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Wang L, Li T, Liu N, Liu X. Identification of tomato AHL gene families and functional analysis their roles in fruit development and abiotic stress response. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2023; 202:107931. [PMID: 37557017 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2023.107931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2023] [Revised: 07/31/2023] [Accepted: 08/01/2023] [Indexed: 08/11/2023]
Abstract
The AT-HOOK MOTIF CONTAINING NUCLEAR LOCALIZED (AHL) transcription factors play important roles in regulating plant development and stress response. However, the AHL family genes have not been identified in tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) and their biological functions have not been elucidated. In this work, the gene families encoding AHLs were identified in tomato genome, and their physical and chemical characteristics, subcellular localization, gene expression profiles during fruit development and upon abiotic stimulus were investigated. Overall, a total of 18 AHL members were identified in tomato genome, phylogenetic analysis classified these SlAHL members into two clades, clade A (SlAHL1-8) and clade B (SlAHL9-18). Six clade A SlAHLs were detected to be subcellular localized in the nucleus. The transcripts of the representative clade A SlAHLs predominantly accumulated 10 days post anthesis (dpa) in tomato fruits, revealing an involvement of these SlAHLs in early fruit development. Furthermore, compared with clade B members, the transcripts of the clade A SlAHLs were more responsive to heat, drought, cold and salt stresses, suggesting that these SlAHLs may play major roles in response to abiotic stresses. Moreover, overexpression of SlAHL1 and SlAHL7 in Arabidopsis increased the sensitivity to ABA during seed germination and seedling stages. Overexpression of SlAHL1 inhibited seed germination while increased primary root elongation upon salt and drought stresses. Together, our work suggested that the clade A SlAHL genes may play an important role in response to abiotic stresses, which paving the way for future functional analysis of AHL genes in tomato and other Solanaceae species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liyuan Wang
- Key Laboratory of South China Agricultural Plant Molecular Analysis and Genetic Improvement, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Botany, South China Botanical Garden, Key Laboratory of Vegetation Restoration and Management of Degraded Ecosystems, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510650, China
| | - Tingting Li
- Key Laboratory of South China Agricultural Plant Molecular Analysis and Genetic Improvement, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Botany, South China Botanical Garden, Key Laboratory of Vegetation Restoration and Management of Degraded Ecosystems, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510650, China
| | - Nan Liu
- Key Laboratory of South China Agricultural Plant Molecular Analysis and Genetic Improvement, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Botany, South China Botanical Garden, Key Laboratory of Vegetation Restoration and Management of Degraded Ecosystems, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510650, China
| | - Xuncheng Liu
- Key Laboratory of South China Agricultural Plant Molecular Analysis and Genetic Improvement, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Botany, South China Botanical Garden, Key Laboratory of Vegetation Restoration and Management of Degraded Ecosystems, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510650, China.
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Rheological and physicochemical properties of polysaccharides extracted from stems of Dendrobium officinale. Food Hydrocoll 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodhyd.2020.105706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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Production, properties, and applications of endo-β-mannanases. Biotechnol Adv 2017; 35:1-19. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2016.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2015] [Revised: 10/12/2016] [Accepted: 11/07/2016] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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M Ller GL, Budde CO, Lauxmann MA, Triassi A, Andreo CS, Drincovich MAF, Lara MAV. Expression profile of transcripts encoding cell wall remodelling proteins in tomato fruit cv. Micro-Tom subjected to 15°C storage. FUNCTIONAL PLANT BIOLOGY : FPB 2013; 40:449-458. [PMID: 32481121 DOI: 10.1071/fp12272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2012] [Accepted: 12/23/2012] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
