In vivo evaluation of enhanced drug carrier efficiency and cardiac anti-hypertrophy therapeutic potential of nano-curcumin encapsulated photo-plasmonic nanoparticles combined polymerized nano-vesicles: A novel strategy

Nanocurcumin in myocardial infarction therapy: emerging trends and future directions

Myocardial infarction (MI) is the leading cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. Curcumin has been observed to significantly reduce pathological processes associated with MI. Its clinical application is limited due to its low bioavailability, rapid degradation, and poor solubility. Advancements in nanotechnology can be used to enhance its therapeutic potentials in MI. Curcumin nano-formulation enhances its solubility, stability, and bioavailability, allowing more precise delivery to ischemic cardiac tissue. Curcumin nanoparticles have been observed to successfully reduce infarct size, maintain heart function by modulating essential molecular pathways in MI. Its liposomal formulations provide sustained release and higher tissue penetration with improved pharmacokinetics and enhanced therapeutic efficacy. Preclinical studies revealed that nanocurcumin drastically lower oxidative stress indicators, inflammatory cytokines, and cardiac damage. Micelles composed of polymers have demonstrated high biocompatibility and targeting capabilities with increased cardio-protective effects. Research and clinical trials are essential for comprehensive analysis and efficacy of curcumin-based nano-therapeutics in cardiovascular condition and lowering risk of MI.

Double-walled encapsulation of curcumin in starch and cellulose, its characterization and application as a sensing material to monitor food quality

The curcumin was encapsulated within a double-layered complex shell of nano-sized cellulose as the primary layer and the native starch (MDC) or the nano-sized starch (NDC) as the secondary layer to improve its stability, decreasing its release rate, while masking bitterness. The double-walled curcumin capsules were studied for encapsulation efficiency, colour behaviour at different pH and characterization using FTIR, DSC & FESEM. The encapsulation efficiency for NDC and MDC was 97.11 % & 90.46 %. The FTIR showed a shift of peaks to higher wavelength particularly at 1043 cm -1 and most of the curcumin peaks disappeared or had low intensity as enclosed within the layers of the capsules. Further, fish fillets were coated in starch paste containing 20 % double-walled curcumin capsules and the visible colour change was observed during a 7-day storage period at refrigerated conditions that could confirm the spoilage of fish to consumers without opening the package.

"The protective effect of nano curcumin supplementation on doxorubicin induced cardiotoxicity in breast cancer patients; a randomized, double-blind clinical trial"

BACKGROUND

Anthracycline drugs play a fundamental role in breast cancer treatment; however, the cardiotoxicity side effects obscure the advantages of treatment. Curcumin has antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

In this study, we investigated the effect of nanocurcumin supplementation on Doxorubicin induced Cardiotoxicity. In this randomized clinical trial, a week before starting the doxorubicin regimen for breast cancer patients, the control group received placebo and curcumin group received 80 mg daily dosage of nano curcumin capsules for six months. Echocardiography parameter changes before chemotherapy and after six months were evaluated.

RESULTS

46 patients were included. Left ventricle (LV) ejection fraction significantly decreased and LV end diastolic volume significantly increased in control group but no significant changes were observed in the curcumin group (LVEF: 2.62 ± 59.35 to 4.23 ± 56.85, p-value: 0.014 vs 59.55 ± 1.91 to 58.46 ± 3.41, p-value:0.135; LVEDV: 77.09 ± 15.33 to 80.65 ± 14.54, p-value:0.023 vs 72.41 ± 15.34 74.00 ± 14.25, p-value: 0.294). Additionally, LVEF, LV end systolic diameter (LVESD), and end diastolic diameter (LVEDD) insignificantly more decreased in control group versus curcumin group (LVEF: 4.13 ± 2.50- vs 3.36 ± 1.08-, p-value: 0.223; LVESD: 0.27 ± 0.06-vs 0.120.45 ±, p-value:0.110; LVEDD: -0.44 ± 0.33 vs 0.070.33 ±, p-value:0.269). Furthermore, symptomatic cardiomyopathy and ejection fraction ratio less than 53% were not observed. The LVEF reduction >15% was observed was also high in the control group, (p-value = 0.020).

