A Nordic multicenter survey of long-term bowel function after transanal endorectal pull-through in 200 patients with rectosigmoid Hirschsprung disease

Long-term bowel function after single-stage transanal endorectal pull-through in neonatal patients with Hirschsprung disease

BACKGROUND

The aim of this study was to assess long-term outcomes of neonatal patients with Hirschsprung disease (HD) after single-stage transanal endorectal pull-through (TEPT) and to explore the predictive factors contributing to subnormal bowel function.

METHODS

Patients aged > 3 years operated for HD with TEPT during neonatal period between 2007 and 2019 answered the bowel function score (BFS) questionnaire. The patients were retrospectively divided into two groups according to whether they had normal bowel function. The clinical variables were compared between the subnormal and normal BFS groups. Univariate and multivariable logistic regression analysis were performed to identify the predictive factors contributing to subnormal bowel function.

RESULTS

A total of 160 children (71.7%) were included in this study, with mean follow-up time of 7.3 years (range 3.0-15.1 years). The level of aganglionosis were determined to be the short-segment (124/160, 77.5%), long-segment (33/160, 20.6%), and TCA (3/160, 1.9%). One hundred and thirty-four patients (83.8%) had a BFS ≥ 17, and 26 patients (16.2%) with subnormal bowel function (BFS < 17). Univariate and multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that level of aganglionosis with long-segment or TCA and postoperative hospital stay > 8.5 days were independent risk factors with OR of 3.213 (1.252, 8.246) and 3.813 (1.371, 10.606) for subnormal BFS, respectively.

CONCLUSION

Most HD patients who underwent one-stage TEPT in the neonatal period have favorable long-term results, and the level of aganglionosis with long-segment or TCA and long postoperative hospital stay may be closely related to subnormal bowel function.

Diet and bowel function in children with Hirschsprung's disease: development and content validation of a patient-reported questionnaire

BACKGROUND

Although dietary adjustments are recommended frequently for bowel symptoms, evidence of diet's impact on bowel function is lacking. The aim was to develop a patient-reported outcome instrument, for children with and without Hirschsprung's disease (HD), to explore experiences of dietary effects on bowel function.

METHODS

Children with and without HD and their parents participated. Questionnaire items regarding the impact of diet on bowel function originated from focus group discussions. Specific food items, reported in the literature or in focus groups to cause bowel functional effects, were listed requesting each item's effect size and effect type. Content validity was tested within two separate semistructured interviews. A pilot test was performed. Assessing comprehension, relevance and wording clarity structurally, revisions were made accordingly. Children's bowel function was assessed through the validated Rintala Bowel Function Score.

RESULTS

A total of 13 children with and without HD, median age 7 (range 2-15) years, and 18 parents participated in the validation. Each question's relevance had been ranked highly early in the validation process but most questions needed refining for improving clarity and comprehension. Wordings regarding bowel symptoms and emotions connected to food in particular were perceived to be sensitive and complex. Specifically wording regarding some bowel symptoms (gases, pain) and parental stress emotions (guilt, ambivalence) were, consistent with participants' opinions, subjected to multiple step revisions. Following the validation process, which included two semistructure interviews with different participants and then a pilot test with a third cohort, a full track overview of changes and rewording made in all steps of the validation process was presented. The final questionnaire then comprised 13 questions assessing foods' significance for bowel function, emotions, social impact and 90 specific food items' possible effects and effect sizes on bowel function.

CONCLUSIONS

The Diet and Bowel Function questionnaire, enabling answering by children, was developed and the content validated qualitatively. This report presents insights into the whole validation process, declaring reasons for the selected question- and answering options, and their wordings. The Diet and Bowel Function questionnaire can be used as a survey questionnaire to enhance understanding of dietary effects on bowel function in children, and its results can be supportive in improving dietary-treatment programs.

Robotic-assisted proctosigmoidectomy for Hirschsprung’s disease: A multicenter prospective study

BACKGROUND

Robotic surgery is a cutting-edge minimally invasive technique that overcomes many shortcomings of laparoscopic techniques, yet few studies have evaluated the use of robotic surgery to treat Hirschsprung’s disease (HSCR).

AIM

To analyze the feasibility and medium-term outcomes of robotic-assisted proctosigmoidectomy (RAPS) with sphincter- and nerve-sparing surgery in HSCR patients.

METHODS

From July 2015 to January 2022, 156 rectosigmoid HSCR patients were enrolled in this multicenter prospective study. Their sphincters and nerves were spared by dissecting the rectum completely from the pelvic cavity outside the longitudinal muscle of the rectum and then performing transanal Soave pull-through procedures. Surgical outcomes and continence function were analyzed.

RESULTS

No conversions or intraoperative complications occurred. The median age at surgery was 9.50 months, and the length of the removed bowel was 15.50 ± 5.23 cm. The total operation time, console time, and anal traction time were 155.22 ± 16.77, 58.01 ± 7.71, and 45.28 ± 8.15 min. There were 25 complications within 30 d and 48 post-30-d complications. For children aged ≥ 4 years, the bowel function score (BFS) was 17.32 ± 2.63, and 90.91% of patients showed moderate-to-good bowel function. The postoperative fecal continence (POFC) score was 10.95 ± 1.04 at 4 years of age, 11.48 ± 0.72 at 5 years of age, and 11.94 ± 0.81 at 6 years of age, showing a promising annual trend. There were no significant differences in postoperative complications, BFS, and POFC scores related to age at surgery being ≤ 3 mo or > 3 mo.

CONCLUSION

RAPS is a safe and effective alternative for treating HSCR in children of all ages; it offers the advantage of further minimizing damage to sphincters and perirectal nerves and thus providing better continence function.

Sexual function and lower urinary tract symptoms after minimally invasive endorectal pull-through in adolescent males with Hirschsprung disease

BACKGROUND

Effects of colorectal resection on sexual function and the lower urinary tract are inadequately studied in patients with Hirschsprung disease (HD). This study aimed to increase existing knowledge on sexual function and lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS) in HD male adolescents operated with minimally invasive endorectal pull-through (ERPT).

METHODS

Non-syndromic male adolescents (12-18 years) operated with ERPT were invited to participate in this single-center cross-sectional study which included a semi-structured interview on sexual function and LUTS, a questionnaire recording LUTS, and a urodynamic study. Uroflowmetry curves were eligible for evaluation if the voided volume was >50% of expected bladder capacity. Ethical approval and informed consent were obtained.

RESULTS

Of 37 eligible male adolescents, 35 (95%) with a median age of 14.9 (12.0 -18.3) years were included. 94% had rectosigmoid aganglionosis, and 97% underwent a minimally invasive ERPT. 34 (97%) visited the outpatient clinic. The ability to get erections and to ejaculate was assessed in 25/35 (71%) adolescents. 25/25 (100%) could get an erection, and of adolescents ≥15 years 14/15 (93%) could ejaculate. 32 (91%) returned the questionnaire and underwent urodynamic studies. 15/32 (47%) reported LUTS, but most had only sporadic LUTS. 31/32 (97%) were highly satisfied with their bladder function. Sporadic urinary incontinence was reported by 4/32 (13%), but none reported social problems due to this. Of the eligible 28/32 (88%) uroflowmetry curves, 15/28 (54%) were normal.

