1
|
Validated Simple HPLC-UV Method for Mycophenolic Acid (MPA) Monitoring in Human Plasma. Internal Standardization: Is It Necessary? Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26237252. [PMID: 34885834 PMCID: PMC8658973 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26237252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2021] [Revised: 11/23/2021] [Accepted: 11/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of the work was to prepare a simple but reliable HPLC-UV method for the routine monitoring of mycophenolic acid (MPA). Sample preparation was based on plasma protein precipitation with acetonitrile. The isocratic separation of MPA and internal standard (IS) fenbufen was made on Supelcosil LC-CN column (150 × 4.6 mm, 5 µm) using a mobile phase: CH3CN:H2O:0.5M KH2PO4:H3PO4 (260:700:40:0.4, v/v). UV detection was set at 305 nm. The calibration covered the MPA concentration range: 0.1–40 µg/mL. The precision was satisfactory with RSD of 0.97–7.06% for intra-assay and of 1.92–5.15% for inter-assay. The inaccuracy was found between −5.72% and +2.96% (+15.40% at LLOQ) and between −8.82% and +5.31% (+19.00% at LLOQ) for intra- and inter-assay, respectively, fulfilling acceptance criteria. After a two-year period of successful application, the presented method has been retrospectively calibrated using the raw data disregarding the IS in the calculations. The validation and stability parameters were similar for both calculation methods. MPA concentrations were recalculated and compared in 1187 consecutive routine therapeutic drug monitoring (TDM) trough plasma samples from mycophenolate-treated patients. A high agreement (r2 = 0.9931, p < 0.0001) of the results was found. A Bland–Altman test revealed a mean bias of −0.011 μg/mL (95% CI: −0.017; −0.005) comprising −0.14% (95% Cl: −0.39; +0.11), whereas the Passing–Bablok regression was y = 0.986x + 0.014. The presented method can be recommended as an attractive analytical tool for medical (hospital) laboratories equipped with solely basic HPLC apparatus. The procedure can be further simplified by disapplying an internal standard while maintaining appropriate precision and accuracy of measurements.
Collapse
|
2
|
Rivera SM, Hwang JK, Slovak JE, Court MH, Villarino NF. Simultaneous determination of mycophenolic acid and its glucuronide and glycoside derivatives in canine and feline plasma by UHPLC-UV. Biomed Chromatogr 2017; 31. [DOI: 10.1002/bmc.3942] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2016] [Revised: 01/01/2017] [Accepted: 01/28/2017] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sol Maiam Rivera
- Program in Individualized Medicine, Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine; Washington State University; Pullman Washington United States
| | - Julianne K. Hwang
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine; Washington State University; Pullman Washington United States
| | - Jeniffer E. Slovak
- Program in Individualized Medicine, Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine; Washington State University; Pullman Washington United States
| | - Michael H. Court
- Program in Individualized Medicine, Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine; Washington State University; Pullman Washington United States
| | - Nicolas F. Villarino
- Program in Individualized Medicine, Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine; Washington State University; Pullman Washington United States
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Džodić P, Veličković-Radovanović R, Šmelcerović A, Catić-Đorđević A, Stefanović N, Spasić A, Ilić D, Živanović S, Ilijev I. VALIDATION OF HPLC METHOD FOR THE DETERMINATION OF MYCOPHENOLIC ACID IN HUMAN PLASMA OBTAINED FROM RENAL TRANSPLANT RECIPIENTS. ACTA MEDICA MEDIANAE 2016. [DOI: 10.5633/amm.2016.0404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
|
4
|
Development and validation of an ultrafast chromatographic method for quantification of the immunosuppressant mycophenolic acid in canine, feline and human plasma. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2016; 131:94-102. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2016.08.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2016] [Revised: 07/17/2016] [Accepted: 08/11/2016] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
|
5
|
