Development and validation of UPLC-MS/MS method for the simultaneous quantification of anaplastic lymphoma kinase inhibitors, alectinib, ceritinib, and crizotinib in Wistar rat plasma with application to bromelain-induced pharmacokinetic interaction

Interaction study between HIV protease inhibitors and alectinib in rats based on an ultra-performance liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry method

We established an ultra-performance liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS/MS) method to measure alectinib concentrations in rat plasma and use it to investigate the effect of HIV protease inhibitors on the pharmacokinetic parameters of alectinib in rats. Acetonitrile was used to precipitate the samples. We used a BEH C18 column to perform chromatographic separation on a UPLC system. The mobile phase comprised 0.1 % formic acid, water, and acetonitrile. Mass spectrometry analysis was conducted using a Xevo TQ-Striple quadrupole tandem mass spectrometer. Alectinib and lorlatinib (internal standard) were measured in MRM mode. The fragment ions were 483.2-396.1 for alectinib and m/z 407.3-228.1 for lorlatinib. The validated UPLC-MS/MS method was used to study drug interactions of atazanavir, darunavir, indinavir, and ritonavir with alectinib in rat plasma. We found atazanavir, darunavir, indinavir, and ritonavir significantly inhibited alectinib metabolism. When administered with atazanavir, darunavir, indinavir, and ritonavir, the AUC0-t of alectinib increased by 94.0 %, 175.7 %, 220.9 %, and 62.4 %, respectively; the clearance of alectinib decreased by 53.4 %, 63.6 %, 67.8 %, and 41.1 %, respectively. In short, we developed an UPLC-MS/MS approach to measure alectinib in rat plasma. Atazanavir, darunavir, indinavir, and ritonavir dramatically inhibited alectinib metabolism. The dosages should be adjusted when using atazanavir, darunavir, indinavir, and ritonavir with alectinib. Real-time monitoring should occur during treatment.

Exploring the Therapeutic Potential of Bromelain: Applications, Benefits, and Mechanisms

Bromelain is a mixture of proteolytic enzymes primarily extracted from the fruit and stem of the pineapple plant (Ananas comosus). It has a long history of traditional medicinal use in various cultures, particularly in Central and South America, where pineapple is native. This systematic review will delve into the history, structure, chemical properties, and medical indications of bromelain. Bromelain was first isolated and described in the late 19th century by researchers in Europe, who identified its proteolytic properties. Since then, bromelain has gained recognition in both traditional and modern medicine for its potential therapeutic effects.

Anticancer properties of bromelain: State-of-the-art and recent trends

Bromelain is a key enzyme found in pineapple (Ananas comosus (L.) Merr.); a proteolytic substance with multiple beneficial effects for human health such as anti-inflammatory, immunomodulatory, antioxidant and anticarcinogenic, traditionally used in many countries for its potential therapeutic value. The aim of this updated and comprehensive review focuses on the potential anticancer benefits of bromelain, analyzing the cytotoxic, apoptotic, necrotic, autophagic, immunomodulating, and anti-inflammatory effects in cancer cells and animal models. Detailed information about Bromelain and its anticancer effects at the cellular, molecular and signaling levels were collected from online databases such as PubMed/MedLine, TRIP database, GeenMedical, Scopus, Web of Science and Google Scholar. The results of the analyzed studies showed that Bromelain possesses corroborated pharmacological activities, such as anticancer, anti-edema, anti-inflammatory, anti-microbial, anti-coagulant, anti-osteoarthritis, anti-trauma pain, anti-diarrhea, wound repair. Nonetheless, bromelain clinical studies are scarce and still more research is needed to validate the scientific value of this enzyme in human cancer diseases.

Crizotinib: A comprehensive profile

Crizotinib, approved in 2011, was the first approved inhibitor targeting anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK) It used for treatment of the patients with metastatic non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) that is anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK) positive. This chapter provides a complete review of crizotinib including nomenclature, physiochemical properties, methods of preparation, identification techniques and various qualitative and quantitative analytical techniques as well as pharmacology of crizotinib. In addition, the chapter also includes review of several methods for separation of crizotinib using chromatographic techniques.