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Jia X, Dou Z, Zhang Y, Li F, Xing B, Hu Z, Li X, Liu Z, Yang W, Liu Z. Smart Responsive and Controlled-Release Hydrogels for Chronic Wound Treatment. Pharmaceutics 2023; 15:2735. [PMID: 38140076 PMCID: PMC10747460 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics15122735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2023] [Revised: 11/23/2023] [Accepted: 12/04/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Chronic wounds are a major health challenge that require new treatment strategies. Hydrogels are promising drug delivery systems for chronic wound healing because of their biocompatibility, hydration, and flexibility. However, conventional hydrogels cannot adapt to the dynamic and complex wound environment, which involves low pH, high levels of reactive oxygen species, and specific enzyme expression. Therefore, smart responsive hydrogels that can sense and respond to these stimuli are needed. Crucially, smart responsive hydrogels can modulate drug release and eliminate pathological factors by changing their properties or structures in response to internal or external stimuli, such as pH, enzymes, light, and electricity. These stimuli can also be used to trigger antibacterial responses, angiogenesis, and cell proliferation to enhance wound healing. In this review, we introduce the synthesis and principles of smart responsive hydrogels, describe their design and applications for chronic wound healing, and discuss their future development directions. We hope that this review will inspire the development of smart responsive hydrogels for chronic wound healing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xintao Jia
- State Key Laboratory of Component-Based Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, China; (X.J.); (Z.D.); (Y.Z.); (B.X.); (Z.H.); (X.L.); (Z.L.); (W.Y.)
- Engineering Research Center of Modern Chinese Medicine Discovery and Preparation Technique, Ministry of Education, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, China
- Haihe Laboratory of Modern Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, China
| | - Zixuan Dou
- State Key Laboratory of Component-Based Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, China; (X.J.); (Z.D.); (Y.Z.); (B.X.); (Z.H.); (X.L.); (Z.L.); (W.Y.)
- Engineering Research Center of Modern Chinese Medicine Discovery and Preparation Technique, Ministry of Education, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, China
- Haihe Laboratory of Modern Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, China
| | - Ying Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Component-Based Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, China; (X.J.); (Z.D.); (Y.Z.); (B.X.); (Z.H.); (X.L.); (Z.L.); (W.Y.)
- Engineering Research Center of Modern Chinese Medicine Discovery and Preparation Technique, Ministry of Education, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, China
- Haihe Laboratory of Modern Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, China
| | - Fanqin Li
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, China;
| | - Bin Xing
- State Key Laboratory of Component-Based Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, China; (X.J.); (Z.D.); (Y.Z.); (B.X.); (Z.H.); (X.L.); (Z.L.); (W.Y.)
- Engineering Research Center of Modern Chinese Medicine Discovery and Preparation Technique, Ministry of Education, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, China
- Haihe Laboratory of Modern Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, China
| | - Zheming Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Component-Based Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, China; (X.J.); (Z.D.); (Y.Z.); (B.X.); (Z.H.); (X.L.); (Z.L.); (W.Y.)
- Engineering Research Center of Modern Chinese Medicine Discovery and Preparation Technique, Ministry of Education, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, China
- Haihe Laboratory of Modern Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, China
| | - Xin Li
- State Key Laboratory of Component-Based Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, China; (X.J.); (Z.D.); (Y.Z.); (B.X.); (Z.H.); (X.L.); (Z.L.); (W.Y.)
- Engineering Research Center of Modern Chinese Medicine Discovery and Preparation Technique, Ministry of Education, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, China
- Haihe Laboratory of Modern Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, China
| | - Zhongyan Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Component-Based Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, China; (X.J.); (Z.D.); (Y.Z.); (B.X.); (Z.H.); (X.L.); (Z.L.); (W.Y.)
- Engineering Research Center of Modern Chinese Medicine Discovery and Preparation Technique, Ministry of Education, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, China
- Haihe Laboratory of Modern Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, China
| | - Wenzhuo Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Component-Based Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, China; (X.J.); (Z.D.); (Y.Z.); (B.X.); (Z.H.); (X.L.); (Z.L.); (W.Y.)
- Engineering Research Center of Modern Chinese Medicine Discovery and Preparation Technique, Ministry of Education, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, China
- Haihe Laboratory of Modern Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, China
| | - Zhidong Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Component-Based Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, China; (X.J.); (Z.D.); (Y.Z.); (B.X.); (Z.H.); (X.L.); (Z.L.); (W.Y.)
