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Nguyen TLA, Dao DQ. From green to near-infrared emission of cyclometalated Iridium (III) complexes modified with flavonoids: a theoretical insight. Mol Phys 2022. [DOI: 10.1080/00268976.2022.2026509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Thi Le Anh Nguyen
- Institute of Research and Development, Duy Tan University, Danang, Vietnam
- Faculty of Natural Sciences, Duy Tan University, Danang, Vietnam
| | - Duy Quang Dao
- Institute of Research and Development, Duy Tan University, Danang, Vietnam
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2
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Holden L, Burke CS, Cullinane D, Keyes TE. Strategies to promote permeation and vectorization, and reduce cytotoxicity of metal complex luminophores for bioimaging and intracellular sensing. RSC Chem Biol 2021; 2:1021-1049. [PMID: 34458823 PMCID: PMC8341117 DOI: 10.1039/d1cb00049g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2021] [Accepted: 04/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Transition metal luminophores are emerging as important tools for intracellular imaging and sensing. Their putative suitability for such applications has long been recognised but poor membrane permeability and cytotoxicity were significant barriers that impeded early progress. In recent years, numerous effective routes to overcoming these issues have been reported, inspired in part, by advances and insights from the pharmaceutical and drug delivery domains. In particular, the conjugation of biomolecules but also other less natural synthetic species, from a repertoire of functional motifs have granted membrane permeability and cellular targeting. Such motifs can also reduce cytotoxicity of transition metal complexes and offer a valuable avenue to circumvent such problems leading to promising metal complex candidates for application in bioimaging, sensing and diagnostics. The advances in metal complex probes permeability/targeting are timely, as, in parallel, over the past two decades significant technological advances in luminescence imaging have occurred. In particular, super-resolution imaging is enormously powerful but makes substantial demands of its imaging contrast agents and metal complex luminophores frequently possess the photophysical characteristics to meet these demands. Here, we review some of the key vectors that have been conjugated to transition metal complex luminophores to promote their use in intra-cellular imaging applications. We evaluate some of the most effective strategies in terms of membrane permeability, intracellular targeting and what impact these approaches have on toxicity and phototoxicity which are important considerations in a luminescent contrast or sensing agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorcan Holden
- School of Chemical Sciences, and National Centre for Sensor Research Dublin City University Dublin 9 Ireland
| | - Christopher S Burke
- School of Chemical Sciences, and National Centre for Sensor Research Dublin City University Dublin 9 Ireland
| | - David Cullinane
- School of Chemical Sciences, and National Centre for Sensor Research Dublin City University Dublin 9 Ireland
| | - Tia E Keyes
- School of Chemical Sciences, and National Centre for Sensor Research Dublin City University Dublin 9 Ireland
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Elgar CE, Otaif HY, Zhang X, Zhao J, Horton PN, Coles SJ, Beames JM, Pope SJA. Iridium(III) Sensitisers and Energy Upconversion: The Influence of Ligand Structure upon TTA-UC Performance. Chemistry 2021; 27:3427-3439. [PMID: 33242225 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202004146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2020] [Revised: 10/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Six substituted ligands based upon 2-(naphthalen-1-yl)quinoline-4-carboxylate and 2-(naphthalen-2-yl)quinoline-4-carboxylate have been synthesised in two steps from a range of commercially available isatin derivatives. These species are shown to be effective cyclometallating ligands for IrIII , yielding complexes of the form [Ir(C^N)2 (bipy)]PF6 (where C^N=cyclometallating ligand; bipy=2,2'-bipyridine). X-ray crystallographic studies on three examples demonstrate that the complexes adopt a distorted octahedral geometry wherein a cis-C,C and trans-N,N coordination mode is observed. Intraligand torsional distortions are evident in all cases. The IrIII complexes display photoluminescence in the red part of the visible region (668-693 nm), which is modestly tuneable through the ligand structure. The triplet lifetimes of the complexes are clearly influenced by the precise structure of the ligand in each case. Supporting computational (DFT) studies suggest that the differences in observed triplet lifetime are likely due to differing admixtures of ligand-centred versus MLCT character instilled by the facets of the ligand structure. Triplet-triplet annihilation upconversion (TTA-UC) measurements demonstrate that the complexes based upon the 1-naphthyl derived ligands are viable photosensitisers with upconversion quantum efficiencies of 1.6-6.7 %.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher E Elgar
- School of Chemistry, Cardiff University, Main Building, Cardiff, CF10 3AT, Cymru/Wales, UK
| | - Haleema Y Otaif
- School of Chemistry, Cardiff University, Main Building, Cardiff, CF10 3AT, Cymru/Wales, UK
| | - Xue Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, 116024, P. R. China
| | - Jianzhang Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, 116024, P. R. China
| | - Peter N Horton
- UK National Crystallographic Service, Chemistry, Faculty of Natural and Environmental Sciences, University of Southampton, Highfield, Southampton, SO17 1BJ, UK
| | - Simon J Coles
- UK National Crystallographic Service, Chemistry, Faculty of Natural and Environmental Sciences, University of Southampton, Highfield, Southampton, SO17 1BJ, UK
| | - Joseph M Beames
- School of Chemistry, Cardiff University, Main Building, Cardiff, CF10 3AT, Cymru/Wales, UK
| | - Simon J A Pope
- School of Chemistry, Cardiff University, Main Building, Cardiff, CF10 3AT, Cymru/Wales, UK
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Schira R, Latouche C. DFT vs. TDDFT vs. TDA to simulate phosphorescence spectra of Pt- and Ir-based complexes. Dalton Trans 2021; 50:746-753. [DOI: 10.1039/d0dt03614e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A quantum investigation of the optical (mainly luminescence) properties of twelve transition metal complexes using DFT, TDDFT and TDA computations is presented. Unrestricted DFT and TDA outperform TDDFT for the investigated complexes especially when an Ir centre is present.
