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Liu X, Wang H, Zhang Y, Zhang R, Zhang R, Shi X, Pan F, Qiao D, Xin Q, Liu Z, Zhang Y, Li C, Lang Y, Shao L. A novel heterozygous variant of the SALL1 gene with atypical Townes-Brocks syndrome phenotypes in Chinese family. Nephrology (Carlton) 2024. [PMID: 38584358 DOI: 10.1111/nep.14300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2023] [Revised: 02/29/2024] [Accepted: 03/21/2024] [Indexed: 04/09/2024]
Abstract
Townes-Brocks syndrome (TBS) is an autosomal dominant disorder characterised by the triad of anorectal, thumb, and ear malformations. It may also be accompanied by defects in kidney, heart, eyes, hearing, and feet. TBS has been demonstrated to result from heterozygous variants in the SALL1 gene, which encodes zinc finger protein believed to function as a transcriptional repressor. The clinical characteristics of an atypical TBS phenotype patient from a Chinese family are described, with predominant manifestations including external ear dysplasia, unilateral renal hypoplasia with mild renal dysfunction, and hearing impairment. A novel heterozygous variant c.3060T>A (p.Tyr1020*) in exon 2 of the SALL1 gene was identified in this proband. Pyrosequencing of the complementary DNA of the proband revealed that the variant transcript accounted for 48% of the total transcripts in peripheral leukocytes, indicating that this variant transcript has not undergone nonsense-mediated mRNA decay. This variant c.3060T > A is located at the terminal end of exon 2, proximal to the 3' end of the SALL1 gene, and exerts a relatively minor impact on protein function. We suggest that the atypical TBS phenotype observed in the proband may be attributed to the truncated protein retaining partial SALL1 function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuyan Liu
- Department of Nephrology, the Affiliated Qingdao Municipal Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Hong Wang
- Department of Nephrology, Qingdao Eighth People's Hospital, Qingdao, China
| | - Yiyin Zhang
- Department of Nephrology, the Affiliated Qingdao Municipal Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Ran Zhang
- Department of Nephrology, the Affiliated Qingdao Municipal Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Ruixiao Zhang
- Department of Emergency, Qingdao Hospital, University of Health and Rehabilitation Sciences (Qingdao Municipal Hospital), Qingdao, China
| | - Xiaomeng Shi
- Department of Nephrology, the Affiliated Qingdao Municipal Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Fengjiao Pan
- Department of Nephrology, the Affiliated Qingdao Municipal Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Dan Qiao
- Department of Nephrology, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Qing Xin
- Department of Nephrology, Xinqiao Hospital, Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), Chongqing, China
| | - Zhiying Liu
- Renal Division, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Yan Zhang
- Department of Nephrology, Weifang Medical University, Weifang, China
| | - Changying Li
- Department of Nephrology, the Affiliated Qingdao Municipal Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Yanhua Lang
- Department of Materials, Qingdao Hospital, University of Health and Rehabilitation Sciences (Qingdao Municipal Hospital), Qingdao, China
| | - Leping Shao
- Department of Nephrology, Qingdao Hospital, University of Health and Rehabilitation Sciences (Qingdao Municipal Hospital), Qingdao, China
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Wang Z, Sun Z, Diao Y, Wang Z, Yang X, Jiang B, Wu Y, Liu G. Identification of two novel SALL1 mutations in chinese families with townes-brocks syndrome and literature review. Orphanet J Rare Dis 2023; 18:250. [PMID: 37644569 PMCID: PMC10466882 DOI: 10.1186/s13023-023-02874-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2023] [Accepted: 08/24/2023] [Indexed: 08/31/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Townes-Brocks syndrome is a rare autosomal dominant genetic syndrome caused by mutations in SALL1. The clinical features of Townes-Brocks syndrome are highly heterogonous. Identification of new SALL1 mutations and study of the relation between SALL1 mutations and clinical features can facilitate diagnosis of Townes-Brocks syndrome. METHODS We collected clinical data and blood samples of the two patients and their family members for whole-exome sequencing and Sanger sequencing. Prediction analysis of the SALL1variation protein structure was achieved using Alphafold. The clinical materials and gene sequencing results were analyzed. The clinical materials and gene sequencing results were