- Engineering Research Center of Modern Chinese Medicine Discovery and Preparation Technique, Ministry of Education, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, China
- Haihe Laboratory of Modern Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, China
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Korzec M, Kotowicz S, Malarz K, Mrozek-Wilczkiewicz A. Spectroscopic and Biological Properties of the 3-Imino-1,8-naphthalimide Derivatives as Fluorophores for Cellular Imaging. Molecules 2023; 28:6255. [PMID: 37687082 PMCID: PMC10488415 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28176255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2023] [Revised: 08/21/2023] [Accepted: 08/24/2023] [Indexed: 09/10/2023] Open
Abstract
This paper presents the photophysical and biological properties of eight 3-imino-1,8-naphthalimides. The optical properties of the compounds were investigated in the solvents that differed in their polarity (dichloromethane, acetonitrile, and methanol), including three methods of sample preparation using different pre-dissolving solvents such as dimethyl sulfoxide or chloroform. In the course of the research, it was found that there are strong interactions between the tested compounds and DMSO, which was visible as a change in the maximum emission band (λem) of the neat 3-imino-1,8-naphthalimides (λem = 470-480 nm) and between the compounds and DMSO (λem = 504-514 nm). The shift of the emission maximum that was associated with the presence of a small amount of DMSO in the sample was as much as 41 nm. In addition, the susceptibility of imines to hydrolysis in the methanol/water mixture with increasing water content and in the methanol/water mixture (v/v; 1:1) in the pH range from 1 to 12 was discussed. The studies showed that the compounds are hydrolysed in the CH3OH/H2O system in an acidic environment (pH in the range of 1 to 4). In addition, it was found that partial hydrolysis occurs in systems with an increased amount of water, and its degree may depend on the type of substituent on the imine bond. The compounds tended to quench the emission (ACQ) in the aggregated state and increase the emission related to the protonation of the imine bond. Moreover, it was found that the substituent in the imine bonds influenced a compound's individual photophysical properties. Biological tests, including cytotoxicity studies and cellular localisation, were also performed for all of the molecules. All of the tested compounds exhibited green fluorescence in the MCF-7 cells and showed co-localisation in the mitochondria, endoplasmic reticulum, and lysosome. The obtained photophysical and biological results indicate the promising potential use of the tested compounds as cellular dyes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mateusz Korzec
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Silesia in Katowice, 9 Szkolna Str., 40-006 Katowice, Poland;
| | - Sonia Kotowicz
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Silesia in Katowice, 9 Szkolna Str., 40-006 Katowice, Poland;
| | - Katarzyna Malarz
- August Chelkowski Institute of Physics, University of Silesia in Katowice, 1A 75 Pułku Piechoty Str., 41-500 Chorzow, Poland; (K.M.); (A.M.-W.)
| | - Anna Mrozek-Wilczkiewicz
- August Chelkowski Institute of Physics, University of Silesia in Katowice, 1A 75 Pułku Piechoty Str., 41-500 Chorzow, Poland; (K.M.); (A.M.-W.)
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Kotowicz S, Korzec M, Malarz K, Krystkowska A, Mrozek-Wilczkiewicz A, Golba S, Siwy M, Maćkowski S, Schab-Balcerzak E. Luminescence and Electrochemical Activity of New Unsymmetrical 3-Imino-1,8-naphthalimide Derivatives. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2021; 14:5504. [PMID: 34639899 PMCID: PMC8509721 DOI: 10.3390/ma14195504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2021] [Revised: 09/12/2021] [Accepted: 09/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
A new series of 1,8-naphtalimides containing an imine bond at the 3-position of the naphthalene ring was synthesized using 1H, 13C NMR, FTIR, and elementary analysis. The impact of the substituent in the imine linkage on the selected properties and bioimaging of the synthesized compounds was studied. They showed a melting temperature in the range of 120-164 °C and underwent thermal decomposition above 280 °C. Based on cyclic and differential pulse voltammetry, the electrochemical behavior of 1,8-naphtalimide derivatives was evaluated. The electrochemical reduction and oxidation processes were observed. The compounds were characterized by a low energy band gap (below 2.60 eV). Their photoluminescence activities were investigated in solution considering the solvent effect, in the aggregated and thin film, and a mixture of poly(N-vinylcarbazole) (PVK) and 2-tert-butylphenyl-5-biphenyl-1,3,4-oxadiazole (PBD) (50:50 wt.%). They demonstrated low emissions due to photoinduced electron transport (PET) occurring in the solution and aggregation, which caused photoluminescence quenching. Some of them exhibited light emission as thin films. They emitted light in the range of 495 to 535 nm, with photoluminescence quantum yield at 4%. Despite the significant overlapping of its absorption range with emission of the PVK:PBD, incomplete Förster energy transfer from the matrix to the luminophore was found. Moreover, its luminescence ability induced by external voltage was tested in the diode with guest-host configuration. The possibility of compound hydrolysis due to the presence of the imine bond was also discussed, which could be of importance in biological studies that evaluate 3-imino-1,8-naphatalimides as imaging tools and fluorescent materials for diagnostic applications and molecular bioimaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonia Kotowicz
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Silesia, 9 Szkolna Str., 40-006 Katowice, Poland;
| | - Mateusz Korzec
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Silesia, 9 Szkolna Str., 40-006 Katowice, Poland;
| | - Katarzyna Malarz
- A. Chelkowski Institute of Physics, University of Silesia in Katowice, 1A 75 Pulku Piechoty Str., 41-500 Chorzow, Poland; (K.M.); (A.K.); (A.M.-W.)
| | - Aleksandra Krystkowska
- A. Chelkowski Institute of Physics, University of Silesia in Katowice, 1A 75 Pulku Piechoty Str., 41-500 Chorzow, Poland; (K.M.); (A.K.); (A.M.-W.)
| | - Anna Mrozek-Wilczkiewicz
- A. Chelkowski Institute of Physics, University of Silesia in Katowice, 1A 75 Pulku Piechoty Str., 41-500 Chorzow, Poland; (K.M.); (A.K.); (A.M.-W.)
| | - Sylwia Golba
- Institute of Materials Science, University of Silesia, 1A 75 Pulku Piechoty Str., 41-500 Chorzow, Poland;
| | - Mariola Siwy
- Centre of Polymer and Carbon Materials, Polish Academy of Sciences, 34 M. Curie-Sklodowska Str., 41-819 Zabrze, Poland;
| | - Sebastian Maćkowski
- Institute of Physics, Faculty of Physics, Astronomy and Informatics, Nicolaus Copernicus University, 5 Grudziadzka Str., 87-100 Torun, Poland;
| | - Ewa Schab-Balcerzak
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Silesia, 9 Szkolna Str., 40-006 Katowice, Poland;
- Centre of Polymer and Carbon Materials, Polish Academy of Sciences, 34 M. Curie-Sklodowska Str., 41-819 Zabrze, Poland;
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