CONCLUSIONS

Minimally invasive ERPT seems to preserve sexual function and does not induce lower urinary tract symptoms in adolescent HD males.

LEVEL OF EVIDENCE

III.

Pull through for Hirschsprung disease without planned rectal decompression is safe

AIMS

Definitive surgery for Hirschsprung disease (HD) is typically deferred to allow rectal washouts. In contrast, we have performed pull through on the next available operating list following diagnostic biopsy. Our aims are to compare outcomes of surgery without planned decompression vs. surgery where the timing of pull through was deferred.

METHODS

A consecutive series undergoing pull-through. Timing of surgery was at surgeon's discretion and classified as either no planned decompression surgery or other. Outcomes were i) complications graded >3b Clavien-Dindo (CD) within 30d, or ii) a need for a revisional pull through or iii) a post-pull-through stoma. We excluded total colonic aganglionosis.

RESULTS

156 children (116 boys) underwent pull-through. 71 had surgery without planned decompression. The indications for timing in the other 85 were: planned after home washouts (n = 28), planned after stoma (n = 29), diagnostic error (n = 19), prematurity (n = 3), late presentation (n = 2) and other (n = 4). The mean age at surgery in the surgery without planned decompression group was 18 days (range 1-49 days) vs. 310 days (range 14-4084 days). 5/72 (7%) undergoing surgery without planned decompression experienced a complication of ≥CD 3b, compared to 7/85 (8%) of delayed surgery (p = 0.8). 3/71 (4%) of the surgery without planned decompression group required a stoma following pull through compared to 11/83 (13%) of the delayed group (p = 0.059). 5/71 (7%) of the surgery without planned decompression group required revisional pull through compared to 13/85 (15%) of the delayed surgery group (p = 0.1).

CONCLUSIONS

Surgery without planned rectal decompression for HD leads to no increase in significant complications, requirement for stoma or revision. Early definitive surgery is safe, and the use of pre-operative stoma or rectal washouts is not always necessary.

LEVEL OF EVIDENCE

III.

Transanal endorectal or transabdominal pull-through for Hirschsprung's disease; which is better? A systematic review and meta-analysis

AIM

Hesitations concerning the long-term results of transanal endorectal pull-through (TEPT) due to prolonged anal stretching and resultant stricture and continence problems has been started to be questioned. This meta-analysis intended to compare long-term results between TEPT and transabdominal (TAB) pull-through techniques in the surgical management of Hirschsprung's disease.

METHODS

All publications between the years 1998-2021 in the PubMed, Medline, Google Scholar, Cochrane databases were reviewed. Retrospective and prospective comparative studies for TEPT, TAB as well as Laparoscopic-assisted TEPT (LTEPT) were included. Data included age at operation, postoperative constipation, enterocolitis, incontinence, stricture, and soiling rates.

RESULTS

Eighteen publications met the inclusion criteria for TAB and TEPT, and six for TEPT and LTEPT. Patients who underwent TEPT had significantly younger operation age than patients with TAB (SMD - 1.02, 95%Cl - 1.85 to - 0.18, p: 0.0168). Postoperative constipation (OR 0.39, 95% Cl 0.25-0.61 p < 0.0001) and enterocolitis (OR 0.65, 95% Cl 0.46-0.90, p: 0.0108) rates were significantly lower in TEPT groups. Postoperative incontinence (OR 1.06, 95% Cl 0.56-2.01, p: 0.8468), stricture (OR 1.97, 95% Cl 0.81-4.80, p: 0.1352) and soiling rates were similar between the two groups. Furthermore, when TEPT and LTEPT results were compared, incidence of incontinence (OR 7.01, 95% Cl 0.75-65.33, p: 0.0871), constipation (OR 1.95, 95% Cl 0.70-5.37, p: 0.199), enterocolitis (OR 3.16, 95% Cl 0.34-29.55 p: 0.3137), stricture (OR 1.33, 95% Cl 0.29-6.15, p: 0.7188) and soiling (OR 1.57, 95% Cl 0.57-4.31, p: 0.3778) were similar for both techniques.

DISCUSSION

TEPT is superior to TAB in terms of constipation and enterocolitis. Contrary to concerns, postoperative incontinence rates are not statistically different. However, further publications about long-term LTEPT results are necessary for more reliable conclusions.

Physical self-concept and ability to swim in patients born with anorectal malformation and Hirschsprung's disease: a case control study

BACKGROUND

Children with anorectal malformation (ARM) and Hirschsprung's Disease (HD) live with permanent urinary and bowel symptoms, possibly impairing motor development in early childhood. Not being able to swim adds an unnecessary health risk. The aim of this study was to determine the ability to swim and physical self-concept in patients with ARM and HD.

METHODS

We performed an anonymous survey among the members of the national patient organization SoMA e.V. (6 through 25 years). A control group was recruited from our department. Ability to swim, symptom load according to Rintala Score and physical self-concept were recorded using validated questionnaires. Patients were matched with controls according to gender and age. Mean scores and 95%-confidence intervals (95%-CI) were calculated, χ²-test and multiple linear regression models were used as appropriate.

RESULTS

Totally, 83 match-control-pairs were included. Patients learned to swim at a similar age and rate (6.5 years, 95%-CI: 6.1-6.9, 74.7% swimmers) compared to controls (6.4 years, 95%-CI: 6.1-6.8, 79.5% swimmers, p = 0.46). VACTERL patients had a significantly lower swimmer rate (59.1%, p = 0.048). Swimmers had a significantly higher mean Rintala Score (12.5, 95%-CI: 11.6-13.2) compared to non-swimmers (10.4, 95%-CI: 8.1-12.1, p = 0,049). In prepubertal children (6 through 12 years), no difference in physical self-concept was shown compared to controls. Adolescents and young adults with ARM/HD, especially females, had a significantly lower mean score for the subscales of flexibility, speed, endurance and sports competence, independent of bowel symptom load according to Rintala Score.

CONCLUSIONS

Patients with ARM/HD have normal swimming skills and a normal physical self-concept in childhood that decreases with age compared to peers. In adolescence, parents and health care professionals should actively promote physical activity in ARM/HD patients.

One-stage transanal endorectal pull-through for Hirschsprung disease: experience with 229 neonates

OBJECTIVE

To evaluate the safety and efficacy of transanal endorectal pull-through (TEPT) and the long-term outcomes in newborns with Hirschsprung disease (HD).

METHODS

A total of 229 newborns with HD underwent one-stage TEPT between 2007 and 2020, and the diagnoses were confirmed by rectal biopsy. The perioperative clinical course for all patients was reviewed, and the postoperative short- and long-term outcomes were assessed.

RESULTS

A total of 229 neonates (187 male and 42 female) had a median age at TEPT of 17 days (range 6-28 days). Sixty-eight patients (29.7%) underwent TEPT combined with an abdominal approach or laparoscopy. Early postoperative complications (using the Clavien-Dindo grading system) were documented in 36 patients (15.7%), and late postoperative complications were noted in 9 patients (3.9%). The follow-up period in the remaining 165 children ranged from 1.2 to 14.0 years (median 5.0 years). A total of 106 of the patients older than four years old took part in an interview about bowel function, and 85 patients (80.2%) had bowel function scores (BFS) ≥ 18.