analyzed. The related literature of Townes-Brocks syndrome were searched and the genotype-renal phenotype analysis was performed combined with this two cases. RESULTS Based on the clinical features and gene sequencing results, the two patients were diagnosed as Townes-Brocks syndrome. Two novel SALL1 mutations (c.878-887del and c.1240G > T) were identified, both of which were pathogenic mutations. The correlation between genotypes and renal phenotypes in Townes-Brocks syndrome patients caused by SALL1 mutation were summarized. CONCLUSION This study identified two novel mutations and provided new insights into the correlation of genotypes and renal phenotypes of Townes-Brocks syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhendong Wang
- Department of Nephrology, Qilu Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, China
- Department of Nephrology, Jining NO.1 People's Hospital, Jining, China
| | - Zhenfu Sun
- Department of Nephrology, Heze Municipal Hospital, Heze, China
| | - Yujie Diao
- Department of Nephrology, Qilu Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Zhouyang Wang
- Department of Nephrology, Qilu Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Xiangdong Yang
- Department of Nephrology, Qilu Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Bei Jiang
- Department of Nephrology, Qilu Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Yumei Wu
- Department of Nephrology, Jining NO.1 People's Hospital, Jining, China
| | - Guangyi Liu
- Department of Nephrology, Qilu Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, China.
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Vodopiutz J, Steurer LM, Haufler F, Laccone F, Garczarczyk-Asim D, Hilkenmeier M, Steinbauer P, Janecke AR. Leri-Weill Dyschondrosteosis Caused by a Leaky Homozygous SHOX Splice-Site Variant. Genes (Basel) 2023; 14:genes14040877. [PMID: 37107635 PMCID: PMC10138022 DOI: 10.3390/genes14040877] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2023] [Revised: 04/01/2023] [Accepted: 04/04/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
SHOX deficiency is a common genetic cause of short stature of variable degree. SHOX haploinsufficiency causes Leri-Weill dyschondrosteosis (LWD) as well as nonspecific short stature. SHOX haploinsufficiency is known to result from heterozygous loss-of-function variants with pseudo-autosomal dominant inheritance, while biallelic SHOX loss-of-function variants cause the more severe skeletal dysplasia, Langer mesomelic dyschondrosteosis (LMD). Here we report for the first time the pseudo-autosomal recessive inheritance of LWD in two siblings caused by a novel homozygous non-canonical, leaky splice-site variant in intron 3 of SHOX: c.544+5G>C. Transcript analyses in patient-derived fibroblasts showed homozygous patients to produce approximately equal amounts of normally spliced mRNA and mRNA with the abnormal retention of intron 3 and containing a premature stop codon (p.Val183Glyfs*31). The aberrant transcript was shown to undergo nonsense-mediated mRNA decay, and thus resulting in SHOX haploinsufficiency in the homozygous patient. Six healthy relatives who are of normal height are heterozygous for this variant and fibroblasts from a heterozygote for the c.544+5G>C variant produced wild-type transcript amounts comparable to healthy control. The unique situation reported here highlights the fact that the dosage of SHOX determines the clinical phenotype rather than the Mendelian inheritance pattern of SHOX variants. This study extends the molecular and inheritance spectrum of SHOX deficiency disorder and highlights the importance of functional testing of SHOX variants of unknown significance in order to allow appropriate counseling and precision medicine for each family individual.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Vodopiutz
- Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Division of Pediatric Pulmonology, Allergology and Endocrinology, Comprehensive Center for Pediatrics, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria
- Vienna Bone and Growth Center, 1130 Vienna, Austria
| | - Lisa-Maria Steurer
- Vienna Bone and Growth Center, 1130 Vienna, Austria
- Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Division of Neonatology, Pediatric Intensive Care and Neuropediatrics, Comprehensive Center for Pediatrics, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Florentina Haufler
- Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Division of Pediatric Pulmonology, Allergology and Endocrinology, Comprehensive Center for Pediatrics, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Franco Laccone
