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Pazourek J. Determination of glucosamine and monitoring of its mutarotation by hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography with evaporative light scattering detector. Biomed Chromatogr 2018; 32:e4368. [PMID: 30120782 DOI: 10.1002/bmc.4368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2018] [Revised: 08/05/2018] [Accepted: 08/10/2018] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Saccharides and their derivatives are typical polar analytes without a suitable UV-chromophore that are nowadays analyzed by HPLC (high-performance liquid chromatography) under HILIC (hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography) mode. Usually an evaporative light scattering detector (ELSD) is utilized which, however, gives a nonlinear response. A procedure to overcome the problem of mutarotating (time-varying) analytes recorded with such a nonlinear response detector is described. The procedure was applied for determination of glucosamine in two commercially available pharmaceutical formulations containing the common inorganic ions that the detector gives a response to. Under optimized conditions, both the anomers of glucosamine were separated and could be determined separately. Owing to the short retention time of the analyte (a run time <4 min) and relatively slow kinetics of the anomeric conversion (equilibration time 2.5 h), mutarotation could be monitored and corresponding rate constants calculated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiří Pazourek
- Department of Chemical Drugs, University of Veterinary and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Brno, Czech Republic
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Garcia-Ac A, Duy SV, Sauvé S, Moldovan F, Roullin VG, Banquy X. Quantification of peptides in human synovial fluid using liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry. Talanta 2018; 186:124-132. [DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2018.03.105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2018] [Revised: 03/31/2018] [Accepted: 03/31/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Martinez SE, Lillico R, Lakowski TM, Martinez SA, Davies NM. Pharmacokinetic Analysis of an Oral Multicomponent Joint Dietary Supplement (Phycox ®) in Dogs. Pharmaceutics 2017; 9:E30. [PMID: 28820428 PMCID: PMC5620571 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics9030030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2017] [Revised: 08/08/2017] [Accepted: 08/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite the lack of safety, efficacy and pharmacokinetic (PK) studies, multicomponent dietary supplements (nutraceuticals) have become increasingly popular as primary or adjunct therapies for clinical osteoarthritis in veterinary medicine. Phycox® is a line of multicomponent joint support supplements marketed for joint health in dogs and horses. Many of the active constituents are recognized anti-inflammatory and antioxidant agents. Due to a lack of PK studies in the literature for the product, a pilot PK study of select constituents in Phycox® was performed in healthy dogs. Two novel methods of analysis were developed and validated for quantification of glucosamine and select polyphenols using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. After a single oral (PO) administrated dose of Phycox®, a series of blood samples from dogs were collected for 24 h post-dose and analyzed for concentrations of glucosamine HCl, hesperetin, resveratrol and naringenin. Non-compartmental PK analyses were carried out. Glucosamine was detected up to 8 h post-dose with a Tmax of 2 h and Cmax of 9.69 μg/mL. The polyphenols were not found at detectable concentrations in serum samples. Co-administration of glucosamine in the Phycox® formulation may enhance the absorption of glucosamine as determined by comparison of glucosamine PK data in the literature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie E Martinez
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164, USA.
- College of Pharmacy, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3E 0T5, Canada.
| | - Ryan Lillico
- College of Pharmacy, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3E 0T5, Canada.
| | - Ted M Lakowski
- College of Pharmacy, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3E 0T5, Canada.
| | - Steven A Martinez
- Comparative Orthopedic Research Laboratory, Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164, USA.
| | - Neal M Davies
- College of Pharmacy, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3E 0T5, Canada.
- Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2H7, Canada.