CONCLUSION

TEPT is effective and safe for HD in the neonatal period and presents with a low rate of complications and an acceptable outcome.

Quality of life outcomes in children after surgery for Hirschsprung disease and anorectal malformations: a systematic review and meta-analysis

Background

No systematic review and meta-analysis to date has examined multiple child and parent-reported social and physical quality of life (QoL) in pediatric populations affected by Hirschsprung’s disease (HD) and anorectal malformations (ARM). The objective of this systematic review is to quantitatively summarize the parent-reported and child-reported psychosocial and physical functioning scores of such children.

Methods

Records were sourced from the CENTRAL, EMBASE, and MEDLINE databases. Studies that reported child and parent reported QoL in children with HD and ARM, regardless of surgery intervention, versus children without HD and ARM, were included. The primary outcome was the psychosocial functioning scores, and the secondary outcomes were the presence of postoperative constipation, postoperative obstruction symptoms, fecal incontinence, and enterocolitis. A random effects meta-analysis was used.

Results

Twenty-three studies were included in the systematic review, with 11 studies included in the meta-analysis. Totally, 1678 total pediatric patients with HD and ARM underwent surgery vs 392 healthy controls. Pooled parent-reported standardized mean (SM) scores showed better social functioning after surgery (SM 91.79, 95% CI (80.3 to 103.3), I2=0). The pooled standardized mean difference (SMD) showed evidence for parent-reported incontinence but not for constipation in children with HD and ARM after surgery that had a lower mean QoL score compared with the normal population (SMD −1.24 (-1.79 to –0.69), I2=76% and SMD −0.45, 95% CI (−1.12 to 0.21), I2=75%). The pooled prevalence of child-reported constipation was 22% (95% CI (16% to 28%), I2=0%). The pooled prevalence of parent-reported postoperative obstruction symptoms was 61% (95% CI (41% to 81%), I2=41%).

Conclusion

The results demonstrate better social functioning after surgery, lower QoL scores for incontinence versus controls, and remaining constipation and postoperative obstruction symptoms after surgery in children with HD and ARM.

Comparison of clinical outcomes after total transanal and laparoscopic assisted endorectal pull-through in patients with rectosigmoid Hirschsprung disease

BACKGROUND

Total transanal (TERPT) and laparoscopic endorectal pull-through (LERPT) are the most common procedures to treat rectosigmoid Hirschsprung's disease (HD). Since few studies have compared the two methods, we aimed to assess clinical outcomes after TERPT and LERPT in this cross-sectional study.

METHODS AND PATIENTS

All patients with rectosigmoid HD operated with TERPT and LERPT between 2001 and 2018 were eligible. Peri-operative data were registered from patients' records, and bowel function was assessed according to the Krickenbeck classification.

RESULTS

91/97 (94%) patients were included; 46 operated with TERPT and 45 with LERPT. Bowel function was assessed in 80 patients at median seven (4-17) years. There was no difference in functional outcome between the procedures. Unplanned procedures under general anesthesia were frequent; 28% after TERPT and 49% after LERPT (p = 0.04). 11% of TERPT and 29% of LERPT patients got botulinum toxin injections (p = 0.03). In the TERPT group, patients operated in the neonatal period had poorer outcome (78%) than those operated later (24%) (p = 0.005). No difference in operative time, length of hospital stay, and rate of early and late complications was found between the procedures.

CONCLUSION

There was no difference in long-term bowel function in patients with rectosigmoid HD operated with TERPT or LERPT. More LERPT patients had an unplanned procedure under general anesthesia, mostly due to obstructive symptoms.

LEVEL OF EVIDENCE

III.

The Transition of Care for Patients with Anorectal Malformations and Hirschsprung Disease: A European Survey

This study aimed at evaluating how transition of care is currently being organized in the European Reference Networks (ERNs) health care providers (HCPs) in pediatric areas and in the Anorectal Malformation Network (ARM-Net) Consortium hospitals. An online questionnaire was sent to a total of 80 surgeons, members of or affiliated members of three networks: ARM-Net Consortium, ERN eUROGEN, and ERN ERNICA. Complete information were obtained for 45 HCPs, most of which deal with transition and still see a few adult patients (ca. 10%). Gynecological, gastroenterological, urological, colorectal, and continence issues were the major problems described by adult patients to their physicians, and in line with these prevalent complaints, they are referred to the appropriate adult specialists. Forty percent of patients complain about sexual and fertility problems, but the percentage of andrologists and sexologists involved in the caring of adult patients with ARM/Hirschsprung's disease is low, just above 10.9%. Most hospitals deal with transition, but three basic criteria (i.e., presence of: [1] an official written transitional program, [2] a transitional coordinator, and [3] written information on transition to be handled to patients) are jointly met only by six HCPs. According to the responders, the most important issue requiring improvement is the lack of interest and of specific preparation by adult specialists. The overall results of this exploratory survey confirm the need for the development of comprehensive programs for transition in these rare and complex diseases, and identify the hospitals that, in collaboration with the networks, could share best practices in organizing structured transitional pathways and well follow-ups.

Long-term functional outcomes of patients with Hirschsprung disease following pull-through

BACKGROUND

Hirschsprung disease (HSCR) is a common congenital disorder presenting with functional obstruction due to aganglionosis of the colon. There are numerous types of pull-through surgery for managing HSCR, such as transabdominal endorectal (Soave), Swenson, Duhamel, transanal endorectal pull-through (TEPT), and laparoscopic (Georgeson) approach. Here, we aimed to describe the long-term outcome of patients with HSCR who underwent transabdominal Soave, Duhamel, and TEPT in our institution.

METHODS

We performed a cross-sectional analysis for patients who underwent Duhamel, Soave, and TEPT at our institution from January 2012 to December 2015. Long-term functional outcome was determined by bowel function score (BFS). The BFS was obtained by interviewing patients who had completed at least three years of follow-up.

RESULTS

Twenty-five patients were included in this study who underwent transabdominal Soave (n = 8), Duhamel (n = 4), and TEPT (n = 13). There were 24 patients with short aganglionosis type. The median age of HSCR diagnosis was 10 (IQR = 1-39) months, while the median age of pull-through surgery was 17 (IQR = 7-47) months. The median follow-up of BFS level for HSCR patients after pull-through was 72 (IQR, 54-99) months. There were 11 patients with good BFS level and 10 patients with normal BFS level. Additionally, 50% of Duhamel patients had poor BFS level, while 50% of Soave patients had good BFS level, and 54% of TEPT patients had normal BFS level (p = 0.027). As many as 50% of Duhamel patients showed daily soiling and required protective aids, while 38.5% of TEPT had staining less than 1/week and no change of underwear required, and 50% of Soave patients revealed no soiling, respectively (p = 0.030). Furthermore, 75% of Duhamel patients had accidents, while 75% of Soave and 46.2% of TEPT patients had no accidents (p = 0.035).

CONCLUSION

Our study shows that the type of definitive surgery might affect the long-term bowel functional outcome; particularly, the TEPT approach might have some advantages over the transabdominal Soave and Duhamel procedures.