- Institute of Medical Genetics, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | | | - Matthias Hilkenmeier
- Department of Pediatrics I, Medical University of Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Philipp Steinbauer
- Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Division of Neonatology, Pediatric Intensive Care and Neuropediatrics, Comprehensive Center for Pediatrics, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Andreas R Janecke
- Department of Pediatrics I, Medical University of Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
- Division of Human Genetics, Medical University of Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
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4
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Chromosomal Microarray Analysis Identifies a Novel SALL1 Deletion, Supporting the Association of Haploinsufficiency with a Mild Phenotype of Townes-Brocks Syndrome. Genes (Basel) 2023; 14:genes14020258. [PMID: 36833185 PMCID: PMC9956891 DOI: 10.3390/genes14020258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2022] [Revised: 01/15/2023] [Accepted: 01/16/2023] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
SALL1 heterozygous pathogenic variants cause Townes-Brocks syndrome (TBS), a condition with variable clinical presentation. The main features are a stenotic or imperforate anus, dysplastic ears, and thumb malformations, and other common concerns are hearing impairments, foot malformations, and renal and heart defects. Most of the pathogenic SALL1 variants are nonsense and frameshift, likely escaping nonsense-mediated mRNA decay and causing disease via a dominant-negative mechanism. Haploinsufficiency may result in mild phenotypes, but only four families with distinct SALL1 deletions have been reported to date, with a few more being of larger size and also affecting neighboring genes. We report on a family with autosomal dominant hearing impairment and mild anal and skeletal anomalies, in whom a novel 350 kb SALL1 deletion, spanning exon 1 and the upstream region, was identified by array comparative genomic hybridization. We review the clinical findings of known individuals with SALL1 deletions and point out that the overall phenotype is milder, especially when compared with individuals who carry the recurrent p.Arg276Ter mutation, but with a possible higher risk of developmental delay. Chromosomal microarray analysis is still a valuable tool in the identification of atypical/mild TBS cases, which are likely underestimated.
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Lugli L, Rossi C, Ceccarelli PL, Calabrese O, Bedetti L, Miselli F, Bianchini MA, Iughetti L, Berardi A. Townes-Brocks syndrome with craniosynostosis in two siblings. Eur J Med Genet 2022; 65:104642. [PMID: 36252910 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmg.2022.104642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2022] [Revised: 09/07/2022] [Accepted: 10/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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Fang JX, Zhang JS, Wang MM, Liu L. Novel mutation in the SALL1 gene in a four-generation Chinese family with uraemia: A case report. World J Clin Cases 2022; 10:7068-7075. [PMID: 36051141 PMCID: PMC9297417 DOI: 10.12998/wjcc.v10.i20.7068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2021] [Revised: 04/15/2022] [Accepted: 05/28/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Approximately 10% of adults and nearly all children who receive renal replacement therapy have inherited risk factors or are related to genetic factors. In the past, due to the limitations of detection technology and the nonspecific manifestations of uraemia, the etiological diagnosis is unclear. In addition to common monogenic diseases and complex disorders, advanced testing techniques have led to the recognition of more hereditary renal diseases. Here, we report a four-generation Chinese family in which four individuals had a novel SALL1 mutation and presented with uraemia or abnormal urine tests.
CASE SUMMARY A 32-year-old man presented with end-stage renal disease with a 4-year history of dialysis. His father and paternal aunt both had a history of unexplained renal failure with haemodialysis, and his 10-year-old daughter presented with proteinuria. The patient had multiple congenital abnormalities, including bilateral overlapping toes, unilateral dysplastic external ears, and sensorineural hearing loss. His family members also presented with similar defects. Genetic testing revealed that the proband carried a novel heterozygous shift mutation in SALL1_exon 2 (c.3437delG), and Sanger sequencing confirmed the same mutation in all affected family members.