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Vongnam K, Muangnoi C, Rojsitthisak P, Sukwattanasinitt M, Rashatasakhon P. A highly selective turn-on fluorescent sensor for glucosamine from amidoquinoline-napthalimide dyads. Biosens Bioelectron 2016; 86:472-476. [PMID: 27434233 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2016.07.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2016] [Revised: 06/27/2016] [Accepted: 07/04/2016] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Three amidoquinoline-naphthalimide dyads are designed and synthesized in 67-73% overall yields in 3 steps from commercially available starting materials. Compounds with unsubstituted and nitro naphthalimide (1 and 2) show excellent selective fluorescent responses towards glucosamine with the enhancement of fluorescence quantum yields by 14 folds. The determination of HOMO-LUMO levels by linear sweep voltammetry suggests that the sensing mechanism likely involves the inhibition of photo-induced electron transfer (PET) between the aminoquinoline and naphthalimide moieties by glucosamine. The association constants of 1.55×10(4) and 1.45×10(4)M(-)(1), along with the glucosamine detection limits of 1.06 and 0.29µM are determined for 1 and 2, respectively. The application of 2 as a fluorescent probe for real-time detection of cellular glucosamine at micromolar level in living Caco-2 cells is also demonstrated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kunnigar Vongnam
- Program of Petrochemistry and Polymer Science, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, Phayathai Road, Pathumwan, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
| | - Chawanphat Muangnoi
- Program of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Natural Products, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chulalongkorn University, Phayathai Road, Pathumwan, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
| | - Pornchai Rojsitthisak
- Department of Food and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chulalongkorn University, Phayathai Road, Pathumwan, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
| | - Mongkol Sukwattanasinitt
- Organic Synthesis Research Unit, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, Phayathai Road, Pathumwan, Bangkok 10330, Thailand; Nanotec-CU Center of Excellence on Food and Agriculture, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
| | - Paitoon Rashatasakhon
- Organic Synthesis Research Unit, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, Phayathai Road, Pathumwan, Bangkok 10330, Thailand; Nanotec-CU Center of Excellence on Food and Agriculture, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand.
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Liquid Chromatography with Electrospray Ionization and Tandem Mass Spectrometry Applied in the Quantitative Analysis of Chitin-Derived Glucosamine for a Rapid Estimation of Fungal Biomass in Soil. Int J Anal Chem 2016; 2016:9269357. [PMID: 26977151 PMCID: PMC4763000 DOI: 10.1155/2016/9269357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2015] [Accepted: 01/12/2016] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
This method employs liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry to rapidly quantify chitin-derived glucosamine for estimating fungal biomass. Analyte retention was achieved using hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography, with a zwitter-ionic stationary phase (ZIC-HILIC), and isocratic elution using 60% 5 mM ammonium formate buffer (pH 3.0) and 40% ACN. Inclusion of muramic acid and its chromatographic separation from glucosamine enabled calculation of the bacterial contribution to the latter. Galactosamine, an isobaric isomer to glucosamine, found in significant amounts in soil samples, was also investigated. The two isomers form the same precursor and product ions and could not be chromatographically separated using this rapid method. Instead, glucosamine and galactosamine were distinguished mathematically, using the linear relationships describing the differences in product ion intensities for the two analytes. The m/z transitions of 180 → 72 and 180 → 84 were applied for the detection of glucosamine and galactosamine and that of 252 → 126 for muramic acid. Limits of detection were in the nanomolar range for all included analytes. The total analysis time was 6 min, providing a high sample throughput method.