Hirschsprung disease outcomes

Hirschsprung disease (HD) is a complex surgical and medical problem that appears to have varied health and social outcomes with the age and neurodevelopmental state of patients. In general, long-term outcomes are thought to be good for the majority of patients despite recognized problems with constipation and/or fecal incontinence. However, there are no universally accepted pathways regarding post-operative bowel management programs nor clearly defined follow-up pathways making the current outcome measures difficult to interpret. Further, other factors that may influence outcome including age at the time of procedure and procedure type continue to lack consensus. Improved support of children in resource limited environments and during periods of transition into the adult medical care environment are needed to improve outcome.  Recent proliferation of multidisciplinary care teams and consortia may help to better understand outcomes and address current knowledge gaps. Continuing these collaborations will be imperative to continuing improvements in care which may ultimately impact outcome.

Optimal timing for Soave primary pull-through in short-segment Hirschsprung disease: A meta-analysis

BACKGROUND

The optimal age for endorectal pull-through (ERPT) surgery in infants with short-segment Hirschsprung disease varies, with a trend toward earlier surgery. However, it is unclear if the timing of surgery impacts functional outcomes. We undertook the present study to determine the optimal timing of ERPT in infants with short-segment Hirschsprung disease.

METHODS

The NCBI PubMed database was searched for English-language manuscripts published between 2000 and 2019 analyzing functional outcomes for patient following the initial Soave ERPT for short-segment Hirschsprung disease. Raw data from these studies was obtained from the corresponding author for each manuscript. We combined data from these papers with our own institutional data and performed a meta-analysis.

RESULTS

A total of 780 infants were included in our meta-analysis. Constipation occurred in 1.0-31.7%, soiling 1.3-26.0%, anastomotic stricture 0.0-14.6%, and anastomotic leak 0.0-3.4%. Regarding age at ERPT, younger infants at the time of initial corrective surgery had higher rates of soiling, stricture, and leak. On sub-group analysis, patients <2.5 months at their initial corrective surgery had higher rates of soiling (25.9% vs. 11.4%, p<0.01), as well as stricture (10.0% vs 1.7%, p<0.01) and leak (5.5% vs 1.3%, p<0.01).

CONCLUSION

While age at Soave endorectal pull-through for short-segment Hirschsprung disease has decreased over time, functional outcomes associated with this trend have only recently been examined. Our findings suggest that patients <2.5 months old at the time of endorectal pull-through may have worse functional outcomes, emphasizing the need to consider further study of the timing of surgery in this population.

Functional Outcomes After Surgery for Total Colonic, Long-Segment, Versus Rectosigmoid Segment Hirschsprung Disease

OBJECTIVES

Knowledge on long-term outcomes in patients with Hirschsprung disease is progressing. Nevertheless, differences in outcomes according to aganglionic lengths are unclear. We compared long-term bowel function and generic quality of life in Hirschsprung patients with total colonic or long-segment versus rectosigmoid aganglionosis.

METHODS

In this nationwide, cross-sectional study participants with proven Hirschsprung disease received the Defecation and Fecal Continence questionnaire, and the Child Health Questionnaire Child Form-87, or the WHO Quality of Life-100. We excluded deceased patients, patients who were younger than 8 years, lived abroad, had a permanent enterostomy, or were intellectually impaired.

RESULTS

The study population (n = 334) was operated for rectosigmoid (83.9%), long-segment (8.7%), or total colonic aganglionosis (7.5%). Fecal incontinence in general was not significantly different between the three groups, but liquid fecal incontinence was significantly associated with total colonic aganglionosis (odds ratio [OR] = 6.00, 95% confidence interval [CI] 2.07-17.38, P = 0.001). Regarding constipation, patients with total colonic or long-segment aganglionosis were less likely to suffer from constipation than the rectosigmoid group (OR = 0.21, 95% CI, 0.05-0.91, P = 0.038 and OR = 0.11, 95% CI, 0.01-0.83, P = 0.032). Quality of life was comparable between the three groups, except for a lower physical score in children with total colonic aganglionosis (P = 0.016).

CONCLUSIONS

Over time Hirschsprung patients with total colonic or long-segment aganglionosis do not suffer from worse fecal incontinence in general. A difference in stool consistency may underlie the association between liquid fecal incontinence and total colonic aganglionosis and constipation in patients with rectosigmoid aganglionosis. Despite these differences, generic quality of life is comparable on reaching adulthood.

Comparison of clinical features and prognosis between ultrashort-segment and short-segment hirschsprung disease

OBJECTIVE

To compare the differences in clinical features, postoperative complications, and long-term bowel function outcomes of ultrashort-segment Hirschsprung disease (USHD) and short-segment Hirschsprung disease (SHD).

METHODS

A retrospective study was conducted to compare patients with USHD or SHD who underwent transanal endorectal pull-through (TEPT) at Beijing Children's Hospital between January 2014 and June 2021. Clinical details were collected from medical records. A long-term bowel function questionnaire (age > 4 years old) was completed by the patients' parents.

RESULTS

A total of 84 patients (USHD = 15, SHD = 69) were included. Age at diagnosis and radical surgery in the USHD group were significantly older than the SHD group (46 [38, 66] vs. 34 [6, 55] months, p = 0.002; 51 [39, 68] vs. 37 [10, 68] months, p = 0.001, respectively). Compared with the SHD group, patients with USHD are more likely to suffer anastomosis leakage and postoperative enterocolitis after TEPT ([3/15, 33.3%] vs. [1/69, 1.4%], p = 0.017; [5/15, 33.3%] vs. [6/69, 8.7%], p = 0.023). In addition, patients in the USHD group are inclined to suffer lower bowel function scores (12.0 [7.5, 18.3] vs. 17 [15, 19], p = 0.018).Patients in the USHD group were more likely to suffer poorer ability to hold back defecation (p = 0.023), soiling (p = 0.011), fecal accidents (p = 0.004), and social problems (p = 0.004).

CONCLUSION

Compared with patients with SHD, patients with USHD are diagnosed and performed TEPT at an older age. and they are inclined to suffer postoperative enterocolitis, anastomosis leakage, and poorer long-term bowel function following TEPT.

Diet plays a central role in parental self-treatment of children with Hirschsprung's disease-a qualitative study

AIM

Hirschsprung's disease is a congenital disorder requiring surgery. Most children operated on for Hirschsprung's disease experience postoperative bowel dysmotility. Although various food is known to influence bowel motility, evidence of diet's role and dietary guidelines in treatment of bowel dysfunction in Hirschsprung's disease is lacking. The aim was to explore parental experiences of dietary effects on bowel function in children with Hirschsprung's disease.

METHODS

A qualitative study including three focus groups with ten parents of children with Hirschsprung's disease at a national Hirschsprung's disease centre. Data were analysed through content analysis.

RESULTS

Parents emphasised diet as a strong influencer on their child's bowel function in Hirschsprung's disease. They expressed great concerns about their responsibility and strived hard to explore and adjust dietary habits to control the child's bowel function. Families' daily and social lives were influenced by the child's diet and bowel function. The parents desired dietary support and guidelines to improve their confidence in self-treatment of Hirschsprung's disease.

CONCLUSION

Dietary habits play a key role in parental self-treatment of bowel function in their children with Hirschsprung's disease. Dietary guidelines for patients with Hirschsprung's disease are anticipated.