CONCLUSION We report a novel SALL1 exon 2 (c.3437delG) mutation and clinical syndrome with kidney disease, bilateral overlapping toes, unilateral dysplastic external ears, and sensorineural hearing loss in a four-generation Chinese family.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia-Xi Fang
- Department of Nephrology, Zhejiang Provincial People’s Hospital, Affiliated People’s Hospital, Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou 310014, Zhejiang Province, China
- Department of Nephrology, Chinese Medical Nephrology Key Laboratory of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou 310014, Zhejiang Province, China
- Department of Nephrology, Zhejiang Provincial People’s Hospital, Qingdao University, Hangzhou 310014, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Jin-Shi Zhang
- Department of Nephrology, Zhejiang Provincial People’s Hospital, Affiliated People’s Hospital, Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou 310014, Zhejiang Province, China
- Department of Nephrology, Chinese Medical Nephrology Key Laboratory of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou 310014, Zhejiang Province, China
- School of Medicine, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 310018, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Min-Min Wang
- Department of Nephrology, Zhejiang Provincial People’s Hospital, Affiliated People’s Hospital, Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou 310014, Zhejiang Province, China
- Department of Nephrology, Chinese Medical Nephrology Key Laboratory of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou 310014, Zhejiang Province, China
- Department of Nephrology, Zhejiang Provincial People’s Hospital, Qingdao University, Hangzhou 310014, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Lin Liu
- Department of Nephrology, Zhejiang Provincial People’s Hospital, Affiliated People’s Hospital, Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou 310014, Zhejiang Province, China
- Department of Nephrology, Chinese Medical Nephrology Key Laboratory of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou 310014, Zhejiang Province, China
- Department of Nephrology, Zhejiang Provincial People’s Hospital, Qingdao University, Hangzhou 310014, Zhejiang Province, China
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Sills ES, Wood SH. Phenotype from SAMD9 Mutation at 7p21.1 Appears Attenuated by Novel Compound Heterozygous Variants at RUNX2 and SALL1. Glob Med Genet 2021; 9:124-128. [PMID: 35707773 PMCID: PMC9192166 DOI: 10.1055/s-0041-1740018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2021] [Accepted: 10/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Sterile α motif domain-containing protein 9 (SAMD9) is a regulatory protein centrally involved in cell proliferation and apoptosis. Mapped to 7p21.2, variants in
SAMD9
have been reported in <50 pediatric cases worldwide, typically with early lethality. Germline gain-of-function
SAMD9
variants are associated with MIRAGE syndrome (myelodysplasia, infection, restricted growth, adrenal hypoplasia, genital anomalies, and enteropathy). Spalt like transcription factor 1 (SALL1) is a zinc finger transcriptional repressor located at 16q12.1 where only two transcript variants in
SALL1
are known.
RUNX2
(6p21.1) encodes a nuclear protein with a Runt DNA-binding domain critical for osteoblastic differentiation, skeletal morphogenesis, and serves as a scaffold for nucleic acids and regulatory factors involved in skeletal gene expression. RUNX2 and SALL1 are thus both “master regulators” of tissue organization and embryo development. Here, we describe exome sequencing and copy number variants in two previously unknown mutations—R824Q in SAMD9, and Q253H in SALL1. A multiexon 3′ terminal duplication of
RUNX2
not previously encountered is also reported. This is the first known phenotype assessment for an intersection of all three variants in a healthy 46,XX adult. Focusing on developmental progress, ultrastructural renal anatomy, and selected reproductive aspects, we describe this unique genotype diagnosed incidentally during coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) illness. Individually, disruption in
SAMD9, RUNX2,
or
SALL1
would be expected to give a bleak prognosis. However, this variant convergence appears to dampen severe pathology perhaps by cross-gene silencing of effects normally deleterious when such changes occur alone.