Rissling O, Bauer S, Shipkova M, Glander P, Mai M, Hambach P, Budde K. Simultaneous determination of mycophenolate and its metabolite mycophenolate-7-o-glucuronide with an isocratic HPLC-UV-based method in human plasma and stability evaluation. Scandinavian Journal of Clinical and Laboratory Investigation 2016; 76:612-619. [PMID: 27676419 DOI: 10.1080/00365513.2016.1230775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Mycophenolic acid (MPA) is an immunosuppressive agent which is commonly used in a fixed dose regime in solid organ transplantation. For clinical trials and therapeutic drug monitoring measuring plasma concentrations is necessary. Also, stability issues have to be addressed. METHODS We describe an isocratic, RP-based HPLC-UV method for simultaneous determination of MPA and its major metabolite Mycophenolic acid 7-o Glucuronide (MPAG) in human plasma. Pre-analytics included protein precipitation with acetonitrile. The method was validated according to EMA/FDA guidelines. Patient lithium-heparin plasma and blood was used for evaluation of short-term (72 hours at room temperature = RT) and long-term stability (2 years at -80 °C) without acidification. RESULTS Linearity was assessed in the concentration range of 0.5-40.0 μg/mL for MPA and 5.0-350.0 μg/mL for MPAG, respectively. For MPA coefficient of variation was <7.0% (lower limit of quantification = LLOQ: 10.8%), for MPAG <9.6% (LLOQ: 10.6%). Bias ranged between -1.9 and +1.5% for MPA and for MPAG between -4.3 and -0.3%. The method showed agreement with a reference method for both analytes. MPA remained stable for 7 h (-1.6 to +8.4% change to the initial concentration) and MPAG for 24 h (-1.8 to -11.5% change) at RT in lithium heparin blood. After 2 years of storage at -80 °C MPA, MPAG concentrations and 95% CIs remained within ±15% of the initial value. CONCLUSION The presented assay is applicable for clinical studies. Blood samples were stable for 7 hours at RT and plasma for 2 years stored at -80 °C.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Olesja Rissling
- a Department of Nephrology , Charité Universitätsmedizin , Berlin , Germany.,b Institute of Pharmacy, Freie Universitaet Berlin , Berlin , Germany
| | - Steffen Bauer
- c Institute of Medical Diagnostics , Berlin , Germany
| | - Maria Shipkova
- d Central Institute for Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine , Klinikum Stuttgart , Stuttgart , Germany
| | - Petra Glander
- a Department of Nephrology , Charité Universitätsmedizin , Berlin , Germany
| | - Marco Mai
- a Department of Nephrology , Charité Universitätsmedizin , Berlin , Germany
| | - Pia Hambach
- a Department of Nephrology , Charité Universitätsmedizin , Berlin , Germany
| | - Klemens Budde
- a Department of Nephrology , Charité Universitätsmedizin , Berlin , Germany
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Patel G, Patil MD, Soni S, Khobragade TP, Chisti Y, Banerjee UC. Production of mycophenolic acid by Penicillium brevicompactum-A comparison of two methods of optimization. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016; 11:77-85. [PMID: 28352543 PMCID: PMC5042303 DOI: 10.1016/j.btre.2016.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2016] [Revised: 07/20/2016] [Accepted: 07/30/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Medium optimization for MPA production using P. brevicompactum by one-factor-at-a-time and CCD methods. CCD afforded a 40% higher MPA titer than one-factor-at-a-time method. The titer was nearly 6-fold higher compared to un-optimized medium.
Production of mycophenolic acid (MPA) by submerged fermentation using the microfungus Penicillium brevicompactum MTCC 8010 is reported here. Screening experiments were used to identify: the suitable media composition; the optimal initial pH; and the optimal incubation temperature to maximize the production of MPA in batch cultures. The initial concentrations of the selected sources of carbon (glucose), nitrogen (peptone) and the precursors (methionine, glycine) were then optimized by: (1) one-at-a-time variation of factors; and (2) a central composite design (CCD) of experiments, in a 12-day batch culture at an initial pH of 5.0, an incubation temperature of 25 °C, and an agitation speed of 200 rpm. The medium optimized using the one-at-a-time variation yielded a peak MPA titer of 1232 ± 90 mg/L. The medium optimized by the CCD method yielded a 40% higher MPA titer of 1737 ± 55 mg/L. The latter value was nearly 9-fold greater than the titer achieved prior to optimization.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gopal Patel
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology (Biotechnology), National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Sector-67, S.A.S. Nagar, 160062, Punjab, India
| | - Mahesh D Patil
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology (Biotechnology), National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Sector-67, S.A.S. Nagar, 160062, Punjab, India
| | - Surbhi Soni
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology (Biotechnology), National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Sector-67, S.A.S. Nagar, 160062, Punjab, India