Management and outcomes for long-segment Hirschsprung disease: A systematic review from the APSA Outcomes and Evidence Based Practice Committee

OBJECTIVE

Long-Segment Hirschsprung Disease (LSHD) differs clinically from short-segment disease. This review article critically appraises current literature on the definition, management, outcomes, and novel therapies for patients with LSHD.

METHODS

Four questions regarding the definition, management, and outcomes of patients with LSHD were generated. English-language articles published between 1990 and 2018 were compiled by searching PubMed, Scopus, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, Web of Science, and Google Scholar. A qualitative synthesis was performed.

RESULTS

66 manuscripts were included in this systematic review. Standardized nomenclature and preoperative evaluation for LSHD are recommended. Insufficient evidence exists to recommend a single method for the surgical repair of LSHD. Patients with LSHD may have increased long-term gastrointestinal symptoms, including Hirschsprung-associated enterocolitis (HAEC), but have a quality of life similar to matched controls. There are few surgical technical innovations focused on this disorder.

CONCLUSIONS

A standardized definition of LSHD is recommended that emphasizes the precise anatomic location of aganglionosis. Prospective studies comparing operative options and long-term outcomes are needed. Translational approaches, such as stem cell therapy, may be promising in the future for the treatment of long-segment Hirschsprung disease.

Long-term surgical and patient-reported outcomes of Hirschsprung Disease

BACKGROUND

Information is needed regarding the complex relationships between long-term functional outcomes and health-related quality of life (HRQoL) in Hirschsprung's Disease (HSCR). We describe long-term outcomes across multiple domains, completing a core outcome set through to adulthood.

METHODS

HSCR patients operated at a single center over a 35-year period (1978-2013) were studied. Patients completed detailed questionnaires on bowel and urologic function, and HRQOL. Patients with learning disability (LD) were excluded. Outcomes were compared to normative data. Data are reported as median [IQR] or mean (SD).

RESULTS

186 patients (median age 28 [18-32] years; 135 males) completed surveys. Bowel function was reduced (BFS 17 [14-19] vs. 19 [19-20], p < 0•0001;η² = 0•22). Prevalence and severity of fecal soiling and fecal awareness improved with age (p < 0•05 for both). Urinary incontinence was more frequent than controls, most of all in 13-26y females (65% vs. 31%,p = 0•003). In adults, this correlated independently with constipation symptoms (OR 3.18 [1.4-7.5],p = 0.008). HRQoL outcomes strongly correlated with functional outcome: 42% of children demonstrated clinically significant reductions in overall PedsQL score, and poor bowel outcome was strongly associated with impaired QOL (B = 22•7 [12•7-32•7],p < 0•001). In adults, GIQLI scores were more often impacted in patients with extended segment disease. SF-36 scores were reduced relative to population level data in most domains, with large effect sizes noted for females in General Health (g = 1.19) and Social Wellbeing (g = 0.8).

CONCLUSION

Functional impairment is common after pull-through, but bowel function improves with age. Clustering of poor functional outcomes across multiple domains identifies a need for early recognition and long-term support for these patients.

Reoperative techniques and management in Hirschsprung disease: a narrative review

The majority of children who undergo operative management for Hirschsprung disease have favorable results. A subset of patients, however, have long-term dysfunctional stooling, characterized by either frequent soiling or obstructive symptoms. The evaluation and management of a child with poor function after pull-through for Hirschsprung disease should be conducted by an experienced multidisciplinary team. A systematic workup is focused on detecting pathologic and anatomic causes of pull-through dysfunction. This includes an exam under anesthesia, pathologic confirmation including a repeat biopsy, and a contrast enema, with additional studies depending on the suspected etiology. Obstructive symptoms may be due to technique-specific types of mechanical obstruction, histopathologic obstruction, or dysmotility-each of which may benefit from reoperative surgery. The causes of soiling symptoms include loss of the dentate line and damage to the anal sphincter, which generally do not benefit from revision of the pull-through, and pseudo-incontinence, which may reveal underlying obstruction. A thorough understanding of the types of complications associated with various pull-through techniques aids in the evaluation of a child with postoperative dysfunction. Treatment is specifically tailored to the patient, guided by the etiology of the patient's symptoms, with options ranging from bowel management to redo pull-through procedure. This review details the workup and management of patients with complications after pull-through, with a focus on the perioperative management and technical considerations for those who require reoperation.

Comparison of Hirschsprung Disease Characteristics between Those with a History of Postoperative Enterocolitis and Those without: Results from the Pediatric Colorectal and Pelvic Learning Consortium

INTRODUCTION

 The current understanding of Hirschsprung-associated enterocolitis (HAEC) is based mainly on single-center, retrospective studies. The aims of this study are to determine risk factors for postoperative HAEC using the Pediatric Colorectal and Pelvic Learning Consortium (PCPLC) database.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

 We performed a multicenter, retrospective, case-control study of children with Hirschsprung disease (HD) who had undergone a pull-through procedure and were evaluated at a PCPLC member site between February 2017 and March 2020. The cohort with a history of postoperative HAEC was compared with that without postoperative episodes of HAEC to determine relevant associations with postoperative HAEC.

RESULTS

 One-hundred forty of 299 (46.8%) patients enrolled had a history of postoperative HAEC. Patients with a rectosigmoid transition zone had a lower association with postoperative HAEC as compared with those with a more proximal transition zone (odds ratio [OR]: 0.46, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.26, 0.84, p < 0.01). Private insurance was protective against postoperative HAEC on univariate analysis (OR: 0.62, 95% CI: 0.38, 0.99, p = 0.047), but not on multivariate analysis (OR: 0.62, 95% CI: 0.37, 1.04, p = 0.07). Preoperative HAEC was not associated with the development of postoperative HAEC.

CONCLUSION

 Patients with a rectosigmoid transition zone have less postoperative HAEC compared with patients with a more proximal transition zone. Multi-institutional collection of clinical information in patients with HD may allow for the identification of additional risk factors for HAEC and afford the opportunity to improve care.

Functional outcomes of patients with short-segment Hirschsprung disease after transanal endorectal pull-through

Background

Transanal endorectal pull-through (TEPT) is considered the most preferable treatment method for Hirschsprung disease (HSCR) since it is less invasive and has fewer morbidities than transabdominal pull-through. Here, functional outcomes in short-segment HSCR patients after TEPT were assessed and associated with the prognostic factors.

Methods

Krickenbeck classification was used to assess the functional outcomes in patients with HSCR after TEPT surgery at our institution from 2012 to 2020.

Results

Fifty patients were involved in this study. Voluntary bowel movement (VBM) was achieved in 82% of subjects. Nine (18%) subjects had soiling grade 1, while two (4%) and two (4%) patients suffered constipation that was manageable with diet and laxative agents, respectively. Patients who underwent TEPT at ≥ 4 years old tended to have soiling more than patients who underwent TEPT at < 4 years old (OR = 16.47 [95% CI 0.9–301.61]; p = 0.06), whereas patients with post-operative complications had 10.5-fold higher risk for constipation than patients without post-operative complications (p = 0.037; 95% CI 1.15–95.92). Multivariate analysis showed male sex was significantly associated with VBM (OR = 9.25 [95% CI 1.34–63.77]; p = 0.024), while post-operative complications were strongly correlated with constipation (OR = 10 [95% CI 1.09–91.44]; p = 0.04).

