCC) is the golden standard to manufacture spherical particles (pellets) via extrusion-spheronisation since wetted microcrystalline cellulose has the proper rheological properties, cohesiveness and plasticity to yield strong and spherical particles. However, microcrystalline cellulose is not universally applicable due to a number of limitations: prolonged drug release of poorly soluble drugs, chemical incompatibility with specific drugs, drug adsorption onto MCC fibers. Hence, several products have been evaluated to explore their application as extrusion-spheronisation aid, aiming to avoid the disadvantages of MCC and to provide a broad application platform for extrusion-spheronisation: powdered cellulose, starch, chitosan, kappa-carrageenan, pectinic acid, hydroxypropylmethyl cellulose, hydroxyethyl cellulose, polyethylene oxide, cross-linked polyvinylpyrrolidone, glycerol monostearate. To determine the true potential of the proposed alternatives for MCC this review critically discusses the properties of the different materials and the quality of the resulting pellets in relation to the properties required for an ideal extrusion-spheronisation aid.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Dukić-Ott
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Technology, Ghent University, Gent, Belgium
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De Beer TRM, Bodson C, Dejaegher B, Walczak B, Vercruysse P, Burggraeve A, Lemos A, Delattre L, Heyden YV, Remon JP, Vervaet C, Baeyens WRG. Raman spectroscopy as a process analytical technology (PAT) tool for the in-line monitoring and understanding of a powder blending process. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2008; 48:772-9. [PMID: 18799281 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2008.07.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2008] [Revised: 07/21/2008] [Accepted: 07/25/2008] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study is to propose a strategy to implement a PAT system in the blending step of pharmaceutical production processes. It was examined whether Raman spectroscopy can be used as PAT tool for the in-line and real-time endpoint monitoring and understanding of a powder blending process. A screening design was used to identify and understand the significant effects of two process variables (blending speed and loading of the blender) and of a formulation variable (concentration of active pharmaceutical ingredient (API): diltiazem hydrochloride) upon the required blending time (response variable). Interactions between the variables were investigated as well. A Soft Independent Modelling of Class Analogy (SIMCA) model was developed to determine the homogeneity of the blends in-line and real-time using Raman spectroscopy in combination with a fiber optical immersion probe. One blending experiment was monitored using Raman and NIR spectroscopy simultaneously. This was done to verify whether two independent monitoring tools can confirm each other's endpoint conclusions. The analysis of the experimental design results showed that the measured endpoints were excessively rounded due to the large measurement intervals relative to the first blending times. This resulted in effects and critical effects which cannot be interpreted properly. To be able to study the effects properly, the ratio between the blending times and the measurement intervals should be sufficiently high. In this study, it anyway was demonstrated that Raman spectroscopy is a suitable PAT tool for the endpoint control of a powder blending process. Raman spectroscopy not only allowed in-line and real-time monitoring of the blend homogeneity, but also helped to understand the process better in combination with experimental design. Furthermore, the correctness of the Raman endpoint conclusions was demonstrated for one process by using a second independent endpoint monitoring tool (NIR spectroscopy). Hence, the use of two independent techniques for the control of one response variable not only means a mutual confirmation of both methods, but also provides a higher certainty in the determined endpoint.
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Affiliation(s)
- T R M De Beer
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Drug Analysis, Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, Ghent University, Harelbekestraat 72, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium.
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Djuric D, Van Melkebeke B, Kleinebudde P, Remon JP, Vervaet C. Comparison of two twin-screw extruders for continuous granulation. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2008; 71:155-60. [PMID: 18678245 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2008.06.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2008] [Revised: 06/23/2008] [Accepted: 06/29/2008] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
A comparison was made between two twin-screw extruders (APV Baker and Leistritz Micro) used for continuous wet granulation. Both extruders had similar screw configurations, based on the length-to-diameter ratio of the screws, existing out of a conveying zone of 20 D, i.e. 20 times the screw diameter and a granulation zone of 4D. The kneading blocks in the granulation zone were 2.2 and 2.5D for the Leistritz and APV extruders, respectively. An experimental design was used to investigate the influence of process parameters (total input rate and screw speed) and extruder type on granule and tablet quality. Dicalcium phosphate and alpha-lactose monohydrate were used as water-insoluble and water-soluble excipients, respectively. For dicalcium phosphate, the amount of fines (<125 microm), median granule size and granule friability were significantly influenced by extruder type and total input rate. For lactose, the amount of oversized agglomerates and median granule size were significantly affected by extruder type and total input rate. The granule formulations were properly agglomerated on both the extruders, although the extruder type had an important influence on the granule properties, which was more pronounced for dicalcium phosphate. This study shows that a given formulation cannot simply be interchanged between the two extruders without further work on the geometrics of the extruders.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Djuric
- Institute of Pharmaceutics and Biopharmaceutics, Heinrich-Heine-University, Duesseldorf, Germany
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