CONCLUSION

This study shows the possible effect of nanocurcumin capsules to reduce the cardiotoxicity of anthracycline chemotherapy medications.

ON/OFF based synergetic plasmonic photothermal drug release approach through core-satellite like mussel-inspired polydopamine nanoparticles

One of the studies on new drug delivery and release systems that has increased in recent years is the study using plasmonic nanoparticles. In this study, polydopamine nanoparticles (PDOP NPs), which contribute to photothermal drug release by near infrared radiation (NIR), were decorated with gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) to utilize their plasmonic properties, and a core-satellite-like system was formed. With this approach, epirubicin (EPI)-loaded PDOP NPs were prepared by utilizing the plasmonic properties of AuNPs. Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM), Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR), and X-ray Diffraction (XRD) methods were used to evaluate the structural properties of these particles. The release behavior of the prepared structures in acidic (pH 5.0) and neutral (pH 7.4) environments based on the ON/OFF approach was also examined. The biocompatibility properties of the particles were evaluated on mouse fibroblast (L929) and anticancer activities on neuroblastoma (SH-SY5Y) cells. The effects of prepared EPI-loaded particles and laser-controlled drug release on ROS production, genotoxicity, and apoptosis were also investigated in SH-SY5Y cells. With the calculated combination index (CI) value, it was shown that the activity of EPI-loaded AuNP@PDOP NPs increased synergistically with the ON/OFF-based approach. The developed combination approach is considered to be remarkable and promising for further evaluation before clinical use.

Nanotechnology in coronary heart disease

Coronary heart disease (CHD) is one of the major causes of death and disability worldwide, especially in low- and middle-income countries and among older populations. Conventional diagnostic and therapeutic approaches have limitations such as low sensitivity, high cost and side effects. Nanotechnology offers promising alternative strategies for the diagnosis and treatment of CHD by exploiting the unique properties of nanomaterials. In this review, we use bibliometric analysis to identify research hotspots in the application of nanotechnology in CHD and provide a comprehensive overview of the current state of the art. Nanomaterials with enhanced imaging and biosensing capabilities can improve the early detection of CHD through advanced contrast agents and high-resolution imaging techniques. Moreover, nanomaterials can facilitate targeted drug delivery, tissue engineering and modulation of inflammation and oxidative stress, thus addressing multiple aspects of CHD pathophysiology. We discuss the application of nanotechnology in CHD diagnosis (imaging and sensors) and treatment (regulation of macrophages, cardiac repair, anti-oxidative stress), and provide insights into future research directions and clinical translation. This review serves as a valuable resource for researchers and clinicians seeking to harness the potential of nanotechnology in the management of CHD. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE: Coronary heart disease (CHD) is the one of leading cause of death and disability worldwide. Nanotechnology offers new strategies for diagnosing and treating CHD by exploiting the unique properties of nanomaterials. This review uses bibliometric analysis to uncover research trends in the use of nanotechnology for CHD. We discuss the potential of nanomaterials for early CHD detection through advanced imaging and biosensing, targeted drug delivery, tissue engineering, and modulation of inflammation and oxidative stress. We also offer insights into future research directions and potential clinical applications. This work aims to guide researchers and clinicians in leveraging nanotechnology to improve CHD patient outcomes and quality of life.

The recent applications of nanotechnology in the diagnosis and treatment of common cardiovascular diseases

Almost a third of all fatalities may be attributed to cardiovascular disease (CVD), making it a primary cause of mortalities worldwide. Better diagnostic tools and secure, non-invasive imaging techniques are needed to offer accurate information on CVD progression. Several elements contribute to the success of CVD personalized therapy, and two of the most crucial are accurate diagnosis and early detection. The therapy options available for conditions with a pathogenesis that unfold over decades, such as CVD, are very condition-specific and disease-stage based. Nanotechnology is increasingly being used as a therapeutic tool in the biomedical area, where they are used in various contexts, including diagnostics, biosensing, and drug administration. This review article provides an overview of the most recent applications of nanotechnology in the detection and management of prevalent CVDs.