Conclusions

The functional outcomes of HSCR patients after TEPT in our institution are considered relatively good. Moreover, the VBM, soiling, and constipation risk after TEPT might be affected by sex, age at TEPT performed, and post-operative complications, respectively, while the age at TEPT performed might not be associated with functional outcomes. Further multicenter studies with a larger sample size are necessary to clarify and confirm our findings.

Reaching adulthood with Hirschsprung's disease: Patient experiences and recommendations for transitional care

BACKGROUND/PURPOSE

The need for transitional care has gained increased focus in the treatment of patients with congenital colorectal disorders. We aimed to acquire in-depth knowledge about the experiences of adult patients with Hirschsprung's disease (HD) and their suggestions for transitional care.

METHODS

Binational study applying gender equal focus group interviews (FGI).

RESULTS

Seventeen (9 men) of 52 invited patients with median age 29 (19-43) years participated. Three themes evolved from the FGI. "Scarred body and soul" describes the somatic and psychosocial challenges the patients experienced and "limited health literacy on HD" refers to the patients' lack of HD knowledge. "Absent transition" depicts missing transitional care and the patients' inability to find adult HD specialists. The adult HD patients strongly recommended transitional care from early teens with focus on information about HD and establishment of a peer-to-peer program. They also emphasized the possibility of being referred to a pelvic floor center.

CONCLUSIONS

HD negatively influences patients' somatic and psychosocial health in childhood, adolescence and adulthood. Adult HD patients strongly recommend transitional care from early teens and the possibility for referral to a center working with pelvic floor dysfunctions.

LEVEL OF EVIDENCE

IV TYPE OF RESEARCH: Clinical.

Evaluation of Bowel Function, Urinary Tract Function, and Quality of Life after Transanal Endorectal Pull-Through Surgery for Hirschsprung's Disease

INTRODUCTION

 The objective of this study is to determine short-term complications and evaluate long-term bowel function, lower urinary tract symptoms, and quality of life (QoL) in patients treated for Hirschsprung's disease (HSCR) with transanal endorectal pull-though (TERPT) compared with healthy controls.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

 This cross-sectional case-control study included 30 HSCR patients treated with TERPT in 2006 to 2014 at Karolinska University Hospital, and 30 healthy controls matched for age and gender. Data on short-term complications were compiled from medical records and classified according to Clavien-Dindo. Bowel function and QoL were evaluated with the validated questionnaires bowel function score and KIDSCREEN-52. Lower urinary tract symptoms were evaluated through an 8-item lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS) questionnaire.

RESULTS

 Six (20%) patients had a short-term postoperative complication according to Clavien-Dindo, with insufficient pain management being the most common complication. The median age at follow-up was 7 years (range = 4-11). Median bowel function score was significantly lower in HSCR patients than in controls, 14 versus 19 (p < 0.001). Twenty-one of the HSCR patients reported impaired bowel function compared with two of the controls (p < 0.001). The overall prevalence of LUTS was 11 (38%) in the HSCR patients compared with seven (23%) in the controls (p = 0.751). HSCR patients reported a slightly lower QoL in the KIDSCREEN domain "financial resources" compared with controls (p = 0.008).

CONCLUSION

 According to Clavien-Dindo, short-term postoperative complications occurred in 20% of the patients. Impaired bowel function persists throughout childhood for most HSCR patients. The prevalence of LUTS and QoL is not affected in HSCR patients compared with controls.

Outcomes in Hirschsprung's disease with coexisting learning disability

This study describes functional and health-related quality of life (HRQoL) outcomes in patients with Hirschsprung's disease (HSCR) with associated learning disability or neurodevelopmental delay (LD), completing a core outcome set for HSCR. This was a cross-sectional study from a tertiary pediatric surgery center. Patients treated between 1977 and 2013 were prospectively contacted to complete an outcomes survey. Children under 12 and older patients with LD were assisted to complete these by a proxy. Bowel and urologic function were assessed (Rintala's BFS and modified DanPSS) along with HRQoL (PedsQL/GIQLI/SF-36). Thirty-two patients with LD were compared to 186 patients with normal cognition. Patients with LD had 76% survival over the follow-up period, compared to 99% in the remainder of the cohort. Poor functional outcomes were common in the patients with LD, considerably higher than cognitively normal patients: with weekly issues withholding stool, soiling and fecal accidents in over half of patients surveyed (44-60%), and urinary incontinence in 46%. Use of permanent stoma was significantly higher (22% vs. 4%; p = 0.001). HRQoL was worse in domains of physical functioning in adults and children but not for social or emotional domains in adults. Subgroup analysis of patients with Down syndrome suggested similar functional results but better QoL. Multivariate analysis demonstrated a dramatically higher incidence of poor continence outcomes in patients with LD (adjusted OR 9.6 [4.0-23]).Conclusions: We provide LD-specific outcomes showing inferior function but similar HRQoL to other patients with HSCR, this is much needed in the counselling of families of these children. What is Known: • Hirschsprung's disease is commonly associated with syndromes or other anomalies with resultant cognitive impairments. • The outcomes for these patients specifically have been poorly described in the literature. What is New: • Objective functional and quality of life surveys demonstrate significant differences from patients without cognitive impairment. • Patients with learning disability Patients with associated LD were almost ten times more likely to have an associated poor functional outcome, with very little impact on proxy-reported quality of life.

Bowel function after transanal endorectal pull-through for Hirschsprung disease - does outcome improve over time?

BACKGROUND

The reported functional outcome in patients operated with transanal endorectal pull-through (ERPT) for Hirschsprung disease (HD) varies greatly. Some studies suggest better functional outcome in older than in younger HD patients, but there are almost no longitudinal studies that have demonstrated such improvement. Therefore, we aimed to compare functional outcome in a cohort of HD patients over time to assess whether bowel function improves with increasing age.

METHODS

Functional outcome in HD patients operated with ERPT from 1998 to 2007 was recorded by standardized interviews by an independent investigator during 2008-2011 and again in 2017/2018. Bowel function was assessed using the Krickenbeck questionnaire. Clinical data were collected prospectively.

RESULTS

50 of the original 62 patients responded for a second interview. Median age at the two interviews was 8,1 (3,4-16,6) and 15,4 (9,9-25) years respectively. There was no difference in the rate of soiling at first (52%) and second (52%) follow-up. Constipation was reported in 20% of the patients at first, and in 24% at second follow-up. Bowel management was used by 30% and 32% at first and second interview respectively.

CONCLUSION

Soiling and constipation are common in HD patients several years after surgery, and no improvement of bowel function with increasing age could be demonstrated.

LEVEL OF EVIDENCE

Level II.

ERNICA guidelines for the management of rectosigmoid Hirschsprung's disease

BACKGROUND

Hirschsprung's disease (HSCR) is a serious congenital bowel disorder with a prevalence of 1/5000. Currently, there is a lack of systematically developed guidelines to assist clinical decision-making regarding diagnostics and management.