| | - Taresh P Khobragade
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology (Biotechnology), National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Sector-67, S.A.S. Nagar, 160062, Punjab, India
| | - Yusuf Chisti
- School of Engineering, Massey University, Private Bag 11 222, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - Uttam Chand Banerjee
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology (Biotechnology), National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Sector-67, S.A.S. Nagar, 160062, Punjab, India
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Should commonly prescribed drugs be avoided as internal standard choices in new assays for clinical samples? Bioanalysis 2016; 8:607-10. [DOI: 10.4155/bio.16.21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
|
8
|
Syed M, Srinivas NR. A comprehensive review of the published assays for the quantitation of the immunosuppressant drug mycophenolic acid and its glucuronidated metabolites in biological fluids. Biomed Chromatogr 2016; 30:721-48. [DOI: 10.1002/bmc.3682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2015] [Revised: 01/05/2016] [Accepted: 01/07/2016] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Muzeeb Syed
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences; University of Copenhagen; Universitetsparken 2 2100 Copenhagen Denmark
| | | |
Collapse
|
9
|
Barau C, Braun J, Vincent C, Haim-Boukobza S, Molina JM, Miailhes P, Fournier I, Aboulker JP, Vittecoq D, Duclos-Vallée JC, Taburet AM, Teicher E, Teicher E, Duclos-Vallée JC, Aboulker JP, Braun J, Fournier I, Vincent C, Arulananthan A, Eliette V, Euphrasie F, Guillon B, Ralaimazava P, Haïm-Boukobza S, Roque-Afonso AM, Bonhomme-Faivre L, Rudant E, Taburet AM, Aboulker J, Bonhomme-Faivre L, Braun J, Couffin-Cadiergues S, Delaugerre C, Durand F, Vittecoq D, Flandre P, Garraffo R, Ghosn J, Marraud A, Pageaux G, Derradji O, Bolliot C, Churaqui F, Antonini T, Coilly A, Ichai P, Ogier O, Belnard M, Molina JM, De Lastours V, Gazaignes S, Ponscarme D, Sauvageon H, Miailhes P, Koffi J, Radenne S, Brochier C. Pharmacokinetic Study of Raltegravir in HIV-Infected Patients With End-Stage Liver Disease: The LIVERAL-ANRS 148 Study. Clin Infect Dis 2014; 59:1177-84. [DOI: 10.1093/cid/ciu515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
|
10
|
Dasgupta A, Johnson M, Tso G. Mathematical equations to calculate true mycophenolic acid concentration in human plasma by using two immunoassays with different cross-reactivities with acyl glucuronide metabolite: comparison of calculated values with values obtained by using an HPLC-UV method. J Clin Lab Anal 2014; 27:290-3. [PMID: 23852786 DOI: 10.1002/jcla.21599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2012] [Accepted: 02/06/2013] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Both immunoassays and chromatographic methods are available for therapeutic drug monitoring of mycophenolic acid (MPA). Although chromatographic methods are more precise, immunoassays are widely used in clinical laboratories due to ease of adopting such assays on automated analyzers. We studied the possibility of using mathematical equations to calculate true MPA concentration by accounting for acyl glucuronide cross-reactivities with immunoassays by using two immunoassays with widely different cross-reactivities with the metabolite. METHODS We determined MPA concentrations in 20 specimens obtained from transplant recipients using cloned enzyme donor immunoassay (CEDIA) assay and a new particle enhanced turbidimetric inhibition immunoassay (PETINIA) assay. Then we developed mathematical equations to calculate true MPA concentration using values obtained by both immunoassays and reported cross-reactivity of acyl glucuronide with respective immunoassays. Calculated concentrations were compared with values obtained by using a high-performance liquid chromatography combined with ultraviolet detection (HPLC-UV) method. RESULTS We obtained good correlation between calculated MPA concentrations and corresponding MPA level obtained by using HPLC-UV method. Using x-axis as the MPA concentrations determined by the HPLC-UV method and y-axis as the calculated MPA level, we observed the following regression equation: y = 1.083x - 0.0995 (r = 0.99, n = 20). CONCLUSIONS Mathematical equations can be used to calculate true MPA concentrations using two immunoassays with different cross-reactivities with acyl glucuronide metabolite.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Amitava Dasgupta
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas-Houston Medical School, Houston, TX 77030, USA.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