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Affiliation(s)
- Romain Schira
- Université de Nantes
- CNRS
- Institut des Matériaux Jean Rouxel
- IMN
- F-44000 Nantes
| | - Camille Latouche
- Université de Nantes
- CNRS
- Institut des Matériaux Jean Rouxel
- IMN
- F-44000 Nantes
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5
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Development of tris-cyclometalated iridium complexes for cellular imaging through structural modification. Inorganica Chim Acta 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ica.2020.119609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
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6
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Stonelake T, Phillips KA, Otaif HY, Edwardson ZC, Horton PN, Coles SJ, Beames JM, Pope SJA. Spectroscopic and Theoretical Investigation of Color Tuning in Deep-Red Luminescent Iridium(III) Complexes. Inorg Chem 2020; 59:2266-2277. [PMID: 32013422 PMCID: PMC7145353 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.9b02991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
A series of heteroleptic, neutral iridium(III) complexes of the form [Ir(L)2(N^O)] (where L = cyclometalated 2,3-disubstituted quinoxaline and N^O = ancillary picolinate or pyrazinoate) are described in terms of their synthesis and spectroscopic properties, with supporting computational analyses providing additional insight into the electronic properties. The 10 [Ir(L)2(N^O)] complexes were characterized using a range of analytical techniques (including 1H, 13C, and 19F NMR and IR spectroscopies and mass spectrometry). One of the examples was structurally characterized using X-ray diffraction. The redox properties were determined using cyclic voltammetry, and the electronic properties were investigated using UV-vis, time-resolved luminescence, and transient absorption spectroscopies. The complexes are phosphorescent in the red region of the visible spectrum (λem = 633-680 nm), with lifetimes typically of hundreds of nanoseconds and quantum yields ca. 5% in aerated chloroform. A combination of spectroscopic and computational analyses suggests that the long-wavelength absorption and emission properties of these complexes are strongly characterized by a combination of spin-forbidden metal-to-ligand charge-transfer and quinoxaline-centered transitions. The emission wavelength in these complexes can thus be controlled in two ways: first, substitution of the cyclometalating quinoxaline ligand can perturb both the highest occupied molecular orbital (HOMO) and lowest unoccupied molecular orbital levels (LUMO, Cl atoms on the ligand induce the largest bathochromic shift), and second, the choice of the ancillary ligand can influence the HOMO energy (pyrazinoate stabilizes the HOMO, inducing hypsochromic shifts).
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas
M. Stonelake
- School
of Chemistry, Cardiff University, Main Building, Cardiff CF10 3AT, Wales
| | - Kaitlin A. Phillips
- School
of Chemistry, Cardiff University, Main Building, Cardiff CF10 3AT, Wales
| | - Haleema Y. Otaif
- School
of Chemistry, Cardiff University, Main Building, Cardiff CF10 3AT, Wales
| | | | - Peter N. Horton
- U.K.
National Crystallographic Service, Chemistry, Faculty of Natural and
Environmental Sciences, University of Southampton, Highfield, Southampton SO17 1BJ, U.K.
| | - Simon J. Coles
- U.K.
National Crystallographic Service, Chemistry, Faculty of Natural and
Environmental Sciences, University of Southampton, Highfield, Southampton SO17 1BJ, U.K.
| | - Joseph M. Beames
- School
of Chemistry, Cardiff University, Main Building, Cardiff CF10 3AT, Wales
| | - Simon J. A. Pope
- School
of Chemistry, Cardiff University, Main Building, Cardiff CF10 3AT, Wales
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Electrochemical behavior of CoCrMo alloy for dental applications in acidic artificial saliva containing albumin. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2019; 184:110492. [PMID: 31522026 DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2019.110492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2019] [Revised: 08/10/2019] [Accepted: 09/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The electrochemical properties of CoCrMo alloy immersed in different artificial saliva with or without Ca2+ and albumin were studied by open circuit potential (OCP), electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) and potentiodynamic polarization (PP), and meanwhile the microstructures features, phase identification and chemical composition of the alloy were analyzed by SEM, EDS, XRD and RA-IR to further understand the electrochemical behavior of the alloy. The results indicated that the self-passivation behavior of the alloy occurred universally and was obviously distinct with each other in different acidic artificial saliva. No phase transformation was observed and the oxide layer and corrosion products exhibited amorphous nature. There was an obvious complexation of the adsorbed albumin with the alloy, and the adsorption capacity of albumin increased with the prolongation of immersion time. The adsorbed albumin presenting black stripped spots had a certain inhibition to the formation of passivation film, and Ca2+ in saliva promoted the further adsorption of albumin as an intermediate bridge, going against the improvement of the corrosion resistance of passivation film/alloy system. In addition, the passivation state of the alloy surface was changed by different methods to investigate the adsorption behavior of albumin and its influence on the further passivation behavior in depth. Hitherto, we tried to propose a model to explain the dynamic adsorption process of albumin and its influencing mechanism on the growth behavior of passivation film.
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Synthesis and investigation of a tris-cyclometalated iridium complex bearing a single quarternary ammonium group. Inorganica Chim Acta 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ica.2019.119066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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