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Suo H, Xu K, Zhang H, Zheng X. Determination of glucosamine and its derivatives released from photocrosslinked gelatin hydrogels using HPLC. Biomed Chromatogr 2015; 30:169-74. [DOI: 10.1002/bmc.3533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2015] [Revised: 05/13/2015] [Accepted: 05/31/2015] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Hairui Suo
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Key Laboratory of Biomedical Engineering of Education Ministry; Zhejiang University; Hangzhou 310027 China
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Cardio-Cerebral Vascular Detection Technology and Medicinal Effectiveness Appraisal; Hangzhou China
| | - Kedi Xu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Key Laboratory of Biomedical Engineering of Education Ministry; Zhejiang University; Hangzhou 310027 China
- Qiushi Academy for Advanced Studies; Zhejiang University; Hangzhou China
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Cardio-Cerebral Vascular Detection Technology and Medicinal Effectiveness Appraisal; Hangzhou China
| | - Hengyi Zhang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Key Laboratory of Biomedical Engineering of Education Ministry; Zhejiang University; Hangzhou 310027 China
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Cardio-Cerebral Vascular Detection Technology and Medicinal Effectiveness Appraisal; Hangzhou China
| | - Xiaoxiang Zheng
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Key Laboratory of Biomedical Engineering of Education Ministry; Zhejiang University; Hangzhou 310027 China
- Qiushi Academy for Advanced Studies; Zhejiang University; Hangzhou China
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Cardio-Cerebral Vascular Detection Technology and Medicinal Effectiveness Appraisal; Hangzhou China
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Alarfaj NA, El-Tohamy MF. Automated Sequential-injection Chemiluminescence Determination of Glucosamine Sulphate via Luminol-Hydrogen Peroxide System. J CHIN CHEM SOC-TAIP 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/jccs.201300187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Henrotin Y, Chevalier X, Herrero-Beaumont G, McAlindon T, Mobasheri A, Pavelka K, Schön C, Weinans H, Biesalski H. Physiological effects of oral glucosamine on joint health: current status and consensus on future research priorities. BMC Res Notes 2013; 6:115. [PMID: 23531101 PMCID: PMC3629992 DOI: 10.1186/1756-0500-6-115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2012] [Accepted: 03/07/2013] [Indexed: 03/19/2023] Open
Abstract
The aim of this paper was to provide an overview of the current knowledge and understanding of the potential beneficial physiological effects of glucosamine (GlcN) on joint health. The objective was to reach a consensus on four critical questions and to provide recommendations for future research priorities. To this end, nine scientists from Europe and the United States were selected according to their expertise in this particular field and were invited to participate in the Hohenheim conference held in August 2011. Each expert was asked to address a question that had previously been posed by the chairman of the conference. Based on a systematic review of the literature and the collection of recent data, the experts documented the effects of GlcN on cartilage ageing, metabolic/kinetic and maintenance of joint health as well as reduction of risk of OA development. After extensive debate and discussion the expert panel addressed each question and a general consensus statement was developed, agreeing on the current state-of-the-art and future areas for basic and clinical studies. This paper summarizes the available evidence for beneficial effects of GlcN on joint health and proposes new insight into the design of future clinical trials aimed at identifying beneficial physiological effect of GlcN on joint tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yves Henrotin
- Bone and Cartilage Research Unit, University of Liège, Institute of Pathology, Level +5, CHU Sart-Tilman, Liège, 4000, Belgium.