To extend fruit market life, tomatoes are harvested before red ripe and kept at temperatures below optimum (20°C). In this work, Micro-Tom tomatoes stored at 20°C (normal ripening) were compared with those stored at 15°C or 4°C (chilling injury inducer) for 7 days. In contrast to 4°C, storage at 15°C delayed ripening with the benefit of not enhancing oxidative metabolism and of enabling ripening upon being transferred to 20°C. The transcriptional expression profile of enzymes related to cell wall metabolism was compared at the three temperatures. Although endo-β-1,4-glucanase (Cel1), which is associated with fruit decay, was largely increased after removal from 4°C storage, its expression was not modified in fruits stored at 15°C. Enhanced transcriptional expression of xyloglucan endotransgylcosylase/hydrolases (XTHs) XTH1, -2, -10 and -11, and of two β-xylosidases (Xyl1-2) was detected in fruits stored at 15°C with respect to those at 20°C. Following 2 days at 20°C, these transcripts remained higher in fruits stored at 15°C and XHT3 and -9 also increased. Ethylene evolution was similar in fruits kept at 15°C and 20°C; thus, the changes in the transcript profile and fruit properties between these treatments may be under the control of factors other than ethylene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriela L M Ller
- Centro de Estudios Fotosintéticos y Bioquímicos (CEFOBI). Facultad de Ciencias Bioquímicas y Farmacéuticas. Suipacha 531. Rosario (2000), Argentina
| | - Claudio O Budde
- Estación Experimental San Pedro, Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA), Ruta Nacional n° 9 Km 170, San Pedro, Argentina
| | - Martin A Lauxmann
- Centro de Estudios Fotosintéticos y Bioquímicos (CEFOBI). Facultad de Ciencias Bioquímicas y Farmacéuticas. Suipacha 531. Rosario (2000), Argentina
| | - Agustina Triassi
- Centro de Estudios Fotosintéticos y Bioquímicos (CEFOBI). Facultad de Ciencias Bioquímicas y Farmacéuticas. Suipacha 531. Rosario (2000), Argentina
| | - Carlos S Andreo
- Centro de Estudios Fotosintéticos y Bioquímicos (CEFOBI). Facultad de Ciencias Bioquímicas y Farmacéuticas. Suipacha 531. Rosario (2000), Argentina
| | - Mar A F Drincovich
- Centro de Estudios Fotosintéticos y Bioquímicos (CEFOBI). Facultad de Ciencias Bioquímicas y Farmacéuticas. Suipacha 531. Rosario (2000), Argentina
| | - Mar A V Lara
- Centro de Estudios Fotosintéticos y Bioquímicos (CEFOBI). Facultad de Ciencias Bioquímicas y Farmacéuticas. Suipacha 531. Rosario (2000), Argentina
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Gerardi C, Blando F, Santino A. Purification and chemical characterisation of a cell wall-associated β-galactosidase from mature sweet cherry (Prunus avium L.) fruit. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2012; 61:123-30. [PMID: 23121861 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2012.09.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2012] [Accepted: 09/21/2012] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Using four different chromatographic steps, β-galactosidase was purified from the ripe fruit of sweet cherry to apparent electrophoretic homogeneity with approximately 131-fold purification. The Prunus avium β-galactosidase showed an apparent molecular mass of about 100 kDa and consisted of four different active polypeptides with pIs of about 7.9, 7.4, 6.9 and 6.4 as estimated by native IEF and β-galactosidase-activity staining. The active polypeptides were individually excised from the gel and subjected to SDS-PAGE. Each of the four native enzymes showing β-galactosidase activity was composed of two polypeptides with an estimated mass of 54 and 33 kDa. Both of these polypeptides were subjected to N-terminal amino acid sequence analysis. The 54 kDa polypeptide of sweet cherry β-galactosidase showed a 43% identity with the 44 kDa subunit of persimmon and apple β-galactosidases and the 48 kDa subunit of carambola galactosidase I. The sweet cherry β-galactosidase exhibited a strict specificity towards p-nitrophenyl β-D-galactopyranoside, a pH optimum of 4.0 and K(m) and V(max) values of 0.42 mM and 4.12 mmol min(-1) mg(-1) of protein respectively with this substrate. The enzyme was also active towards complex glycans. Taken together the results of this study prompted a role for this class of enzymes on sweet cherry fruit ripening and softening.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carmela Gerardi
- Institute of Sciences of Food Production, C.N.R. Unit of Lecce, via Monteroni, 73100 Lecce, Italy.