Impact of polyphenols on heart failure and cardiac hypertrophy: clinical effects and molecular mechanisms

Polyphenols are abundant in regular diets and possess antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anti-cancer, neuroprotective, and cardioprotective effects. Regarding the inadequacy of the current treatments in preventing cardiac remodeling following cardiovascular diseases, attention has been focused on improving cardiac function with potential alternatives such as polyphenols. The following online databases were searched for relevant orginial published from 2000 to 2023: EMBASE, MEDLINE, and Web of Science databases. The search strategy aimed to assess the effects of polyphenols on heart failure and keywords were "heart failure" and "polyphenols" and "cardiac hypertrophy" and "molecular mechanisms". Our results indicated polyphenols are repeatedly indicated to regulate various heart failure-related vital molecules and signaling pathways, such as inactivating fibrotic and hypertrophic factors, preventing mitochondrial dysfunction and free radical production, the underlying causes of apoptosis, and also improving lipid profile and cellular metabolism. In the current study, we aimed to review the most recent literature and investigations on the underlying mechanism of actions of different polyphenols subclasses in cardiac hypertrophy and heart failure to provide deep insight into novel mechanistic treatments and direct future studies in this context. Moreover, due to polyphenols' low bioavailability from conventional oral and intravenous administration routes, in this study, we have also investigated the currently accessible nano-drug delivery methods to optimize the treatment outcomes by providing sufficient drug delivery, targeted therapy, and less off-target effects, as desired by precision medicine standards.

Bacterial Cellulose-Based Materials: A Perspective on Cardiovascular Tissue Engineering Applications

Today, a wide variety of bio- and nanomaterials have been deployed for cardiovascular tissue engineering (TE), including polymers, metal oxides, graphene/its derivatives, organometallic complexes/composites based on inorganic-organic components, among others. Despite several advantages of these materials with unique mechanical, biological, and electrical properties, some challenges still remain pertaining to their biocompatibility, cytocompatibility, and possible risk factors (e.g., teratogenicity or carcinogenicity), restricting their future clinical applications. Natural polysaccharide- and protein-based (nano)structures with the benefits of biocompatibility, sustainability, biodegradability, and versatility have been exploited in the field of cardiovascular TE focusing on targeted drug delivery, vascular grafts, engineered cardiac muscle, etc. The usage of these natural biomaterials and their residues offers several advantages in terms of environmental aspects such as alleviating emission of greenhouse gases as well as the production of energy as a biomass consumption output. In TE, the development of biodegradable and biocompatible scaffolds with potentially three-dimensional structures, high porosity, and suitable cellular attachment/adhesion still needs to be comprehensively studied. In this context, bacterial cellulose (BC) with high purity, porosity, crystallinity, unique mechanical properties, biocompatibility, high water retention, and excellent elasticity can be considered as promising candidate for cardiovascular TE. However, several challenges/limitations regarding the absence of antimicrobial factors and degradability along with the low yield of production and extensive cultivation times (in large-scale production) still need to be resolved using suitable hybridization/modification strategies and optimization of conditions. The biocompatibility and bioactivity of BC-based materials along with their thermal, mechanical, and chemical stability are crucial aspects in designing TE scaffolds. Herein, cardiovascular TE applications of BC-based materials are deliberated, with a focus on the most recent advancements, important challenges, and future perspectives. Other biomaterials with cardiovascular TE applications and important roles of green nanotechnology in this field of science are covered to better compare and comprehensively review the subject. The application of BC-based materials and the collective roles of such biomaterials in the assembly of sustainable and natural-based scaffolds for cardiovascular TE are discussed.