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Affiliation(s)
- E. Scott Sills
- Reproductive Research Section, Center for Advanced Genetics, San Clemente, California, United States
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, Palomar Medical Center, Escondido, California, United States
| | - Samuel H. Wood
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, Palomar Medical Center, Escondido, California, United States
- Gen 5 Fertility Center, San Diego, California, United States
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Cox CK, Pandit A, Zawistowski M, Dutta D, Narla G, Swenson CW. Genome-Wide Association Study of Pelvic Organ Prolapse Using the Michigan Genomics Initiative. Female Pelvic Med Reconstr Surg 2021; 27:502-506. [PMID: 34027909 PMCID: PMC9169556 DOI: 10.1097/spv.0000000000001075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The aim of this study was to (1) replicate previously identified genetic variants significantly associated with pelvic organ prolapse and (2) identify new genetic variants associated with pelvic organ prolapse using a genome-wide association study. METHODS Using our institution's database linking genetic and clinical data, we identified 1,329 women of European ancestry with an International Classification of Diseases, Ninth Revision (ICD-9)/ICD-10 code for prolapse, 767 of whom also had Current Procedural Terminology (CPT)/ICD-9/ICD-10 procedure codes for prolapse surgery, and 16,383 women of European ancestry older than 40 years without a prolapse diagnosis code as controls. Patients were genotyped using the Illumina HumanCoreExome chip and imputed to the Haplotype Reference Consortium. We tested 20 million single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) for association with pelvic organ prolapse adjusting for relatedness, age, chip version, and 4 principal components. We compared our results with 18 previously identified genome-wide significant SNPs from the UK Biobank, Commun Biol (2020;3:129), and Obstet Gynecol (2011;118:1345-1353). RESULTS No variants achieved genome-wide significance (P = 5 × 10-8). However, we replicated 4 SNPs with biologic plausibility at nominal significance (P ≤ 0.05): rs12325192 (P = 0.002), rs9306894 (P = 0.05), rs1920568 (P = 0.034), and rs1247943 (P = 0.041), which were all intergenic and nearest the genes SALL1, GDF7, TBX5, and TBX5, respectively. CONCLUSIONS Our replication of 4 biologically plausible previously reported SNPs provides further evidence for a genetic contribution to prolapse, specifically that rs12325192, rs9306894, rs1920568, and rs1247943 may contribute to susceptibility for prolapse. These and previously reported associations that have not yet been replicated should be further explored in larger, more diverse cohorts, perhaps through meta-analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline K. Cox
- University of Pennsylvania Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology
- University of Michigan Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology
| | - Anita Pandit
- University of Michigan Department of Biostatistics
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9
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Anephrogenic phenotype induced by SALL1 gene knockout in pigs. Sci Rep 2019; 9:8016. [PMID: 31142767 PMCID: PMC6541644 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-44387-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2018] [Accepted: 05/13/2019] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
To combat organ shortage in transplantation medicine, a novel strategy has been proposed to generate human organs from exogenous pluripotent stem cells utilizing the developmental mechanisms of pig embryos/foetuses. Genetically modified pigs missing specific organs are key elements in this strategy. In this study, we demonstrate the feasibility of using a genome-editing approach to generate anephrogenic foetuses in a genetically engineered pig model. SALL1 knockout (KO) was successfully induced by injecting genome-editing molecules into the cytoplasm of pig zygotes, which generated the anephrogenic phenotype. Extinguished SALL1 expression and marked dysgenesis of nephron structures were observed in the rudimentary kidney tissue of SALL1-KO foetuses. Biallelic KO mutations of the target gene induced nephrogenic defects; however, biallelic mutations involving small in-frame deletions did not induce the anephrogenic phenotype. Through production of F1 progeny from mutant founder pigs, we identified mutations that could reliably induce the anephrogenic phenotype and hence established a line of fertile SALL1-mutant pigs. Our study lays important technical groundwork for the realization of human kidney regeneration through the use of an empty developmental niche in pig foetuses.