11
|
Dasgupta A, Johnson M. Positive bias in mycophenolic acid concentrations determined by the CEDIA assay compared to HPLC-UV method: is CEDIA assay suitable for therapeutic drug monitoring of mycophenolic acid? J Clin Lab Anal 2013; 27:77-80. [PMID: 23325745 DOI: 10.1002/jcla.21565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2012] [Accepted: 11/01/2012] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Both immunoassays and chromatographic methods are available for therapeutic drug monitoring of mycophenolic acid (MPA), an immunosuppressant. We studied the suitability of cloned enzyme donor immunoassay (CEDIA) assay for routine monitoring of MPA by comparing values obtained by the CEDIA assay with corresponding values obtained by using a high-performance liquid chromatography combined with ultraviolet detection (HPLC-UV) method. METHODS We compared MPA concentrations obtained by a reference HPLC-UV method and CEDIA assay on Hitachi 917 analyzer (Roche Diagnostics, Indianapolis, IN) using 60 patient specimens (18 liver transplant recipient and 42 kidney transplant recipients). RESULTS When MPA concentrations in all 60 transplant recipients obtained by the HPLC-UV (x-axis) method were compared with corresponding values obtained by the CEDIA method (y-axis), the following regression equation was obtained: y = 1.1558x + 0.2876 (r = 0.97). Interestingly, much lower bias was observed in 42 renal transplant recipients as revealed by the following regression equation; y = 1.1181x + 0.2745 (r = 0.98). However, more significant positive bias was observed in 18 liver transplant recipients as following regression equation as observed: y = 1.3337x + 0.1493 (r = 0.94). CONCLUSIONS We conclude that MPA concentrations determined by the CEDIA assay showed significant positive bias compared to HPLC-UV method. Therefore, caution must be exercised in interpreting therapeutic drug monitoring result of MPA if CEDIA assay is used.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Amitava Dasgupta
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas-Houston Medical School and Laboratory Services Memorial-Hermann Hospital at Texas Medical Center, Houston, TX, USA.
| | | |
Collapse
|
12
|
Upadhyay V, Trivedi V, Shah G, Yadav M, Shrivastav PS. Determination of mycophenolic acid in human plasma by ultra performance liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry. J Pharm Anal 2013; 4:205-216. [PMID: 29403884 PMCID: PMC5761118 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpha.2013.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2013] [Accepted: 06/03/2013] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
A simple, sensitive and high throughput ultra performance liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry method has been developed for the determination of mycophenolic acid in human plasma. The method involved simple protein precipitation of MPA along with its deuterated analog as an internal standard (IS) from 50 µL of human plasma. The chromatographic analysis was done on Acquity UPLC C18 (100 mm×2.1 mm, 1.7 µm) column under isocratic conditions using acetonitrile and 10 mM ammonium formate, pH 3.00 (75:25, v/v) as the mobile phase. A triple quadrupole mass spectrometer operating in the positive ionization mode was used for quantitation. In-source conversion of mycophenolic glucuronide metabolite to the parent drug was selectively controlled by suitable optimization of cone voltage, cone gas flow and desolvation temperature. The method was validated over a wide concentration range of 15-15000 ng/mL. The mean extraction recovery for the analyte and IS was >95%. Matrix effect expressed as matrix factors ranged from 0.97 to 1.02. The method was successfully applied to support a bioequivalence study of 500 mg mycophenolate mofetil tablet in 72 healthy subjects.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Vivek Upadhyay
- Chemistry Department, Kadi Sarva Vishwavidyalaya, Gandhinagar 382015, India
| | - Vikas Trivedi
- Chemistry Department, Kadi Sarva Vishwavidyalaya, Gandhinagar 382015, India
| | - Gaurang Shah
- Chemistry Department, Kadi Sarva Vishwavidyalaya, Gandhinagar 382015, India
| | - Manish Yadav
- Chemistry Department, Kadi Sarva Vishwavidyalaya, Gandhinagar 382015, India
| | - Pranav S. Shrivastav
- Chemistry Department, Kadi Sarva Vishwavidyalaya, Gandhinagar 382015, India
- Department of Chemistry, School of Sciences, Gujarat University, Navrangpura, Ahmedabad 380009, India
- Corresponding author at: Department of Chemistry, School of Sciences, Gujarat University, Navrangpura, Ahmedabad 380009, India. Tel.: +91 079 2630 0969; fax: +91 079 2630 8545.