Curcumin-Based Nanoformulations: A Promising Adjuvant towards Cancer Treatment

Throughout the United States, cancer remains the second leading cause of death. Traditional treatments induce significant medical toxic effects and unpleasant adverse reactions, making them inappropriate for long-term use. Consequently, anticancer-drug resistance and relapse are frequent in certain situations. Thus, there is an urgent necessity to find effective antitumor medications that are specific and have few adverse consequences. Curcumin is a polyphenol derivative found in the turmeric plant (Curcuma longa L.), and provides chemopreventive, antitumor, chemo-, and radio-sensitizing properties. In this paper, we summarize the new nano-based formulations of polyphenolic curcumin because of the growing interest in its application against cancers and tumors. According to recent studies, the use of nanoparticles can overcome the hydrophobic nature of curcumin, as well as improving its stability and cellular bioavailability in vitro and in vivo. Several strategies for nanocurcumin production have been developed, each with its own set of advantages and unique features. Because the majority of the curcumin-based nanoformulation evidence is still in the conceptual stage, there are still numerous issues impeding the provision of nanocurcumin as a possible therapeutic option. To support the science, further work is necessary to develop curcumin as a viable anti-cancer adjuvant. In this review, we cover the various curcumin nanoformulations and nanocurcumin implications for therapeutic uses for cancer, as well as the current state of clinical studies and patents. We further address the knowledge gaps and future research orientations required to develop curcumin as a feasible treatment candidate.

Recent updates in curcumin delivery

Curcumin is a natural component extracted from the rhizomes of turmeric (Curcuma longa), a natural plat with known medicinal uses for more than 4000 years. Most turmeric therapeutic effects are attributed to curcumin, a yellow-coloured extract. Curcumin has received considerable attention due to its biological activities, such as its use in arthritis, liver and neurodegenerative diseases, obesity, and several types of cancers. Most of these curcumin therapeutic activities are related to its antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects. However, the clinical application of curcumin is hampered by some limitations that prevent its extensive clinical application. Curcumin high hydrophobicity of curcumin and limited water solubility are among the most important limitations. This poor solubility will result in low bioavailability due to its poor absorption into plasma and the target tissues. Curcumin also has rapid metabolism, which will significantly lower its bioavailability and shorten its half-life. Moreover, curcumin is photosensitive with limited chemical stability during manufacturing and storage. These limitations have been overcome by applying nanotechnology using several types of nanoparticles (NPs). This includes using NPs such as liposomes, niosomes, gold nanoparticles, and many others to improve the curcumin solubility and bioavailability. This review focuses on the different types of NPs investigated and the outcomes generated by their use in the most recent studies in this field. To follow the latest advances in the field of site-specific drug delivery using nanomaterials, an electronic databases search was conducted using PubMed, Google scholar and Scopus using the following keywords: lipid-based nanoparticles, curcumin delivery, niosomes, and liposomes.

An updated and comprehensive review on the potential health effects of curcumin-encapsulated micro/nanoparticles

Curcumin (CUR) is a natural hydrophobic compound, which is available in turmeric rhizome. It has several bioactivities including antioxidant, anti-obesity, anti-diabetic, cardioprotective, anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, anticancer, and other activities. Despite its medical and biological benefits, it is using in limitations because of its hydrophobicity and sensitivity. These unfavorable conditions further reduced the bioavailability (BA) and biological efficacy of CUR. This review summarizes the stability and BA of free- and encapsulated-CUR, as well as comprehensively discusses the potential biological activity of CUR-loaded various micro-/nano-encapsulation systems. The stability and BA of CUR can be improved via loading in different encapsulation systems, including nanoemulsions, liposomes, niosomes, biopolymer-based nanoparticles, nano-hydrogel, and others. Biopolymer-based nanoparticles (especially poly lactic-co-glycolic acid (PLGA), zein, and chitosan) and nano-gels are the best carriers for encapsulating and delivering CUR. Both delivery systems are suitable because of their excellent functional properties such as high encapsulation efficiency, well-stability against unfavorable conditions, and can be coated using other encapsulation systems. Based on available evidences, encapsulated-CUR exerted greater biological activities especially anticancer (breast cancer), antioxidant, antidiabetic, and neuroprotective effects.