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MUW researcher of the month. Wien Klin Wochenschr 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s00508-018-1331-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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11
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Liberalesso PBN, Cordeiro ML, Karuta SCV, Koladicz KRJ, Nitsche A, Zeigelboim BS, Raskin S, Rauchman M. Phenotypic and genotypic aspects of Townes-Brock syndrome: case report of patient in southern Brazil with a new SALL1 hotspot region nonsense mutation. BMC MEDICAL GENETICS 2017; 18:125. [PMID: 29110636 PMCID: PMC5674755 DOI: 10.1186/s12881-017-0483-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2016] [Accepted: 10/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Background Townes-Brocks syndrome (TBS) is a rare autosomal dominant condition characterized by renal, anal, limb, and auditory abnormalities. TBS diagnosis can be challenging in settings where genetic analysis is not readily available. TBS traits overlap with those of Goldenhar and VACTERL syndromes. Case presentation Here, we present the case of a 5-year-old Brazilian boy born with an anorectal abnormality, limb and external ears malformations, genitourinary anomalies, and a congenital heart defect. Genetic analysis revealed a SALL1 nonsense mutation. The case is discussed in the context of the current literature. Conclusions Because of the variability in TBS clinical presentation, genetic analysis is key to the differential diagnosis of TBS relative to phenotypically similar syndromes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paulo Breno Noronha Liberalesso
- Department of Neuropediatrics, Hospital Pequeno Príncipe, Curitiba, Parana, Brazil.,Universidade Tuiuti do Paraná, Otoneurology Research Center, Curitiba, Parana, Brazil
| | - Mara L Cordeiro
- Neurosciences Research Group, Pelé Pequeno Principe Research Institute, Curitiba, Brazil. .,Faculdades Pequeno Principe, Curitiba, Brazil. .,Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences of the David Geffen School of Medicine, Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, University of California, Los Angeles, USA.
| | | | | | - Anderson Nitsche
- Department of Neuropediatrics, Hospital Pequeno Príncipe, Curitiba, Parana, Brazil
| | | | - Salmo Raskin
- Department of Medical Genetics, Hospital Pequeno Príncipe, Curitiba, Parana, Brazil.,Group for Advanced Molecular Investigation (NIMA), Graduate Program in Health Science (PPGCS), Health and Biosciences School (ESB), Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Paraná (PUCPR), Curitiba, Parana, Brazil
| | - Michael Rauchman
- Department of Internal Medicine (Nephrology), St. Louis University School of Medicine, and St. Louis VA Medical Center, St. Louis, USA
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Buttgereit A, Lelios I, Yu X, Vrohlings M, Krakoski NR, Gautier EL, Nishinakamura R, Becher B, Greter M. Sall1 is a transcriptional regulator defining microglia identity and function. Nat Immunol 2016; 17:1397-1406. [DOI: 10.1038/ni.3585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 333] [Impact Index Per Article: 41.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2016] [Accepted: 09/16/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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13
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Elmakky A, Stanghellini I, Landi A, Percesepe A. Role of Genetic Factors in the Pathogenesis of Radial Deficiencies in Humans. Curr Genomics 2016; 16:264-78. [PMID: 26962299 PMCID: PMC4765521 DOI: 10.2174/1389202916666150528000412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2015] [Revised: 05/20/2015] [Accepted: 05/27/2015] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Radial deficiencies (RDs), defined as under/abnormal development or absence of any of the
structures of the forearm, radial carpal bones and thumb, occur with a live birth incidence ranging
from 1 out of 30,000 to 1 out 6,000 newborns and represent about one third/one fourth of all the congenital
upper limb anomalies. About half of radial disorders have a mendelian cause and pattern of
inheritance, whereas the remaining half appears sporadic with no known gene involved. In sporadic
forms certain anomalies, such as thumb or radial hypoplasia, may occur either alone or in association
with systemic conditions, like vertebral abnormalities or renal defects. All the cases with a mendelian inheritance are syndromic
forms, which include cardiac defects (in Holt-Oram syndrome), bone marrow failure (in Fanconi anemia), platelet
deficiency (in thrombocytopenia-absent-radius syndrome), ocular motility impairment (in Okihiro syndrome). The
genetics of radial deficiencies is complex, characterized by genetic heterogeneity and high inter- and intra-familial clinical
variability: this review will analyze the etiopathogenesis and the genotype/phenotype correlations of the main radial deficiency