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Henrotin Y, Mobasheri A, Marty M. Is there any scientific evidence for the use of glucosamine in the management of human osteoarthritis? Arthritis Res Ther 2012; 14:201. [PMID: 22293240 PMCID: PMC3392795 DOI: 10.1186/ar3657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Glucosamine in its acetylated form is a natural constituent of some glycosaminoglycans (for example, hyaluronic acid and keratan sulfate) in the proteoglycans found in articular cartilage, intervertebral disc and synovial fluid. Glucosamine can be extracted and stabilized by chemical modification and used as a drug or a nutraceutical. It has been approved for the treatment of osteoarthritis (OA) in Europe to promote cartilage and joint health and is sold over the counter as a dietary supplement in the United States. Various formulations of glucosamine have been tested, including glucosamine sulfate and glucosamine hydrochloride. In vitro and in vivo studies have uncovered glucosamine's mechanisms of action on articular tissues (cartilage, synovial membrane and subchondral bone) and justified its efficacy by demonstrating structure-modifying and anti-inflammatory effects at high concentrations. However, results from clinical trials have raised many concerns. Pharmacokinetic studies have shown that glucosamine is easily absorbed, but the current treatment doses (for example, 1,500 mg/day) barely reach the required therapeutic concentration in plasma and tissue. The symptomatic effect size of glucosamine varies greatly depending on the formulation used and the quality of clinical trials. Importantly, the effect size reduces when evidence is accumulated chronologically and evidence for the structure-modifying effects of glucosamine are sparse. Hence, glucosamine was at first recommended by EULAR and OARSI for the management of knee pain and structure improvement in OA patients, but not in the most recent NICE guidelines. Consequently, the published recommendations for the management of OA require revision. Glucosamine is generally safe and although there are concerns about potential allergic and salt-related side effects of some formulations, no major adverse events have been reported so far. This paper examines all the in vitro and in vivo evidence for the mechanism of action of glucosamine as well as reviews the results of clinical trials. The pharmacokinetics, side effects and differences observed with different formulations of glucosamine and combination therapies are also considered. Finally, the importance of study design and criteria of evaluation are highlighted as new compounds represent new interesting options for the management of OA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yves Henrotin
- Bone and Cartilage Research Unit, University of Liège, Institute of Pathology, level 5, CHU Sart-Tilman, 4000 Liège, Belgium.
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Song M, Hang TJ, Wang C, Yang L, Wen AD. Precolumn derivatization LC-MS/MS method for the determination and pharmacokinetic study of glucosamine in human plasma and urine. J Pharm Anal 2011; 2:19-28. [PMID: 29403716 PMCID: PMC5760825 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpha.2011.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2011] [Accepted: 08/30/2011] [Indexed: 10/28/2022] Open
Abstract
A selective precolumn derivatization liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometric (LC-MS/MS) method for the determination of glucosamine in human plasma and urine has been developed and validated. Glucosamine was derivatized by o-phthalaldehyde/3-mercaptopropionic acid. Chromatographic separation was performed on a Phenomenex ODS column (150 mm×4.6 mm, 5 μm) using linear gradient elution by a mobile phase consisting of methanol (A), and an aqueous solution containing 0.2% ammonium acetate and 0.1% formic acid (B) at a flow rate of 1 mL/min. Tolterodine tartrate was used as the internal standard (IS). With protein precipitation by acetonitrile and then the simple one-step derivatization, a sensitive bio-assay was achieved with the lower limit of quantitation (LLOQ) as low as 12 ng/mL for plasma. The standard addition calibration curves suitable for clinical sample analysis showed good linearity over the range of 0.012-8.27 μg/mL in plasma and 1.80-84.1 μg/mL in urine. The fully validated method has been successfully applied to a pharmacokinetic study of compound glucosamine sulfate dispersible tablets in health Chinese volunteers receiving single oral doses at 500, 1000 and 1500 mg of glucosamine sulfate, as well as multiple oral doses of 500 mg t.i.d. for 7 consecutive days.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Song
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Tai-Jun Hang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Cheng Wang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Lin Yang
- Department of Pharmacy, Xijing Hospital, Xi'an 710032, China
| | - Ai-Dong Wen
- Department of Pharmacy, Xijing Hospital, Xi'an 710032, China