Improving Curcumin Bioavailability: Current Strategies and Future Perspectives

Curcumin possesses a plethora of interesting pharmacological effects. Unfortunately, it is also characterized by problematic drug delivery and scarce bioavailability, representing the main problem related to the use of this compound. Poor absorption, fast metabolism, and rapid systemic clearance are the most important factors contributing to low curcumin levels in plasma and tissues. Accordingly, to overcome these issues, numerous strategies have been proposed and are investigated in this article. Due to advances in the drug delivery field, we describe here the most promising strategies for increasing curcumin bioavailability, including the use of adjuvant, complexed/encapsulated curcumin, specific curcumin formulations, and curcumin nanoparticles. We analyze current strategies, already available in the market, and the most advanced technologies that can offer a future perspective for effective curcumin formulations. We focus the attention on the effectiveness of curcumin-based formulations in clinical trials, providing a comprehensive summary. Clinical trial results, employing various delivery methods for curcumin, showed that improved bioavailability corresponds to increased therapeutic efficacy. Furthermore, advances in the field of nanoparticles hold great promise for developing curcumin-based complexes as effective therapeutic agents. Summarizing, suitable delivery methods for this polyphenol will ensure the possibility of using curcumin-derived formulations in clinical practice as preventive and disease-modifying therapeutics.

Current Advances in the Use of Nanophytomedicine Therapies for Human Cardiovascular Diseases

Considering the high prevalence of cardiovascular diseases (CVDs), the primary cause of death during the last several decades, it is necessary to develop proper strategies for the prevention and treatment of CVDs. Given the excessive side effects of current therapies, alternative therapeutic approaches like medicinal plants and natural products are preferred. Lower toxicity, chemical diversity, cost-effectiveness, and proven therapeutic potentials make natural products superior compared to other products. Nanoformulation methods improve the solubility, bioavailability, circulation time, surface area-to-volume ratio, systemic adverse side effects, and drug delivery efficiency of these medications. This study intended to review the functionality of the most recent nanoformulated medicinal plants and/or natural products against various cardiovascular conditions such as hypertension, atherosclerosis, thrombosis, and myocardial infarction. Literature review revealed that curcumin, quercetin, and resveratrol were the most applied natural products, respectively. Combination therapy, conjugation, or fabrication of nanoparticles and nanocarriers improved the applications and therapeutic efficacy of herbal- or natural-based nanoformulations. In the context of CVDs prevention and/or treatment, available data suggest that natural-based nanoformulations are considerably efficient, alone or in blend with other herbal/synthetic medicines. However, clinical trials are mandatory to elucidate the safety, cardioprotective effect, and mechanism of actions of nanophytomedicines.

Curcumin Nanoformulations with Metal Oxide Nanomaterials for Biomedical Applications

In the past few decades, curcumin, a natural polyphenolic phytochemical, has been studied for treating a wide variety of diseases. It has shown promising results as a potential curative agent for a variety of diseases. However, its inherent limitations, such as poor aqueous solubility, poor absorbability, fast metabolic rate, and quick elimination from the body, have limited its application beyond preclinical studies. A huge number of studies have been made to address the issues of curcumin and to maximally utilize its potentials. Many review articles have tried to assess and summarize different nanocarriers, especially organic nanocarriers, for nanoformulations with curcumin. Nevertheless, few exclusive reviews on the progress in nanoformulation of curcumin with inorganic nanomaterials have been made. In this review, we present an exclusive summary of the progress in nanoformulation of curcumin with metal oxide nanoparticles. The beneficial feature of the metal oxide nanoparticles used in the curcumin nanoformulation, the different approaches followed in formulating curcumin with the metal oxides, and the corresponding results, protective effect of curcumin from different metal oxide caused toxicities, and concluding remarks are presented in the review.

Biomedical Applications of Multifunctional Polymeric Nanocarriers: A Review of Current Literature

Polymeric nanomaterials have become a prominent area of research in the field of drug delivery. Their application in nanomedicine can improve bioavailability, pharmacokinetics, and, therefore, the effectiveness of various therapeutics or contrast agents. There are many studies for developing new polymeric nanocarriers; however, their clinical application is somewhat limited. In this review, we present new complex and multifunctional polymeric nanocarriers as promising and innovative diagnostic or therapeutic systems. Their multifunctionality, resulting from the unique chemical and biological properties of the polymers used, ensures better delivery, and a controlled, sequential release of many different therapeutics to the diseased tissue. We present a brief introduction of the classical formulation techniques and describe examples of multifunctional nanocarriers, whose biological assessment has been carried out at least in vitro. Most of them, however, also underwent evaluation in vivo on animal models. Selected polymeric nanocarriers were grouped depending on their medical application: anti-cancer drug nanocarriers, nanomaterials delivering compounds for cancer immunotherapy or regenerative medicine, components of vaccines nanomaterials used for topical application, and lifestyle diseases, ie, diabetes.