disorders in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amira Elmakky
- Medical Genetics, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University Hospital of Modena, Italy
| | - Ilaria Stanghellini
- Medical Genetics, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University Hospital of Modena, Italy
| | - Antonio Landi
- Hand Surgery and Microsurgery, Department of Locomotor System Diseases, University Hospital of Modena, Modena, Italy
| | - Antonio Percesepe
- Medical Genetics, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University Hospital of Modena, Italy
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Mafi Golchin M, Heidari L, Ghaderian SMH, Akhavan-Niaki H. Osteoporosis: A Silent Disease with Complex Genetic Contribution. J Genet Genomics 2016; 43:49-61. [PMID: 26924688 DOI: 10.1016/j.jgg.2015.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2015] [Revised: 10/30/2015] [Accepted: 12/26/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Osteoporosis is the most common multifactorial metabolic bone disorder worldwide with a strong genetic component. In this review, the evidence for a genetic contribution to osteoporosis and related phenotypes is summarized alongside with methods used to identify osteoporosis susceptibility genes. The key biological pathways involved in the skeleton and bone development are discussed with a particular focus on master genes clustered in these pathways and their mode of action. Furthermore, the most studied single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) analyzed for their importance as genetic markers of the disease are presented. New data generated by next-generation sequencing in conjunction with extensive meta-analyses should contribute to a better understanding of the genetic basis of osteoporosis and related phenotype variability. These data could be ultimately used for identifying at-risk patients for disease prevention by both controlling environmental factors and providing possible therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maryam Mafi Golchin
- Department of Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol 4717647745, Iran
| | - Laleh Heidari
- Department of Medical Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences & Health Services, Tehran 1985717443, Iran
| | - Seyyed Mohammad Hossein Ghaderian
- Department of Medical Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences & Health Services, Tehran 1985717443, Iran
| | - Haleh Akhavan-Niaki
- Department of Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol 4717647745, Iran.
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15
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Hirsch S, El-Achkar T, Robbins L, Basta J, Heitmeier M, Nishinakamura R, Rauchman M. A mouse model of Townes-Brocks syndrome expressing a truncated mutant Sall1 protein is protected from acute kidney injury. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2015; 309:F852-63. [DOI: 10.1152/ajprenal.00222.2015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2015] [Accepted: 08/21/2015] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
It has been postulated that developmental pathways are reutilized during repair and regeneration after injury, but functional analysis of many genes required for kidney formation has not been performed in the adult organ. Mutations in SALL1 cause Townes-Brocks syndrome (TBS) and nonsyndromic congenital anomalies of the kidney and urinary tract, both of which lead to childhood kidney failure. Sall1 is a transcriptional regulator that is expressed in renal progenitor cells and developing nephrons in the embryo. However, its role in the adult kidney has not been investigated. Using a mouse model of TBS ( Sall1 TBS), we investigated the role of Sall1 in response to acute kidney injury. Our studies revealed that Sall1 is expressed in terminally differentiated renal epithelia, including the S3 segment of the proximal tubule, in the mature kidney. Sall1 TBS mice exhibited significant protection from ischemia-reperfusion injury and aristolochic acid-induced nephrotoxicity. This protection from acute injury is seen despite the presence of slowly progressive chronic kidney disease in Sall1 TBS mice. Mice containing null alleles of Sall1 are not protected from acute kidney injury, indicating that expression of a truncated mutant protein from the Sall1 TBS allele, while causative of congenital anomalies, protects the adult kidney from injury. Our studies further revealed that basal levels of the preconditioning factor heme oxygenase-1 are elevated in Sall1 TBS kidneys, suggesting a mechanism for the relative resistance to injury in this model. Together, these studies establish a functional role for Sall1 in the response of the adult kidney to acute injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Hirsch
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Saint Louis University, St. Louis, Missouri