AIMS

This guideline aims to cover the diagnostics and management of rectosigmoid HSCR up to adulthood. It aims to describe the preferred approach of ERNICA, the European Reference Network for rare inherited and congenital digestive disorders.

METHODS

Recommendations within key topics covering the care pathway for rectosigmoid HSCR were developed by an international workgroup of experts from 8 European countries within ERNICA European Reference Network from the disciplines of surgery, medicine, histopathology, microbiology, genetics, and patient organization representatives. Recommendation statements were based on a comprehensive review of the available literature and expert consensus. AGREE II and GRADE approaches were used during development. Evidence levels and levels of agreement are noted.

RESULTS

Thirty-three statements within 9 key areas were generated. Most recommendations were based on expert opinion.

CONCLUSION

In rare or low-prevalence diseases such as HSCR, there remains limited availability of high-quality clinical evidence. Consensus-based guidelines for care are presented.

Long-term outcomes and quality of life of patients with Hirschsprung disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis

BACKGROUND

Advances in surgical techniques and perioperative care have improved the short- and mid-term postoperative outcomes of patients with Hirschsprung disease (HD). However, the long-term outcomes of these patients (older than 10 years) have not been fully investigated. The aim of this systematic review is to clarify the prevalence of long-term outcomes and the quality of life of these patients.

METHODS

PubMed, AMED, Cochrane Library, CINAHL and PsycINFO databases were searched from inception to October 2018, following the Meta-analysis of Observational Studies in Epidemiology (MOOSE) guideline. Original studies reporting the outcomes of patients older than ten years with HD were selected and reviewed. The overall prevalence of fecal incontinence, constipation, bowel function score, bladder dysfunction symptoms, and patients' quality of life were extracted from the included studies and pooled through the random-effects meta-analysis model. The heterogeneity and variation in the pooled estimations were evaluated by Cochrane's Q test and the I2 test. The sensitivity analysis was conducted by the sequential omission of individual studies. Publication bias was evaluated by Egger's linear regression test. The whole procedure was conducted with Stata (version 14).

RESULTS

In total, 3406 articles were identified from the literature search, among which twelve studies, including 625 patients, were included for analysis. The pooled prevalences of fecal incontinence, constipation, and bladder dysfunction symptoms and good to excellent bowel function scores were 0.20 (95% CI 0.13-0.28), 0.14 (95% CI 0.06-0.25), 0.07 (95% CI 0.04-0.12), and 0.95 (95% CI: 0.91-0.97), respectively; the pooled mean score of gastrointestinal-related quality of life was 118 (95% CI: 112.56-123.44).

CONCLUSIONS

HD patients older than ten years old have an overall high prevalence of fecal incontinence and a low quality of life. Targeted and evidence-based follow-up procedures and transitional care are essential to meet these patients' long-term care needs. Prospective and multicenter research that focuses on the attributes and predictors of the long-term prognosis of patients with HD are necessary.

Classification of short-term complications after transanal endorectal pullthrough for Hirschsprung’s disease using the Clavien–Dindo-grading system

PURPOSE

Hirschsprung's disease (HSCR) is a developmental defect of the enteric nervous system. Transanal endorectal pullthrough (TERPT) is one of the surgical procedures for HSCR. Clavien-Dindo is an objective classification system, used worldwide, to describe postoperative complications. The aim of this study was to use Clavien-Dindo grading for short-term complication after TERPT.

METHODS

This was a cohort study including all 69 individuals, with biopsy-verified HSCR, managed with TERPT at our institution between 2006 and 2018. Data on the surgical procedure, as well as short-term complications, were retrieved from the medical records. The main outcome was postoperative complications graded according to Clavien-Dindo.

RESULTS

Fifteen (22%) of the 69 patients (51 males) had a short-term postoperative complication graded according to Clavien-Dindo. The complications were Grade I in ten patients, Grade II in four patients, and Grade IIIb in one patient. Individuals with a Clavien-Dindo complication had a significantly longer post-operative hospital stay [median 6 days (4-30) compared to 4 days (1-22), p = 0.035].

CONCLUSIONS

It is important to describe postoperative complications in a structured way to make it possible to compare studies. Post-operative complications, according to Clavien-Dindo, occurred in 22% of the patients after TERPT.

Urinary tract anomalies and urinary tract dysfunction in children with Hirschsprung disease-Is follow-up indicated?

BACKGROUND/PURPOSE

Urinary tract function in children with Hirschsprung disease (HD) is rarely considered.

AIM

to evaluate the prevalence of urinary tract anomalies and dysfunction in children with HD compared to controls.

METHODS

This was an observational cross sectional case-control study. Children with HD who underwent transanal endorectal pull-through technique (TERPT) from 2005 to 2017 were invited to participate. Ultrasound of the urinary tract was performed postoperatively. Children >4 years were asked to answer a urinary tract function questionnaire. Controls were age-matched healthy children. Ethical approval was obtained.

RESULTS

Seventy two children with HD and TERPT were included. Ultrasound was performed in 58 children (83%) post-TERPT. Ten anomalies were diagnosed in six children (10%). Structural anomalies included abnormal kidney size (7%), renal agenesis (2%), prominent calyces (2%) and renal pelvis anomaly (25). Probable acquired anomalies included hydronephrosis (2%), hydroureter (2%) and parenchymal damage (2%). One child had a prior nephrectomy owing to a Wilms' tumor. All 37 children >4 years (27 boys and 10 girls), median aged 8 years (range 4-12), answered the questionnaire as did 284 healthy controls (144 boys and 140 girls). Boys with HD reported a higher frequency of enuresis: 65% versus 9% (p = 0.001) and urinary tract infections: 18% versus 3% (p = 0.012). Girls with HD reported enuresis more frequently (60%) than healthy girls (7%) (p = 0.001). Children with HD with constipation reported enuresis more frequently (p = 0.038).

CONCLUSIONS

Urinary tract anomalies and dysfunction deserve attention in the follow-up of children with HD. We suggest screening for urinary tract anomalies and urinary tract symptoms in follow-up of children with HD.

TYPE OF STUDY

Treatment study.

LEVEL

III.

Botulinum toxin injections after surgery for Hirschsprung disease: Systematic review and meta-analysis

BACKGROUND

A large proportion of patients with Hirschsprung disease experience persistent obstructive symptoms after corrective surgery. Persistent obstructive symptoms may result in faecal stasis that can develop into Hirschsprung-associated enterocolitis, a potential life-threatening condition. Important treatment to improve faecal passage is internal anal sphincter relaxation using botulinum toxin injections.

AIM

To give an overview of all empirical evidence on the effectiveness of botulinum toxin injections in patients with Hirschsprung disease.

METHODS

A systematic review and meta-analysis was done by searching PubMed, EMBASE and the Cochrane Library, using entry terms related to: (1) Hirschsprung disease; and (2) Botulinum toxin injections. 14 studies representing 278 patients met eligibility criteria. Data that were extracted were proportion of patients with improvement of obstructive symptoms or less enterocolitis after injection, proportion of patients with adverse effects and data on type botulinum toxin, mean dose, average age at first injection and patients with associated syndromes. Random-effects meta-analysis was used to aggregate effects and random-effects meta-regression was used to test for possible confounding factors.