Repositioning Natural Antioxidants for Therapeutic Applications in Tissue Engineering

Although a large panel of natural antioxidants demonstrate a protective effect in preventing cellular oxidative stress, their low bioavailability limits therapeutic activity at the targeted injury site. The importance to deliver drug or cells into oxidative microenvironments can be realized with the development of biocompatible redox-modulating materials. The incorporation of antioxidant compounds within implanted biomaterials should be able to retain the antioxidant activity, while also allowing graft survival and tissue recovery. This review summarizes the recent literature reporting the combined role of natural antioxidants with biomaterials. Our review highlights how such functionalization is a promising strategy in tissue engineering to improve the engraftment and promote tissue healing or regeneration.

Nanoengineering in Cardiac Regeneration: Looking Back and Going Forward

To deliver on the promise of cardiac regeneration, an integration process between an emerging field, nanomedicine, and a more consolidated one, tissue engineering, has begun. Our work aims at summarizing some of the most relevant prevailing cases of nanotechnological approaches applied to tissue engineering with a specific interest in cardiac regenerative medicine, as well as delineating some of the most compelling forthcoming orientations. Specifically, this review starts with a brief statement on the relevant clinical need, and then debates how nanotechnology can be combined with tissue engineering in the scope of mimicking a complex tissue like the myocardium and its natural extracellular matrix (ECM). The interaction of relevant stem, precursor, and differentiated cardiac cells with nanoengineered scaffolds is thoroughly presented. Another correspondingly relevant area of experimental study enclosing both nanotechnology and cardiac regeneration, e.g., nanoparticle applications in cardiac tissue engineering, is also discussed.

Potential therapeutic effects of curcumin mediated by JAK/STAT signaling pathway: A review

Curcumin is a naturally occurring nutraceutical compound with a number of therapeutic and biological activities such as antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anti-diabetic, antitumor, and cardioprotective. This plant-derived chemical has demonstrated great potential in targeting various signaling pathways to exert its protective effects. Signal transducers and activator of transcription (STAT) is one of the molecular pathways involved in a variety of biological processes such as cell proliferation and cell apoptosis. Accumulating data demonstrates that the STAT pathway is an important target in treatment of a number of disorders, particularly cancer. Curcumin is capable of affecting STAT signaling pathway in induction of its therapeutic impacts. Curcumin is able to enhance the level of anti-inflammatory cytokines and improve inflammatory disorders such as colitis by targeting STAT signaling pathway. Furthermore, studies show that inhibition of JAK/STAT pathway by curcumin is involved in reduced migration and invasion of cancer cells. Curcumin normalizes the expression of JAK/STAT signaling pathway to exert anti-diabetic, renoprotective, and neuroprotective impacts. At the present review, we provide a comprehensive discussion about the effect of curcumin on JAK/STAT signaling pathway to direct further studies in this field.

Protective role of poly(lactic-co-glycolic) acid nanoparticle loaded with resveratrol against isoproterenol-induced myocardial infarction

Our study is aimed at evaluating the effects of pretreatment with Poly(lactic-co-glycolic) acid nanoparticle loaded with resveratrol (RSV PLGA NPs) compared to conventional resveratrol (RSV) on isoproterenol (ISO) induced myocardial infarction (MI) in rats. Sixty rats were randomly divided into six groups of 10 rats each. RSV and RSV PLGA NPs were given by gavage in two different doses (50 mg/kg body weight [BW] and 100 mg/kg BW) for 3 weeks. RSV and RSV PLGA NPs were given for 2 weeks starting 1 week before ISO administration. The blood samples were taken 24 hr after the last dose of ISO. The antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and cardioprotective effects were evaluated in all groups. Only 100 mg/kg dose of RSV and both doses of RSV PLGA NPs offered a cardioprotective effect by preventing cardiac troponin T (cTnT) levels, lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), and aspartate aminotransferase (AST) activities leakage from cardiomyocytes, with the best result for RSV PLGA NPs. All the oxidative stress parameters were significantly improved after RSV PLGA NPs compared to RSV pretreatment. RSV PLGA NPs were more efficient than RSV in limiting the increase in inflammatory cytokine expressions such as tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), interleukin 1 beta (IL-1β), and NF-kappaB (NF-kB) expression. In addition, RSV PLGA NPs significantly upregulated eNOS expression and downregulated iNOS expression. RSV PLGA NPs better prevented myocardial necrosis and reduced interstitial edema and neutrophil infiltration than RSV, on histopathological examination. Therefore, improving the bioactivity of RSV by nanotechnology may help limit cardiac injury after myocardial infarction.