- John Cochran Division, Veterans Affairs St. Louis Health Care System, St. Louis, Missouri
| | - Tarek El-Achkar
- Division of Nephrology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana; and
| | - Lynn Robbins
- Department of Internal Medicine (Nephrology), Saint Louis University, St. Louis, Missouri
- John Cochran Division, Veterans Affairs St. Louis Health Care System, St. Louis, Missouri
| | - Jeannine Basta
- Department of Internal Medicine (Nephrology), Saint Louis University, St. Louis, Missouri
- John Cochran Division, Veterans Affairs St. Louis Health Care System, St. Louis, Missouri
| | - Monique Heitmeier
- Department of Internal Medicine (Nephrology), Saint Louis University, St. Louis, Missouri
| | - Ryuichi Nishinakamura
- Institute of Molecular Embryology and Genetics, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Michael Rauchman
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Saint Louis University, St. Louis, Missouri
- Department of Internal Medicine (Nephrology), Saint Louis University, St. Louis, Missouri
- John Cochran Division, Veterans Affairs St. Louis Health Care System, St. Louis, Missouri
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16
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Regulation of chromatin accessibility and Zic binding at enhancers in the developing cerebellum. Nat Neurosci 2015; 18:647-56. [PMID: 25849986 PMCID: PMC4414887 DOI: 10.1038/nn.3995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2015] [Accepted: 03/12/2015] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
To identify chromatin mechanisms of neuronal differentiation, we characterized chromatin accessibility and gene expression in cerebellar granule neurons (CGNs) of the developing mouse. We used DNase-seq to map accessibility of cis-regulatory elements and RNA-seq to profile transcript abundance across postnatal stages of neuronal differentiation in vivo and in culture. We observed thousands of chromatin accessibility changes as CGNs differentiated and verified by H3K27ac ChIP-seq, reporter gene assays, and CRISPR-mediated activation that many of these regions function as neuronal enhancers. Motif discovery within differentially accessible chromatin regions suggested a novel role for the Zic family of transcription factors in CGN maturation. We confirmed the association of Zic with these elements by ChIP-seq, and demonstrated by knockdown that Zic1/2 are required to coordinate mature neuronal gene expression patterns. Together these data reveal chromatin dynamics at thousands of gene regulatory elements that facilitate gene expression patterns necessary for neuronal differentiation and function.
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17
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Kelberman D, Islam L, Lakowski J, Bacchelli C, Chanudet E, Lescai F, Patel A, Stupka E, Buck A, Wolf S, Beales PL, Jacques TS, Bitner-Glindzicz M, Liasis A, Lehmann OJ, Kohlhase J, Nischal KK, Sowden JC. Mutation of SALL2 causes recessive ocular coloboma in humans and mice. Hum Mol Genet 2014; 23:2511-26. [PMID: 24412933 PMCID: PMC3990155 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddt643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Ocular coloboma is a congenital defect resulting from failure of normal closure of the optic fissure during embryonic eye development. This birth defect causes childhood blindness worldwide, yet the genetic etiology is poorly understood. Here, we identified a novel homozygous mutation in the SALL2 gene in members of a consanguineous family affected with non-syndromic ocular coloboma variably affecting the iris and retina. This mutation, c.85G>T, introduces a premature termination codon (p.Glu29*) predicted to truncate the SALL2 protein so that it lacks three clusters of zinc-finger motifs that are essential for DNA-binding activity. This discovery identifies SALL2 as the third member of the Drosophila homeotic Spalt-like family of developmental transcription factor genes implicated in human disease. SALL2 is expressed in the developing human retina at the time of, and subsequent to, optic fissure closure. Analysis of Sall2-deficient mouse embryos revealed delayed apposition of the optic fissure margins and the persistence of an anterior retinal coloboma phenotype after birth. Sall2-deficient embryos displayed correct posterior closure toward the optic nerve head, and upon contact of the fissure margins, dissolution of the basal lamina occurred and PAX2, known to be critical for this process, was expressed normally. Anterior closure was disrupted with the fissure margins failing to meet, or in some cases misaligning leading to a retinal lesion. These observations demonstrate, for the first time, a role for SALL2 in eye morphogenesis and that loss of function of the gene causes ocular coloboma in humans and mice.
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