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Chaisuwan P, Kongprasertsak T, Sangcakul A, Smith NW, Nachapricha D, Wilairat P, Uraisin K. Direct injection of human serum and pharmaceutical formulations for glucosamine determination by CE-C4D method. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2011; 879:2185-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2011.05.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2011] [Revised: 05/25/2011] [Accepted: 05/31/2011] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Identification and quantification of glucosamine in rabbit cartilage and correlation with plasma levels by high performance liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization-tandem mass spectrometry. Anal Chim Acta 2011; 695:77-83. [PMID: 21601033 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2011.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2011] [Revised: 04/01/2011] [Accepted: 04/02/2011] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
A new HPLC-ESI-MS/MS method for the determination of glucosamine (2-amino-2-deoxy-d-glucose) in rabbit cartilage was developed and optimized. Glucosamine was extracted from cartilage by cryogenic grinding followed by protein precipitation with trichloroacetic acid. The HPLC separation was achieved with a polymer-based amino column using a mobile phase composed of 10mM ammonium acetate (pH 7.5)-acetonitrile (20:80%, v/v) at 0.3 mL min flow rate. d-[1-(13)C]Glucosamine was used as internal standard. Selective detection was performed by tandem mass spectrometry with electrospray source, operating in positive ionization mode and in multiple reaction monitoring acquisition (m/z 180→72 and 181→73 for glucosamine and internal standard, respectively). Limit of quantification was 0.045 ng injected, corresponding to 0.25 μg g⁻¹ in cartilage. Linearity was obtained up to 20 μg g⁻¹ (R(2)>0.991). Precision values (%R.S.D.) were <10%. Accuracy (% bias) ranged from -6.0% to 12%. Mean recoveries obtained at 3 concentration levels were higher than 81% (%R.S.D.≤8%). The method was applied to measure glucosamine levels in rabbit cartilage and plasma after single oral administration of glucosamine sulfate at a dose of 98 mg kg⁻¹(n=6). Glucosamine was present in cartilage in physiological condition before the treatment. After dosing, mean concentration of cartilage glucosamine significantly increased from 461 to 1040 ng g⁻¹. Cartilage glucosamine levels resulted to be well correlated with plasma concentrations, which therefore are useful to predict the target cartilage concentration and its pharmacological activity.
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Guan Y, Tian Y, Li Y, Yang Z, Jia Y, Hang T, Wen A. Application of a liquid chromatographic/tandem mass spectrometric method to a kinetic study of derivative glucosamine in healthy human urine. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2011; 55:181-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2011.01.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2010] [Revised: 12/14/2010] [Accepted: 01/14/2011] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Plomley JB, Jackson RL, Schwen RJ, Greiwe JS. Development of chiral liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry isotope dilution methods for the determination of unconjugated and total S-equol in human plasma and urine. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2011; 55:125-34. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2010.12.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2010] [Revised: 12/15/2010] [Accepted: 12/20/2010] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Use of ultra high performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry to demonstrate decreased serum statin levels after extracorporeal LDL-cholesterol elimination. J Biomed Biotechnol 2010; 2011:912472. [PMID: 21076535 PMCID: PMC2975081 DOI: 10.1155/2011/912472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2010] [Revised: 09/19/2010] [Accepted: 10/13/2010] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background. Using our statin analysis method, it was possible to uncover a significant drop in statin levels (atorvastatin, simvastatin, and metabolites) after extracorporeal LDL-cholesterol elimination (EE) in severe familial hypercholesterolemia (FH). The purpose of this work was to identify the mechanism underlying this drop and its clinical significance as well as to propose measures to optimize a pharmacotherapeutical regimen that can prevent the loss of statins. Methods. Ultra High Performance Liquid Chromatography (UHPLC) connected to the triple quadrupole MS/MS system was used. Patients. A group of long-term treated patients (3–12 years of treatment) with severe FH (12 patients) and treated regularly by LDL-apheresis (immunoadsorption) or haemorheopheresis (cascade filtration) were included in this study. Results. After EE, the level of statins and their metabolites decreased (atorvastatin before/after LDL-apheresis: 8.83/3.46 nmol/l; before/after haemorheopheresis: 37.02/18.94 nmol/l). A specific loss was found (concentration of atorvastatin for LDL-apheresis/haemorheopheresis: 0.28/3.04 nmol/l in washing fluids; 11.07 nmol/l in filters). To prevent substantial loss of statin concentrations, a pharmacotherapeutic regimen with a longer time interval between the dose of statins and EE is recommended (15 hours). Conclusions. A specific loss of statins was found in adsorbent columns and filters. The decrease can be prevented by the suggested dosage scheme.
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