Human mesenchymal stem cells encapsulated-coacervated photoluminescent nanodots layered bioactive chitosan/collagen hydrogel matrices to indorse cardiac healing after acute myocardial infarction

Acute Myocardial Infarction (MI) is one of the foremost causes of human death worldwide and it leads to mass death of cardiomyocytes, interchanges of unfavorable biological environment and affecting electrical communications by fibrosis scar formations, and specifically deficiency of blood supply to heart which leads to heart damage and heart failure. Recently, numerous appropriate strategies have been applied to base on solve these problems wound be provide prominent therapeutic potential to cardiac regeneration after acute MI. In the present study, a combined biopolymeric conductive hydrogel was fabricated with conductive ultra-small graphene quantum dots as a soft injectable hydrogel for cardiac regenerations. The resultant hydrogel was combined with human Mesenchymal stem cells (hMSCs) to improved angiogenesis in cardiovascular tissues and decreasing cardiomyocyte necrosis of hydrogel treated acute-infarcted region has been greatly associated with the development of cardiac functions in MI models. The prepared graphene quantum dots and hydrogel groups was physico-chemically analyzed and confirmed the suitability of the materials for cardiac regeneration applications. The in vitro analyzes of hydrogels with hMSCs have established that enhanced cell survival rate, increased expressions of pro-inflammatory factors, pro-angiogenic factors and early cardiogenic markers. The results of in vivo myocardial observations and electrocardiography data demonstrated a favorable outcome of ejection fraction, fibrosis area, vessel density with reduced infarction size, implying that significant development of heart regenerative function after MI. This novel strategy of injectable hydrogel with hMSCs could be appropriate for the effective treatment of cardiac therapies after acute MI.

The detailed biological investigations about combined effects of novel polyphenolic and photo-plasmonic nanoparticles loaded graphene nanosheets on coronary endothelial cells and isolated rat aortic rings

In this study, the effect of Polyp-Au-GO nanocomposite on VSMC proliferation, cell cycle proteins, down-regulation of mRNA in the rat was tested. Briefly, Polyp-Au-GO composite material was synthesized and characterized by UV-Vis spectra, X-ray diffraction (XRD), Raman spectroscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and Transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Polyp-Au-GO composite exhibited the absorbance peak at 530 nm. XRD analysis confirmed the crystalline particle with size ranging between 16.5 and 32.6 nm. The crystallinity differences of the nanocomposite were examined by Raman spectroscopy analysis. The presence of a strong band (1500 cm^-1) and the absence of other lower frequency bands confirmed that the absence of crystallinity of Polyp-Au-GO nanocomposite. The thermal properties of Polyp-Au-GO nanocomposite were determined by TGA analysis. The results revealed that 15% of its weight loss has occurred at 300 °C. Further, the growth of VSMCs was inhibited by the treatment of Polyp-Au-GO composite at 72 h. The IC₅₀ value was registered at 0.57 μg/mL. Additionally, the Polyp-Au-GO composite arrest G1 cell cycle and down-regulated cell cycle proteins. These Polyp-Au-GO composite also reduced the extracellular ERK1/2 phosphorylation. Furthermore, Polyp-Au-GO composite inhibited TNF-R-evoked inflammatory responses. Moreover, Polyp-Au-GO composite inhibited of CEC proliferation. These results suggest that Polyp-Au-GO composite inhibits VSMC proliferation and TNF-R-mediated inflammatory responses. This study suggested the therapeutic role of Polyp-Au-GO composite in cardiovascular disease.