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Comparison of mycophenolic acid concentrations determined by a new PETINIA assay on the Dimension EXL analyzer and a HPLC-UV method. Clin Biochem 2013; 46:685-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.clinbiochem.2012.11.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2012] [Revised: 11/15/2012] [Accepted: 11/27/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
|
14
|
Kees MG, Steinke T, Moritz S, Rupprecht K, Paulus EM, Kees F, Bucher M, Faerber L. Omeprazole impairs the absorption of mycophenolate mofetil but not of enteric-coated mycophenolate sodium in healthy volunteers. J Clin Pharmacol 2011; 52:1265-72. [PMID: 21903891 DOI: 10.1177/0091270011412968] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
In 2 crossover studies, 12 healthy volunteers (6 male/6 female) received a single oral dose of mycophenolate mofetil (MMF) 1000 mg or an equimolar dose of enteric-coated mycophenolate sodium (EC-MPS) 720 mg fasting with and without coadministered omeprazole 20 mg bid. The plasma concentrations of mycophenolic acid (MPA) and of the inactive metabolite mycophenolic acid glucuronide (MPA-G) were measured by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). In addition, dissolution of MMF 500 mg or EC-MPS 360 mg tablets was determined using an USP paddle apparatus in aqueous buffer of pH 1 to 7. The bioavailability of MPA following administration of MMF or EC-MPS was similar except for the time to peak concentration, which was longer in the EC-MPS group. Concomitant treatment with omeprazole lowered significantly C(max) and AUC(12h) of MPA following administration of MMF. The pharmacokinetics of EC-MPS was not affected. Dissolution of MMF in aqueous buffer decreased dramatically at pH above 4.5. The EC-MPS tablet was stable up to pH 5. Above, EC-MPS was quantitatively disintegrated and MPS quantitatively dissolved. There is strong evidence that impaired absorption of MMF with concomitant proton pump inhibitors is due to incomplete dissolution of MMF in the stomach at elevated pH.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M G Kees
- Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care, Charité University Hospital Berlin-Campus Benjamin Franklin, Hindenburgdamm, Berlin, Germany.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
15
|
Ardestani F, Fatemi SSA, Yakhchali B, Hosseyni SM, Najafpour G. Evaluation of mycophenolic acid production by Penicillium brevicompactum MUCL 19011 in batch and continuous submerged cultures. Biochem Eng J 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bej.2010.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
|
16
|
Elbarbry F, Attia A, Shoker A. Validation of a new HPLC method for determination of midazolam and its metabolites: Application to determine its pharmacokinetics in human and measure hepatic CYP3A activity in rabbits. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2009; 50:987-93. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2009.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2009] [Revised: 07/03/2009] [Accepted: 07/03/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
|
17
|
Zhang J, Chakraborty U, Foley JP. Determination of residual cell culture media components by MEKC. Electrophoresis 2009; 30:3971-7. [DOI: 10.1002/elps.200900169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
|
18
|
Zeng L, Nath CE, Shaw PJ, Earl JW, McLachlan AJ. HPLC-UV assay for monitoring total and unbound mycophenolic acid concentrations in children. Biomed Chromatogr 2009; 23:92-100. [DOI: 10.1002/bmc.1088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
|
19
|
Elbarbry FA, Shoker AS. Therapeutic drug measurement of mycophenolic acid derivatives in transplant patients. Clin Biochem 2007; 40:752-64. [PMID: 17482154 DOI: 10.1016/j.clinbiochem.2007.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2006] [Revised: 03/03/2007] [Accepted: 03/07/2007] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Mycophenolic acid, the active metabolite of the prodrug mycophenolate mofetil, is widely used as an immunosuppressive agent in transplant patients for the prophylaxis of acute rejection. Recent prospective trials suggested the need for therapeutic drug monitoring, which raises the necessity to acquire accurate methods to measure MPA and its metabolites. OBJECTIVE Present an overview of the reasons to monitor MPA and its metabolites as well as a review of the currently available methods for their determination. METHODS Articles published from January 1992 to December 2006 were reviewed. RESULTS Most of the cited references use either chromatographic or immunoassay techniques. Basic information about biological samples used for the analysis, sample preparation, stationary phase, mobile phase, detection mode and validation data are discussed. Current information suggests the feasibility to set up method(s) to monitor MPA and its metabolites in most centers.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fawzy A Elbarbry
- Department of Medicine, Royal University Hospital, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
| | | |
Collapse
|