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Prakash R, Johnston SL, Boldingh HL, Redgwell RJ, Atkinson RG, Melton LD, Brummell DA, Schröder R. Mannans in tomato fruit are not depolymerized during ripening despite the presence of endo-β-mannanase. JOURNAL OF PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2012; 169:1125-1133. [PMID: 22658221 DOI: 10.1016/j.jplph.2012.03.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2012] [Revised: 03/22/2012] [Accepted: 03/23/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Cell walls of tomato fruit contain hemicellulosic mannans that may fulfill a structural role. Two populations were purified from cell walls of red ripe tomato tissue and named galactoglucomannan-glucuronoxylan I and II (GGM-GX I and II), respectively. Both polysaccharides not only consisted of mannose, glucose and galactose, indicating the presence of GGM, but also contained xylose and glucuronic acid, indicating the presence of GX. Treatment of both polysaccharides with xylanase or endo-β-mannanase showed that the GX and the GGM were associated in a complex. The composition of GGM-GX II changed slightly during tomato ripening, but both GGM-GX I and II showed no change in molecular weight, indicating that they were not hydrolyzed during ripening. Ripe tomato fruit also possess an endo-β-mannanase, an enzyme that in vitro was capable of either hydrolyzing GGM-GX I and II (endo-β-mannanase activity), or transglycosylating them in the presence of mannan oligosaccharides (mannan transglycosylase activity). The lack of evidence for hydrolysis of these potential substrates in vivo suggests either that the enzyme and potential substrates are not accessible to each other for some reason, or that the main activity of endo-β-mannanase is not hydrolysis but transglycosylation, a reaction in which polysaccharide substrates and end-products are indistinguishable. Transglycosylation would remodel rather than weaken the cell wall and allow the fruit epidermis to possibly retain flexibility and plasticity to resist cracking and infection when the fruit is ripe.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roneel Prakash
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant and Food Research Limited, Mount Albert Research Centre, Private Bag 92169, Auckland 1142, New Zealand
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Behboodian B, Mohd Ali Z, Ismail I, Zainal Z. Postharvest analysis of lowland transgenic tomato fruits harboring hpRNAi-ACO1 construct. ScientificWorldJournal 2012; 2012:439870. [PMID: 22919320 PMCID: PMC3417179 DOI: 10.1100/2012/439870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2012] [Accepted: 05/31/2012] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The plant hormone, ethylene, is an important regulator which involved in regulating fruit ripening and flower senescence. In this study, RNA interference (RNAi) technology was employed to silence the genes involved in ethylene biosynthetic pathway. This was achieved by blocking the expression of specific gene encoding the ACC oxidase. Initially, cDNA corresponding to ACO1 of lowland tomato cultivar (MT1), which has high identity with ACO1 of Solanum lycopersicum in GenBank, was cloned through RT-PCR. Using a partial coding region of ACO1, one hpRNAi transformation vector was constructed and expressed ectopically under the 35S promoter. Results showed that transgenic lines harboring the hpRNA-ACO1 construct had lower ethylene production and a longer shelf life of 32 days as compared to 10 days for wild-type fruits. Changes in cell wall degrading enzyme activities were also investigated in cases where the transgenic fruits exhibited reduced rates of firmness loss, which can be associated with a decrease in pectin methylesterase (PME) and polygalacturonase (PG) activities. However, no significant change was detected in both transgenic and wild-type fruits in terms of β-galactosidase (β-Gal) activity and levels of total soluble solid, titratable acid and ascorbic acid.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bita Behboodian
- School of Biosciences and Biotechnology, Faculty Science and Technology, UKM, Selangor, 43600 Bangi, Malaysia
- Institute of System Biology, UKM, Selangor, 43600 Bangi, Malaysia
| | - Zainon Mohd Ali
- School of Biosciences and Biotechnology, Faculty Science and Technology, UKM, Selangor, 43600 Bangi, Malaysia
| | - Ismanizan Ismail
- School of Biosciences and Biotechnology, Faculty Science and Technology, UKM, Selangor, 43600 Bangi, Malaysia
| | - Zamri Zainal
- School of Biosciences and Biotechnology, Faculty Science and Technology, UKM, Selangor, 43600 Bangi, Malaysia
- Institute of System Biology, UKM, Selangor, 43600 Bangi, Malaysia
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Fujisawa M, Nakano T, Ito Y. Identification of potential target genes for the tomato fruit-ripening regulator RIN by chromatin immunoprecipitation. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2011; 11:26. [PMID: 21276270 PMCID: PMC3039564 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2229-11-26] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2010] [Accepted: 01/30/2011] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND During ripening, climacteric fruits increase their ethylene level and subsequently undergo various physiological changes, such as softening, pigmentation and development of aroma and flavor. These changes occur simultaneously and are caused by the highly synchronized expression of numerous genes at the onset of ripening. In tomatoes, the MADS-box transcription factor RIN has been regarded as a key regulator responsible for the onset of ripening by acting upstream of both ethylene- and non-ethylene-mediated controls. However, except for LeACS2, direct targets of RIN have not been clarified, and little is known about the transcriptional cascade for ripening. RESULTS Using immunoprecipitated (IPed) DNA fragments recovered by chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) with anti-RIN antibody from ripening tomato fruit, we analyzed potential binding sites for RIN (CArG-box sites) in the promoters of representative ripening-induced genes by quantitative PCR. Results revealed nearly a 5- to 20-fold enrichment of CArG boxes in the promoters of LeACS2, LeACS4, PG, TBG4, LeEXP1, and LeMAN4 and of RIN itself, indicating direct interaction of RIN with their promoters in vivo. Moreover, sequence analysis and genome mapping of 51 cloned IPed DNAs revealed potential RIN binding sites. Quantitative PCR revealed that four of the potential binding sites were enriched 4- to 17-fold in the IPed DNA pools compared with the controls, indicating direct interaction of RIN with these sites in vivo. Near one of the four CArG boxes we found a gene encoding a protein similar to thioredoxin y1. An increase in the transcript level of this gene was observed with ripening in normal fruit but not in the rin mutant, suggesting that RIN possibly induces its expression. CONCLUSIONS The presented results suggest that RIN controls fruit softening and ethylene production by the direct transcriptional regulation of cell-wall-modifying genes and ethylene biosynthesis genes during ripening. Moreover, the binding of RIN to its own promoter suggests the presence of autoregulation for RIN expression. ChIP-based analyses identified a novel RIN-binding CArG-box site that harbors a gene associated with RIN expression in its flanking region. These findings clarify the crucial role of RIN in the transcriptional regulation of ripening initiation and progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masaki Fujisawa
- National Food Research Institute, 2-1-12 Kannondai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8642, Japan
| | - Toshitsugu Nakano
- National Food Research Institute, 2-1-12 Kannondai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8642, Japan
| | - Yasuhiro Ito
- National Food Research Institute, 2-1-12 Kannondai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8642, Japan
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Tyler L, Bragg JN, Wu J, Yang X, Tuskan GA, Vogel JP. Annotation and comparative analysis of the glycoside hydrolase genes in Brachypodium distachyon. BMC Genomics 2010; 11:600. [PMID: 20973991 PMCID: PMC3091745 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2164-11-600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2010] [Accepted: 10/25/2010] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Glycoside hydrolases cleave the bond between a carbohydrate and another carbohydrate, a protein, lipid or other moiety. Genes encoding glycoside hydrolases are found in a wide range of organisms, from archea to animals, and are relatively abundant in plant genomes. In plants, these enzymes are involved in diverse processes, including starch metabolism, defense, and cell-wall remodeling. Glycoside hydrolase genes have been previously cataloged for Oryza sativa (rice), the model dicotyledonous plant Arabidopsis thaliana, and the fast-growing tree Populus trichocarpa (poplar). To improve our understanding of glycoside hydrolases in plants generally and in grasses specifically, we annotated the glycoside hydrolase genes in the grasses Brachypodium distachyon (an emerging monocotyledonous model) and Sorghum bicolor (sorghum). We then compared the glycoside hydrolases across species, at the levels of the whole genome and individual glycoside hydrolase families. RESULTS We identified 356 glycoside hydrolase genes in Brachypodium and 404 in sorghum. The corresponding proteins fell into the same 34 families that are represented in rice, Arabidopsis, and poplar, helping to define a glycoside hydrolase family profile which may be common to flowering plants. For several glycoside hydrolase familes (GH5, GH13, GH18, GH19, GH28, and GH51), we present a detailed literature review together with an examination of the family structures. This analysis of individual families revealed both similarities and distinctions between monocots and eudicots, as well as between species. Shared evolutionary histories appear to be modified by lineage-specific expansions or deletions. Within GH families, the Brachypodium and sorghum proteins generally cluster with those from other monocots. CONCLUSIONS This work provides the foundation for further comparative and functional analyses of plant glycoside hydrolases. Defining the Brachypodium glycoside hydrolases sets the stage for Brachypodium to be a grass model for investigations of these enzymes and their diverse roles in planta. Insights gained from Brachypodium will inform translational research studies, with applications for the improvement of cereal crops and bioenergy grasses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ludmila Tyler
- USDA-ARS Western Regional Research Center, Albany, CA 94710, USA
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Jennifer N Bragg
- USDA-ARS Western Regional Research Center, Albany, CA 94710, USA
| | - Jiajie Wu
- USDA-ARS Western Regional Research Center, Albany, CA 94710, USA
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Xiaohan Yang
- Biosciences Division and BioEnergy Science Center, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN 37831, USA
| | - Gerald A Tuskan
- Biosciences Division and BioEnergy Science Center, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN 37831, USA
| | - John P Vogel
- USDA-ARS Western Regional Research Center, Albany, CA 94710, USA
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