RESULTS

Botulinum toxin injections are effective in treating obstructive symptoms in on average 66% of patients [event rate (ER) = 0.66, P = 0.004, I² = 49.5, n = 278 patients]. Type of botulinum toxin, average dose, average age at first injections and proportion of patients with associated syndromes were not predictive for this effect. Mean 7 duration of improvement after one botulinum toxin injections was 6.4 mo and patients needed on average 2.6 procedures. There was a significant higher response rate within one month after botulinum toxin injections compared to more than one month after Botulinum toxin injections (ER = 0.79, vs ER = 0.46, Q = 19.37, P < 0.001). Botulinum toxin injections were not effective in treating enterocolitis (ER 0.58, P = 0.65, I² = 71.0, n = 52 patients). There were adverse effects in on average 17% of patients (ER = 0.17, P < 0.001, I² = 52.1, n = 187 patients), varying from temporary incontinence to mild anal pain.

CONCLUSION

Findings from this systematic review and meta-analysis indicate that botulinum toxin injections are effective in treating obstructive symptoms and that adverse effects were present, but mild and temporary.

Long-term functional outcomes and quality of life in patients with Hirschsprung's disease

BACKGROUND

It is unclear whether functional outcomes improve or deteriorate with age following surgery for Hirschsprung's disease. The aim of this cross-sectional study was to determine the long-term functional outcomes and quality of life (QoL) in patients with Hirschsprung's disease.

METHODS

Patients with pathologically proven Hirschsprung's disease older than 7 years were included. Patients with a permanent stoma or intellectual disability were excluded. Functional outcomes were assessed according to the Rome IV criteria using the Defaecation and Faecal Continence questionnaire. QoL was assessed by means of the Child Health Questionnaire Child Form 87 or World Health Organization Quality of Life questionnaire 100. Reference data from healthy controls were available for comparison.

RESULTS

Of 619 patients invited, 346 (55·9 per cent) responded, with a median age of 18 (range 8-45) years. The prevalence of constipation was comparable in paediatric and adult patients (both 22·0 per cent), and in patients and controls. Compared with controls, adults with Hirschsprung's disease significantly more often experienced straining (50·3 versus 36·1 per cent; P = 0·011) and incomplete evacuation (47·4 versus 27·2 per cent; P < 0·001). The prevalence of faecal incontinence, most commonly soiling, was lower in adults than children with Hirschsprung's disease (16·8 versus 37·6 per cent; P < 0·001), but remained higher than in controls (16·8 versus 6·1 per cent; P = 0·003). Patients with poor functional outcomes scored significantly lower in several QoL domains.

CONCLUSION

This study has shown that functional outcomes are better in adults than children, but symptoms of constipation and soiling persist in a substantial group of adults with Hirschsprung's disease. The persistence of defaecation problems is an indication that continuous care is necessary in this specific group of patients.

Atypical onset of total colonic Hirschsprung disease in a small female infant: A case report

RATIONALE

Hirschsprung disease (HD) or colonic aganglionosis is a congenital disorder, which results from the abnormal migration of neuronal cells of the neural crest leading to a disorder of the enteric nervous system consisting in the absence of ganglion cells within the submucosal and myenteric plexus.

PATIENT CONCERNS

We report the case of a 7-month-old female infant admitted in our clinic for constipation and failure to thrive. At the age of 6 months, she was examined in our clinic for the same reasons, and we recommended symptomatic treatment without improvements. The clinical examination revealed pallor of the skin and mucosa, distended abdomen, and abdominal tenderness at palpation.

DIAGNOSES

The abdominal ultrasound showed abdominal bloating, and the barium enema was normal. The patient's evolution worsened progressively within the following 3 days after admission associating sings of toxic megacolon.

INTERVENTIONS

She underwent a surgical intervention with total colectomy and ileostomy, and the final diagnosis confirmed by the histological examination was of total colonic aganglionosis (TCA).

OUTCOMES

The evolution immediately after the surgery and the follow-up examination after approximately 3 months pointed out normal weight gain and the laboratory tests were within normal limits.

LESSONS

TCA can also manifest in older infants. Barium enemas can guide the diagnosis in most cases of HD. Nevertheless, in patients with TCA, it can be normal. Moreover, it could represent a trigger for toxic megacolon.

Hirschsprung's disease in the laparoscopic transanal pull-through era: implications of age at surgery and technical aspects

AIM

Detailed implications of age at laparoscopic transanal pull-through (LTAPT) on postoperative bowel function (POBF) in Hirschsprung's disease (HD) are somewhat obscure because of a spectrum of factors.

METHODS

Age at surgery was used to categorize 106 consecutive postoperative HD cases treated by our modified LTAPT (JLTPAT) between 1997 and 2015; group A: < 3 months old (n = 31); group B: 3-11 months old (n = 44); group C: 1-3 years old (n = 19); and group D: ≥ 4 years old (n = 12). POBF was assessed by reviewing outpatient records 1, 3, 5, 7, and 10 years after JLTAPT prospectively and scoring each of 5 criteria on a scale of 0-2; best score = 10.

RESULTS

Only operative time was statistically longer in group D versus groups A, B, and C. Differences in gender ratios, blood loss, duration of follow-up, and POBF scores were not statistically significant. Mean POBF scores over time were: group A: 6.8, 7.6, 8.4, 8.6, and 8.4; group B: 7.1, 7.8, 8.3, 8.5, and 9.0; group C: 6.9, 7.9, 8.1, 8.3, and 8.6; group D: 7.0, 7.4, 8.2, 8.1, and 8.5, respectively.

CONCLUSION

Age at JLTAPT was not correlated with POBF in HD.

Minimally Invasive Neonatal Surgery: Hirschsprung Disease

Transanal pull-through (TAPT) is the procedure of choice for treating Hirschsprung disease and should be performed with laparoscopic assistance using the anorectal line (ARL) to ensure optimum postoperative bowel function (POBF). The dentate line (DL) has traditionally been used as the landmark for commencing dissection during TAPT, but we prefer the ARL because the DL is too subjective and can be associated with risk for injury to delicate sensory innervation required for normal defecation in the anal transition zone. An intact anal transition zone and total excision of the posterior rectal cuff are crucial for normal defecation. Objective assessment of POBF is essential for thorough follow-up and early detection of potential late complications that may arise.

Advances in paediatric gastroenterology

Recent developments in paediatric gastrointestinal surgery have focused on minimally invasive surgery, the accumulation of high-quality clinical evidence, and scientific research. The benefits of minimally invasive surgery for common disorders like appendicitis and hypertrophic pyloric stenosis are all supported by good clinical evidence. Although minimally invasive surgery has been extended to neonatal surgery, it is difficult to establish its role for neonatal disorders such as oesophageal atresia and biliary atresia through clinical trials because of the rarity of these disorders. Advances in treatments for biliary atresia and necrotising enterocolitis have been achieved through specialisation, multidisciplinary management, and multicentre collaboration in research; similarly robust clinical evidence for other rare gastrointestinal disorders is needed. As more neonates with gastrointestinal diseases survive into adulthood, their long-term sequelae will also need evidence-based multidisciplinary care. Identifying cures for long-term problems of a complex developmental anomaly such as Hirschsprung's disease will rely on unravelling its pathogenesis through genetics and the development of stem-cell therapy.